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Wang L, Kang J, Jiang H. Intranasal Immunization with a Recombinant Adenovirus Encoding Multi-Stage Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Preferentially Elicited CD8 + T Cell Immunity and Conferred a Superior Protection in the Lungs of Mice than Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1022. [PMID: 39340053 PMCID: PMC11436211 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12091022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of a tuberculosis (TB) vaccine is imperative. Employing multi-stage Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens as targeted antigens represents a critical strategy in establishing an effective novel TB vaccine. In this investigation, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus vaccine expressing two fusion proteins, Ag85B-ESAT6 (AE) and Rv2031c-Rv2626c (R2), derived from multi-stage antigens of Mtb via intranasal administration in mice. Intranasal delivery of Ad-AE-R2 induced both long-lasting mucosal and systemic immunities, with a preferential elicitation of CD8+ T cell immunity demonstrated by the accumulation and retention of CD8+ T cells in BALF, lung, and spleen, as well as the generation of CD8+ TRM cells in BALF and lung tissues. Compared to subcutaneous immunization with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Ad-AE-R2 provided superior protection against high-dose intratracheal BCG challenge, specifically within the lungs of mice. Our findings support the notion that empowering T cells within the respiratory mucosa is crucial for TB vaccine development while highlighting targeting CD8+ T cell immunity as an effective strategy for optimizing TB vaccines and emphasizing that eliciting systemic memory immunity is also vital for the successful development of a TB mucosal vaccine. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the BCG challenge serves as a convenient and efficient method to evaluate candidate vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
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2
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Liu Y, Li H, Dai D, He J, Liang Z. Gene Regulatory Mechanism of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis during Dormancy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5825-5844. [PMID: 38921019 PMCID: PMC11203133 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex, is a zoonotic disease that remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Latent tuberculosis infection reactivation is a challenging obstacle to eradicating TB globally. Understanding the gene regulatory network of Mtb during dormancy is important. This review discusses up-to-date information about TB gene regulatory networks during dormancy, focusing on the regulation of lipid and energy metabolism, dormancy survival regulator (DosR), White B-like (Wbl) family, Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems, sigma factors, and MprAB. We outline the progress in vaccine and drug development associated with Mtb dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Dejia Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Jiakang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
| | - Zhengmin Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, No. 100 University West Road, Nanning 530004, China (D.D.)
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3
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Fan X, Zhao X, Wang R, Li M, Luan X, Wang R, Wan K, Liu H. A novel multistage antigens ERA005f confer protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by driving Th-1 and Th-17 type T cell immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276887. [PMID: 38022539 PMCID: PMC10662081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a major threat to human health. In 2021, TB was the second leading cause of death after COVID-19 among infectious diseases. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, is ineffective against adult TB. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new effective vaccines. Methods In this study, we developed a novel multistage subunit vaccine (ERA005f) comprising various proteins expressed in metabolic states, based on three immunodominant antigens (ESAT-6, Rv2628, and Ag85B). We utilized the E. coli prokaryotic expression system to express ERA005f and subsequently purified the protein using nickel affinity chromatography and anion exchange. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ERA005f and ERA005m were evaluated in BALB/c mice. Results ERA005f was consistently expressed as an inclusion body in a prokaryotic expression system, and a highly pure form of the protein was successfully obtained. Both ERA005f and ERA005m significantly improved IgG titers in the serum. In addition, mice immunized with ERA005f and ERA005m generated higher titers of antigen-specific IgG2a than the other groups. Elispot results showed that, compared with other groups, ERA005f increased the numbers of IFN-γ-secreting and IL-4-secreting T cells, especially the number of IFN-γ-secreting T cells. Meanwhile, ERA005f induced a higher number of IFN-γ+ T lymphocytes than ERA005m did. In addition, ERA005f improved the expression of cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-12p70, TNF-α, IL-17, and GM-CSF and so on. Importantly, both ERA005f and ERA005m significantly inhibited the growth of Mtb. Conclusion The novel multistage antigen ERA005f elicited a strong antigen-specific humoral response and Th-1 and Th-17 cell-mediated immunity in mice. Meanwhile, it can effectively inhibit H37Rv growth in vitro, and represents a correlate of protection in vivo, indicating that ERA005f may exhibit excellent protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection. Our study suggests that ERA005f has the potential to be a promising multistage tuberculosis vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ruibai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Machao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Luan
- Department of Tuberculosis, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kanglin Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haican Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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4
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Verma A, Ghoshal A, Dwivedi VP, Bhaskar A. Tuberculosis: The success tale of less explored dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1079569. [PMID: 36619761 PMCID: PMC9813417 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1079569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is an intracellular pathogen that predominantly affects the alveolar macrophages in the respiratory tract. Upon infection, the activation of TLR2 and TLR4- mediated signaling pathways leads to lysosomal degradation of the bacteria. However, bacterium counteracts the host immune cells and utilizes them as a cellular niche for its survival. One distinctive mechanism of M.tb to limit the host stress responses such as hypoxia and nutrient starvation is induction of dormancy. As the environmental conditions become favorable, the bacteria resuscitate, resulting in a relapse of clinical symptoms. Different bacterial proteins play a critical role in maintaining the state of dormancy and resuscitation, namely, DevR (DosS), Hrp1, DATIN and RpfA-D, RipA, etc., respectively. Existing knowledge regarding the key proteins associated with dormancy and resuscitation can be employed to develop novel therapies. In this review we aim to highlight the current knowledge of bacterial progression from dormancy to resuscitation and the gaps in understanding the transition from dormant to active state. We have also focused on elucidating a few therapeutic strategies employed to prevent M.tb resuscitation.
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Weng S, Zhang J, Ma H, Zhou J, Jia L, Wan Y, Cui P, Ruan Q, Shao L, Wu J, Wang H, Zhang W, Xu Y. B21 DNA vaccine expressing ag85b, rv2029c, and rv1738 confers a robust therapeutic effect against latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025931. [PMID: 36569899 PMCID: PMC9768437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) treatment is known to accelerate the decline in TB incidence, especially in high-risk populations. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) expression profiles differ at different growth periods, and vaccines protective and therapeutic effects may increase when they include antigenic compositions from different periods. To develop a post-exposure vaccine that targets LTBI, we constructed four therapeutic DNA vaccines (A39, B37, B31, and B21) using different combinations of antigens from the proliferation phase (Ag85A, Ag85B), PE/PPE family (Rv3425), and latent phase (Rv2029c, Rv1813c, Rv1738). We compared the immunogenicity of the four DNA vaccines in C57BL/6j mice. The B21 vaccine stimulated the strongest cellular immune responses, namely Th1/Th17 and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. It also induced the generation of strengthened effector memory and central memory T cells. In latently infected mice, the B21 vaccine significantly reduced bacterial loads in the spleens and lungs and decreased lung pathology. In conclusion, the B21 DNA vaccine can enhance T cell responses and control the reactivation of LTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huixia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiu Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoling Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/MOH), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ying Xu, ; Wenhong Zhang,
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ying Xu, ; Wenhong Zhang,
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6
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Su H, Lin K, Tiwari D, Healy C, Trujillo C, Liu Y, Ioerger TR, Schnappinger D, Ehrt S. Genetic models of latent tuberculosis in mice reveal differential influence of adaptive immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210332. [PMID: 34269789 PMCID: PMC8289691 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection has been limited by the lack of a suitable mouse model. We discovered that transient depletion of biotin protein ligase (BPL) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxB2) results in latent infections during which Mtb cannot be detected but that relapse in a subset of mice. The immune requirements for Mtb control during latency, and the frequency of relapse, were strikingly different depending on how latency was established. TrxB2 depletion resulted in a latent infection that required adaptive immunity for control and reactivated with high frequency, whereas latent infection after BPL depletion was independent of adaptive immunity and rarely reactivated. We identified immune signatures of T cells indicative of relapse and demonstrated that BCG vaccination failed to protect mice from TB relapse. These reproducible genetic latency models allow investigation of the host immunological determinants that control the latent state and offer opportunities to evaluate therapeutic strategies in settings that mimic aspects of latency and TB relapse in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kan Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Claire Healy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Carolina Trujillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Yousefi Avarvand A, Meshkat Z, Khademi F, Tafaghodi M. Immunogenicity of HspX/EsxS fusion protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis along with ISCOMATRIX and PLUSCOM nano-adjuvants after subcutaneous administration in animal model. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104842. [PMID: 33762199 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is one of the most common and dangerous infectious diseases in the world. Despite vaccination with BCG, it is still considered as a major health problem. Therefore, design and production of an effective novel vaccine against TB is necessary. Our aim was to evaluate immunogenicity of HspX/EsxS fusion protein of M. tuberculosis along with ISCOMATRIX, PLUSCOM nano-adjuvants and MPLA through the subcutaneous route in mice model. METHODS HspX/EsxS fused protein of M. tuberculosis was cloned, expressed and purified in the prokaryotic system. ISCOMATRIX and PLUSCOM nano-adjuvants were prepared by film hydration method. Subcutaneous immunization of BALB/c mice was performed by different formulations. IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and TGF-β cytokines levels as well as serum IgG1, IgG2a. RESULTS Our results showed that subcutaneous administration of mice with HspX/EsxS along with three adjuvants, ISCOMATRIX, PLUSCOM and MPLA increased immunogenicity of multi-stage fusion protein of M. tuberculosis. Additionally, HspX/EsxS protein + ISCOMATRIX or + PLUSCOM nano-adjuvants induced stronger Th1, IgG2a and IgG1 immune responses compared to MPLA adjuvant. Totally, HspX/EsxS/ISCOMATRIX/MPLA, HspX/EsxS/PLUSCOM/MPLA and two BCG booster groups could significantly induce higher Th1 and IgG2a immune responses. CONCLUSION With regard to ability of ISCOMATRIX, PLUSCOM and MPLA adjuvants to increase immunogenicity of HspX/EsxS protein through induction of IFN-γ and IgG2a immune responses, it seems that these adjuvants and especially ISCOMATRIX and PLUSCOM, could also improve BCG efficacy as a BCG booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshid Yousefi Avarvand
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Medical Bacteriology and Virology, Qaem University Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Quan DH, Counoupas C, Nagalingam G, Pinto R, Petrovsky N, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Advax adjuvant formulations promote protective immunity against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the absence of deleterious inflammation and reactogenicity. Vaccine 2021; 39:1990-1996. [PMID: 33714652 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective adjuvants is a critical goal of vaccine development programs. In this report, we defined the immunostimulatory profile and protective effect against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of vaccine formulations incorporating the semi-crystalline adjuvant δ-inulin (Advax). Advax formulated with CpG oligonucleotide and the QS-21 saponin (AdvaxCpQS) was the most effective combination, demonstrated by the capacity of CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS to significantly reduce the bacterial burden in the lungs of M. tuberculosis-infected mice. CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS protection was associated with rapid influx of neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes to the site of vaccination and the induction of antigen-specific IFN-γ+/IL-2+/TNF+ polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the lung. When compared to the highly potent adjuvant combination of monophosphoryl lipid A and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (MPL/DDA), AdvaxCpQS imparted a similar level of protective efficacy yet without the profound stimulation of inflammatory cytokines and vaccination site ulceration observed with MPL/DDA. Addition of DDA to CysVac2/AdvaxCpQS further improved the protective effect of the vaccine, which correlated with increased polyfunctional CD4+ T cells in the lung but with no increase in vaccine reactogenicity. The data demonstrate that Advax formulations can decouple protective tuberculosis immunity from reactogenicity, making them ideal candidates for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H Quan
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio Counoupas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel Pinto
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Department of Endocrinology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia; Vaxine Pty Ltd, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
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9
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Liu SJ, Tian SC, Zhang YW, Tang T, Zeng JM, Fan XY, Wang C. Heterologous Boosting With Listeria-Based Recombinant Strains in BCG-Primed Mice Improved Protection Against Pulmonary Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2036. [PMID: 32983151 PMCID: PMC7492678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While Baccillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is used worldwide, tuberculosis (TB) is still a global concern due to the poor efficacy of BCG. Novel vaccine candidates are therefore urgently required. In this study, two attenuated recombinant Listeria strains, LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv were constructed by deletion of actA and plcB and expression of a fusion protein consisting of T cell epitopes from four Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens (Rv2460c, Rv2660c, Rv3875, and Rv3804c). The safety and immunogenicity of the two recombinant strains were evaluated in C57BL/6J mice. After intravenous immunization individually, both recombinant strains entered liver and spleen but eventually were eliminated from these organs after several days. Simultaneously, they induced antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, indicating that the recombinant Listeria strains were immunogenic and safe in vivo. LMΔ-msv immunization induced stronger cellular immune responses than LIΔ-msv immunization, and when boosted with LIΔ-msv, antigen-specific IFN-γ CD8+ T cell responses were notably magnified. Furthermore, we evaluated the protection conferred by the vaccine candidates against mycobacterial infection via challenging the mice with 1 × 107 CFU of BCG. Especially, we tested the feasibility of application of them as heterologous BCG supplement vaccine by immunization of mice with BCG firstly, and boosted with LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv sequentially before challenging. Combination immune strategy (LMΔ-msv prime-LIΔ-msv boost) conferred comparable protection efficacy as BCG alone. More importantly, BCG-vaccinated mice acquired stronger resistance to Mycobacterial challenge when boosted with LMΔ-msv and LIΔ-msv sequentially. Our results inferred that heterologous immunization with Listeria-based recombinant strains boosted BCG-primed protection against pulmonary mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jing Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Cheng Tian
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun-Wen Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Tang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju-Mei Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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In Silico Design of Multi-Epitope ESAT-6:Ag85b:Fcγ2a Fusion Protein as a Novel Candidate for Tuberculosis Vaccine. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.90449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), which is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is among the most important infectious bacteria with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been discovered for about a century, and it is considered as a major vaccine for humans. However, some factors, such as its attenuated nature and its inefficacy against the latent form of the disease, have led to the use of alternative vaccines. Multi-epitope subunit vaccines are new-generation vaccines that are being developed in clinical trial phases. For the production of a subunit vaccine, the selection of immunodominant antigens and targeted delivery systems to antigen presenting cells (APCs) are considered as basic parameters. In the present study, we designed the novel multi-epitope ESAT-6:Ag85B:Fcγ2a, which was evaluated completely by various online tools as an optimum vaccine against TB. The early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) and antigen 85B (Ag85B) are two immunodominant antigens, and Fcγ2a is a targeted delivery system. This vaccine candidate can be used for future preclinical studies.
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Vasina DV, Kleymenov DA, Manuylov VA, Mazunina EP, Koptev EY, Tukhovskaya EA, Murashev AN, Gintsburg AL, Gushchin VA, Tkachuk AP. First-In-Human Trials of GamTBvac, a Recombinant Subunit Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate: Safety and Immunogenicity Assessment. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040166. [PMID: 31683812 PMCID: PMC6963980 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is known to be the biggest global health problem, causing the most deaths by a single infectious agent. Vaccine-development efforts are extremely important. This paper represents the results of the first-in-human trial of recombinant subunit tuberculosis vaccine GamTBvac in a Phase I study. GamTBvac is a new BCG booster candidate vaccine containing dextran-binding domain modified Ag85a and ESAT6-CFP10 MTB antigens and CpG ODN adjuvant, formulated with dextrans. Safety and immunogenicity of GamTBvac were estimated in an open-label clinical trial on 60 Mycobacterium tuberculosis uninfected (MTB-uninfected) volunteers previously-vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette—Guérin vaccine (BCG). The candidate vaccine had an acceptable safety profile and was well-tolerated. Three different vaccine doses with a double-immunization scheme were assessed for immunogenicity and induced a significant increase in IFN-γ in-house IGRA response and IgG ELISA analysis. Among them, the half dose vaccine group (containing DBD-ESAT6-CFP10, 12.5 μg; DBD-Ag85a, 12.5 μg; CpG (ODN 2216), 75 μg; DEAE-Dextran 500 kDa, 250 μg; and Dextran 500 kDa, 5 mg) provided high, early and stable in time immune response specific to both protein antigen fusions and is proposed for the further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Vasina
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Denis A Kleymenov
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Victor A Manuylov
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena P Mazunina
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Egor Yu Koptev
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elena A Tukhovskaya
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Arkady N Murashev
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - Alexander L Gintsburg
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- Infectology Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Gushchin
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Artem P Tkachuk
- N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
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12
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Rv2626c and Rv2032 activate TH1 response and downregulate regulatory T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of tuberculosis patients. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 62:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Pandey K, Singh S, Bhatt P, Medha, Sharma M, Chaudhry A, Sharma S. DosR proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis upregulate effector T cells and down regulate T regulatory cells in TB patients and their healthy contacts. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:399-406. [PMID: 30476579 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the current problem of tuberculosis (TB) can be combated by overcoming the drawbacks of the currently available BCG vaccine. This would involve incorporation of antigens that can control TB at all stages including the dormant phase which is generally ignored. Hence, DosR regulon proteins, which are expressed in latent infection, could prove to be very good vaccine candidates as they can possibly target the silent but most predominant form of TB infection. In the present study, the immune response to two DosR proteins Rv2627 and Rv2628 has been studied in PBMCs derived from normal individuals, TB patients and healthy contacts of TB patients. It was found that these antigens were capable of stimulating a strong IFN-γ+ T cell response along with accentuation of memory T cells and other protective cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-17. At the same time these proteins decreased the frequencies of immune-suppressor regulatory T cells in in vitro stimulation of PBMC from both patients and their contacts. Considering all these facts together, we suggest Rv2627 and Rv2628 to be one of the extremely promising candidates for incorporation into a post exposure subunit vaccine against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Pandey
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Swati Singh
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Parul Bhatt
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Medha
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Monika Sharma
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Anil Chaudhry
- Rajan Babu Institute of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis Hospital, GTB Nagar, Delhi, 110009, India.
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DS Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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14
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Khademi F, Taheri RA, Yousefi Avarvand A, Vaez H, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Soleimanpour S. Are chitosan natural polymers suitable as adjuvant/delivery system for anti-tuberculosis vaccines? Microb Pathog 2018; 121:218-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Adekambi T, Ibegbu CC, Cagle S, Ray SM, Rengarajan J. High Frequencies of Caspase-3 Expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4 + T Cells Are Associated With Active Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1481. [PMID: 29983703 PMCID: PMC6026800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection are important for host defense against tuberculosis (TB). However, Mtb-specific IFN-γ-producing T cells do not distinguish active tuberculosis (ATB) patients from individuals with asymptomatic latent Mtb infection (LTBI). We reasoned that the immune phenotype of Mtb-specific IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells could provide an indirect gauge of Mtb antigen load within individuals. We sought to identify immune markers in Mtb-specific IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells and hypothesized that expression of caspase-3 Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells would be associated with ATB. Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we evaluated the expression of caspase-3 in Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells from LTBI and ATB as well as from ATB patients undergoing anti-TB treatment. We found significantly higher frequencies of Mtb-specific caspase-3+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells in ATB compared to LTBI. Caspase-3+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells were also more activated compared to their caspase-3-negative counterparts. Furthermore, the frequencies of caspase-3+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells decreased in response to anti-TB treatment. Our studies suggest that the frequencies of caspase-3-expressing antigen-specific CD4+ T cells may reflect mycobacterial burden in vivo and may be useful for distinguishing Mtb infection status along with other host biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toidi Adekambi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chris C Ibegbu
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie Cagle
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Susan M Ray
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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16
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Khademi F, Taheri RA, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Farnoosh G, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Potential of Cationic Liposomes as Adjuvants/Delivery Systems for Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccines. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 175:47-69. [PMID: 29700609 DOI: 10.1007/112_2018_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The weakness of the BCG vaccine and its highly variable protective efficacy in controlling tuberculosis (TB) in different age groups as well as in different geographic areas has led to intense efforts towards the development and design of novel vaccines. Currently, there are several strategies to develop novel TB vaccines. Each strategy has its advantages and disadvantages. However, the most important of these strategies is the development of subunit vaccines. In recent years, the use of cationic liposome-based vaccines has been considered due to their capacity to elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses against TB infections. In this review, we aim to evaluate the potential for cationic liposomes to be used as adjuvants/delivery systems for eliciting immune responses against TB subunit vaccines. The present review shows that cationic liposomes have extensive applications either as adjuvants or delivery systems, to promote immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) subunit vaccines. To overcome several limitations of these particles, they were used in combination with other immunostimulatory factors such as TDB, MPL, TDM, and Poly I:C. Cationic liposomes can provide long-term storage of subunit TB vaccines at the injection site, confer strong electrostatic interactions with APCs, potentiate both humoral and cellular (CD4 and CD8) immune responses, and induce a strong memory response by the immune system. Therefore, cationic liposomes can increase the potential of different TB subunit vaccines by serving as adjuvants/delivery systems. These properties suggest the use of cationic liposomes to produce an efficient vaccine against TB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ramezan Ali Taheri
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Farnoosh
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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17
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Li F, Kang H, Li J, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Dannenberg AM, Liu X, Niu H, Ma L, Tang R, Han X, Gan C, Ma X, Tan J, Zhu B. Subunit Vaccines Consisting of Antigens from Dormant and Replicating Bacteria Show Promising Therapeutic Effect against Mycobacterium Bovis BCG Latent Infection. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:425-432. [PMID: 28426145 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To screen effective antigens as therapeutic subunit vaccines against Mycobacterium latent infection, we did bioinformatics analysis and literature review to identify effective antigens and evaluated the immunogenicity of five antigens highly expressed in dormant bacteria, which included Rv2031c (HspX), Rv2626c (Hrp1), Rv2007c (FdxA), Rv1738 and Rv3130c. Then, several fusion proteins such as Rv2007c-Rv2626c (F6), Rv2031c-Rv1738-Rv1733c (H83), ESAT6-Rv1738-Rv2626c (LT40), ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190-198> -Mtb8.4 (EAMM), and EAMM-Rv2626c (LT70) were constructed and their therapeutic effects were evaluated in pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) - latently infected rabbit or mouse models. The results showed that EAMM and F6 plus H83 had therapeutic effect against BCG latent infection in the rabbit model, respectively, and that the combination of EAMM with F6 plus H83 significantly reduced the bacterial load. In addition, the fusion proteins LT40 and LT70 consisting of multistage antigens showed promising therapeutic effects in the mouse model. We conclude that subunit vaccines consisting of both latency and replicating-associated antigens show promising therapeutic effects in BCG latent infection animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Kang
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Li
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - D Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A M Dannenberg
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunologyand Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - X Liu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Niu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - L Ma
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - R Tang
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - X Han
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - C Gan
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - X Ma
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Tan
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - B Zhu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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18
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Saraav I, Singh S, Pandey K, Sharma M, Sharma S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis MymA is a TLR2 agonist that activate macrophages and a T H1 response. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 106:16-24. [PMID: 28802400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a major source of immunogenic proteins that can be tested as vaccine candidates. MymA (Rv3083), a 55 kDa M.tb flavin containing monooxygenase, is involved in modification of mycolic acids during acidic shock following M.tb internalization in macrophage. In this study, we have investigated the role of this cell wall associated protein in activation of macrophages by toll like receptor (TLRs) engagement and subsequent signaling. Our results showed that MymA stimulation of THP1 cells and human monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) lead to upregulation of TLR2 and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR. This upregulation is partially reduced by TLR2 blocking antibodies. The activation of macrophage following MymA stimulation also resulted in release of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-12. Moreover, MymA also polarized the immune response towards TH1 as shown by an increased IFN-γ level in the supernatant of stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). In consensus with the TLR2 signaling involving MyD88 and NF-κB, we also observed several fold increase in mRNA for TLR2, MyD88 and NF-κB on MymA induction of THP-1 and MDM by qRT-PCR. The increased production of NF-κB following recognition of MymA by TLR2 was further confirmed by HEK-TLR2 reporter cell line colorimetric assay. In conclusion, immunological evaluation revealed that MymA is a TLR2 agonist that upregulates signaling via MyD88 and NF-κB in macrophages to stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines. The MymA protein should be investigated further for expression in recombinant BCG as a pre-exposure vaccine or as a post-exposure subunit vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iti Saraav
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Swati Singh
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Kirti Pandey
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Monika Sharma
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- D S Kothari Centre for Research and Innovation in Science Education, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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19
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Das I, Padhi A, Mukherjee S, Dash DP, Kar S, Sonawane A. Biocompatible chitosan nanoparticles as an efficient delivery vehicle for Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids to induce potent cytokines and antibody response through activation of γδ T cells in mice. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:165101. [PMID: 28206982 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa60fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The activation of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is critical for protection against the pathogen and nanoparticle-mediated delivery of antigens is a more potent way to induce different immune responses. Herein, we show that mice immunized with Mtb lipid-bound chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) induce secretion of prominent type-1 T-helper (Th-1) and type-2 T-helper (Th-2) cytokines in lymph node and spleen cells, and also induces significantly higher levels of IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgM in comparison to control mice. Furthermore, significantly enhanced γδ-T-cell activation was observed in lymph node cells isolated from mice immunized with Mtb lipid-coated chitosan NPs as compared to mice immunized with chitosan NPs alone or Mtb lipid liposomes. In comparison to CD8+ cells, significantly higher numbers of CD4+ cells were present in both the lymph node and spleen cells isolated from mice immunized with Mtb lipid-coated chitosan NPs. In conclusion, this study represents a promising new strategy for the efficient delivery of Mtb lipids using chitosan NPs to trigger an enhanced cell-mediated and antibody response against Mtb lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Das
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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20
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Novel vaccine potential of Rv3131, a DosR regulon-encoded putative nitroreductase, against hyper-virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain K. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44151. [PMID: 28272457 PMCID: PMC5341159 DOI: 10.1038/srep44151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that latency-associated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific antigens from the dormancy survival regulator regulon (DosR) may be promising novel vaccine target antigens for the development of an improved tuberculosis vaccine. After transcriptional profiling of DosR-related genes in the hyper-virulent Beijing Mtb strain K and the reference Mtb strain H37Rv, we selected Rv3131, a hypothetical nitroreductase, as a vaccine antigen and evaluated its vaccine efficacy against Mtb K. Mtb K exhibited stable and constitutive up-regulation of rv3131 relative to Mtb H37Rv under three different growth conditions (at least 2-fold induction) including exponential growth in normal culture conditions, hypoxia, and inside macrophages. Mice immunised with Rv3131 formulated in GLA-SE, a well-defined TLR4 adjuvant, displayed enhanced Rv3131-specific IFN-γ and serum IgG2c responses along with effector/memory T cell expansion and remarkable generation of Rv3131-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells co-producing TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 in both spleen and lung. Following challenge with Mtb K, the Rv3131/GLA-SE-immunised group exhibited a significant reduction in bacterial number and less extensive lung inflammation accompanied by the obvious persistence of Rv3131-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells. These results suggest that Rv3131 could be an excellent candidate for potential use in a multi-antigenic Mtb subunit vaccine, especially against Mtb Beijing strains.
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21
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Designing a Novel Multi-epitope DNA- Based Vaccine Against Tuberculosis: In Silico Approach. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.43950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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22
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Méndez-Samperio P. Global Efforts in the Development of Vaccines for Tuberculosis: Requirements for Improved Vaccines Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:204-10. [PMID: 27454335 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, more than 9.0 million people develop acute pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) each year and about 1.5 million people worldwide die from this infection. Thus, developing vaccines to prevent active TB disease remains a priority. This article discusses recent progress in the development of new vaccines against TB and focusses on the main requirements for development of improved vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Over the last two decades, significant progress has been made in TB vaccine development, and some TB vaccine candidates have currently completed a phase III clinical trial. The potential public health benefits of these vaccines are possible, but it will need much more effort, including new global governance investment on this research. This investment would certainly be less than the annual global financial toll of TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Méndez-Samperio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, CD México, México.
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23
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Devasundaram S, Gopalan A, Das SD, Raja A. Proteomics Analysis of Three Different Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis under In vitro Hypoxia and Evaluation of Hypoxia Associated Antigen's Specific Memory T Cells in Healthy Household Contacts. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1275. [PMID: 27667981 PMCID: PMC5017210 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro mimicking conditions are thought to reflect the environment experienced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis inside the host granuloma. The majority of in vitro dormancy experimental models use laboratory-adapted strains H37Rv or Erdman instead of prevalent clinical strains involved during disease outbreaks. Thus, we included the most prevalent clinical strains (S7 and S10) of M. tuberculosis from south India in addition to H37Rv for our in vitro oxygen depletion (hypoxia) experimental model. Cytosolic proteins were prepared from hypoxic cultures, resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis and protein spots were characterized by mass spectrometry. In total, 49 spots were characterized as over-expressed or newly emergent between the three strains. Two antigens (ESAT-6, Lpd) out of the 49 characterized spots were readily available in recombinant form in our lab. Hence, these two genes were overexpressed, purified and used for in vitro stimulation of whole blood collected from healthy household contacts (HHC) and active pulmonary tuberculosis patients (PTB). Multicolor flow cytometry analysis showed high levels of antigen specific CD4(+) central memory T cells in the circulation of HHC compared to PTB (p < 0.005 for ESAT-6 and p < 0.0005 for Lpd). This shows proteins that are predicted to be up regulated during in vitro hypoxia in most prevalent clinical strains would indicate possible potential immunogens. In vitro hypoxia experiments with most prevalent clinical strains would also elucidate the probable true representative antigens involved in adaptive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Devasundaram
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) Chennai, India
| | - Akilandeswari Gopalan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) Chennai, India
| | - Sulochana D Das
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) Chennai, India
| | - Alamelu Raja
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) Chennai, India
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Pandey K, Sharma M, Saarav I, Singh S, Dutta P, Bhardwaj A, Sharma S. Analysis of the DosR regulon genes to select cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope specific vaccine candidates using a reverse vaccinology approach. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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25
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Liu X, Peng J, Hu L, Luo Y, Niu H, Bai C, Wang Q, Li F, Yu H, Wang B, Chen H, Guo M, Zhu B. A multistage mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine LT70 including latency antigen Rv2626c induces long-term protection against tuberculosis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1670-7. [PMID: 26901244 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1141159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop an effective subunit vaccine which could target tubercle bacilli with different metabolic states and provide effective protective immunity, we fused antigens ESAT6, Ag85B, peptide 190-198 of MPT64, and Mtb8.4 mainly expressed by proliferating bacteria and latency-associated antigen Rv2626c together to construct a multistage protein ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64(190-198)-Mtb8.4-Rv2626c (LT70 for short) with the molecular weight of 70 kDa. The human T-cell responses to LT70 and other antigens were analyzed. The immune responses of LT70 in the adjuvant of DDA and Poly I:C and its protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection in C57BL/6 mice were evaluated. The results showed that LT70 was stably produced in Escherichia coli and could be purified by successive salting-out and chromatography. LT70 could be strongly recognized by human T cells from TB patients and persons who are supposed latently infected with M. tuberculosis. The subunit vaccine LT70 generated strong antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity, and induced higher protective efficacy (5.41±0.37 Log10 CFU in lung) than traditional vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (6.01±0.33 Log10 CFU) and PBS control (6.53±0.26 Log10 CFU) at 30 weeks post vaccination (10 weeks post-challenge) against M. tuberculosis infection (p < 0.05). These findings suggested that LT70 would be a promising subunit vaccine candidate against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Liu
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Jinxiu Peng
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Lina Hu
- c Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products , Lanzhou , China
| | - Yanping Luo
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Hongxia Niu
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Chunxiang Bai
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Qian Wang
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Fei Li
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Hongjuan Yu
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- c Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products , Lanzhou , China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
| | - Ming Guo
- d ABSL-3 Lab, Wuhan University , Wuhan , China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- a Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China.,b Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China
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Devasundaram S, Raja A. Variable transcriptional adaptation between the laboratory (H37Rv) and clinical strains (S7 and S10) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis under hypoxia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:21-28. [PMID: 26780642 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a major public health problem in many parts of the world, despite intensified efforts taken to control the disease. The remarkable success of M. tuberculosis as a pathogen is largely due to its ability to persist within the host for long periods. To develop the effective intervention strategies, understanding the biology of persistence is highly required. Accumulating evidences showed oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) as a potential stimulus for triggering the transition of M. tuberculosis to a non-replicating persistent state analogous to latency in vivo. To date, in vitro hypoxia experimental models used the laboratory adapted isolate H37Rv and very little is known about the behavior of clinical isolates that are involved during disease outbreaks. Hence, we compared the transcription profiles of H37Rv and two south Indian clinical isolates (S7 and S10) under hypoxia to find differences in gene expression pattern. The main objective of this current work is to find "differentially regulated genes" (genes that are down regulated in H37Rv but upregulated in both the clinical isolates) under hypoxia. Microarray results showed, a total of 502 genes were down regulated in H37Rv under hypoxia and 10 out of 502 genes were upregulated in both the clinical isolates. Thus, giving less importance to down regulated genes based on H37Rv model strain might exclude the true representative gene candidates in clinical isolates. Our study suggests the use of most prevalent clinical isolates for in vitro experimental model to minimize the variation in understanding the adaptation mechanisms of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhi Devasundaram
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), No.1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600 031, India
| | - Alamelu Raja
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR) (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre), No.1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai 600 031, India.
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Luo W, Qu ZL, Xie Y, Xiang J, Zhang XL. Identification of a novel immunodominant antigen Rv2645 from RD13 with potential as a cell-mediated immunity-based TB diagnostic agent. J Infect 2015; 71:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Latent tuberculosis infection: myths, models, and molecular mechanisms. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:343-71. [PMID: 25184558 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on human latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) based on clinical studies and observations, as well as experimental in vitro and animal models. Several key terms are defined, including "latency," "persistence," "dormancy," and "antibiotic tolerance." Dogmas prevalent in the field are critically examined based on available clinical and experimental data, including the long-held beliefs that infection is either latent or active, that LTBI represents a small population of nonreplicating, "dormant" bacilli, and that caseous granulomas are the haven for LTBI. The role of host factors, such as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, T regulatory cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), in controlling TB infection is discussed. We also highlight microbial regulatory and metabolic pathways implicated in bacillary growth restriction and antibiotic tolerance under various physiologically relevant conditions. Finally, we pose several clinically important questions, which remain unanswered and will serve to stimulate future research on LTBI.
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Gastelum-Aviña P, Velazquez C, Espitia C, Lares-Villa F, Garibay-Escobar A. A PE_PGRS33 protein ofMycobacterium tuberculosis: an ideal target for future tuberculosis vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:699-711. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1015995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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30
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Yihao D, Hongyun H, Maodan T. Latency-associated protein Rv2660c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis augments expression of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by interacting with TLR2. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:168-77. [DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2014.982167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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Controlling strategy of dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-201409200-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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32
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Zhang W, Jiang H, Bai YL, Kang J, Xu ZK, Wang LM. Construction and immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis dormancy antigen rv1733c. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:292-8. [PMID: 24498941 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to construct the DNA vaccine encoding Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) dormancy antigen Rv1733c and investigate its immunogenicity in mice. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA-Rv1733c was transfected into P815 cells and its product was detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The mice were immunized once every 2 weeks by intramuscular injection of pcDNA-Rv1733c plasmid for a total of three times. The specific antibodies in the serum of the immunized mice were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the indicted time. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot was applied to determine the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 secreted by splenic lymphocytes. Total cytotoxicity T lymphocyte (CTL) active of the splenic lymphocytes was detected by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Additionally, we analysed the percentages of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in splenic lymphocytes using flow cytometry. The specific antibody was detected at 2 weeks after the first immunization, and the antibody titre was increased with time which was reached to 1:1600 at 8 weeks. The stimulation index of spleen lymphocytes and the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 of pcDNA-Rv1733c-immunized mice were both higher than those of saline-immunized mice (P < 0.05). However, no difference was found in the percentages of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and the activity of CTL between the pcDNA-Rv1733c- and saline-immunized mice (P > 0.05). So we got the conclusion that the plasmid pcDNA-Rv1733c DNA could induce specific humoral and cellular immunity in mice. Improving the immune effect of Rv1733c by several strategies, such as choosing appropriate immunization route and adjuvant, would be significant for Rv1733c as new tuberculosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics, TangDu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
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33
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Abstract
The tuberculosis (TB) pandemic continues to rampage despite widespread use of the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine. Novel vaccination strategies are urgently needed to arrest global transmission and prevent the uncontrolled development of multidrug-resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Over the last two decades, considerable progress has been made in the field of vaccine development with numerous innovative preclinical candidates and more than a dozen vaccines in clinical trials. These vaccines are developed either as boosters of the current BCG vaccine or as novel prime vaccines to replace BCG. Given the enormous prevalence of latent TB infection, vaccines that are protective on top of an already established infection remain a high priority and a significant scientific challenge. Here we discuss the current state of TB vaccine research and development, our understanding of the underlying immunology, and the requirements for an efficient TB vaccine.
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34
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Andersen P, Woodworth JS. Tuberculosis vaccines--rethinking the current paradigm. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:387-95. [PMID: 24875637 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The vaccine discovery paradigm in tuberculosis (TB) has been to mimic the natural immune response to infection. With an emphasis on interferon (IFN)-γ as the main protective cytokine, researchers have selected dominant antigens and administered them in delivery systems to promote strong T helper (Th)1 responses. However, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a strong inducer of Th1 cells, yet has limited protection in adults, and further boosting by the Modified-Vaccinia-Ankara (MVA)85A vaccine failed to enhance efficacy in a clinical trial. We review the current understanding of host-pathogen interactions in TB infection and propose that rather than boosting Th1 responses, we should focus on understanding protective immune responses that are lacking or insufficiently promoted by BCG that can intervene at critical stages of the TB life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Joshua S Woodworth
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
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35
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Wieczorek AE, Troudt JL, Knabenbauer P, Taylor J, Pavlicek RL, Karls R, Hess A, Davidson RM, Strong M, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Izzo AA, Dobos KM. HspX vaccination and role in virulence in the guinea pig model of tuberculosis. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:315-25. [PMID: 24616427 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) currently infects billions of people; many of whom are latently infection and at risk for reactivation. Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) while approved as a vaccine, is unable to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Subunit vaccines boosting BCG or given alone are being tested for efficacy in LTBI models. Alpha-crystallin (Acr, HspX), is a latency associated protein and subunit vaccine candidate. In this report, three HspX formulas (native and two recombinant variants) were used as vaccines in the guinea pig model of tuberculosis; none were protective during challenge with WT Mtb. However, recombinant HspX was protective in animals challenged with a strain of Mtb lacking hspX (X4-19), indicating protection was driven by molecules co-purifying with HspX or an adjuvant effect of recombinant HspX in this system. Mtb X4-19 was significantly less virulent than WT Mtb. Quantitative PCR and whole genome sequencing identified several genes (Rv2030c-Rv2032, Rv1062, Rv1771, Rv1907, and Rv3479) with altered expression that may contribute to loss of virulence. Physiological differences required for the establishment of Mtb infection in different hosts may affect the potential of subunit vaccines to elicit protection, supporting the need for rigorous biochemical and modeling analyses when developing tuberculosis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha E Wieczorek
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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36
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Primary application of PPE68 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:428-32. [PMID: 24530747 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PPE68 protein is absent from BCG and the attenuated strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). In this study, the shuttle plasmid pBudCE4.1/PPE68/OriM was constructed and transformed into BCG to obtain PPE68 recombination BCG (PPE68-rBCG), and BALB/c mice were immunized with PPE68-rBCG to evaluate the immunological characterization of PPE68-rBCG. The level of lgG2a, IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4 in serum of immunized mice were detected, the proliferation response of spleen lymphocyte were measured, the frequency of CD4(+), CD8(+) and CD4(+)/CD8(+) were determined, and the spleen and lung tissue were prepared for pathological analysis. PPE68-rBCG was constructed successfully and could induce powerful Th1 immune response in mice. Besides, we took the purified recombination PPE68 (rPPE68) protein as diagnostic antigen to detect pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n=252) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients (n=66). We also used anti-PPE68 polyclonal antibody as coating antibody to detect specific antigen in the same serum samples. Our data provide an experimental basis for potential application of rPPE68 in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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37
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Singh S, Saraav I, Sharma S. Immunogenic potential of latency associated antigens against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2014; 32:712-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Dover LG, Bhatt A, Bhowruth V, Willcox BE, Besra GS. New drugs and vaccines for drug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisinfections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:481-97. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.4.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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Kim JH, Chang YW, Bok E, Kim HJ, Lee H, Cho SN, Shin JS, Yoo KH. Detection of IFN-γ for latent tuberculosis diagnosis using an anodized aluminum oxide-based capacitive sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 51:366-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Kong H, Dong C, Xiong S. A novel vaccine p846 encoding Rv3615c, Mtb10.4, and Rv2660c elicits robust immune response and alleviates lung injury induced by Mycobacterium infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:378-90. [PMID: 24280763 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of effective anti-tuberculosis (TB) vaccines is one of the important steps to improve control of TB. Cell-mediated immune response significantly affects the control of M. tuberculosis infection. Thus, vaccines able to elicit strong cellular immune response hold special advantages against TB. In this study, three well-defined mycobacterial antigens (Rv3615c, Mtb10.4 [Rv0228], and Rv2660c) were engineered as a novel triple-antigen fusion DNA vaccine p846. The p846 vaccine consists of a high density of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell epitopes. Intramuscular immunization of p846 induced robust T cells mediated immune response comparable to that of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination but more effective than that of individual antigen vaccination. After mycobacterial challenge, p846 immunization decreased bacterial burden at least 15-fold compared with individual antigen-based vaccination. Notably, the lungs of mice immunized with p846 exhibited fewer inflammatory cell infiltrates and less damage than those of control group mice. Our data demonstrate that the potential of p846 vaccine to protect against TB and the feasibility of this design strategy for further TB vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science; Soochow University; Suzhou, PR China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science; Soochow University; Suzhou, PR China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity; Institutes of Biology and Medical Science; Soochow University; Suzhou, PR China
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41
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Lee SH, Choi M, Kim P, Myung PK. 3D-QSAR and cell wall permeability of antitubercular nitroimidazoles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecules 2013; 18:13870-85. [PMID: 24217328 PMCID: PMC6270125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory activities of monocyclic nitroimidazoles against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (DDN) were modeled by using docking, pharmacophore alignment and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) methods. A statistically significant model obtained from CoMSIA was established based on a training set using pharmacophore-based molecular alignment. The leave-one out cross-validation correlation coefficients q2 (CoMSIA) were 0.681. The CoMSIA model had a good correlation (/CoMSIA = 0.611) between the predicted and experimental activities against excluded test sets. The generated model suggests that electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions all play important roles for interaction between ligands and receptors. The predicted cell wall permeability (logPapp) for substrates with high inhibitory activity against Mtb were investigated. The distribution coefficient (logD) range was 2.41 < logD < 2.89 for the Mtb cell wall membrane permeability. The larger the polar surface area is, the better the permeability is. A larger radius of gyration (rgry) and a small fraction of rotatable bonds (frtob) of these molecules leads to higher cell wall penetration ability. The information obtained from the in silico tools might be useful in the design of more potent compounds that are active against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ho Lee
- Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.-H.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Minsung Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Pilho Kim
- Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea; E-Mails: (S.-H.L.); (P.K.)
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 306-350, Korea
| | - Pyung Keun Myung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-5929; Fax: +82-42-823-6566
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Xin Q, Niu H, Li Z, Zhang G, Hu L, Wang B, Li J, Yu H, Liu W, Wang Y, Da Z, Li R, Xian Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Jing T, Ma X, Zhu B. Subunit vaccine consisting of multi-stage antigens has high protective efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72745. [PMID: 23967337 PMCID: PMC3744459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To search for more effective tuberculosis (TB) subunit vaccines, antigens expressed in different growth stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), such as RpfE (Rv2450c) produced in the stage of resuscitation, Mtb10.4 (Rv0288), Mtb8.4 (Rv1174c), ESAT6 (Rv3875), Ag85B (Rv1886c) mainly secreted by replicating bacilli, and HspX (Rv2031c) highly expressed in dormant bacilli, were selected to construct six fusion proteins: ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64190-198-Mtb8.4 (EAMM), Mtb10.4-HspX (MH), ESAT6-Mtb8.4, Mtb10.4-Ag85B, ESAT6-Ag85B, and ESAT6-RpfE. The six fusion proteins were separately emulsified in an adjuvant composed of N,N’-dimethyl-N, N’-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA), polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) and gelatin to construct subunit vaccines, and their protective effects against M. tuberculosis infection were evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the boosting effects of EAMM and MH in the adjuvant of DDA plus trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) on BCG-induced immunity were also evaluated. It was found that the six proteins were stably produced in E. coli and successfully purified by chromatography. Among them, EAMM presented the most effective protection against M. tuberculosis. Interestingly, the mice that received EAMM+MH had significantly lower bacterial counts in the lungs and spleens than the single protein vaccinated groups, and had the same effect as those that received BCG. In addition, EAMM and MH could improve BCG-primed protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis infection in mice. In conclusion, the combination of EAMM and MH containing antigens from both replicating and dormant stages of the bacilli could induce robust immunity against M. tuberculosis infection in mice and may serve as promising subunit vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xin
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lina Hu
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Yu
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanbo Liu
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zejiao Da
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiying Li
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Yong Wang
- ABSL-3 Lab, Wuhan University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Tao Jing
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingming Ma
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research & Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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43
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Wassie L, Aseffa A, Abebe M, Gebeyehu MZ, Zewdie M, Mihret A, Erenso G, Chanyalew M, Tilahun H, Yamuah LK, Andersen P, Doherty MT. Parasitic infection may be associated with discordant responses to QuantiFERON and tuberculin skin test in apparently healthy children and adolescents in a tuberculosis endemic setting, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:265. [PMID: 23738853 PMCID: PMC3674899 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background M. tuberculosis remains one of the world’s deadliest pathogens in part because of its ability to establish persistent, latent infections, which can later reactivate to cause disease. In regions of the globe where disease is endemic, as much as 50% of the population is thought to be latently infected, complicating diagnosis and tuberculosis control. The tools most commonly used for diagnosis of latent M. tuberculosis infection are the tuberculin skin test and the newer interferon-gamma release assays, both of which rely on an antigen-specific memory response as an indicator of infection. It is clear that the two tests, do not always give concordant results, but the factors leading to this are only partially understood. Methods In this study we examined 245 healthy school children aged from 12 to 20 years from Addis Ababa, a tuberculosis-endemic region, characterised them with regard to response in the tuberculin skin test and QuantIFERON™ test and assessed factors that might contribute to discordant responses. Results Although concordance between the tests was generally fair (90% concordance), there was a subset of children who had a positive QuantIFERON™ result but a negative tuberculin skin test. After analysis of multiple parameters the data suggest that discordance was most strongly associated with the presence of parasites in the stool. Conclusions Parasitic gut infections are frequent in most regions where M. tuberculosis is endemic. This study, while preliminary, suggests that the tuberculin skin test should be interpreted with caution where this may be the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wassie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Jimma Road, P.O. Box: 1005 Jimma Road, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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44
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Ahn SS, Jeon BY, Park SJ, Choi DH, Ku SH, Cho SN, Sung YC. Nonlytic Fc-fused IL-7 synergizes with Mtb32 DNA vaccine to enhance antigen-specific T cell responses in a therapeutic model of tuberculosis. Vaccine 2013; 31:2884-90. [PMID: 23624092 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Improvement to the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines was evaluated in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection mouse model examining the combined effects of nonlytic Fc-fused IL-7 DNA (IL-7-nFc) and Flt3-ligand fused Mtb32 (F-Mtb32) DNA. Mice were treated with conventional chemotherapy for 6 weeks from 4 weeks after aerosol infection of MTB. Following the start of chemotherapy, DNA immunizations were administered five times with 2-week intervals. Coadministration of IL-7-nFc and F-Mtb32 DNA given during chemotherapy synergistically enhanced the magnitude of Mtb32-specific T cell responses and sustained for one-year after the last immunization assessed by IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. After dexamethasone treatment, a significantly reduced MTB reactivation was observed in mice received both IL-7-nFc and F-Mtb32 DNA, compared with F-MTb32 DNA alone or with control mice. In addition, mice treated with IL-7-nFc and F-Mtb32 DNA together showed improved lung pathology and reduced pulmonary inflammation values relative to F-Mtb32 DNA or saline injected mice. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed that the protection levels induced by combination therapy with IL-7-nFc and F-Mtb32 DNA was associated with enhanced Mtb32-specific IFN-γ secreting CD4(+) T cell responses and CD8(+) T cell responses stimulated with CTL epitope peptide in the lungs and spleens. These data suggest that IL-7-nFc as a novel TB adjuvant may facilitate therapeutic TB DNA vaccine to the clinics through significant enhancement of codelivered DNA vaccine-induced T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Shin Ahn
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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45
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Esmail H, Barry CE, Wilkinson RJ. Understanding latent tuberculosis: the key to improved diagnostic and novel treatment strategies. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:514-21. [PMID: 22198298 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of latent tuberculosis (LTBI) is a vital component of tuberculosis (TB) elimination but is not efficiently implemented with currently available diagnostics and therapeutics. The tuberculin skin test and interferon-γ release assays can inform that infection has occurred, but do not prove that it persists. Treatment of LTBI with isoniazid targets actively replicating bacilli but not non-replicating populations, prolonging treatment duration. Developing more predictive diagnostic tests and treatments of shorter duration requires a greater understanding of the biology of LTBI, from both host and bacillary perspectives. In this article, we discuss the basis of current diagnosis and treatment of LTBI and review recent developments in understanding the biology of latency that might enable future improved diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Esmail
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa.
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46
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Venkataswamy MM, Goldberg MF, Baena A, Chan J, Jacobs WR, Porcelli SA. In vitro culture medium influences the vaccine efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Vaccine 2011; 30:1038-49. [PMID: 22189700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The varied rates of protection induced by Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine against tuberculosis has been attributed to many factors such as genetic variability among BCG strains, rapid clearance of BCG in some populations, and different levels of previous exposure of vaccinated populations to environmental mycobacteria. However, the methods and conditions employed to prepare this vaccine for human usage by various manufacturers have not been investigated as potential factors contributing to the variation in vaccine efficacy. A review of the literature indicates discrepancies between the approach for growing BCG vaccine in the laboratory to assess immune responses and protective ability in animal models, and that employed for production of the vaccine for administration to humans. One of the major differences is in the growth medium used for routine propagation in the laboratory and the one used for bulk vaccine production by manufacturers. Here we compared the immunogenicity of the BCG vaccine grown in Middlebrook 7H9 medium, the most commonly used medium in laboratory studies, against that grown in Sauton medium, which is used for growing BCG by most manufacturers. Our results showed clear differences in the behavior of BCG grown in these different culture media. Compared to BCG grown in Middlebrook 7H9 medium, BCG grown in Sauton media was more persistent inside macrophages, more effective at inhibiting apoptosis of infected cells, induced stronger inflammatory responses and stimulated less effective immunity against aerosol challenge with a virulent Mtb strain. These findings suggested that the growth medium used for producing BCG vaccine is an important factor that deserves increased scrutiny in ongoing efforts to produce more consistently effective vaccines against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha M Venkataswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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47
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Lin PL, Dietrich J, Tan E, Abalos RM, Burgos J, Bigbee C, Bigbee M, Milk L, Gideon HP, Rodgers M, Cochran C, Guinn KM, Sherman DR, Klein E, Janssen C, Flynn JL, Andersen P. The multistage vaccine H56 boosts the effects of BCG to protect cynomolgus macaques against active tuberculosis and reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2011; 122:303-14. [PMID: 22133873 DOI: 10.1172/jci46252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infection typically remains latent, but it can reactivate to cause clinical disease. The only vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is largely ineffective, and ways to enhance its efficacy are being developed. Of note, the candidate booster vaccines currently under clinical development have been designed to improve BCG efficacy but not prevent reactivation of latent infection. Here, we demonstrate that administering a multistage vaccine that we term H56 in the adjuvant IC31 as a boost to vaccination with BCG delays and reduces clinical disease in cynomolgus macaques challenged with M. tuberculosis and prevents reactivation of latent infection. H56 contains Ag85B and ESAT-6, which are two of the M. tuberculosis antigens secreted in the acute phase of infection, and the nutrient stress-induced antigen Rv2660c. Boosting with H56/IC31 resulted in efficient containment of M. tuberculosis infection and reduced rates of clinical disease, as measured by clinical parameters, inflammatory markers, and improved survival of the animals compared with BCG alone. Boosted animals showed reduced pulmonary pathology and extrapulmonary dissemination, and protection correlated with a strong recall response against ESAT-6 and Rv2660c. Importantly, BCG/H56-vaccinated monkeys did not reactivate latent infection after treatment with anti-TNF antibody. Our results indicate that H56/IC31 boosting is able to control late-stage infection with M. tuberculosis and contain latent tuberculosis, providing a rationale for the clinical development of H56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philana Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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48
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Construction and evaluation of a multistage Mycobacterium tuberculosis subunit vaccine candidate Mtb10.4–HspX. Vaccine 2011; 29:9451-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Spratt JM, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. In vivo persistence and protective efficacy of the bacille Calmette Guerin vaccine overexpressing the HspX latency antigen. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:61-5. [PMID: 21327127 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.1.10027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies to control infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, are urgently required, particularly in areas where acquired immunodeficiencies are prevalent. In this report we have determined if modification of the current tuberculosis vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, to constitutively express the mycobacterial HspX latency antigen altered its protective effect against challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis. Overexpression of M. tuberculosis HspX in BCG caused reduced growth in aerated cultures compared to control BCG, but growth under limited oxygen availability was not markedly altered. Upon infection of mice, BCG:HspX displayed tissue-specific attenuation compared to control BCG, with reduced growth within the lung and liver but not the spleen. Both BCG:HspX and control BCG protected mice against aerosol M. tuberculosis challenge to a similar extent, however, immunodeficient mice infected with BCG:HspX survived significantly longer than mice infected with the control BCG strain. Therefore, altering the in vivo persistence of BCG by overexpression of HspX may be one important step towards developing a new tuberculosis vaccine with an improved safety profile and suitable protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Spratt
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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50
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Reyes AM, Hugo M, Trostchansky A, Capece L, Radi R, Trujillo M. Oxidizing substrate specificity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis alkyl hydroperoxide reductase E: kinetics and mechanisms of oxidation and overoxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:464-73. [PMID: 21571062 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase E (AhpE), a novel subgroup of the peroxiredoxin family, comprises Mycobacterium tuberculosis AhpE (MtAhpE) and AhpE-like proteins present in many bacteria and archaea, for which functional characterization is scarce. We previously reported that MtAhpE reacted ~10(3) times faster with peroxynitrite than with hydrogen peroxide, but the molecular reasons for that remained unknown. Herein, we investigated the oxidizing substrate specificity and the oxidative inactivation of the enzyme. In most cases, both peroxidatic thiol oxidation and sulfenic acid overoxidation followed a trend in which those peroxides with the lower leaving-group pK(a) reacted faster than others. These data are in agreement with the accepted mechanisms of thiol oxidation and support that overoxidation occurs through sulfenate anion reaction with the protonated peroxide. However, MtAhpE oxidation and overoxidation by fatty acid-derived hydroperoxides (~10(8) and 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), respectively, at pH 7.4 and 25°C) were much faster than expected according to the Brønsted relationship with leaving-group pK(a). A stoichiometric reduction of the arachidonic acid hydroperoxide 15-HpETE to its corresponding alcohol was confirmed. Interactions of fatty acid hydroperoxides with a hydrophobic groove present on the reduced MtAhpE surface could be the basis of their surprisingly fast reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aníbal M Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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