1
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Zhou Z, An Q, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang Q, Yan H. Histamine and receptors in neuroinflammation: Their roles on neurodegenerative diseases. Behav Brain Res 2024; 465:114964. [PMID: 38522596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Histamine, an auto-reactive substance and mediator of inflammation, is synthesized from histidine through the action of histidine decarboxylase (HDC). It primarily acts on histamine receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing evidence suggests that histamine and its receptors play a crucial role in neuroinflammation, thereby modulating the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that histamine regulates the phenotypic switching of microglia and astrocytes, inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and alleviates inflammatory responses. In the CNS, our research group has also found that histamine and its receptors are involved in regulating inflammatory responses and play a central role in ameliorating chronic neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will discuss the role of histamine and its receptors in neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases, potentially providing a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qi An
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yixin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qihang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Haijing Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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2
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Yen YC, Li Y, Chen CL, Klose T, Watts VJ, Dessauer CW, Tesmer JJG. Structure of adenylyl cyclase 5 in complex with Gβγ offers insights into ADCY5-related dyskinesia. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01263-0. [PMID: 38589608 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The nine different membrane-anchored adenylyl cyclase isoforms (AC1-9) in mammals are stimulated by the heterotrimeric G protein, Gαs, but their response to Gβγ regulation is isoform specific. In the present study, we report cryo-electron microscope structures of ligand-free AC5 in complex with Gβγ and a dimeric form of AC5 that could be involved in its regulation. Gβγ binds to a coiled-coil domain that links the AC transmembrane region to its catalytic core as well as to a region (C1b) that is known to be a hub for isoform-specific regulation. We confirmed the Gβγ interaction with both purified proteins and cell-based assays. Gain-of-function mutations in AC5 associated with human familial dyskinesia are located at the interface of AC5 with Gβγ and show reduced conditional activation by Gβγ, emphasizing the importance of the observed interaction for motor function in humans. We propose a molecular mechanism wherein Gβγ either prevents dimerization of AC5 or allosterically modulates the coiled-coil domain, and hence the catalytic core. As our mechanistic understanding of how individual AC isoforms are uniquely regulated is limited, studies such as this may provide new avenues for isoform-specific drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue Cryo-EM Facility, Hockmeyer Hall for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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3
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Schuster D, Khanppnavar B, Kantarci I, Mehta V, Korkhov VM. Structural insights into membrane adenylyl cyclases, initiators of cAMP signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:156-168. [PMID: 38158273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Membrane adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. As effector proteins of G protein-coupled receptors and other signaling pathways, ACs receive and amplify signals from the cell surface, translating them into biochemical reactions in the intracellular space and integrating different signaling pathways. Despite their importance in signal transduction and physiology, our knowledge about the structure, function, regulation, and molecular interactions of ACs remains relatively scarce. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of these membrane enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schuster
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilayda Kantarci
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ved Mehta
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Legueux-Cajgfinger Y, Velusamy M, Fathallah S, Vallin B, Duca L, Dauchez M, Vincent P, Limon I, Blaise R. Unraveling the inhibitory mechanism of adenylyl cyclase 8E: New insights into regulatory pathways of cAMP signal integration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119645. [PMID: 38016490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Adenylyl Cyclase 8E (AC8E), which lacks part of M1 transmembrane domain, has been previously shown to dimerize with AC3 and down-regulate its activity, but the molecular mechanism of this inhibitory effect has remained elusive. Here, we first show that AC8E also inhibits AC2 and AC6, highlighting the functional importance of this novel regulatory mechanism in the cAMP signaling pathway across AC families. We then completed the partial structure of Bos taurus AC9 using combinations of comparative modeling and fold recognition methods, and used this as a template to build the first full 3D-models of AC8 and AC8E. These models evidenced that the lack of M1 transmembrane domain of AC8E shifts the N-terminal domain, which impacts the orientation of the helical domains, thus affecting the catalytic site. This was confirmed in living cells with cAMP imaging, where we showed that the N-terminal domain is required for reducing cAMP production. Our data also show that AC8E prevents the translocation of other ACs towards the plasma membrane, further reducing the cAMP responsiveness to extracellular signals. This newly discovered dual inhibitory mechanism provides an additional level of regulation of cAMP-dependent signals integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Legueux-Cajgfinger
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mahesh Velusamy
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, F-51095 Reims, France
| | - Samar Fathallah
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Vallin
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Duca
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, F-51095 Reims, France
| | - Manuel Dauchez
- CNRS UMR 7369, Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, F-51095 Reims, France
| | - Pierre Vincent
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France; IGF, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Limon
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Régis Blaise
- Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, 7 quai St-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
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5
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Li G, Chen L, Jiang Z, Yau KW. Coexistence within one cell of microvillous and ciliary phototransductions across M1- through M6-IpRGCs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2315282120. [PMID: 38109525 PMCID: PMC10756192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315282120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) serve as primary photoceptors by expressing the photopigment, melanopsin, and also as retinal relay neurons for rod and cone signals en route to the brain, in both cases for the purpose of non-image vision as well as aspects of image vision. So far, six subtypes of ipRGCs (M1 through M6) have been characterized. Regarding their phototransduction mechanisms, we have previously found that, unconventionally, rhabdomeric (microvillous) and ciliary signaling motifs co-exist within a given M1-, M2-, and M4-ipRGC, with the first mechanism involving PLCβ4 and TRPC6,7 channels and the second involving cAMP and HCN channels. We have now examined M3-, M5-, and M6-cells and found that each cell likewise uses both signaling pathways for phototransduction, despite differences in the percentage representation by each pathway in a given ipRGC subtype for bright-flash responses (and saturated except for M6-cells). Generally, M3- and M5-cells show responses quite similar in kinetics to M2-responses, and M6-cell responses resemble broadly those of M1-cells although much lower in absolute sensitivity and amplitude. Therefore, similar to rod and cone subtypes in image vision, ipRGC subtypes possess the same phototransduction mechanism(s) even though they do not show microvilli or cilia morphologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Lujing Chen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - King-Wai Yau
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
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6
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Ripoll L, von Zastrow M. Spatial organization of adenylyl cyclase and its impact on dopamine signaling in neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.06.570478. [PMID: 38106018 PMCID: PMC10723477 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.06.570478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The cAMP cascade is widely recognized to transduce its physiological effects locally through spatially limited cAMP gradients. However, little is known about how the adenylyl cyclase enzymes, which initiate cAMP gradients, are localized. Here we answer this question in physiologically relevant striatal neurons and delineate how AC localization impacts downstream signaling functions. We show that the major striatal AC isoforms are differentially sorted between ciliary and extraciliary domains of the plasma membrane, and that AC9 is uniquely targeted to endosomes. We identify key sorting determinants in the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain responsible for isoform-specific localization. We also show that AC9-containing endosomes accumulate activated dopamine receptors and form an elaborately intertwined network with juxtanuclear PKA stores bound to Golgi membranes. Finally, we show that endosomal localization is critical for AC9 to selectively elevate PKA activity in the nucleus relative to the cytoplasm. These results reveal a precise spatial landscape of the cAMP cascade in neurons and a key role of AC localization in directing downstream signal transduction to the nucleus.
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7
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Yen YC, Li Y, Chen CL, Klose T, Watts VJ, Dessauer CW, Tesmer JJG. Isoform Specific Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase 5 by Gβγ. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.02.539090. [PMID: 37205557 PMCID: PMC10187219 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.02.539090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The nine different membrane-anchored adenylyl cyclase isoforms (AC1-9) in mammals are stimulated by the heterotrimeric G protein Gαs, but their response to Gβγ regulation is isoform-specific. For example, AC5 is conditionally activated by Gβγ. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of ligand-free AC5 in complex with Gβγ and of a dimeric form of AC5 that could be involved in its regulation. Gβγ binds to a coiled-coil domain that links the AC transmembrane region to its catalytic core as well as to a region (C1b) that is known to be a hub for isoform-specific regulation. We confirmed the Gβγ interaction with both purified proteins and cell-based assays. The interface with Gβγ involves AC5 residues that are subject to gain-of-function mutations in humans with familial dyskinesia, indicating that the observed interaction is important for motor function. A molecular mechanism wherein Gβγ either prevents dimerization of AC5 or allosterically modulates the coiled-coil domain, and hence the catalytic core, is proposed. Because our mechanistic understanding of how individual AC isoforms are uniquely regulated is limited, studies such as this may provide new avenues for isoform-specific drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Yen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chun-Liang Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue CryoEM Facility, Suite 171, Hockmeyer Hall for Structural Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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8
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Drozdz MM, Doane AS, Alkallas R, Desman G, Bareja R, Reilly M, Bang J, Yusupova M, You J, Eraslan Z, Wang JZ, Verma A, Aguirre K, Kane E, Watson IR, Elemento O, Piskounova E, Merghoub T, Zippin JH. A nuclear cAMP microdomain suppresses tumor growth by Hippo pathway inactivation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111412. [PMID: 36170819 PMCID: PMC9549417 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling is localized to multiple spatially distinct microdomains, but the role of cAMP microdomains in cancer cell biology is poorly understood. Here, we present a tunable genetic system that allows us to activate cAMP signaling in specific microdomains. We uncover a nuclear cAMP microdomain that activates a tumor-suppressive pathway in a broad range of cancers by inhibiting YAP, a key effector protein of the Hippo pathway, inside the nucleus. We show that nuclear cAMP induces a LATS-dependent pathway leading to phosphorylation of nuclear YAP solely at serine 397 and export of YAP from the nucleus with no change in YAP protein stability. Thus, nuclear cAMP inhibition of nuclear YAP is distinct from other known mechanisms of Hippo regulation. Pharmacologic targeting of specific cAMP microdomains remains an untapped therapeutic approach for cancer; thus, drugs directed at the nuclear cAMP microdomain may provide avenues for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek M. Drozdz
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ashley S. Doane
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065, USA
| | - Rached Alkallas
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada,McGill Genome Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Garrett Desman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065, USA,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Reilly
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jakyung Bang
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maftuna Yusupova
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jaewon You
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zuhal Eraslan
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jenny Z. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065, USA
| | - Kelsey Aguirre
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elsbeth Kane
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ian R. Watson
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065, USA,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Piskounova
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA,Senior author
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Swim Across America and Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Immunology Program, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Senior author
| | - Jonathan H. Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York NY 10065, USA,Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA,Senior author,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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9
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Giacoletti G, Price T, Hoelz LVB, Shremo Msdi A, Cossin S, Vazquez-Falto K, Amorim Fernandes TV, Santos de Pontes V, Wang H, Boechat N, Nornoo A, Brust TF. A Selective Adenylyl Cyclase 1 Inhibitor Relieves Pain Without Causing Tolerance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935588. [PMID: 35899113 PMCID: PMC9310748 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the ten different adenylyl cyclase isoforms, studies with knockout animals indicate that inhibition of AC1 can relieve pain and reduce behaviors linked to opioid dependence. We previously identified ST034307 as a selective inhibitor of AC1. The development of an AC1-selective inhibitor now provides the opportunity to further study the therapeutic potential of inhibiting this protein in pre-clinical animal models of pain and related adverse reactions. In the present study we have shown that ST034307 relives pain in mouse models of formalin-induced inflammatory pain, acid-induced visceral pain, and acid-depressed nesting. In addition, ST034307 did not cause analgesic tolerance after chronic dosing. We were unable to detect ST034307 in mouse brain following subcutaneous injections but showed a significant reduction in cAMP concentration in dorsal root ganglia of the animals. Considering the unprecedented selectivity of ST034307, we also report the predicted molecular interaction between ST034307 and AC1. Our results indicate that AC1 inhibitors represent a promising new class of analgesic agents that treat pain and do not result in tolerance or cause disruption of normal behavior in mice. In addition, we outline a unique binding site for ST034307 at the interface of the enzyme’s catalytic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Giacoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Tatum Price
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Lucas V. B. Hoelz
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos—LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos—FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Abdulwhab Shremo Msdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Samantha Cossin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Katerina Vazquez-Falto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Tácio V. Amorim Fernandes
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos—LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos—FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia—INMETRO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Santos de Pontes
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos—LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos—FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos—LASFAR, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Farmanguinhos—FIOCRUZ, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adwoa Nornoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Tarsis F. Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Tarsis F. Brust,
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10
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Scott JA, Soto-Velasquez M, Hayes MP, LaVigne JE, Miller HR, Kaur J, Ejendal KFK, Watts VJ, Flaherty DP. Optimization of a Pyrimidinone Series for Selective Inhibition of Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclase 1 Activity for the Treatment of Chronic Pain. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4667-4686. [PMID: 35271288 PMCID: PMC9390083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1) is involved in signaling for chronic pain sensitization in the central nervous system and is an emerging target for the treatment of chronic pain. AC1 and a closely related isoform AC8 are also implicated to have roles in learning and memory signaling processes. Our team has carried out cellular screening for inhibitors of AC1 yielding a pyrazolyl-pyrimidinone scaffold with low micromolar potency against AC1 and selectivity versus AC8. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to analogues with cellular IC50 values as low as 0.25 μM, selectivity versus AC8 and other AC isoforms as well as other common neurological targets. A representative analogue displayed modest antiallodynic effects in a mouse model of inflammatory pain. This series represents the most potent and selective inhibitors of Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated AC1 activity to date with improved drug-like physicochemical properties making them potential lead compounds for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael P Hayes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Justin E LaVigne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Heath R Miller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karin F K Ejendal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, 207 South Martin Jischke Dr. West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, 207 South Martin Jischke Dr. West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Adenylyl cyclase 3 regulates osteocyte mechanotransduction and primary cilium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 573:145-150. [PMID: 34411897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes are accepted as the primary mechanosensing cell in bone, but how they translate mechanical signals into biochemical signals remains unclear. Adenylyl cyclases (AC) are enzymes that catalyze the production of second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Osteocytes display a biphasic, cAMP response to fluid shear with an initial decrease in cAMP concentrations and then an increased concentration after sustained mechanical stimulation. To date, AC6, a calcium-inhibited AC, is the primary isoform studied in bone. Since osteocytes are calcium-responsive mechanosensors, we asked if a calcium-stimulated isoform contributes to mechanotransduction. Using a transcriptomic dataset of MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells from the NIH Gene Expression Omnibus, we identified AC3 as the only calcium-stimulated isoform expressed. We show that inhibiting AC3 in MLO-Y4 cells results in decreased cAMP-signaling with fluid shear and increased osteogenic response to fluid flow (measured as Ptgs2 expression) of longer durations, but not shorter. AC3 likely contributes to osteocyte mechanotransduction through a signaling axis involving the primary cilium and GSK3β. We demonstrate that AC3 localizes to the primary cilium, as well as throughout the cytosol and that fluid-flow regulation of primary cilia length is altered with an AC3 knockdown. Regulation of GSK3β is downstream of the primary cilium and cAMP signaling, and with western blots we found that GSK3β inhibition by phosphorylation is increased after fluid shear in AC3 knockdown groups. Our data show that AC3 contributes to osteocyte mechanotransduction and warrants further investigation to pave the way to identifying new therapeutic targets to treat bone disease like osteoporosis.
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12
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Inhibition of Astrocytic Histamine N-Methyltransferase as a Possible Target for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101408. [PMID: 34680041 PMCID: PMC8533269 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents the principal cause of dementia among the elderly. Great efforts have been established to understand the physiopathology of AD. Changes in neurotransmitter systems in patients with AD, including cholinergic, GABAergic, serotoninergic, noradrenergic, and histaminergic changes have been reported. Interestingly, changes in the histaminergic system have been related to cognitive impairment in AD patients. The principal pathological changes in the brains of AD patients, related to the histaminergic system, are neurofibrillary degeneration of the tuberomammillary nucleus, the main source of histamine in the brain, low histamine levels, and altered signaling of its receptors. The increase of histamine levels can be achieved by inhibiting its degrading enzyme, histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT), a cytoplasmatic enzyme located in astrocytes. Thus, increasing histamine levels could be employed in AD patients as co-therapy due to their effects on cognitive functions, neuroplasticity, neuronal survival, neurogenesis, and the degradation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. In this sense, the evaluation of the impact of HNMT inhibitors on animal models of AD would be interesting, consequently highlighting its relevance.
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13
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Zhu Y, Huang D, Zhao Z, Lu C. Bioinformatic analysis identifies potential key genes of epilepsy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254326. [PMID: 34555062 PMCID: PMC8459949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders worldwide. It is usually hard to be identified properly, and a third of patients are drug-resistant. Genes related to the progression and prognosis of epilepsy are particularly needed to be identified. Methods In our study, we downloaded the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray expression profiling dataset GSE143272. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a fold change (FC) >1.2 and a P-value <0.05 were identified by GEO2R and grouped in male, female and overlapping DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed. Results In total, 183 DEGs overlapped (77 ups and 106 downs), 302 DEGs (185 ups and 117 downs) in the male dataset, and 750 DEGs (464 ups and 286 downs) in the female dataset were obtained from the GSE143272 dataset. These DEGs were markedly enriched under various Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) terms. 16 following hub genes were identified based on PPI network analysis: ADCY7, C3AR1, DEGS1, CXCL1 in male-specific DEGs, TOLLIP, ORM1, ELANE, QPCT in female-specific DEGs and FCAR, CD3G, CLEC12A, MOSPD2, CD3D, ALDH3B1, GPR97, PLAUR in overlapping DEGs. Conclusion This discovery-driven study may be useful to provide a novel insight into the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. However, more experiments are needed in the future to study the functional roles of these genes in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Zhongyan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Chuansen Lu
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
- * E-mail:
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14
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Shafiq M, Zafar S, Younas N, Noor A, Puig B, Altmeppen HC, Schmitz M, Matschke J, Ferrer I, Glatzel M, Zerr I. Prion protein oligomers cause neuronal cytoskeletal damage in rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:11. [PMID: 33618749 PMCID: PMC7898440 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-density oligomers of the prion protein (HDPs) have previously been identified in brain tissues of patients with rapidly progressive Alzheimer’s disease (rpAD). The current investigation aims at identifying interacting partners of HDPs in the rpAD brains to unravel the pathological involvement of HDPs in the rapid progression. Methods HDPs from the frontal cortex tissues of rpAD brains were isolated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Proteins interacting with HDPs were identified by co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry. Further verifications were carried out using proteomic tools, immunoblotting, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results We identified rpAD-specific HDP-interactors, including the growth arrest specific 2-like 2 protein (G2L2). Intriguingly, rpAD-specific disturbances were found in the localization of G2L2 and its associated proteins i.e., the end binding protein 1, α-tubulin, and β-actin. Discussion The results show the involvement of HDPs in the destabilization of the neuronal actin/tubulin infrastructure. We consider this disturbance to be a contributing factor for the rapid progression in rpAD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-021-00422-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Shafiq
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Neelam Younas
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Clemens Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologica, Servei Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Feixa LLarga sn, 08907, Hospitalet de LLobregat, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Goettingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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15
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Li C, Qian T, He R, Wan C, Liu Y, Yu H. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Contact Sites: Regulators, Mechanisms, and Physiological Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:627700. [PMID: 33614657 PMCID: PMC7889955 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.627700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) forms direct membrane contact sites with the plasma membrane (PM) in eukaryotic cells. These ER-PM contact sites play essential roles in lipid homeostasis, ion dynamics, and cell signaling, which are carried out by protein-protein or protein-lipid interactions. Distinct tethering factors dynamically control the architecture of ER-PM junctions in response to intracellular signals or external stimuli. The physiological roles of ER-PM contact sites are dependent on a variety of regulators that individually or cooperatively perform functions in diverse cellular processes. This review focuses on proteins functioning at ER-PM contact sites and highlights the recent progress in their mechanisms and physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tiantian Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyue He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijia Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Olivieri BF, Braz CU, Brito Lopes F, Peripolli E, Medeiros de Oliveira Silva R, Ruegger Pereira da Silva Corte R, Albuquerque LGD, Pereira ASC, Stafuzza NB, Baldi F. Differentially expressed genes identified through RNA-seq with extreme values of principal components for beef fatty acid in Nelore cattle. J Anim Breed Genet 2020; 138:80-90. [PMID: 32424857 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the Longissimus thoracis muscle of Nelore cattle related to fatty acid (FA) profile through RNA sequencing and principal component analysis (PCA). Two groups of 10 animals each were selected containing PC1 and PC2 extreme DEG values (HIGH × LOW) for each FA group. The intramuscular fat (IMF) was compared between cluster groups by ANOVA, and only the sum of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and ω3 showed significant differences (p < .05). Interestingly, the highest percentage (95%) of phenotypic variation explained by the sum of the first two PC was observed for ω3, which also displayed the lowest number of DEG (n = 1). The lowest percentage (59%) was observed for MUFA, which also revealed the largest number of DEG (n = 66). Since only MUFA and ω3 exhibited significant differences between cluster groups, we can conclude that the differences observed for the remaining groups are not due to the percentage of IMF. Several genes that have been previously associated with meat quality and FA traits were identified as DEG in this study. The functional analysis revealed one KEGG pathway and eight GO terms as significant (p < .05), in which we highlighted the purine metabolism, glycolytic process, adenosine triphosphate binding and bone development. These results strongly contribute to the knowledge of the biological mechanisms involved in meat FA profile of Nelore cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ferreira Olivieri
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Camila Urbano Braz
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Fernando Brito Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Embrapa Cerrados, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Elisa Peripolli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucia Galvão de Albuquerque
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Angélica Simone Cravo Pereira
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Baldi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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17
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Lønsmann I, Bak LK. Potential role of adenylyl cyclase 8 signaling complexes in regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Cell Signal 2020; 72:109635. [PMID: 32283257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells is mediated by Ca2+ influx and amplified by stimulation of GLP-1-receptors through cAMP-based signaling pathways. Interestingly, it has been found that glucose-induced Ca2+ signals can induce concurrent adenylyl cyclase isoform 8 (AC8)-mediated cAMP signals and, conversely, that GLP-1-receptor-mediated cAMP signals are able to induce Ca2+ signals. In this review, we explore the signaling complexes revolving around AC8 in modulating insulin release, from the initial discovery of the importance of this AC isoform to recent investigations of its interacting molecular partners. We suggest that investigating the structural assembly of the proteins associated with AC8 in β cells might reveal how this particular protein complex could be targeted to modify insulin secretion. Specifically, we suggest that disrupting the protein-protein interaction between A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79) and AC8 could lead to disinhibition of AC8 activity and increased insulin secretion. Potentially, AC8 protein interactions could become a future target in type 2 diabetic patients with dysfunction of insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lønsmann
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Lasse K Bak
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
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18
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Wäschenbach L, Gertzen CGW, Keitel V, Gohlke H. Dimerization energetics of the G-protein coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 from all-atom simulations. J Comput Chem 2019; 41:874-884. [PMID: 31880348 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe the first extensive energetic evaluation of GPCR dimerization on the atomistic level by means of potential of mean force (PMF) computations and implicit solvent/implicit membrane end-point free energy calculations (MM-PBSA approach). Free energies of association computed from the PMFs show that the formation of both the 1/8 and 4/5 interface is energetically favorable for TGR5, the first GPCR known to be activated by hydrophobic bile acids and neurosteroids. Furthermore, formation of the 1/8 interface is favored over that of the 4/5 interface. Both results are in line with our previous FRET experiments in live cells. Differences in lipid-protein interactions are identified to contribute to the observed differences in free energies of association. A per-residue decomposition of the MM-PBSA effective binding energy reveals hot spot residues specific for both interfaces that form clusters. This knowledge may be used to guide the design of dimerization inhibitors or perform mutational studies to explore physiological consequences of distorted TGR5 association. Finally, we characterized the role of Y111, located in the conserved (D/E)RY motif, as a facilitator of TGR5 interactions. The types of computations performed here should be transferable to other transmembrane proteins that form dimers or higher oligomers as long as good structural models of the dimeric or oligomeric states are available. Such computations may help to overcome current restrictions due to an imperfect energetic representation of protein association at the coarse-grained level. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wäschenbach
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), and Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.,John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), and Institute for Complex Systems-Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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19
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Roma LP, Jonas JC. Nutrient Metabolism, Subcellular Redox State, and Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Islets and β-Cells. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1461-1493. [PMID: 31634466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells play a critical role in blood glucose homeostasis and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the context of insulin resistance. Based on data obtained at the whole cell level using poorly specific chemical probes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide have been proposed to contribute to the stimulation of insulin secretion by nutrients (positive role) and to the alterations of cell survival and secretory function in T2D (negative role). This raised the controversial hypothesis that any attempt to decrease β-cell oxidative stress and apoptosis in T2D would further impair insulin secretion. Over the last decade, the development of genetically-encoded redox probes that can be targeted to cellular compartments of interest and are specific of redox couples allowed the evaluation of short- and long-term effects of nutrients on β-cell redox changes at the subcellular level. The data indicated that the nutrient regulation of β-cell redox signaling and ROS toxicity is far more complex than previously thought and that the subcellular compartmentation of these processes cannot be neglected when evaluating the mechanisms of ROS production or the efficacy of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant drugs under glucolipotoxic conditions and in T2D. In this review, we present what is currently known about the compartmentation of redox homeostatic systems and tools to investigate it. We then review data about the effects of nutrients on β-cell subcellular redox state under normal conditions and in the context of T2D and discuss challenges and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia P Roma
- Universität des Saarlandes, Biophysics Department, Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Kirbergerstrasse Building 48, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Avenue Hippocrate 55 (B1.55.06), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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20
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Bruce NJ, Narzi D, Trpevski D, van Keulen SC, Nair AG, Röthlisberger U, Wade RC, Carloni P, Hellgren Kotaleski J. Regulation of adenylyl cyclase 5 in striatal neurons confers the ability to detect coincident neuromodulatory signals. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007382. [PMID: 31665146 PMCID: PMC6821081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation and depression of synaptic activity in response to stimuli is a key factor in reinforcement learning. Strengthening of the corticostriatal synapses depends on the second messenger cAMP, whose synthesis is catalysed by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase 5 (AC5), which is itself regulated by the stimulatory Gαolf and inhibitory Gαi proteins. AC isoforms have been suggested to act as coincidence detectors, promoting cellular responses only when convergent regulatory signals occur close in time. However, the mechanism for this is currently unclear, and seems to lie in their diverse regulation patterns. Despite attempts to isolate the ternary complex, it is not known if Gαolf and Gαi can bind to AC5 simultaneously, nor what activity the complex would have. Using protein structure-based molecular dynamics simulations, we show that this complex is stable and inactive. These simulations, along with Brownian dynamics simulations to estimate protein association rates constants, constrain a kinetic model that shows that the presence of this ternary inactive complex is crucial for AC5's ability to detect coincident signals, producing a synergistic increase in cAMP. These results reveal some of the prerequisites for corticostriatal synaptic plasticity, and explain recent experimental data on cAMP concentrations following receptor activation. Moreover, they provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms that control signal processing by different AC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J. Bruce
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniele Narzi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Trpevski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siri C. van Keulen
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Anu G. Nair
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Röthlisberger
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca C. Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloss-Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Department of Physics and Department of Neurobiology, RWTH Aachen University,Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM)-11, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jeanette Hellgren Kotaleski
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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21
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Priyadarshana C, Tajima A, Ishikawa N, Asano A. Membrane rafts regulate sperm acrosome reaction via cAMP-dependent pathway in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Biol Reprod 2019; 99:1000-1009. [PMID: 29788183 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both transcriptionally and translationally inactive sperm need preassembled pathways into specific cellular compartments to function. Although initiation of the acrosome reaction (AR) involves several signaling pathways including protein kinase A (PKA) activation, how these are regulated remains poorly understood in avian sperm. Membrane rafts are specific membrane regions enriched in sterols and functional proteins and play important roles in diverse cellular processes, including signal transduction. Our recent studies on chicken sperm demonstrated that membrane rafts exist and play a role in multistage fertilization. These, combined with the functional importance of membrane rafts in mammalian sperm AR, prompted us to investigate the roles of membrane rafts in signaling pathways leading to AR in chicken sperm. Using 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-OHCD), we found that the disruption of membrane rafts inhibits PKA activity and AR without affecting protein tyrosine phosphorylation; however, these inhibitions were abolished in the presence of a cyclic 3,5-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analog. In addition, biochemical experiments showed a decrease in cAMP content in 2-OHCD-treated sperm, suggesting the involvement of soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) and transmembrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC). Pharmacological experiments, combined with transcriptome analysis, showed that sAC and tmAC are present and involved in AR induction in chicken sperm. Furthermore, stimulation of both isoforms reversed the inhibition of PKA activity and AR in 2-OHCD-treated sperm. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that membrane rafts play an important role in AR induction by regulating the cAMP-dependent pathway and that they provide a mechanistic insight into membrane regulation of AR and sperm function in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura Priyadarshana
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoto Ishikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Asano
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Tabbasum VG, Cooper DMF. Structural and Functional Determinants of AC8 Trafficking, Targeting and Responsiveness in Lipid Raft Microdomains. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:159-172. [PMID: 30746562 PMCID: PMC6556161 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fidelity of cAMP in controlling numerous cellular functions rests crucially on the precise organization of cAMP microdomains that are sustained by the scaffolding properties of adenylyl cyclase. Earlier studies suggested that AC8 enriches in lipid rafts where it interacts with cytoskeletal elements. However, these are not stable structures and little is known about the dynamics of AC8 secretion and its interactions. The present study addresses the role of the cytoskeleton in maintaining the AC8 microenvironment, particularly in the context of the trafficking route of AC8 and its interaction with caveolin1. Here, biochemical and live-cell imaging approaches expose a complex, dynamic interaction between AC8 and caveolin1 that affects AC8 processing, targeting and responsiveness in plasma membrane lipid rafts. Site-directed mutagenesis and pharmacological approaches reveal that AC8 is processed with complex N-glycans and associates with lipid rafts en route to the plasma membrane. A dynamic picture emerges of the trafficking and interactions of AC8 while travelling to the plasma membrane, which are key to the organization of the AC8 microdomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina G Tabbasum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
| | - Dermot M F Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd., Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
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23
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Price T, Brust TF. Adenylyl cyclase 7 and neuropsychiatric disorders: A new target for depression? Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:106-112. [PMID: 30904753 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are enzymes that catalyze the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Humans express nine isoforms of membranous ACs and a soluble AC. Studies with genetic knockout or overexpression rodent models have indicated that AC isoforms may be targeted to achieve specific therapeutic outcomes. AC1, for instance, has been suggested and pursued as a target for relieving pain. Notably, previous studies examining genetically modified mice as well as human genetic polymorphisms have suggested a link between AC7 activity and depressive disorders. In the present review we present an overview on AC function and discuss the most recent developments to target AC isoforms for drug therapies. We next focus on discussing the available literature on the molecular and animal pharmacology of AC7 highlighting the available studies on the role of AC7 in depressive disorders. In addition, we discuss other possible physiological functions of AC7 relating to ethanol effects and the immune system and conclude with considerations about pharmacological modulation of AC7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatum Price
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL 33416, United States..
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24
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Sengupta S, Mehta G. Natural products as modulators of the cyclic-AMP pathway: evaluation and synthesis of lead compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6372-6390. [PMID: 30140804 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now well recognized that the normal cellular response in mammalian cells is critically regulated by the cyclic-AMP (cAMP) pathway through the appropriate balance of adenylyl cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) activities. Dysfunctions in the cAMP pathway have major implications in various diseases like CNS disorders, inflammation and cardiac syndromes and, hence, the modulation of cAMP signalling through appropriate intervention of AC/PDE4 activities has emerged as a promising new drug discovery strategy of current interest. In this context, synthetic small molecules have had limited success so far and therefore parallel efforts on natural product leads have been actively pursued. The early promise of using the diterpene forskolin and its semi-synthetic analogs as AC activators has given way to new leads in the last decade from novel natural products like the marine sesterterpenoids alotaketals and ansellones and the 9,9'-diarylfluorenone cored selaginpulvilins, etc. and their synthesis has drawn much attention. This review captures these contemporary developments, particularly total synthesis campaigns and structure-guided analog design in the context of AC and PDE-4 modulating attributes and the scope for future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Sengupta
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad - 5000 046, Telengana, India.
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25
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Kaur J, Soto-Velasquez M, Ding Z, Ghanbarpour A, Lill MA, van Rijn RM, Watts VJ, Flaherty DP. Optimization of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole series for inhibition of Ca 2+/calmodulin-stimulated activity of adenylyl cyclases 1 and 8 for the treatment of chronic pain. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:568-585. [PMID: 30472604 PMCID: PMC6310635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases type 1 (AC1) and 8 (AC8) are group 1 transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (AC) that are stimulated by Ca2+/calmodulin. Studies have shown that mice depleted of AC1 have attenuated inflammatory pain response, while AC1/AC8 double-knockout mice display both attenuated pain response and opioid dependence. Thus, AC1 has emerged as a promising new target for treating chronic pain and opioid abuse. We discovered that the 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold inhibits Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production in cells stably expressing either AC1 or AC8. We then carried out structure-activity relationship studies, in which we designed and synthesized 65 analogs, to modulate potency and selectivity versus each AC isoform in cells. Furthermore, molecular docking of the analogs into an AC1 homology model suggests the molecules may bind at the ATP binding site. Finally, a prioritized analog was tested in a mouse model of inflammatory pain and exhibited modest analgesic properties. In summary, our data indicate the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles represent a novel scaffold for the cellular inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated AC1- and AC8 cAMP and warrant further exploration as potential lead compounds for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ahmadreza Ghanbarpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Markus A Lill
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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26
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NMDA Receptor Dependent Long-term Potentiation in Chronic Pain. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:531-538. [PMID: 30109556 PMCID: PMC6420414 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, many studies have demonstrated that NMDAR dependent LTP exists throughout central synapses, including those involved in sensory transmission and perception. NMDAR LTP has been reported in spinal cord dorsal horn synapses, anterior cingulate cortex and insular cortex. Behavioral, genetic and pharmacological studies show that inhibiting or reducing NMDAR LTP produced analgesic effects in animal models of chronic pain. Investigation of signalling mechanisms for NMDAR LTP may provide novel targets for future treatment of chronic pain.
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27
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Filadi R, Basso E, Lefkimmiatis K, Pozzan T. Beyond Intracellular Signaling: The Ins and Outs of Second Messengers Microdomains. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 981:279-322. [PMID: 29594866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A typical characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotes is represented by the spatial heterogeneity of the different structural and functional components: for example, most of the genetic material is surrounded by a highly specific membrane structure (the nuclear membrane), continuous with, yet largely different from, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by organelles enclosed by a double membrane, the mitochondria; in addition, distinct domains, enriched in specific proteins, are present in the plasma membrane (PM) of most cells. Less obvious, but now generally accepted, is the notion that even the concentration of small molecules such as second messengers (Ca2+ and cAMP in particular) can be highly heterogeneous within cells. In the case of most organelles, the differences in the luminal levels of second messengers depend either on the existence on their membrane of proteins that allow the accumulation/release of the second messenger (e.g., in the case of Ca2+, pumps, exchangers or channels), or on the synthesis and degradation of the specific molecule within the lumen (the autonomous intramitochondrial cAMP system). It needs stressing that the existence of a surrounding membrane does not necessarily imply the existence of a gradient between the cytosol and the organelle lumen. For example, the nuclear membrane is highly permeable to both Ca2+ and cAMP (nuclear pores are permeable to solutes up to 50 kDa) and differences in [Ca2+] or [cAMP] between cytoplasm and nucleoplasm are not seen in steady state and only very transiently during cell activation. A similar situation has been observed, as far as Ca2+ is concerned, in peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Emy Basso
- Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - Konstantinos Lefkimmiatis
- Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Padova Section, National Research Council, Padova, Italy.
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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28
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Yamanaka M, Matsuura T, Pan H, Zhuo M. Calcium-stimulated adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) contributes to LTP in the insular cortex of adult mice. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00338. [PMID: 28721398 PMCID: PMC5498404 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in the central nervous system is a key form of cortical plasticity. The insular cortex (IC) is known to play important roles in pain perception, aversive memory and mood disorders. LTP has been recently reported in the IC, however, the signaling pathway for IC LTP remains unknown. Here, we investigated the synaptic mechanism of IC LTP. We found that IC LTP induced by the pairing protocol was N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) dependent, and expressed postsynaptically, since paired-pulse ratio (PPR) was not affected. Postsynaptic calcium is important for the induction of post-LTP, since the postsynaptic application of BAPTA completely blocked the induction of LTP. Calcium-activated adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) is required for potentiation. By contrast, AC8 is not required. Inhibition of Ca2+ permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (CP-AMPARs) or protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) reduced the expression of LTP. Our results suggest that calcium-stimulated AC1, but not AC8, can be a trigger of the induction and maintenance of LTP in the IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamanaka
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Haili Pan
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710049, China.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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29
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Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS, Conti M, Dove S, Seifert R. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CI. Structures and Small Molecule Modulators of Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:93-139. [PMID: 28255005 PMCID: PMC5394921 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Mammalian cells express nine transmembrane AC (mAC) isoforms (AC1-9) and a soluble AC (sAC, also referred to as AC10). This review will largely focus on mACs. mACs are activated by the G-protein Gαs and regulated by multiple mechanisms. mACs are differentially expressed in tissues and regulate numerous and diverse cell functions. mACs localize in distinct membrane compartments and form signaling complexes. sAC is activated by bicarbonate with physiologic roles first described in testis. Crystal structures of the catalytic core of a hybrid mAC and sAC are available. These structures provide detailed insights into the catalytic mechanism and constitute the basis for the development of isoform-selective activators and inhibitors. Although potent competitive and noncompetitive mAC inhibitors are available, it is challenging to obtain compounds with high isoform selectivity due to the conservation of the catalytic core. Accordingly, caution must be exerted with the interpretation of intact-cell studies. The development of isoform-selective activators, the plant diterpene forskolin being the starting compound, has been equally challenging. There is no known endogenous ligand for the forskolin binding site. Recently, development of selective sAC inhibitors was reported. An emerging field is the association of AC gene polymorphisms with human diseases. For example, mutations in the AC5 gene (ADCY5) cause hyperkinetic extrapyramidal motor disorders. Overall, in contrast to the guanylyl cyclase field, our understanding of the (patho)physiology of AC isoforms and the development of clinically useful drugs targeting ACs is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Marco Conti
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Stefan Dove
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Roland Seifert
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas (C.W.D.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California (R.S.O.); Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.C.); Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (S.D.); and Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (R.S.)
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30
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Brust TF, Alongkronrusmee D, Soto-Velasquez M, Baldwin TA, Ye Z, Dai M, Dessauer CW, van Rijn RM, Watts VJ. Identification of a selective small-molecule inhibitor of type 1 adenylyl cyclase activity with analgesic properties. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/467/eaah5381. [PMID: 28223412 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) belongs to a group of adenylyl cyclases (ACs) that are stimulated by calcium in a calmodulin-dependent manner. Studies with AC1 knockout mice suggest that inhibitors of AC1 may be useful for treating pain and opioid dependence. However, nonselective inhibition of AC isoforms could result in substantial adverse effects. We used chemical library screening to identify a selective AC1 inhibitor with a chromone core structure that may represent a new analgesic agent. After demonstrating that the compound (ST034307) inhibited Ca2+-stimulated adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably transfected with AC1 (HEK-AC1 cells), we confirmed selectivity for AC1 by testing against all isoforms of membrane-bound ACs. ST034307 also inhibited AC1 activity stimulated by forskolin- and Gαs-coupled receptors in HEK-AC1 cells and showed inhibitory activity in multiple AC1-containing membrane preparations and mouse hippocampal homogenates. ST034307 enhanced μ-opioid receptor (MOR)-mediated inhibition of AC1 in short-term inhibition assays in HEK-AC1 cells stably transfected with MOR; however, the compound blocked heterologous sensitization of AC1 caused by chronic MOR activation in these cells. ST034307 reduced pain responses in a mouse model of inflammatory pain. Our data indicate that ST034307 is a selective small-molecule inhibitor of AC1 and suggest that selective AC1 inhibitors may be useful for managing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Doungkamol Alongkronrusmee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tanya A Baldwin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhishi Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Centers for Cancer Research and Drug Discovery, College of Science, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Centers for Cancer Research and Drug Discovery, College of Science, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Drug Discovery, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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31
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Nieto-Alamilla G, Márquez-Gómez R, García-Gálvez AM, Morales-Figueroa GE, Arias-Montaño JA. The Histamine H3 Receptor: Structure, Pharmacology, and Function. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:649-673. [PMID: 27563055 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the four G protein-coupled receptors (H1-H4) identified as mediators of the biologic effects of histamine, the H3 receptor (H3R) is distinguished for its almost exclusive expression in the nervous system and the large variety of isoforms generated by alternative splicing of the corresponding mRNA. Additionally, it exhibits dual functionality as autoreceptor and heteroreceptor, and this enables H3Rs to modulate the histaminergic and other neurotransmitter systems. The cloning of the H3R cDNA in 1999 by Lovenberg et al. allowed for detailed studies of its molecular aspects. In this work, we review the characteristics of the H3R, namely, its structure, constitutive activity, isoforms, signal transduction pathways, regional differences in expression and localization, selective agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists, dimerization with other neurotransmitter receptors, and the main presynaptic and postsynaptic effects resulting from its activation. The H3R has attracted interest as a potential drug target for the treatment of several important neurologic and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Nieto-Alamilla
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav-IPN), Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ricardo Márquez-Gómez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav-IPN), Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ana-Maricela García-Gálvez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav-IPN), Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guadalupe-Elide Morales-Figueroa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav-IPN), Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav-IPN), Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
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32
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Zhuo M. Contribution of synaptic plasticity in the insular cortex to chronic pain. Neuroscience 2016; 338:220-229. [PMID: 27530697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal and human studies have consistently demonstrated that cortical regions are important for pain perception and pain-related emotional changes. Studies of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) have shown that adult cortical synapses can be modified after peripheral injuries, and long-term changes at synaptic level may contribute to long-lasting suffering in patients. It also explains why chronic pain is resistant to conventional analgesics that act by inhibiting synaptic transmission. Insular cortex (IC), another critical cortical area, is found to be highly plastic and can undergo long-term potentiation (LTP) after injury. Inhibiting IC LTP reduces behavioral sensitization caused by injury. LTP of glutamatergic transmission in pain related cortical areas serves as a key mechanism for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhuo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Ikoma-Seki K, Nakamura K, Morishita S, Ono T, Sugiyama K, Nishino H, Hirano H, Murakoshi M. Role of LRP1 and ERK and cAMP Signaling Pathways in Lactoferrin-Induced Lipolysis in Mature Rat Adipocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141378. [PMID: 26506094 PMCID: PMC4623961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein present in milk. A clinical study showed that enteric-coated bovine LF tablets decrease visceral fat accumulation. Furthermore, animal studies revealed that ingested LF is partially delivered to mesenteric fat, and in vitro studies showed that LF promotes lipolysis in mature adipocytes. The aim of the present study was to determine the mechanism underlying the induction of lipolysis in mature adipocytes that is induced by LF. To address this question, we used proteomics techniques to analyze protein expression profiles. Mature adipocytes from primary cultures of rat mesenteric fat were collected at various times after exposure to LF. Proteomic analysis revealed that the expression levels of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step of lipolysis, were upregulated and that HSL was activated by protein kinase A within 15 min after the cells were treated with LF. We previously reported that LF increases the intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), suggesting that LF activates the cAMP signaling pathway. In this study, we show that the expression level and the activity of the components of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway were upregulated. Moreover, LF increased the activity of the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), which acts downstream in the cAMP and ERK signaling pathways and regulates the expression levels of adenylyl cyclase and HSL. Moreover, silencing of the putative LF receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) attenuated lipolysis in LF-treated adipocytes. These results suggest that LF promoted lipolysis in mature adipocytes by regulating the expression levels of proteins involved in lipolysis through controlling the activity of cAMP/ERK signaling pathways via LRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ikoma-Seki
- Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kanae Nakamura
- Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Morishita
- Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoji Ono
- Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keikichi Sugiyama
- Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
- Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hoyoku Nishino
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hirano
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michiaki Murakoshi
- Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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34
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Brust TF, Conley JM, Watts VJ. Gα(i/o)-coupled receptor-mediated sensitization of adenylyl cyclase: 40 years later. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:223-32. [PMID: 25981304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous sensitization of adenylyl cyclase (also referred to as superactivation, sensitization, or supersensitization of adenylyl cyclase) is a cellular adaptive response first described 40 years ago in the laboratory of Dr. Marshall Nirenberg. This apparently paradoxical cellular response occurs following persistent activation of Gαi/o-coupled receptors and causes marked enhancement in the activity of adenylyl cyclases, thereby increasing cAMP production. Since our last review in 2005, significant progress in the field has led to a better understanding of the relevance of, and the cellular biochemical processes that occur during the development and expression of heterologous sensitization. In this review we will discuss the recent advancements in the field and the mechanistic hypotheses on heterologous sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jason M Conley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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35
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Cooper DMF. Store-operated Ca²⁺-entry and adenylyl cyclase. Cell Calcium 2015; 58:368-75. [PMID: 25978874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the longest-standing effects of SOCE is in its selective regulation of Ca(2+)-sensitive adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity in non-excitable cells. Remarkably it was this source of Ca(2+) (SOCE) rather than the apparent magnitude of the Ca(2+)-rise that conferred AC responsiveness. The molecular basis for this dependence is now resolved in the case of adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8). Sensors for Ca(2+) and cAMP targeted to ACs have been particularly useful in dissecting the influences upon and composition of what turn out to be signalling microdomains centred on ACs. A number of physiological processes depend on the regulation by SOCE of ACs, but the issue is under-studied. Here I will expand on these topics and point to some immediate unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot M F Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PD, United Kingdom.
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36
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Ferré S. The GPCR heterotetramer: challenging classical pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:145-52. [PMID: 25704194 PMCID: PMC4357316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two concepts are gaining increasing acceptance in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pharmacology: (i) pre-coupling of GPCRs with their preferred signaling molecules, and (ii) GPCR oligomerization. This is begging for the introduction of new models such as GPCR oligomer-containing signaling complexes with GPCR homodimers as functional building blocks. This model favors the formation of GPCR heterotetramers - heteromers of homodimers coupled to their cognate G protein. The GPCR heterotetramer offers an optimal framework for a canonical antagonistic interaction between activated Gs and Gi proteins, which can simultaneously bind to their respective preferred receptors and to adenylyl cyclase (AC) catalytic units. This review addresses the current evidence for pre-coupling of the various specific components that provide the very elaborate signaling machinery exemplified by the Gs-Gi-AC-coupled GPCR heterotetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Triad Technology Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Bhattacharya I, Basu S, Sarda K, Gautam M, Nagarajan P, Pradhan BS, Sarkar H, Devi YS, Majumdar SS. Low levels of Gαs and Ric8b in testicular sertoli cells may underlie restricted FSH action during infancy in primates. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1143-55. [PMID: 25549048 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
FSH acts via testicular Sertoli cells (Sc) bearing FSH receptor (FSH-R) for regulating male fertility. Despite an adult-like FSH milieu in infant boys and monkeys, spermatogenesis is not initiated until the onset of puberty. We used infant and pubertal monkey Sc to reveal the molecular basis underlying developmental differences of FSH-R signaling in them. Unlike pubertal Sc, increasing doses of FSH failed to augment cAMP production by infant Sc. The expression of Gαs subunit and Ric8b, which collectively activate adenylyl cyclase (AC) for augmenting cAMP production and gene transcription, were significantly low in infant Sc. However, forskolin, which acts directly on AC bypassing FSH-R, augmented cAMP production and gene transcription uniformly in both infant and pubertal Sc. FSH-induced Gαs mRNA expression was higher in pubertal Sc. However, Gαi-2 expression was down-regulated by FSH in pubertal Sc, unlike infant Sc. FSH failed, but forskolin or 8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate treatment to infant Sc significantly augmented the expression of transferrin, androgen binding protein, inhibin-β-B, stem cell factor, and glial-derived neurotropic factor, which are usually up-regulated by FSH in pubertal Sc during spermatogenic onset. This suggested that lack of FSH mediated down-regulation of Gαi-2 expression and limited expression of Gαs subunit as well as Ric8b may underlie limited FSH responsiveness of Sc during infancy. This study also divulged that intracellular signaling events downstream of FSH-R are in place and can be activated exogenously in infant Sc. Additionally, this information may help in the proper diagnosis and treatment of infertile individuals having abnormal G protein-coupled FSH-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrashis Bhattacharya
- Cellular Endocrinology Laboratory (I.B., S.B., K.S., M.G., B.S.P., H.S., Y.S.D., S.S.M.) and Primate Research Centre (P.N., S.S.M.), National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India 110067
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38
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Ye Z, Brust TF, Watts VJ, Dai M. Palladium-catalyzed regio- and stereoselective γ-arylation of tertiary allylic amines: identification of potent adenylyl cyclase inhibitors. Org Lett 2015; 17:892-5. [PMID: 25668690 DOI: 10.1021/ol503748t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Substituted allylic amines and their derivatives are key structural motifs of many drug molecules and natural products. A general, mild, and practical palladium-catalyzed γ-arylation of tertiary allylic amines, one of the most challenging Heck arylation substrates, has been developed. The γ-arylation products were obtained in excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. Moreover, novel and potent adenylyl cyclase inhibitors with the potential for treating neuropathic and inflammatory pain have been identified from the γ-arylation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishi Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research and ‡Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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39
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GluA1 phosphorylation contributes to postsynaptic amplification of neuropathic pain in the insular cortex. J Neurosci 2015; 34:13505-15. [PMID: 25274827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1431-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation of glutamatergic transmission has been observed after physiological learning or pathological injuries in different brain regions, including the spinal cord, hippocampus, amygdala, and cortices. The insular cortex is a key cortical region that plays important roles in aversive learning and neuropathic pain. However, little is known about whether excitatory transmission in the insular cortex undergoes plastic changes after peripheral nerve injury. Here, we found that peripheral nerve ligation triggered the enhancement of AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission in the insular cortex. The synaptic GluA1 subunit of AMPAR, but not the GluA2/3 subunit, was increased after nerve ligation. Genetic knock-in mice lacking phosphorylation of the Ser845 site, but not that of the Ser831 site, blocked the enhancement of the synaptic GluA1 subunit, indicating that GluA1 phosphorylation at the Ser845 site by protein kinase A (PKA) was critical for this upregulation after nerve injury. Furthermore, A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150 (AKAP79/150) and PKA were translocated to the synapses after nerve injury. Genetic deletion of adenylyl cyclase subtype 1 (AC1) prevented the translocation of AKAP79/150 and PKA, as well as the upregulation of synaptic GluA1-containing AMPARs. Pharmacological inhibition of calcium-permeable AMPAR function in the insular cortex reduced behavioral sensitization caused by nerve injury. Our results suggest that the expression of AMPARs is enhanced in the insular cortex after nerve injury by a pathway involving AC1, AKAP79/150, and PKA, and such enhancement may at least in part contribute to behavioral sensitization together with other cortical regions, such as the anterior cingulate and the prefrontal cortices.
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40
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Brust TF, Hayes MP, Roman DL, Burris KD, Watts VJ. Bias analyses of preclinical and clinical D2 dopamine ligands: studies with immediate and complex signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 352:480-93. [PMID: 25539635 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) often activate multiple signaling pathways, and ligands may evoke functional responses through individual pathways. These unique responses provide opportunities for biased or functionally selective ligands to preferentially modulate one signaling pathway over another. Studies with several GPCRs have suggested that selective activation of signaling pathways downstream of a GPCR may lead to safer and more effective drug therapies. The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is one of the main drug targets in the therapies for Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Recent studies suggest that selective modulation of individual signaling pathways downstream of the D2R may lead to safer antipsychotic drugs. In the present study, immediate effectors of the D2R (i.e., Gαi/o, Gβγ, β-arrestin recruitment) and more complex signaling pathways (i.e., extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, heterologous sensitization, and dynamic mass redistribution) were examined in response to a series of D2R ligands. This was accomplished using Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the human D2L dopamine receptor in the PathHunter β-Arrestin GPCR Assay Platform. The use of a uniform cellular background was designed to eliminate potential confounds associated with cell-to-cell variability, including expression levels of receptor as well as other components of signal transduction, including G protein subunits. Several well characterized and clinically relevant D2R ligands were evaluated across each signaling pathway in this cellular model. The most commonly used methods to measure ligand bias were compared. Functional selectivity analyses were also used as tools to explore the relative contribution of immediate D2R effectors for the activation of more complex signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (T.F.B., V.J.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (M.P.H., D.L.R.); and Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.D.B.)
| | - Michael P Hayes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (T.F.B., V.J.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (M.P.H., D.L.R.); and Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.D.B.)
| | - David L Roman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (T.F.B., V.J.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (M.P.H., D.L.R.); and Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.D.B.)
| | - Kevin D Burris
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (T.F.B., V.J.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (M.P.H., D.L.R.); and Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.D.B.)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (T.F.B., V.J.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (M.P.H., D.L.R.); and Quantitative Biology, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.D.B.)
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41
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Brust TF, Hayes MP, Roman DL, Watts VJ. New functional activity of aripiprazole revealed: Robust antagonism of D2 dopamine receptor-stimulated Gβγ signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 93:85-91. [PMID: 25449598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is generally considered to be a primary target in the treatment of schizophrenia. First generation antipsychotic drugs (e.g. haloperidol) are antagonists of the DRD2, while second generation antipsychotic drugs (e.g. olanzapine) antagonize DRD2 and 5HT2A receptors. Notably, both these classes of drugs may cause side effects associated with D2 receptor antagonism (e.g. hyperprolactemia and extrapyramidal symptoms). The novel, "third generation" antipsychotic drug, aripiprazole is also used to treat schizophrenia, with the remarkable advantage that its tendency to cause extrapyramidal symptoms is minimal. Aripiprazole is considered a partial agonist of the DRD2, but it also has partial agonist/antagonist activity for other GPCRs. Further, aripiprazole has been reported to have a unique activity profile in functional assays with the DRD2. In the present study the molecular pharmacology of aripiprazole was further examined in HEK cell models stably expressing the DRD2 and specific isoforms of adenylyl cyclase to assess functional responses of Gα and Gβγ subunits. Additional studies examined the activity of aripiprazole in DRD2-mediated heterologous sensitization of adenylyl cyclase and cell-based dynamic mass redistribution (DMR). Aripiprazole displayed a unique functional profile for modulation of G proteins, being a partial agonist for Gαi/o and a robust antagonist for Gβγ signaling. Additionally, aripiprazole was a weak partial agonist for both heterologous sensitization and dynamic mass redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN - 47907, United States
| | - Michael P Hayes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa - 115 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA - 52242, United States
| | - David L Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa - 115 S. Grand Ave, Iowa City, IA - 52242, United States
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN - 47907, United States.
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Abstract
Recent advances in the AC (adenylate cyclase)/cAMP field reveal overarching roles for the ACs. Whereas few processes are unaffected by cAMP in eukaryotes, ranging from the rapid modulation of ion channel kinetics to the slowest developmental effects, the large number of cellular processes modulated by only three intermediaries, i.e. PKA (protein kinase A), Epacs (exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP) and CNG (cyclic nucleotide-gated) channels, poses the question of how selectivity and fine control is achieved by cAMP. One answer rests on the number of differently regulated and distinctly expressed AC species. Specific ACs are implicated in processes such as insulin secretion, immunological responses, sino-atrial node pulsatility and memory formation, and specific ACs are linked with particular diseased conditions or predispositions, such as cystic fibrosis, Type 2 diabetes and dysrhythmias. However, much of the selectivity and control exerted by cAMP lies in the sophisticated properties of individual ACs, in terms of their coincident responsiveness, dynamic protein scaffolding and organization of cellular microassemblies. The ACs appear to be the centre of highly organized microdomains, where both cAMP and Ca2+, the other major influence on ACs, change in patterns quite discrete from the broad cellular milieu. How these microdomains are organized is beginning to become clear, so that ACs may now be viewed as fundamental signalling centres, whose properties exceed their production of cAMP. In the present review, we summarize how ACs are multiply regulated and the steps that are put in place to ensure discrimination in their signalling. This includes scaffolding of targets and modulators by the ACs and assembling of signalling nexuses in discrete cellular domains. We also stress how these assemblies are cell-specific, context-specific and dynamic, and may be best addressed by targeted biosensors. These perspectives on the organization of ACs uncover new strategies for intervention in systems mediated by cAMP, which promise far more informed specificity than traditional approaches.
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Lefkimmiatis K, Zaccolo M. cAMP signaling in subcellular compartments. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:295-304. [PMID: 24704321 PMCID: PMC4117810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the complex microcosm of a cell, information security and its faithful transmission are critical for maintaining internal stability. To achieve a coordinated response of all its parts to any stimulus the cell must protect the information received from potentially confounding signals. Physical segregation of the information transmission chain ensures that only the entities able to perform the encoded task have access to the relevant information. The cAMP intracellular signaling pathway is an important system for signal transmission responsible for the ancestral 'flight or fight' response and involved in the control of critical functions including frequency and strength of heart contraction, energy metabolism and gene transcription. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the cAMP signaling pathway uses compartmentalization as a strategy for coordinating the large number of key cellular functions under its control. Spatial confinement allows the formation of cAMP signaling "hot spots" at discrete subcellular domains in response to specific stimuli, bringing the information in proximity to the relevant effectors and their recipients, thus achieving specificity of action. In this report we discuss how the different constituents of the cAMP pathway are targeted and participate in the formation of cAMP compartmentalized signaling events. We illustrate a few examples of localized cAMP signaling, with a particular focus on the nucleus, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of interventions designed to perturb specific cAMP cascades locally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department Of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
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Conti M, Mika D, Richter W. Cyclic AMP compartments and signaling specificity: role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 143:29-38. [PMID: 24378905 PMCID: PMC3874571 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201311083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Conti
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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45
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Vacquier VD, Loza-Huerta A, García-Rincón J, Darszon A, Beltrán C. Soluble adenylyl cyclase of sea urchin spermatozoa. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2621-8. [PMID: 25064590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization, a key step in sexual reproduction, requires orchestrated changes in cAMP concentrations. It is notable that spermatozoa (sperm) are among the cell types with extremely high adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. As production and consumption of this second messenger need to be locally regulated, the discovery of soluble AC (sAC) has broadened our understanding of how such cells deal with these requirements. In addition, because sAC is directly regulated by HCO(3)(-) it is able to translate CO₂/HCO(3)(-)/pH changes into cAMP levels. Fundamental sperm functions such as maturation, motility regulation and the acrosome reaction are influenced by cAMP; this is especially true for sperm of the sea urchin (SU), an organism that has been a model in the study of fertilization for more than 130 years. Here we summarize the discovery and properties of SU sperm sAC, and discuss its involvement in sperm physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Vacquier
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA.
| | - Arlet Loza-Huerta
- Departamento de Neurociencia Cognitiva, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Distrito Federal 04510, Mexico.
| | - Juan García-Rincón
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
| | - Alberto Darszon
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
| | - Carmen Beltrán
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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Yu P, Sun M, Villar VAM, Zhang Y, Weinman EJ, Felder RA, Jose PA. Differential dopamine receptor subtype regulation of adenylyl cyclases in lipid rafts in human embryonic kidney and renal proximal tubule cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2521-9. [PMID: 25049074 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D1-like receptors (D1R and D5R) stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity, whereas the D2-like receptors (D2, D3 and D4) inhibit AC activity. D1R, but not the D5R, has been reported to regulate AC activity in lipid rafts (LRs). We tested the hypothesis that D1R and D5R differentially regulate AC activity in LRs using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells heterologously expressing human D1 or D5 receptor (HEK-hD1R or HEK-hD5R) and human renal proximal tubule (hRPT) cells that endogenously express D1R and D5R. Of the AC isoforms expressed in HEK and hRPT cells (AC3, AC5, AC6, AC7, and AC9), AC5/6 was distributed to a greater extent in LRs than non-LRs in HEK-hD1R (84.5±2.3% of total), HEK-hD5R (68.9±3.1% of total), and hRPT cells (66.6 ± 2.2% of total) (P<0.05, n=4/group). In HEK-hD1R cells, the D1-like receptor agonist fenoldopam (1 μM/15 min) increased AC5/6 protein (+17.2 ± 3.9% of control) in LRs but decreased it in non-LRs (-47.3±5.3% of control) (P<0.05, vs. control, n=4/group). By contrast, in HEK-hD5R cells, fenoldopam increased AC5/6 protein in non-LRs (+67.1 ± 5.3% of control, P<0.006, vs. control, n=4) but had no effect in LRs. In hRPT cells, fenoldopam increased AC5/6 in LRs but had little effect in non-LRs. Disruption of LRs with methyl-β-cyclodextrin decreased basal AC activity in HEK-D1R (-94.5 ± 2.0% of control) and HEK-D5R cells (-87.1 ± 4.6% of control) but increased it in hRPT cells (6.8±0.5-fold). AC6 activity was stimulated to a greater extent by D1R than D5R, in agreement with the greater colocalization of AC5/6 with D1R than D5R in LRs. We conclude that LRs are essential not only for the proper membrane distribution and maintenance of AC5/6 activity but also for the regulation of D1R- and D5R-mediated AC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiying Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Science, Anhui University, Anhui, China
| | - Van Anthony M Villar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Edward J Weinman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Robin A Felder
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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Agarwal SR, Yang PC, Rice M, Singer CA, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ, Clancy CE, Harvey RD. Role of membrane microdomains in compartmentation of cAMP signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95835. [PMID: 24752595 PMCID: PMC3994114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially restricting cAMP production to discrete subcellular locations permits selective regulation of specific functional responses. But exactly where and how cAMP signaling is confined is not fully understood. Different receptors and adenylyl cyclase isoforms responsible for cAMP production are not uniformly distributed between lipid raft and non-lipid raft domains of the plasma membrane. We sought to determine the role that these membrane domains play in organizing cAMP responses in HEK293 cells. The freely diffusible FRET-based biosensor Epac2-camps was used to measure global cAMP responses, while versions of the probe targeted to lipid raft (Epac2-MyrPalm) and non-raft (Epac2-CAAX) domains were used to monitor local cAMP production near the plasma membrane. Disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion selectively altered cAMP responses produced by raft-associated receptors. The results indicate that receptors associated with lipid raft as well as non-lipid raft domains can contribute to global cAMP responses. In addition, basal cAMP activity was found to be significantly higher in non-raft domains. This was supported by the fact that pharmacologic inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity reduced basal cAMP activity detected by Epac2-CAAX but not Epac2-MyrPalm or Epac2-camps. Responses detected by Epac2-CAAX were also more sensitive to direct stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity, but less sensitive to inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity. Quantitative modeling was used to demonstrate that differences in adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities are necessary but not sufficient to explain compartmentation of cAMP associated with different microdomains of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh R. Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Pei-Chi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Rice
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Cherie A. Singer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- European Heart Research Institute Gottingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin J. Lohse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Colleen E. Clancy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Harvey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Many G-protein-coupled receptors trigger the synthesis of cAMP in order to transduce signals from the membrane into the cell cytoplasm. As stimulation of each receptor type results in a specific physiological outcome, compartmentalization of proteins that make, break, and are activated by cAMP underpin receptor-specific responses. Until 2002, it was thought that static compartmentalization of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), conferred by N-terminal targeting sequences, was one way to shape intricate cAMP gradients that formed after receptor activation. Discovery of the PDE4-β-arrestin complex represented a major breakthrough in cAMP signaling, as it spurred the initial realization that PDE4s could be transported to sites of high cAMP to orchestrate destruction of the second messenger at the same time as the receptor's signal to the G-protein is silenced. This chapter charts the scientific process that led to the discovery and characterization of the PDE4-β-arrestin interaction and discusses the known functions of this signaling complex.
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Kittikulsuth W, Stuart D, Kohan DE. Adenylyl cyclase 4 does not regulate collecting duct water and sodium handling. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:e00277. [PMID: 24760529 PMCID: PMC4002255 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase (AC)‐stimulated cAMP is a key mediator of collecting duct (CD) Na and water transport. AC isoforms 3, 4, and 6 are expressed in the CD. Our group demonstrated that AC6, but not AC3, is involved in regulating CD Na and water transport. However, the role of AC4 in such regulation remains unknown. Therefore, we generated mice with loxP‐flanked critical exons in the Adcy4 gene and bred with mice expressing the aquaporin‐2/Cre recombinase transgene to yield CD principal cell‐specific knockout of AC4 (CD AC4 KO). Isolated inner medullary CD showed 100% genomic target gene recombination in CD AC4 KO mice, while microdissected cortical CD and renal papillary AC4 mRNA was significantly reduced in CD AC4 KO mice. CD AC4 KO had no effect on vasopressin (AVP)‐stimulated cAMP generation in the inner medulla. Water intake, urine volume, and urine osmolality were similar between CD AC4 KO and control mice during normal or restricted water intake. Sodium intake, urinary Na excretion, and blood pressure on a normal‐, high‐, or low‐Na diet were not affected by CD AC4 KO. Moreover, there were no differences in plasma AVP or plasma renin concentration between CD AC4 KO and control mice. In summary, these data suggest that CD AC4 does not play a role in the physiologic regulation of CD Na and water handling. Principal cells in the collecting duct express adenylyl cyclase 4 (AC4), however, the role of AC4 in the regulation of collecting duct function is unknown. We made mice with collecting duct principal cell‐specific deletion of AC4 and found that these mice have no alterations in arterial pressure or urinary sodium, potassium, or water excretion under varying physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wararat Kittikulsuth
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Huang H, Wang H, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Regulating the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway via cAMP-signaling: neuroprotective potential. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:55-66. [PMID: 23686612 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cAMP-signaling pathway has been under intensive investigation for decades. It is a wonder that such a small simple molecule like cAMP can modulate a vast number of diverse processes in different types of cells. The ubiquitous involvement of cAMP-signaling in a variety of cellular events requires tight spatial and temporal control of its generation, propagation, compartmentalization, and elimination. Among the various steps of the cAMP-signaling pathway, G-protein-coupled receptors, adenylate cyclases, phosphodiesterases, the two major cAMP targets, i.e., protein kinase A and exchange protein activated by cAMP, as well as the A-kinase anchoring proteins, are potential targets for drug development. Herein we review the recent progress on the regulation and manipulation of different steps of the cAMP-signaling pathway. We end by focusing on the emerging role of cAMP-signaling in modulating protein degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. New discoveries on the regulation of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway by cAMP-signaling support the development of new therapeutic approaches to prevent proteotoxicity in chronic neurodegenerative disorders and other human disease conditions associated with impaired protein turnover by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and the accumulation of ubiquitin-protein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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