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Xu C, Wang Y, Ni H, Yao M, Cheng L, Lin X. The role of orphan G protein-coupled receptors in pain. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28818. [PMID: 38590871 PMCID: PMC11000026 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which form the largest family of membrane protein receptors in humans, are highly complex signaling systems with intricate structures and dynamic conformations and locations. Among these receptors, a specific subset is referred to as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs) and has garnered significant interest in pain research due to their role in both central and peripheral nervous system function. The diversity of GPCR functions is attributed to multiple factors, including allosteric modulators, signaling bias, oligomerization, constitutive signaling, and compartmentalized signaling. This review primarily focuses on the recent advances in oGPCR research on pain mechanisms, discussing the role of specific oGPCRs including GPR34, GPR37, GPR65, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR132, GPR151, GPR160, GPR171, GPR177, and GPR183. The orphan receptors among these receptors associated with central nervous system diseases are also briefly described. Understanding the functions of these oGPCRs can contribute not only to a deeper understanding of pain mechanisms but also offer a reference for discovering new targets for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Huadong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, PR China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, PR China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Xuewu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
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2
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Mizuta H, Takakusaki A, Suzuki T, Otake K, Dohmae N, Simizu S. C-mannosylation regulates stabilization of RAMP1 protein and RAMP1-mediated cell migration. FEBS J 2023; 290:196-208. [PMID: 35942636 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
C-mannosylation is a unique type of protein glycosylation via C-C linkage between an α-mannose and a tryptophan residue. This modification has been identified in about 30 proteins and regulates several functions, such as protein secretion and intracellular localization, as well as protein stability. About half of C-mannosylated proteins are categorized as proteins containing thrombospondin type 1 repeat domain or type I cytokine receptors. To evaluate whether C-mannosylation broadly affects protein functions regardless of protein domain or family, we have sought to identify other types of C-mannosylated protein and analyse their functions. In this study, we focused on receptor activity modifying protein 1, which neither contains thrombospondin type 1 repeat domain nor belongs to the type I cytokine receptors. Our mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that RAMP1 is C-mannosylated at Trp56 . It has been shown that RAMP1 transports to the plasma membrane after dimerization with calcitonin receptor-like receptor and is important for ligand-dependent downstream signalling activation. Our results showed that C-mannosylation has no effect on this transport activity. On the other hand, C-mannosylation did enhance protein stability and cell migration activity. Our data may provide new insight into both C-mannosylation research and novel RAMP1 analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Mizuta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ayane Takakusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Keisuke Otake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Siro Simizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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3
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Javed M, Saleem A, Xaveria A, Akhtar MF. Daphnetin: A bioactive natural coumarin with diverse therapeutic potentials. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:993562. [PMID: 36249766 PMCID: PMC9556945 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.993562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Daphnetin (DAP), a coumarin derivative extracted from Daphne species, is biologically active phytochemical with copious bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-pyretic, anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, anti-arthritic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and anti-cancer activities. A wide range of studies have been conducted exploring the significance and therapeutic potential of DAP. This study reviewed various databases such as NCBI, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar for published research articles regarding the sources, synthesis, and various bioactivities of DAP using different key words, including but not limited to “pharmacological activities,” “sources,” “neuroprotective effect,” “synthesis,” “cancer,” “anti-inflammatory effect” of “daphnetin.” Furthermore, this review encompasses both in-vivo and in-vitro studies on DAP for treating various diseases. A comprehensive review of the literature revealed that the DAP had a promising pharmacological and safety profile, and could be employed as a pharmaceutical moiety to treat a variety of illnesses including microbial infections, cancer, arthritis, hepatic damage, inflammation and neurological anomalies. The current review intends to provide an in-depth focus on all pharmacological activities and therapeutic approaches for the pharmaceutical and biomedical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Javed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammara Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Ammara Saleem, , ; Muhammad Furqan Akhtar,
| | - Anne Xaveria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan Akhtar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Ammara Saleem, , ; Muhammad Furqan Akhtar,
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4
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Hang S, Wu W, Wang Y, Sheng R, Fang Y, Guo R. Daphnetin, a Coumarin in Genus Stellera Chamaejasme Linn: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Therapeutic Potential. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200261. [PMID: 35880614 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins is a huge family of phenolic compounds containing a common structure of 2 H -1-benzopyran-2-one. Nowadays, more than 1,300 natural-based coumarins have been identified in a variety of plants, bacteria and fungi, many of them exhibited promising biomedical performance. Daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin) is a typical coumarin associated with a couple of bioactivities such as anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis. In the treatment of diseases, it has been verified that daphnetin has outstanding therapeutic effects on diabetes, arthritis, transplant rejection, cancer and even on central nervous system diseases. Herein, we summarized the chemical synthetic methodologies, bioactivities, therapeutic potentials and structure-activity relationships of daphnetin and its derivatives. Hopefully, this review would be beneficial for the discovery of new coumarin-based biomedicine in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijin Hang
- Shanghai Ocean University, College of food science and technology, Shanghai Ocean University,No.999,Huchenghuan Road,Shanghai,P.R.China, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Shanghai Ocean University, College of food science and technology, Shanghai Ocean University,No.999,Huchenghuan Road,Shanghai,P.R.China, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Yinan Wang
- Shanghai Ocean University, College of food science and technology, Shanghai Ocean University,No.999,Huchenghuan Road,Shanghai,P.R.China, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Ruilong Sheng
- Shanghai Ocean University, College of food science and technology, Shanghai Ocean University,No.999,Huchenghuan Road,Shanghai,P.R.China, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Yiwen Fang
- Shantou University, Chemistry, College of Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063,, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Ruihua Guo
- Shanghai Ocean University, College of fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University,No.999,Huchenghuan Road,Shanghai,P.R.China, 201306, Shanghai, CHINA
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Jailani ABA, Bigos KJA, Avgoustou P, Egan JL, Hathway RA, Skerry TM, Richards GO. Targeting the adrenomedullin-2 receptor for the discovery and development of novel anti-cancer agents. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:839-848. [PMID: 35733389 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2090541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide responsible for many physiological processes including vascular health and hormone regulation. Dysregulation of AM signaling can stimulate cancers by promoting proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Two AM receptors contribute to tumor progression in different ways. Adrenomedullin-1 receptor (AM1R) regulates blood pressure and blocking AM signaling via AM1R would be clinically unacceptable. Therefore, antagonizing adrenomedullin-2 receptor (AM2R) presents as an avenue for anti-cancer drug development. AREAS COVERED We review the literature to highlight AM's role in cancer as well as delineating the specific roles AM1R and AM2R mediate in the development of a pro-tumoral microenvironment. We highlight the importance of exploring the residue differences between the receptors that led to the development of first-in-class selective AM2R small molecule antagonists. We also summarize the current approaches targeting AM and its receptors, their anti-tumor effects and their limitations. EXPERT OPINION As tool compounds, AM2R antagonists will allow the dissection of the functions of CGRPR (calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor), AM1R and AM2R, and has considerable potential as a first-in-class oncology therapy. Furthermore, the lack of detectable side effects and good drug-like pharmacokinetic properties of these AM2R antagonists support the promise of this class of compounds as potential anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameera B A Jailani
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamilla J A Bigos
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Paris Avgoustou
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joseph L Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Timothy M Skerry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gareth O Richards
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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6
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Mathiesen DS, Lund A, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Lutz TA, Bagger JI. THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Amylin and calcitonin - physiology and pharmacology. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:R93-R111. [PMID: 35353712 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a common manifestation of metabolic dysfunction due to obesity and constitutes a major burden for modern health care systems, in concert with the alarming rise in obesity worldwide. In recent years, several successful pharmacotherapies improving glucose metabolism have emerged and some of these also promote weight loss, thus, ameliorating insulin resistance. However, the progressive nature of type 2 diabetes is not halted by these new anti-diabetic pharmacotherapies. Therefore, novel therapies promoting weight loss further and delaying diabetes progression are needed. Amylin, a beta cell hormone, has satiating properties and also delays gastric emptying and inhibits postprandial glucagon secretion with the net result of reducing postprandial glucose excursions. Amylin acts through the six amylin receptors, which share the core component with the calcitonin receptor. Calcitonin, derived from thyroid C cells, is best known for its role in humane calcium metabolism, where it inhibits osteoclasts and reduces circulating calcium. However, calcitonin, particularly of salmon origin, has also been shown to affect insulin sensitivity, reduce the gastric emptying rate and promote satiation. Preclinical trials with agents targeting the calcitonin receptor and the amylin receptors, show improvements in several parameters of glucose metabolism including insulin sensitivity and some of these agents are currently undergoing clinical trials. Here, we review the physiological and pharmacological effects of amylin and calcitonin and discuss the future potential of amylin and calcitonin-based treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Mathiesen
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Asger Lund
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan I Bagger
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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7
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Corrigan RR, Piontkivska H, Casadesus G. Amylin Pharmacology in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1894-1907. [PMID: 34852745 PMCID: PMC9886804 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211201093147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic peptide hormone amylin, in concert with other metabolic peptides like insulin and leptin, has an important role in metabolic homeostasis and has been intimately linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, this pancreatic amyloid peptide is known to self-aggregate much like amyloid-beta and has been reported to be a source of pathogenesis in both Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease. The traditional "gain of toxic function" properties assigned to amyloid proteins are, however, contrasted by several reports highlighting neuroprotective effects of amylin and a recombinant analog, pramlintide, in the context of these two diseases. This suggests that pharmacological therapies aimed at modulating the amylin receptor may be therapeutically beneficial for AD development, as they already are for T2DMM. However, the nature of amylin receptor signaling is highly complex and not well studied in the context of CNS function. Therefore, to begin to address this pharmacological paradox in amylin research, the goal of this review is to summarize the current research on amylin signaling and CNS functions and critically address the paradoxical nature of this hormone's signaling in the context of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gemma Casadesus
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, PO Box 100495. Gainesville, FL32610 USA; Tel: 352-294-5346; E-mail:
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8
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Molecular simulations reveal the impact of RAMP1 on ligand binding and dynamics of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) heterodimer. Comput Biol Med 2021; 141:105130. [PMID: 34923287 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) is a heterodimer protein complex consisting of a class-B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) named calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and an accessory protein, receptor activity modifying protein type 1 (RAMP1). Here in this study, with several molecular modeling approaches and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the structural and dynamical effects of RAMP1 on the binding of small molecule CGRPR inhibitors (namely rimegepant and telcagepant) to the CGRPR extracellular ectodomain complex site (site 1) and transmembrane binding site (site 2) are investigated. Results showed that although these molecules stay stable at site 1, they can also bind to site 2, which may be interpreted as non-specificity of the ligands, however, most of these interactions at transmembrane binding site are not sustainable or are weak. Furthermore, to examine the site 2 for gepant binding, different in silico experiments (i.e., alanine scanning mutagenesis, SiteMap, ligand decomposition binding free energy analyses) are also conducted and the results confirmed the putative binding pocket (site 2) of the gepants at the CGRPRs.
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9
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Wang MW, Yang Z, Chen X, Zhou SH, Huang GL, Sun JN, Jiang H, Xu WM, Lin HC, Yu X, Sun JP. Activation of PTH1R alleviates epididymitis and orchitis through Gq and β-arrestin-1 pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2107363118. [PMID: 34740971 PMCID: PMC8609314 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107363118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the epididymis and testis contributes significantly to male infertility. Alternative therapeutic avenues treating epididymitis and orchitis are expected since current therapies using antibiotics have limitations associated to side effects and are commonly ineffective for inflammation due to nonbacterial causes. Here, we demonstrated that type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) and its endogenous agonists, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP), were mainly expressed in the Leydig cells of testis as well as epididymal epithelial cells. Screening the secretin family G protein-coupled receptor identified that PTH1R in the epididymis and testis was down-regulated in mumps virus (MuV)- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Remarkably, activation of PTH1R by abaloparatide (ABL), a Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis, alleviated MuV- or LPS-induced inflammatory responses in both testis and epididymis and significantly improved sperm functions in both mouse model and human samples. The anti-inflammatory effects of ABL were shown to be regulated mainly through the Gq and β-arrestin-1 pathway downstream of PTH1R as supported by the application of ABL in Gnaq± and Arrb1-/- mouse models. Taken together, our results identified an important immunoregulatory role for PTH1R signaling in the epididymis and testis. Targeting to PTH1R might have a therapeutic effect for the treatment of epididymitis and orchitis or other inflammatory disease in the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shu-Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ge-Lin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian-Ning Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wen-Ming Xu
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Hao-Cheng Lin
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250012, China;
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250012, China;
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
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10
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Zirimwabagabo JO, Jailani ABA, Avgoustou P, Tozer MJ, Gibson KR, Glossop PA, Mills JEJ, Porter RA, Blaney P, Wang N, Skerry TM, Richards GO, Harrity JPA. Discovery of a First-In-Class Small Molecule Antagonist against the Adrenomedullin-2 Receptor: Structure-Activity Relationships and Optimization. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3299-3319. [PMID: 33666424 PMCID: PMC8006142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) remain an underexploited target for drug development. The calcitonin receptor (CTR) family is particularly challenging, as its receptors are heteromers comprising two distinct components: the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) or calcitonin receptor (CTR) together with one of three accessory proteins known as receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). CLR/RAMP1 forms a CGRP receptor, CLR/RAMP2 forms an adrenomedullin-1 (AM1) receptor, and CLR/RAMP3 forms an adrenomedullin-2 (AM2) receptor. The CTR/RAMP complexes form three distinct amylin receptors. While the selective blockade of AM2 receptors would be therapeutically valuable, inhibition of AM1 receptors would cause clinically unacceptable increased blood pressure. We report here a systematic study of structure-activity relationships that has led to the development of first-in-class AM2 receptor antagonists. These compounds exhibit therapeutically valuable properties with 1000-fold selectivity over the AM1 receptor. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of AM2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ameera B. A. Jailani
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Paris Avgoustou
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | | | - Karl R. Gibson
- Sandexis
Medicinal Chemistry Ltd., Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K.
| | - Paul A. Glossop
- Sandexis
Medicinal Chemistry Ltd., Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K.
| | | | | | - Paul Blaney
- Concept
Life Sciences, High Peak SK23 0PG, U.K.
| | - Ning Wang
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Timothy M. Skerry
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Gareth O. Richards
- Department
of Oncology and Metabolism, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
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11
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Syntheses and evaluation of daphnetin derivatives as novel G protein-coupled receptor inhibitors and activators. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104342. [PMID: 33142412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin) derivatives 1-22 were synthesized including sixteen new compounds (1-5, 7-14, 18, 21 and 22) and six known compounds (6, 15-17, 19 and 20). Their pharmacological activities on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) were evaluated by double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) in vitro. Daphnetin derivatives with various substitution patterns/groups were obtained from inhibitors to activators on GPCRs. Derivatives 2-5, 8, 15, 16 and 18-20 possessed moderate activation potency on GPCRs. Among them, derivatives 3-5, 16 and 19 presented significant activation potency on GPCRs with EC50 values in the range of 1.18-1.91 nM. Derivatives 6, 11, 14 and 18 showed significant inhibitory potency on GPCRs with IC50 values in the range of 1.26-1.38 nM. Moreover, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of daphnetin derivatives were discussed in detail. The new daphnetic-based GPCRs activators and inhibitors have potentials as future drug candidates for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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12
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Avgoustou P, Jailani ABA, Zirimwabagabo JO, Tozer MJ, Gibson KR, Glossop PA, Mills JEJ, Porter RA, Blaney P, Bungay PJ, Wang N, Shaw AP, Bigos KJA, Holmes JL, Warrington JI, Skerry TM, Harrity JPA, Richards GO. Discovery of a First-in-Class Potent Small Molecule Antagonist against the Adrenomedullin-2 Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:706-719. [PMID: 32832872 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hormone adrenomedullin has both physiological and pathological roles in biology. As a potent vasodilator, adrenomedullin is critically important in the regulation of blood pressure, but it also has several roles in disease, of which its actions in cancer are becoming recognized to have clinical importance. Reduced circulating adrenomedullin causes increased blood pressure but also reduces tumor progression, so drugs blocking all effects of adrenomedullin would be unacceptable clinically. However, there are two distinct receptors for adrenomedullin, each comprising the same G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), together with a different accessory protein known as a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP). The CLR with RAMP2 forms an adrenomedullin-1 receptor, and the CLR with RAMP3 forms an adrenomedullin-2 receptor. Recent research suggests that a selective blockade of adrenomedullin-2 receptors would be therapeutically valuable. Here we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of potent small-molecule adrenomedullin-2 receptor antagonists with 1000-fold selectivity over the adrenomedullin-1 receptor, although retaining activity against the CGRP receptor. These molecules have clear effects on markers of pancreatic cancer progression in vitro, drug-like pharmacokinetic properties, and inhibit xenograft tumor growth and extend life in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Taken together, our data support the promise of a new class of anticancer therapeutics as well as improved understanding of the pharmacology of the adrenomedullin receptors and other GPCR/RAMP heteromers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Avgoustou
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Ameera B A Jailani
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | | | | | - Karl R Gibson
- Sandexis Medicinal Chemistry Ltd, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - Paul A Glossop
- Sandexis Medicinal Chemistry Ltd, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | - James E J Mills
- Sandexis Medicinal Chemistry Ltd, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9ND, U.K
| | | | - Paul Blaney
- Concept Life Sciences, High Peak, SK23 0PG, U.K
| | - Peter J Bungay
- Sympetrus Ltd., Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3BT, U.K
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Alice P Shaw
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Kamilla J A Bigos
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Joseph L Holmes
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Jessica I Warrington
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Timothy M Skerry
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Joseph P A Harrity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Gareth O Richards
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
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13
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Cardoso JCR, Garcia MG, Power DM. Tracing the Origins of the Pituitary Adenylate-Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP). Front Neurosci 2020; 14:366. [PMID: 32508559 PMCID: PMC7251081 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-conserved neuropeptide characteristic of vertebrates. This pluripotent hypothalamic neuropeptide regulates neurotransmitter release, intestinal motility, metabolism, cell division/differentiation, and immunity. In vertebrates, PACAP has a specific receptor (PAC1) but it can also activate the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). The evolution of the vertebrate PACAP ligand - receptor pair has been well-described. In contrast, the situation in invertebrates is much less clear. The PACAP ligand - receptor pair in invertebrates has mainly been studied using heterologous antibodies raised against mammalian peptides. A few partial PACAP cDNA clones sharing >87% aa identity with vertebrate PACAP have been isolated from a cnidarian, several protostomes and tunicates but no gene has been reported. Moreover, current evolutionary models of the peptide and receptors using molecular data from phylogenetically distinct invertebrate species (mostly nematodes and arthropods) suggests the PACAP ligand and receptors are exclusive to vertebrate genomes. A basal deuterostome, the cephalochordate amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae), is the only invertebrate in which elements of a PACAP-like system exists but the peptides and receptor share relatively low sequence conservation with the vertebrate homolog system and are a hybrid with the vertebrate glucagon system. In this study, the evolution of the PACAP system is revisited taking advantage of the burgeoning sequence data (genome and transcriptomes) available for invertebrates to uncover clues about when it first appeared. The results suggest that elements of the PACAP system are absent from protozoans, non-bilaterians, and protostomes and they only emerged after the protostome-deuterostome divergence. PACAP and its receptors appeared in vertebrate genomes and they probably shared a common ancestral origin with the cephalochordate PACAP/GCG-like system which after the genome tetraploidization events that preceded the vertebrate radiation generated the PACAP ligand and receptor pair and also the other members of the Secretin family peptides and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Manuel G Garcia
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Molecular and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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14
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Hendrikse ER, Liew LP, Bower RL, Bonnet M, Jamaluddin MA, Prodan N, Richards KD, Walker CS, Pairaudeau G, Smith DM, Rujan RM, Sudra R, Reynolds CA, Booe JM, Pioszak AA, Flanagan JU, Hay MP, Hay DL. Identification of Small-Molecule Positive Modulators of Calcitonin-like Receptor-Based Receptors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:305-320. [PMID: 32296770 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors are highly therapeutically relevant but challenges remain in identifying suitable small-molecule drugs. The calcitonin-like receptor (CLR) in particular is linked to conditions such as migraine, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. The CLR cannot act as a cell-surface receptor alone but rather must couple to one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), forming heterodimeric receptors for the peptides adrenomedullin and calcitonin gene-related peptide. These peptides have extended binding sites across their receptors. This is one reason why there are few small-molecule ligands that can modulate these receptors. Here we describe small molecules that are able to positively modulate the signaling of the CLR with all three RAMPs but are not active at the related calcitonin receptor. These compounds were selected from a β-arrestin recruitment screen, coupled with rounds of medicinal chemistry to improve their activity. Translational potential is shown as the compounds can positively modulate cAMP signaling in a vascular cell line model. Binding experiments do not support an extracellular domain binding site; however, molecular modeling reveals potential allosteric binding sites in multiple receptor regions. These are the first small-molecule positive modulators described for the CLR:RAMP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica R Hendrikse
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Lydia P Liew
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Rebekah L Bower
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Muhammad A Jamaluddin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Prodan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Keith D Richards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Garry Pairaudeau
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0SL, United Kingdom
| | - David M Smith
- Emerging Innovations, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0SL, United Kingdom
| | - Roxana-Maria Rujan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Risha Sudra
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason M Booe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Michael P Hay
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the following review is to summarize the most recent understanding of migraine pathophysiology, as well as of basic and clinical science pharmacologic literature regarding the development of calcitonin gene receptor peptide (CGRP) antagonists as a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of migraine headaches. A review is provided of erenumab, the first of its class FDA approved CGRP antagonist. RECENT FINDINGS Despite its high prevalence, the occurrence and treatment of migraine headaches is poorly understood. Erenumab and CGRP antagonists as a whole significantly reduce the average number of migraine days experienced in migraine sufferers. CGRP antagonists appear to significantly improve treatment outcomes in patients who suffer from episodic and chronic migraines. Erenumab is the first CGRP antagonist to be FDA approved for public use; however, further development of biologics in this class is underway.
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16
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Miao Z, Hu Y, Zhang X, Yang X, Tang Y, Kang A, Zhu D. Screening and identification of ligand-protein interactions using functionalized heat shock protein 90-fluorescent mesoporous silica-indium phosphide/zinc sulfide quantum dot nanocomposites. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1562:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Is the activity of CGRP and Adrenomedullin regulated by RAMP (−2) and (−3) in Trypanosomatidae? An in-silico approach. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 61:197-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Cao C, Zhang H, Yang Z, Wu B. Peptide recognition, signaling and modulation of class B G protein-coupled receptors. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:53-60. [PMID: 29567494 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets in many human diseases, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Peptide hormones bind to these receptors through interactions with both the extracellular domain and transmembrane domain. Despite remarkable advances in structural studies of GPCRs, structural characterization of the full-length class B receptors remains extremely challenging due to their conformational complexity. The recently solved structures of class B GPCRs reveal the structural basis of peptide ligand recognition and modulation mechanisms of small molecule allosteric modulators. Furthermore, these structures provide essential insights into molecular mechanisms of class B GPCR signal transduction and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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19
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Karageorgos V, Venihaki M, Sakellaris S, Pardalos M, Kontakis G, Matsoukas MT, Gravanis A, Margioris A, Liapakis G. Current understanding of the structure and function of family B GPCRs to design novel drugs. Hormones (Athens) 2018; 17:45-59. [PMID: 29858864 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Family B of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their ligands play a central role in a number of homeostatic mechanisms in the endocrine, gastrointestinal, skeletal, immune, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Alterations in family B GPCR-regulated homeostatic mechanisms may cause a variety of potentially life-threatening conditions, signifying the necessity to develop novel ligands targeting these receptors. Obtaining structural and functional information on family B GPCRs will accelerate the development of novel drugs to target these receptors. Family B GPCRs are proteins that span the plasma membrane seven times, thus forming seven transmembrane domains (TM1-TM7) which are connected to each other by three extracellular (EL) and three intracellular (IL) loops. In addition, these receptors have a long extracellular N-domain and an intracellular C-tail. The upper parts of the TMs and ELs form the J-domain of receptors. The C-terminal region of peptides first binds to the N-domain of receptors. This 'first-step' interaction orients the N-terminal region of peptides towards the J-domain of receptors, thus resulting in a 'second-step' of ligand-receptor interaction that activates the receptor. Activation-associated structural changes of receptors are transmitted through TMs to their intracellular regions and are responsible for their interaction with the G proteins and activation of the latter, thus resulting in a biological effect. This review summarizes the current information regarding the structure and function of family B GPCRs and their physiological and pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlasios Karageorgos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Venihaki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stelios Sakellaris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michail Pardalos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Kontakis
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Andreas Margioris
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Liapakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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20
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Extending the Structural View of Class B GPCRs. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:946-960. [PMID: 29132948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The secretin-like class B family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key players in hormonal homeostasis. Recent structures of various receptors in complex with a variety of orthosteric and allosteric ligands provide fundamental new insights into the function and mechanism of class B GPCRs, including: (i) ligand-induced changes in the relative orientation of the extracellular and transmembrane receptor domains; (ii) intramolecular interaction networks that stabilize conformational changes to accommodate intracellular G protein binding; and (iii) allosteric modulation of receptor activation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural, biochemical, and pharmacological data on class B GPCRs for understanding ligand-receptor interaction and modulation mechanisms and assessing the potential implications for drug discovery for the secretin-like GPCR family.
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21
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Structure and Function of Peptide-Binding G Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2726-2745. [PMID: 28705763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors and are important human drug targets. Of the 826 human GPCRs, 118 of them recognize endogenous peptide or protein ligands, and 30 of the 118 are targeted by approved drug molecules, including the very high-profile class B glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. In this review, we analyze the 21 experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of the known peptide-binding GPCRs in relation to the endogenous peptides and drug molecules that modulate their cell signaling processes. Our integrated analyses reveal that half of the marketed drugs and most of the drugs in clinical trials that interact with peptide GPCRs are small molecules with a wide range of binding modes distinct from those of large peptide ligands. As we continue to collect additional data on these receptors from orthogonal approaches, including nuclear magnetic resonance and electron microscopy, we are beginning to understand how these receptors interact with their ligands at the molecular level and how improving the pharmacology of GPCR signal transduction requires us to study these receptors using multiple biophysical techniques.
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22
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Woolley MJ, Reynolds CA, Simms J, Walker CS, Mobarec JC, Garelja ML, Conner AC, Poyner DR, Hay DL. Receptor activity-modifying protein dependent and independent activation mechanisms in the coupling of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors to Gs. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 142:96-110. [PMID: 28705698 PMCID: PMC5609567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or adrenomedullin (AM) receptors are heteromers of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), a class B G protein-coupled receptor, and one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). How CGRP and AM activate CLR and how this process is modulated by RAMPs is unclear. We have defined how CGRP and AM induce Gs-coupling in CLR-RAMP heteromers by measuring the effect of targeted mutagenesis in the CLR transmembrane domain on cAMP production, modeling the active state conformations of CGRP and AM receptors in complex with the Gs C-terminus and conducting molecular dynamics simulations in an explicitly hydrated lipidic bilayer. The largest effects on receptor signaling were seen with H295A5.40b, I298A5.43b, L302A5.47b, N305A5.50b, L345A6.49b and E348A6.52b, F349A6.53b and H374A7.47b (class B numbering in superscript). Many of these residues are likely to form part of a group in close proximity to the peptide binding site and link to a network of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues, which undergo rearrangements to facilitate Gs binding. Residues closer to the extracellular loops displayed more pronounced RAMP or ligand-dependent effects. Mutation of H3747.47b to alanine increased AM potency 100-fold in the CGRP receptor. The molecular dynamics simulation showed that TM5 and TM6 pivoted around TM3. The data suggest that hydrophobic interactions are more important for CLR activation than other class B GPCRs, providing new insights into the mechanisms of activation of this class of receptor. Furthermore the data may aid in the understanding of how RAMPs modulate the signaling of other class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Woolley
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - John Simms
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Juan Carlos Mobarec
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Michael L Garelja
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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23
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Sekar R, Wang L, Chow BKC. Central Control of Feeding Behavior by the Secretin, PACAP, and Glucagon Family of Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:18. [PMID: 28223965 PMCID: PMC5293785 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Constituting a group of structurally related brain-gut peptides, secretin (SCT), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), and glucagon (GCG) family of peptide hormones exert their functions via interactions with the class B1 G protein-coupled receptors. In recent years, the roles of these peptides in neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior have been a specific area of research focus for development of potential therapeutic drug targets to combat obesity and metabolic disorders. As a result, some members in the family and their analogs have already been utilized as therapeutic agents in clinical application. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding on the important role of SCT, PACAP, and GCG family of peptides in central control of feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Receptor activity-modifying proteins; multifunctional G protein-coupled receptor accessory proteins. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:568-73. [PMID: 27068971 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) are single pass membrane proteins initially identified by their ability to determine the pharmacology of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), a family B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). It is now known that RAMPs can interact with a much wider range of GPCRs. This review considers recent developments on the structure of the complexes formed between the extracellular domains (ECDs) of CLR and RAMP1 or RAMP2 as these provide insights as to how the RAMPs direct ligand binding. The range of RAMP interactions is also considered; RAMPs can interact with numerous family B GPCRs as well as examples of family A and family C GPCRs. They influence receptor expression at the cell surface, trafficking, ligand binding and G protein coupling. The GPCR-RAMP interface offers opportunities for drug targeting, illustrated by examples of drugs developed for migraine.
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25
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Guo S, Christensen AF, Liu ML, Janjooa BN, Olesen J, Ashina M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide induced migraine attacks in patients with and without familial aggregation of migraine. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:114-124. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416639512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Calcitonin gene-related peptide provokes migraine attacks in 65% of patients with migraine without aura. Whether aggregation of migraine in first-degree relatives (family load) or a high number of risk-conferring single nucleotide polymorphisms contributes to migraine susceptibility to calcitonin gene-related peptide infusion in migraine patients is unknown. We hypothesized that genetic enrichment plays a role in triggering of migraine and, therefore, migraine without aura patients with high family load would report more migraine attacks after calcitonin gene-related peptide infusion than patients with low family load. Methods We allocated 40 previously genotyped migraine without aura patients to receive intravenous infusion of 1.5 µg/min calcitonin gene-related peptide and recorded migraine attacks including headache characteristics and associated symptoms. Information of familial aggregation was obtained by telephone interview of first-degree relatives using a validated semi-structured questionnaire. Results Calcitonin gene-related peptide infusion induced a migraine-like attack in 75% (12 out of 16) of patients with high family load compared to 52% (12 out of 23) with low family load ( P = 0.150). In addition, we found that the migraine response after calcitonin gene-related peptide was not associated with specific or a high number of risk-conferring single nucleotide polymorphisms of migraine without aura. Conclusion We found no statistical association between familial aggregation of migraine and hypersensitivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide infusion in migraine without aura patients. We also demonstrated that the currently known single nucleotide polymorphisms conferring risk of migraine without aura have no additive effect on calcitonin gene-related peptide induced migraine-like attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Marie Louise Liu
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Naveed Janjooa
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup Hospital, Denmark
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Sekar R, Singh K, Arokiaraj AWR, Chow BKC. Pharmacological Actions of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, and Glucagon. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 326:279-341. [PMID: 27572131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon family of peptide hormones is a group of structurally related brain-gut peptides that exert their pleiotropic actions through interactions with unique members of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are key regulators of hormonal homeostasis and are important drug targets for metabolic disorders such as type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity, and dysregulations of the nervous systems such as migraine, anxiety, depression, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. The current review aims to provide a detailed overview of the current understanding of the pharmacological actions and therapeutic advances of three members within this family including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sekar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - K Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - A W R Arokiaraj
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - B K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA, Hopkins CR, Bridges TM, Gregory KJ, Niswender CM, Conn PJ. Practical Strategies and Concepts in GPCR Allosteric Modulator Discovery: Recent Advances with Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6707-41. [PMID: 26882314 PMCID: PMC4988345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulation of GPCRs has initiated a new era of basic and translational discovery, filled with therapeutic promise yet fraught with caveats. Allosteric ligands stabilize unique conformations of the GPCR that afford fundamentally new receptors, capable of novel pharmacology, unprecedented subtype selectivity, and unique signal bias. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of GPCR allosteric pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, drug metabolism, and validated approaches to address each of the major challenges and caveats. Then, the review narrows focus to highlight recent advances in the discovery of allosteric ligands for metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1-5 and 7 (mGlu1-5,7) highlighting key concepts ("molecular switches", signal bias, heterodimers) and practical solutions to enable the development of tool compounds and clinical candidates. The review closes with a section on late-breaking new advances with allosteric ligands for other GPCRs and emerging data for endogenous allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Corey R. Hopkins
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Karen J. Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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J Gingell J, Simms J, Barwell J, Poyner DR, Watkins HA, Pioszak AA, Sexton PM, Hay DL. An allosteric role for receptor activity-modifying proteins in defining GPCR pharmacology. Cell Discov 2016; 2:16012. [PMID: 27462459 PMCID: PMC4869360 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are allosteric proteins that control transmission of external signals to regulate cellular response. Although agonist binding promotes canonical G protein signalling transmitted through conformational changes, G protein-coupled receptors also interact with other proteins. These include other G protein-coupled receptors, other receptors and channels, regulatory proteins and receptor-modifying proteins, notably receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). RAMPs have at least 11 G protein-coupled receptor partners, including many class B G protein-coupled receptors. Prototypic is the calcitonin receptor, with altered ligand specificity when co-expressed with RAMPs. To gain molecular insight into the consequences of this protein–protein interaction, we combined molecular modelling with mutagenesis of the calcitonin receptor extracellular domain, assessed in ligand binding and functional assays. Although some calcitonin receptor residues are universally important for peptide interactions (calcitonin, amylin and calcitonin gene-related peptide) in calcitonin receptor alone or with receptor activity-modifying protein, others have RAMP-dependent effects, whereby mutations decreased amylin/calcitonin gene-related peptide potency substantially only when RAMP was present. Remarkably, the key residues were completely conserved between calcitonin receptor and AMY receptors, and between subtypes of AMY receptor that have different ligand preferences. Mutations at the interface between calcitonin receptor and RAMP affected ligand pharmacology in a RAMP-dependent manner, suggesting that RAMP may allosterically influence the calcitonin receptor conformation. Supporting this, molecular dynamics simulations suggested that the calcitonin receptor extracellular N-terminal domain is more flexible in the presence of receptor activity-modifying protein 1. Thus, RAMPs may act in an allosteric manner to generate a spectrum of unique calcitonin receptor conformational states, explaining the pharmacological preferences of calcitonin receptor-RAMP complexes. This provides novel insight into our understanding of G protein-coupled receptor-protein interaction that is likely broadly applicable for this receptor class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Gingell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Simms
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University , Birmingham, UK
| | - James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University , Birmingham, UK
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University , Birmingham, UK
| | - Harriet A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Zhao LH, Yin Y, Yang D, Liu B, Hou L, Wang X, Pal K, Jiang Y, Feng Y, Cai X, Dai A, Liu M, Wang MW, Melcher K, Xu HE. Differential Requirement of the Extracellular Domain in Activation of Class B G Protein-coupled Receptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15119-30. [PMID: 27226600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.726620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the secretin-like (class B) family are key players in hormonal homeostasis and are important drug targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders and neuronal diseases. They consist of a large N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) and a transmembrane domain (TMD) with the GPCR signature of seven transmembrane helices. Class B GPCRs are activated by peptide hormones with their C termini bound to the receptor ECD and their N termini bound to the TMD. It is thought that the ECD functions as an affinity trap to bind and localize the hormone to the receptor. This in turn would allow the hormone N terminus to insert into the TMD and induce conformational changes of the TMD to activate downstream signaling. In contrast to this prevailing model, we demonstrate that human class B GPCRs vary widely in their requirement of the ECD for activation. In one group, represented by corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1R), parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R), and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide type 1 receptor (PAC1R), the ECD requirement for high affinity hormone binding can be bypassed by induced proximity and mass action effects, whereas in the other group, represented by glucagon receptor (GCGR) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), the ECD is required for signaling even when the hormone is covalently linked to the TMD. Furthermore, the activation of GLP-1R by small molecules that interact with the intracellular side of the receptor is dependent on the presence of its ECD, suggesting a direct role of the ECD in GLP-1R activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Zhao
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China, VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanting Yin
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bo Liu
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Hou
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Yi Jiang
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Feng
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China, The Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
| | - H Eric Xu
- VARI-SIMM Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China, Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Center for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503,
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30
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Miller S, Liu H, Warfvinge K, Shi L, Dovlatyan M, Xu C, Edvinsson L. Immunohistochemical localization of the calcitonin gene-related peptide binding site in the primate trigeminovascular system using functional antagonist antibodies. Neuroscience 2016; 328:165-83. [PMID: 27155150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator and a neuromodulator implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. It binds to the extracellular domains of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 that together form the CGRP receptor. Antagonist antibodies against CGRP and its binding site at the receptor are clinically effective in preventing migraine attacks. The blood-brain barrier penetration of these antagonist antibodies is limited, suggesting that a potential peripheral site of action is sufficient to prevent migraine attacks. To further understand the sites of CGRP-mediated signaling in migraine, we used immunohistochemical staining with recently developed antagonist antibodies specifically recognizing a fusion protein of the extracellular domains of RAMP1 and CLR that comprise the CGRP binding pocket at the CGRP receptor in monkey and man. We confirmed binding of the antagonist antibodies to human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of dural meningeal arteries and neurons in the trigeminal ganglion, both of which are likely sites of action for therapeutic antibodies in migraine patients. We further used one of these antibodies for detailed mapping on cynomolgus monkey tissue and found antagonist antibody binding sites at multiple levels in the trigeminovascular system: in the dura mater VSMCs, in neurons and satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglion, and in neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis. These data reinforce and clarify our understanding of CGRP receptor localization in a pattern consistent with a role for CGRP receptors in trigeminal sensitization and migraine pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Hantao Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Karin Warfvinge
- University of Lund, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Lund University Hospital, House A13, Sölvegatan, Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - Licheng Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mary Dovlatyan
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cen Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 and 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- University of Lund, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Lund University Hospital, House A13, Sölvegatan, Lund 22184, Sweden
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31
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Wootten D, Miller LJ, Koole C, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Allostery and Biased Agonism at Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:111-138. [PMID: 27040440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to paracrine or endocrine peptide hormones involved in control of bone homeostasis, glucose regulation, satiety, and gastro-intestinal function, as well as pain transmission. These receptors are targets for existing drugs that treat osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, type II diabetes, and obesity and are being actively pursued as targets for numerous other diseases. Exploitation of class B receptors has been limited by difficulties with small molecule drug discovery and development and an under appreciation of factors governing optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of novel attributes of GPCR function that offer new opportunity for drug development. These include the presence of allosteric binding sites on the receptor that can be exploited as drug binding pockets and the ability of individual drugs to enrich subpopulations of receptor conformations to selectively control signaling, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. In this review, current knowledge of biased signaling and small molecule allostery within class B GPCRs is discussed, highlighting areas that have progressed significantly over the past decade, in addition to those that remain largely unexplored with respect to these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Hay DL, Chen S, Lutz TA, Parkes DG, Roth JD. Amylin: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Clinical Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 67:564-600. [PMID: 26071095 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylin is a pancreatic β-cell hormone that produces effects in several different organ systems. Here, we review the literature in rodents and in humans on amylin research since its discovery as a hormone about 25 years ago. Amylin is a 37-amino-acid peptide that activates its specific receptors, which are multisubunit G protein-coupled receptors resulting from the coexpression of a core receptor protein with receptor activity-modifying proteins, resulting in multiple receptor subtypes. Amylin's major role is as a glucoregulatory hormone, and it is an important regulator of energy metabolism in health and disease. Other amylin actions have also been reported, such as on the cardiovascular system or on bone. Amylin acts principally in the circumventricular organs of the central nervous system and functionally interacts with other metabolically active hormones such as cholecystokinin, leptin, and estradiol. The amylin-based peptide, pramlintide, is used clinically to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies in obesity have shown that amylin agonists could also be useful for weight loss, especially in combination with other agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
| | - Steve Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
| | - David G Parkes
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
| | - Jonathan D Roth
- School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (D.L.H.); Amylin Pharmaceuticals LLC, San Diego, California (S.C., D.G.P.); Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences and Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.A.L.); and Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California (J.D.R.)
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33
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Culhane KJ, Liu Y, Cai Y, Yan ECY. Transmembrane signal transduction by peptide hormones via family B G protein-coupled receptors. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:264. [PMID: 26594176 PMCID: PMC4633518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although family B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) contain only 15 members, they play key roles in transmembrane signal transduction of hormones. Family B GPCRs are drug targets for developing therapeutics for diseases ranging from metabolic to neurological disorders. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanism of activation of family B GPCRs remains largely unexplored due to the challenges in expression and purification of functional receptors to the quantity for biophysical characterization. Currently, there is no crystal structure available of a full-length family B GPCR. However, structures of key domains, including the extracellular ligand binding regions and seven-helical transmembrane regions, have been solved by X-ray crystallography and NMR, providing insights into the mechanisms of ligand recognition and selectivity, and helical arrangements within the cell membrane. Moreover, biophysical and biochemical methods have been used to explore functions, key residues for signaling, and the kinetics and dynamics of signaling processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the signal transduction mechanism of family B GPCRs at the molecular level and comments on the challenges and outlook for mechanistic studies of family B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Culhane
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elsa C Y Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
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34
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Abstract
It is now recognized that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), once considered largely independent functional units, have a far more diverse molecular architecture. Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) provide an important example of proteins that interact with GPCRs to modify their function. RAMPs are able to act as pharmacological switches and chaperones, and they can regulate signaling and/or trafficking in a receptor-dependent manner. This review covers recent discoveries in the RAMP field and summarizes the known GPCR partners and functions of RAMPs. We also discuss the first peptide-bound structures of RAMP-GPCR complexes, which give insight into the molecular mechanisms that enable RAMPs to alter the pharmacology and signaling of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104;
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Cardoso JCR, Félix RC, Martins RST, Trindade M, Fonseca VG, Fuentes J, Power DM. PACAP system evolution and its role in melanophore function in teleost fish skin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:130-45. [PMID: 25933704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) administered to tilapia melanophores ex-vivo causes significant pigment aggregation and this is a newly identified function for this peptide in fish. The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), adcyap1r1a (encoding Pac1a) and vipr2a (encoding Vpac2a), are the only receptors in melanophores with appreciable levels of expression and are significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated in the absence of light. Vpac2a is activated exclusively by peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), which suggests that Pac1a mediates the melanin aggregating effect of PACAP on melanophores. Paradoxically activation of Pac1a with PACAP caused a rise in cAMP, which in fish melanophores is associated with melanin dispersion. We hypothesise that the duplicate adcyap1ra and vipr2a genes in teleosts have acquired a specific role in skin and that the melanin aggregating effect of PACAP results from the interaction of Pac1a with Ramp that attenuates cAMP-dependent PKA activity and favours the Ca(2+)/Calmodulin dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C R Cardoso
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Rute C Félix
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rute S T Martins
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Marlene Trindade
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Vera G Fonseca
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Juan Fuentes
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Deborah M Power
- Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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36
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Booe J, Walker CS, Barwell J, Kuteyi G, Simms J, Jamaluddin M, Warner M, Bill R, Harris P, Brimble M, Poyner D, Hay D, Pioszak A. Structural Basis for Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein-Dependent Selective Peptide Recognition by a G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Mol Cell 2015; 58:1040-52. [PMID: 25982113 PMCID: PMC4504005 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Association of receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP1-3) with the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) enables selective recognition of the peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM) that have diverse functions in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. How peptides selectively bind GPCR:RAMP complexes is unknown. We report crystal structures of CGRP analog-bound CLR:RAMP1 and AM-bound CLR:RAMP2 extracellular domain heterodimers at 2.5 and 1.8 Å resolutions, respectively. The peptides similarly occupy a shared binding site on CLR with conformations characterized by a β-turn structure near their C termini rather than the α-helical structure common to peptides that bind related GPCRs. The RAMPs augment the binding site with distinct contacts to the variable C-terminal peptide residues and elicit subtly different CLR conformations. The structures and accompanying pharmacology data reveal how a class of accessory membrane proteins modulate ligand binding of a GPCR and may inform drug development targeting CLR:RAMP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Booe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Gabriel Kuteyi
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - John Simms
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Muhammad A. Jamaluddin
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Margaret L. Warner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Roslyn M. Bill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Paul W. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David R. Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Augen A. Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Corresponding author
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Liu Y, Cai Y, Liu W, Li XH, Rhoades E, Yan ECY. Triblock peptide–linker–lipid molecular design improves potency of peptide ligands targeting family B G protein-coupled receptors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:6157-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00301f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Design and characterization of triblock peptide–linker–lipid constructs for targeting family B G protein-couple receptors with improved bioactivity and biostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
| | - Elizabeth Rhoades
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
- Department of Physics
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Opportunities and challenges in the discovery of allosteric modulators of GPCRs for treating CNS disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:692-708. [PMID: 25176435 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are providing fundamental advances in the development of GPCR ligands with high subtype selectivity and novel modes of efficacy that have not been possible with traditional approaches. As new allosteric modulators are advancing as drug candidates, we are developing an increased understanding of the major advantages and broad range of activities that can be achieved with these agents through selective modulation of specific signalling pathways, differential effects on GPCR homodimers versus heterodimers, and other properties. This understanding creates exciting opportunities, as well as unique challenges, in the optimization of novel therapeutic agents for disorders of the central nervous system.
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Abstract
Migraine is a neurological disorder that manifests as a debilitating headache associated with altered sensory perception. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is now firmly established as a key player in migraine. Clinical trials carried out during the past decade have proved that CGRP receptor antagonists are effective for treating migraine, and antibodies to the receptor and CGRP are currently under investigation. Despite this progress in the clinical arena, the mechanisms by which CGRP triggers migraine remain uncertain. This review discusses mechanisms whereby CGRP enhances sensitivity to sensory input at multiple levels in both the periphery and central nervous system. Future studies on epistatic and epigenetic regulators of CGRP actions are expected to shed further light on CGRP actions in migraine. In conclusion, targeting CGRP represents an approachable therapeutic strategy for migraine.
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40
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Watkins HA, Walker CS, Ly KN, Bailey RJ, Barwell J, Poyner DR, Hay DL. Receptor activity-modifying protein-dependent effects of mutations in the calcitonin receptor-like receptor: implications for adrenomedullin and calcitonin gene-related peptide pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:772-88. [PMID: 24199627 PMCID: PMC3969088 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) define the pharmacology of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). The interactions of the different RAMPs with this class B GPCR yield high-affinity calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or adrenomedullin (AM) receptors. However, the mechanism for this is unclear. Experimental Approach Guided by receptor models, we mutated residues in the N-terminal helix of CLR, RAMP2 and RAMP3 hypothesized to be involved in peptide interactions. These were assayed for cAMP production with AM, AM2 and CGRP together with their cell surface expression. Binding studies were also conducted for selected mutants. Key Results An important domain for peptide interactions on CLR from I32 to I52 was defined. Although I41 was universally important for binding and receptor function, the role of other residues depended on both ligand and RAMP. Peptide binding to CLR/RAMP3 involved a more restricted range of residues than that to CLR/RAMP1 or CLR/RAMP2. E101 of RAMP2 had a major role in AM interactions, and F111/W84 of RAMP2/3 was important with each peptide. Conclusions and Implications RAMP-dependent effects of CLR mutations suggest that the different RAMPs control accessibility of peptides to binding residues situated on the CLR N-terminus. RAMP3 appears to alter the role of specific residues at the CLR-RAMP interface compared with RAMP1 and RAMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wetzel-Strong SE, Li M, Klein KR, Nishikimi T, Caron KM. Epicardial-derived adrenomedullin drives cardiac hyperplasia during embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:243-56. [PMID: 24123312 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth promoting signals from the epicardium are essential for driving myocardial proliferation during embryogenesis. In adults, these signals become reactivated following injury and promote angiogenesis and myocardial repair. Therefore, identification of such paracrine factors could lead to novel therapeutic strategies. The multi-functional peptide adrenomedullin (Adm 5 gene, AM 5 protein) is required for normal heart development. Moreover, elevated plasma AM following myocardial infarction offers beneficial cardioprotection and serves as a powerful diagnostic and prognostic indication of disease severity. RESULTS Here, we developed a new model of Adm overexpression by stabilizing the Adm mRNA through gene-targeted replacement of the endogenous 30 untranslated region. As expected, Admhi/hi mice express three-times more AM than controls in multiple tissues, including the heart. Despite normal blood pressures, Admhi/hi mice unexpectedly showed significantly enlarged hearts due to increased cardiac hyperplasia during development. The targeting vector was designed to allow for reversion to wild-type levels by means of Cre-mediated modification. Using this approach, we demonstrate that AM derived from the epicardium, but not the myocardium or cardiac fibroblast, is responsible for driving cardiomyocyte hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS AM is produced by the epicardium and drives myocyte proliferation during development, thus representing a novel and clinically relevant factor potentially related to mechanisms of cardiac repair after injury.
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Watkins HA, Au M, Bobby R, Archbold JK, Abdul-Manan N, Moore JM, Middleditch MJ, Williams GM, Brimble MA, Dingley AJ, Hay DL. Identification of key residues involved in adrenomedullin binding to the AM1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:143-55. [PMID: 23351143 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone whose receptors are members of the class B GPCR family. They comprise a heteromer between the GPCR, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor and one of the receptor activity-modifying proteins 1-3. AM plays a significant role in angiogenesis and its antagonist fragment AM22-52 can inhibit blood vessel and tumour growth. The mechanism by which AM interacts with its receptors is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We determined the AM22-52 binding epitope for the AM1 receptor extracellular domain using biophysical techniques, heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and alanine scanning. KEY RESULTS Chemical shift perturbation experiments located the main binding epitope for AM22-52 at the AM1 receptor to the C-terminal 8 amino acids. Isothermal titration calorimetry of AM22-52 alanine-substituted peptides indicated that Y52, G51 and I47 are essential for AM1 receptor binding and that K46 and P49 and R44 have a smaller role to play. Characterization of these peptides at the full-length AM receptors was assessed in Cos7 cells by cAMP assay. This confirmed the essential role of Y52, G51 and I47 in binding to the AM1 receptor, with their substitution resulting in ≥100-fold reduction in antagonist potency compared with AM22-52 . R44A, K46A, S48A and P49A AM22-52 decreased antagonist potency by approximately 10-fold. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study localizes the main binding epitope of AM22-52 to its C-terminal amino acids and distinguishes essential residues involved in this binding. This will inform the development of improved AM receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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43
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Chen M, Liu L, Chen X. Preparative isolation and analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors fromGlycyrrhiza uralensisroot using ultrafiltration combined with high-performance liquid chromatography and high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1546-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Central South University; Changsha China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Resource-conserving and Environment-friendly Society and Ecological Civilization; Changsha China
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Hollenstein K, de Graaf C, Bortolato A, Wang MW, Marshall FH, Stevens RC. Insights into the structure of class B GPCRs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 35:12-22. [PMID: 24359917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The secretin-like (class B) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key players in hormonal homeostasis and are interesting drug targets for the treatment of several metabolic disorders (such as type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and obesity) and nervous system diseases (such as migraine, anxiety, and depression). The recently solved crystal structures of the transmembrane domains of the human glucagon receptor and human corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 have opened up new opportunities to study the structure and function of class B GPCRs. The current review shows how these structures offer more detailed explanations to previous biochemical and pharmacological studies of class B GPCRs, and provides new insights into their interactions with ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar Hollenstein
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bortolato
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and the CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fiona H Marshall
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, BioPark, Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 3AX, UK.
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Benleulmi-Chaachoua A, Wojciech S, Jockers R. [G protein-coupled receptors in the spot light]. Biol Aujourdhui 2013; 207:191-200. [PMID: 24330972 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2013014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven transmembrane domain-spanning proteins (7TM), play an important role in tissue homeostasis and cellular and hormonal communication. GPCRs are targeted by a large panel of natural ligands such as photons, ions, metabolites, lipids and proteins but also by numerous drugs. Research efforts in the GPCR field have been rewarded in 2012 by the Nobel Price in Chemistry. The present article briefly summarizes our current knowledge on GPCRs and discusses future challenges in terms of fundamental aspects and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abla Benleulmi-Chaachoua
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Wojciech
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, 22 rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, 12 rue de l'École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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46
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Kurashige C, Hosono K, Matsuda H, Tsujikawa K, Okamoto H, Majima M. Roles of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during skin wound healing in mice. FASEB J 2013; 28:1237-47. [PMID: 24308973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-238998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) forms a complex with calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) to produce the receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP, a 37-aa neuropeptide, is widely distributed in neuronal tissues and exerts its biological effects via CLR/RAMP1; however, the pathophysiological roles of CLR/RAMP1 remain to be clarified. To study the functions of CLR/RAMP1, we generated RAMP1-knockout (RAMP1(-/-)) mice. Compared with those of wild-type (WT) mice, wound healing and wound-induced angiogenesis were significantly suppressed in RAMP1(-/-) mice, with reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. Formation of the lymphatic vessels that drain interstitial fluids was also suppressed in RAMP1(-/-) mice, with reduced expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in wound granulation tissues. RAMP1 was expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) in the preexisting skin blood vessels, but was not observed in ECs in newly formed blood or lymphatic vessels. Macrophages in the wound granulation tissues expressed RAMP1 and produced substantial amounts of VEGF-C in response to CGRP in vitro. RAMP1(-/-) bone marrow chimeric mice showed delayed wound healing with reduced angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis in wound granulation tissues. These findings suggest that RAMP1 plays a crucial role in wound healing and wound-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and that it is a promising target for controlling angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kurashige
- 1Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
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47
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Watkins HA, Rathbone DL, Barwell J, Hay DL, Poyner DR. Structure-activity relationships for α-calcitonin gene-related peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1308-22. [PMID: 23186257 PMCID: PMC3838678 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin (CT) family of peptides. It is a widely distributed neuropeptide implicated in conditions such as neurogenic inflammation. With other members of the CT family, it shares an N-terminal disulphide-bonded ring which is essential for biological activity, an area of potential α-helix, and a C-terminal amide. CGRP binds to the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) in complex with receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), a member of the family B (or secretin-like) GPCRs. It can also activate other CLR or calcitonin-receptor/RAMP complexes. This 37 amino acid peptide comprises the N-terminal ring that is required for receptor activation (residues 1-7); an α-helix (residues 8-18), a region incorporating a β-bend (residues 19-26) and the C-terminal portion (residues 27-37), that is characterized by bends between residues 28-30 and 33-34. A few residues have been identified that seem to make major contributions to receptor binding and activation, with a larger number contributing either to minor interactions (which collectively may be significant), or to maintaining the conformation of the bound peptide. It is not clear if CGRP follows the pattern of other family B GPCRs in binding largely as an α-helix. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Dan L Rathbone
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
| | - James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
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Kaiser EA, Russo AF. CGRP and migraine: could PACAP play a role too? Neuropeptides 2013; 47:451-61. [PMID: 24210136 PMCID: PMC3859433 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder that affects about 12% of the population. In the past decade, the role of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine has been firmly established by clinical studies. CGRP administration can trigger migraines, and CGRP receptor antagonists ameliorate migraine. In this review, we will describe multifunctional activities of CGRP that could potentially contribute to migraine. These include roles in light aversion, neurogenic inflammation, peripheral and central sensitization of nociceptive pathways, cortical spreading depression, and regulation of nitric oxide production. Yet clearly there will be many other contributing genes that could act in concert with CGRP. One candidate is pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), which shares some of the same actions as CGRP, including the ability to induce migraine in migraineurs and light aversive behavior in rodents. Interestingly, both CGRP and PACAP act on receptors that share an accessory subunit called receptor activity modifying protein-1 (RAMP1). Thus, comparisons between the actions of these two migraine-inducing neuropeptides, CGRP and PACAP, may provide new insights into migraine pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Kaiser
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Andrew F. Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246
- Corresponding Author: Andrew F. Russo, University of Iowa, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, 5-432 BSB, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242; Tel (319) 335-7872; Fax (319) 335-7330;
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49
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Chen M, Liu L, Chen X. Rapid screening and analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase binders from Glycyrrhiza uralensis root extract using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles coupled with HPLC−MS/MS. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2013-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a key enzyme that converts ethanol into acetaldehyde. Its binders could be used to efficiently treat human toxic alcohol poisoning and suppress the acetaldehyde accumulation in alcohol hypersensitive alcoholics. In the present study, a new assay based on ADH-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography − tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC−MS/MS) was developed for the rapid screening and identification of ADH binders. ADH was immobilized on silica-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles via covalent bonds and the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, XRD, FT-IR, and VSM. The amount of bound ADH onto magnetic nanoparticles was 80.6 μg/mg. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzymatic activity of immobilized ADH were 25 °C and 7.0, respectively. The relative activity of immobilized ADH remained 68.14% after 10 times of recycle, which exhibited good durability. Nine compounds with ADH-binding activity were screened and identified in Glycyrrhiza uralensis root extracts, among which seven compounds were first screened and identified. Experimental results proved that the proposed method could rapidly screen ADH binders from complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Resources Chemistry of Nonferrous Metals, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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50
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Nikitenko LL, Leek R, Henderson S, Pillay N, Turley H, Generali D, Gunningham S, Morrin HR, Pellagatti A, Rees MC, Harris AL, Fox SB. The G-protein-coupled receptor CLR is upregulated in an autocrine loop with adrenomedullin in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and associated with poor prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:5740-8. [PMID: 23969937 PMCID: PMC3836221 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and its ligand peptide adrenomedullin (encoded by ADM gene) are implicated in tumor angiogenesis in mouse models but poorly defined in human cancers. We therefore investigated the diagnostic/prognostic use for CLR in human tumor types that may rely on adrenomedullin signaling and in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a highly vascular tumor, in particular. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In silico gene expression mRNA profiling microarray study (n = 168 tumors) and cancer profiling cDNA array hybridization (n = 241 pairs of patient-matched tumor/normal tissue samples) were carried out to analyze ADM mRNA expression in 13 tumor types. Immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing patient-matched renal tumor/normal tissues (n = 87 pairs) was conducted to study CLR expression and its association with clinicopathologic parameters and disease outcome. RESULTS ADM expression was significantly upregulated only in RCC and endometrial adenocarcinoma compared with normal tissue counterparts (P < 0.01). CLR was localized in tumor cells and vessels in RCC and upregulated as compared with patient-matched normal control kidney (P < 0.001). Higher CLR expression was found in advanced stages (P < 0.05), correlated with high tumor grade (P < 0.01) and conferred shorter overall survival (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In human tissues ADM expression is upregulated in cancer type-specific manner, implicating potential role for adrenomedullin signaling in particular in RCC, where CLR localization suggests autocrine/paracrine mode for adrenomedullin action within the tumor microenvironment. Our findings reveal previously unrecognized CLR upregulation in an autocrine loop with adrenomedullin in RCC with potential application for this GPCR as a target for future functional studies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid L. Nikitenko
- Cancer Research UK Viral Oncology Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Keble College, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Linacre College, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Scientific Centre of the Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Russell Leek
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Stephen Henderson
- Cancer Research UK Viral Oncology Group, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Sarcoma Biology Group , UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Turley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Daniele Generali
- Cancer Research UK Oncology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
- Unità di Patologia Mammaria Senologia e Breast Unit Centro di Medicina Molecolare Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Sarah Gunningham
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Helen R. Morrin
- Cancer Society Tissue Bank, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Pellagatti
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Margaret C.P. Rees
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L. Harris
- Cancer Research UK Oncology Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
| | - Stephen B. Fox
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, VIC, 3002, Melbourne, Australia
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