1
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Huang Z, Wells JM, Fogliano V, Capuano E. Microbial tryptophan catabolism as an actionable target via diet-microbiome interactions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38950607 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2369947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the role of microbial tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in host-microbiota crosstalk has become a major area of scientific interest. Microbiota-derived Trp catabolites positively contribute to intestinal and systemic homeostasis by acting as ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and pregnane X receptor, and as signaling molecules in microbial communities. Accumulating evidence suggests that microbial Trp catabolism could be therapeutic targets in treating human diseases. A number of bacteria and metabolic pathways have been identified to be responsible for the conversion of Trp in the intestine. Interestingly, many Trp-degrading bacteria can benefit from the supplementation of specific dietary fibers and polyphenols, which in turn increase the microbial production of beneficial Trp catabolites. Thus, this review aims to highlight the emerging role of diets and food components, i.e., food matrix, fiber, and polyphenol, in modulating the microbial catabolism of Trp and discuss the opportunities for potential therapeutic interventions via specifically designed diets targeting the Trp-microbiome axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Huang
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Capuano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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2
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Staudinger JL, Mahroke A, Patel G, Dattel C, Reddy S. Pregnane X Receptor Signaling Pathway and Vitamin K: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance in Human Health. Cells 2024; 13:681. [PMID: 38667296 PMCID: PMC11049418 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the likely clinical impact of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) activation by vitamin K on human health. PXR, initially recognized as a master regulator of xenobiotic metabolism in liver, emerges as a key regulator influencing intestinal homeostasis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy. The activation of PXR by vitamin K highlights its role as a potent endogenous and local agonist with diverse clinical implications. Recent research suggests that the vitamin K-mediated activation of PXR highlights this vitamin's potential in addressing pathophysiological conditions by promoting hepatic detoxification, fortifying gut barrier integrity, and controlling pro-inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. PXR activation by vitamin K provides an intricate association with cancer cell survival, particularly in colorectal and liver cancers, to provide new insights into potential novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the clinical implications of PXR activation by vitamin K bridges molecular mechanisms with health outcomes, further offering personalized therapeutic approaches for complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff L. Staudinger
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin Campus, 2901 St Johns Blvd, Joplin, MO 64804, USA (C.D.); (S.R.)
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3
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Dvořák Z, Vyhlídalová B, Pečinková P, Li H, Anzenbacher P, Špičáková A, Anzenbacherová E, Chow V, Liu J, Krause H, Wilson D, Berés T, Tarkowski P, Chen D, Mani S. In vitro safety signals for potential clinical development of the anti-inflammatory pregnane X receptor agonist FKK6. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107137. [PMID: 38245951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Based on the mimicry of microbial metabolites, functionalized indoles were demonstrated as the ligands and agonists of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). The lead indole, FKK6, displayed PXR-dependent protective effects in DSS-induced colitis in mice and in vitro cytokine-treated intestinal organoid cultures. Here, we report on the initial in vitro pharmacological profiling of FKK6. FKK6-PXR interactions were characterized by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Screening FKK6 against potential cellular off-targets (G protein-coupled receptors, steroid and nuclear receptors, ion channels, and xenobiotic membrane transporters) revealed high PXR selectivity. FKK6 has poor aqueous solubility but was highly soluble in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. A large fraction of FKK6 was bound to plasma proteins and chemically stable in plasma. The partition coefficient of FKK6 was 2.70, and FKK6 moderately partitioned into red blood cells. In Caco2 cells, FKK6 displayed high permeability (A-B: 22.8 × 10-6 cm.s-1) and no active efflux. These data are indicative of essentially complete in vivo absorption of FKK6. The data from human liver microsomes indicated that FKK6 is rapidly metabolized by cytochromes P450 (t1/2 5 min), notably by CYP3A4. Two oxidized FKK6 derivatives, including DC73 (N6-oxide) and DC97 (C19-phenol), were detected, and these metabolites had 5-7 × lower potency as PXR agonists than FKK6. This implies that despite high intestinal absorption, FKK6 is rapidly eliminated by the liver, and its PXR effects are predicted to be predominantly in the intestines. In conclusion, the PXR ligand and agonist FKK6 has a suitable pharmacological profile supporting its potential preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vyhlídalová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pečinková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Špičáková
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Anzenbacherová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vimanda Chow
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 6 Thompson Road, M3J 1L3, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, M5S 3E1, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Henry Krause
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, M5S 3E1, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Derek Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 6 Thompson Road, M3J 1L3, ON, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tibor Berés
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dajun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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4
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Liu J, Tian R, Sun C, Guo Y, Dong L, Li Y, Song X. Microbial metabolites are involved in tumorigenesis and development by regulating immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1290414. [PMID: 38169949 PMCID: PMC10758836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota is symbiotic with the host and can create a variety of metabolites. Under normal conditions, microbial metabolites can regulate host immune function and eliminate abnormal cells in a timely manner. However, when metabolite production is abnormal, the host immune system might be unable to identify and get rid of tumor cells at the early stage of carcinogenesis, which results in tumor development. The mechanisms by which intestinal microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), microbial tryptophan catabolites (MTCs), polyamines (PAs), hydrogen sulfide, and secondary bile acids, are involved in tumorigenesis and development by regulating immune responses are summarized in this review. SCFAs and MTCs can prevent cancer by altering the expression of enzymes and epigenetic modifications in both immune cells and intestinal epithelial cells. MTCs can also stimulate immune cell receptors to inhibit the growth and metastasis of the host cancer. SCFAs, MTCs, bacterial hydrogen sulfide and secondary bile acids can control mucosal immunity to influence the occurrence and growth of tumors. Additionally, SCFAs, MTCs, PAs and bacterial hydrogen sulfide can also affect the anti-tumor immune response in tumor therapy by regulating the function of immune cells. Microbial metabolites have a good application prospect in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tumors, and our review provides a good basis for related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ruxian Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Caiyu Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yumei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xicheng Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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5
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Yu X, Kojetin DJ. Go big and go home: A bulky extension makes promiscuous ligands settle down. Structure 2023; 31:1520-1522. [PMID: 38065074 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic ligands often show undesired polypharmacology, affecting the function of multiple targets. In this issue of Structure, Huber et al. developed a PXR-specific agonist based on a promiscuous ligand. Their structure-guided approach exploited the malleability of the PXR ligand-binding pocket, which unlike other nuclear receptors could accommodate bulkier ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Center for Structural Biology; Institute of Chemical Biology; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center; Vanderbilt Brain Institute; Center for Applied AI in Protein Dynamics; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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6
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Huber AD, Poudel S, Li Y, Lin W, Wu J, Miller DJ, Chen T. Ligand flexibility and binding pocket malleability cooperate to allow selective PXR activation by analogs of a promiscuous nuclear receptor ligand. Structure 2023; 31:1545-1555.e9. [PMID: 37729916 PMCID: PMC10872772 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The human nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors contains 48 proteins that bind lipophilic molecules. Approved NR therapies have had immense success treating various diseases, but lack of selectivity has hindered efforts to therapeutically target the majority of NRs due to unpredictable off-target effects. The synthetic ligand T0901317 was originally discovered as a potent agonist of liver X receptors (LXRα/β) but subsequently found to target additional NRs, with activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) being as potent as that of LXRs. We previously showed that directed rigidity reduces PXR binding by T0901317 derivatives through unfavorable protein remodeling. Here, we use a similar approach to achieve selectivity for PXR over other T0901317-targeted NRs. One molecule, SJPYT-318, accomplishes selectivity by favorably utilizing PXR's flexible binding pocket and surprisingly binding in a new mode distinct from the parental T0901317. Our work provides a structure-guided framework to achieve NR selectivity from promiscuous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Huber
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shyaron Poudel
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yongtao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Darcie J Miller
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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7
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Lan H, Zhang Y, Fan M, Wu B, Wang C. Pregnane X receptor as a therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:371-387. [PMID: 37593784 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2248680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury (CLI) is caused by toxic bile acids (BAs) accumulation in the liver and can lead to inflammation and liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying CLI development remain unclear, and this disease has no effective cure. However, regulating BA synthesis and homeostasis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CLI treatment. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an essential role in the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics via the transcription of metabolic enzymes and transporters, which can ultimately modulate BA homeostasis and exert anticholestatic effects. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that PXR exhibits antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, providing novel insights into treating CLI. Meanwhile, several drugs have been identified as PXR agonists that improve CLI. Nevertheless, the precise role of PXR in CLI still needs to be fully understood. This review summarizes how PXR improves CLI by ameliorating cholestasis, inhibiting inflammation, and reducing fibrosis and discusses the progress of promising PXR agonists for treating CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minqi Fan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Wu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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8
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Vázquez-Gómez G, Petráš J, Dvořák Z, Vondráček J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) play both distinct and common roles in the regulation of colon homeostasis and intestinal carcinogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115797. [PMID: 37696457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) belong among key regulators of xenobiotic metabolism in the intestinal tissue. AhR in particular is activated by a wide range of environmental and dietary carcinogens. The data accumulated over the last two decades suggest that both of these transcriptional regulators play a much wider role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis, and that both transcription factors may affect processes linked with intestinal tumorigenesis. Intestinal epithelium is continuously exposed to a wide range of AhR, PXR and dual AhR/PXR ligands formed by intestinal microbiota or originating from diet. Current evidence suggests that specific ligands of both AhR and PXR can protect intestinal epithelium against inflammation and assist in the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. AhR, and to a lesser extent also PXR, have been shown to play a protective role against inflammation-induced colon cancer, or, in mouse models employing overactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In contrast, other evidence suggests that both receptors may contribute to modulation of transformed colon cell behavior, with a potential to promote cancer progression and/or chemoresistance. The review focuses on both overlapping and separate roles of the two receptors in these processes, and on possible implications of their activity within the context of intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Vázquez-Gómez
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Petráš
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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9
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Xiang T, Deng Z, Yang C, Tan J, Dou C, Luo F, Chen Y. Bile acid metabolism regulatory network orchestrates bone homeostasis. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106943. [PMID: 37777075 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs), synthesized in the liver and modified by the gut microbiota, have been widely appreciated not only as simple lipid emulsifiers, but also as complex metabolic regulators and momentous signaling molecules, which play prominent roles in the complex interaction among several metabolic systems. Recent studies have drawn us eyes on the diverse physiological functions of BAs, to enlarge the knowledge about the "gut-bone" axis due to the participation about the gut microbiota-derived BAs to modulate bone homeostasis at physiological and pathological stations. In this review, we have summarized the metabolic processes of BAs and highlighted the crucial roles of BAs targeting bile acid-activated receptors, promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts (OBs), inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts (OCs), as well as reducing articular cartilage degradation, thus facilitating bone repair. In addition, we have also focused on the bidirectional effects of BA signaling networks in coordinating the dynamic balance of bone matrix and demonstrated the promising effects of BAs on the development or treatment for pathological bone diseases. In a word, further clinical applications targeting BA metabolism or modulating gut metabolome and related derivatives may be developed as effective therapeutic strategies for bone destruction diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwen Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zihan Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jiulin Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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10
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Sládeková L, Zgarbová E, Vrzal R, Vanda D, Soural M, Jakubcová K, Vázquez-Gómez G, Vondráček J, Dvořák Z. Switching on/off aryl hydrocarbon receptor and pregnane X receptor activities by chemically modified tryptamines. Toxicol Lett 2023; 387:63-75. [PMID: 37778463 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial indoles have been demonstrated as selective or dual agonists and ligands of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). However, structural determinants of microbial indoles selectivity towards both receptors remain elusive. Here, we studied the effects of existing and newly synthesized derivatives of indole microbial metabolite tryptamine on the activity of AhR and PXR receptors. We show that the elongation of indolyl-3-alkaneamine chain, indole N-methylation and conversion of indolyl-3-alkaneamines to oleamides resulted in a major increase of PXR activity and in parallel loss of AhR activity. Using reporter gene assays, RT-PCR and TR-FRET techniques, we have characterized in detail the activation of PXR by novel indolyl-3-alkanyl-oleamides, 1-methyltryptamine and 1-methyltryptamine-acetamide. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated anti-inflammatory and epithelial barrier-protective activity of lead derivatives in intestinal Caco-2 cells, employing the measurement of expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines, tight junction genes, trans-epithelial electric resistance TEER, and dextran-FITC permeability assay. In conclusion, we show that a subtle chemical modifications of simple microbial indole metabolite tryptamine, leads to substantial changes in AhR and PXR agonist activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sládeková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Zgarbová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - David Vanda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Soural
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Jakubcová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerardo Vázquez-Gómez
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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11
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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12
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Kim S, Li H, Jin Y, Armad J, Gu H, Mani S, Cui JY. Maternal PBDE exposure disrupts gut microbiome and promotes hepatic proinflammatory signaling in humanized PXR-transgenic mouse offspring over time. Toxicol Sci 2023; 194:209-225. [PMID: 37267213 PMCID: PMC10375318 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental exposure to the persistent environmental pollutant, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), is associated with increased diabetes prevalence. The microbial tryptophan metabolite, indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and lower-grade inflammation and is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) activator. To explore the role of IPA in modifying the PBDE developmental toxicity, we orally exposed humanized PXR-transgenic (hPXR-TG) mouse dams to vehicle, 0.1 mg/kg/day DE-71 (an industrial PBDE mixture), DE-71+IPA (20 mg/kg/day), or IPA, from 4 weeks preconception to the end of lactation. Pups were weaned at 21 days of age and IPA supplementation continued in the corresponding treatment groups. Tissues were collected at various ages until 6 months of age (n = 5 per group). In general, the effect of maternal DE-71 exposure on the gut microbiome of pups was amplified over time. The regulation of hepatic cytokines and prototypical xenobiotic-sensing transcription factor target genes by DE-71 and IPA was age- and sex-dependent, where DE-71-mediated mRNA increased selected cytokines (Il10, Il12p40, Il1β [both sexes], and [males]). The hepatic mRNA of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) target gene Cyp1a2 was increased by maternal DE-71 and DE-71+IPA exposure at postnatal day 21 but intestinal Cyp1a1 was not altered by any of the exposures and ages. Maternal DE-71 exposure persistently increased serum indole, a known AhR ligand, in age- and sex-dependent manner. In conclusion, maternal DE-71 exposure produced a proinflammatory signature along the gut-liver axis, including gut dysbiosis, dysregulated tryptophan microbial metabolism, attenuated PXR signaling, and elevated AhR signaling in postweaned hPXR-TG pups over time, which was partially corrected by IPA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology, and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987-2352, USA
| | - Jasmine Armad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987-2352, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology, and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Julia Y Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA
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13
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Zhang J, Jia Q, Li Y, He J. The Function of Xenobiotic Receptors in Metabolic Diseases. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:237-248. [PMID: 36414407 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are a series of metabolic disorders that include obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The increased prevalence of metabolic diseases has resulted in higher mortality and mobility rates over the past decades, and this has led to extensive research focusing on the underlying mechanisms. Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) are a series of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that regulate their downstream target genes expression, thus defending the body from xenobiotic and endotoxin attacks. XR activation is associated with the development of a number of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, thus suggesting an important role for XRs in modulating metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of XRs in the context of metabolic disorders under different nutrient conditions is complex and remains controversial. This review summarizes the effects of XRs on different metabolic components (cholesterol, lipids, glucose, and bile acids) in different tissues during metabolic diseases. As chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, we also discuss the impact of XRs on inflammation to comprehensively recognize the role of XRs in metabolic diseases. This will provide new ideas for treating metabolic diseases by targeting XRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review outlines the current understanding of xenobiotic receptors on nutrient metabolism and inflammation during metabolic diseases. This work also highlights the gaps in this field, which can be used to direct the future investigations on metabolic diseases treatment by targeting xenobiotic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyi Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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14
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Poudel S, Huber AD, Chen T. Regulation of Nuclear Receptors PXR and CAR by Small Molecules and Signal Crosstalk: Roles in Drug Metabolism and Beyond. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:228-236. [PMID: 36116789 PMCID: PMC9900866 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Since their discoveries, they have been studied as important factors for regulating processes related to drug efficacy, drug toxicity, and drug-drug interactions. However, their vast ligand-binding profiles extend into additional spaces, such as endogenously produced chemicals, microbiome metabolites, dietary compounds, and environmental pollutants. Therefore, PXR and CAR can respond to an enormous abundance of stimuli, resulting in significant shifts in metabolic programs and physiologic homeostasis. Naturally, PXR and CAR have been implicated in various diseases related to homeostatic perturbations, such as inflammatory bowel disorders, diabetes, and certain cancers. Recent findings have injected the field with new signaling mechanisms and tools to dissect the complex PXR and CAR biology and have strengthened the potential for future PXR and CAR modulators in the clinic. Here, we describe the historical and ongoing importance of PXR and CAR in drug metabolism pathways and how this history has evolved into new mechanisms that regulate and are regulated by these xenobiotic receptors, with a specific focus on small molecule ligands. To effectively convey the impact of newly emerging research, we have arranged five diverse and representative key recent advances, four specific challenges, and four perspectives on future directions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PXR and CAR are key transcription factors that regulate homeostatic detoxification of the liver and intestines. Diverse chemicals bind to these nuclear receptors, triggering their transcriptional tuning of the cellular metabolic response. This minireview revisits the importance of PXR and CAR in pharmaceutical drug responses and highlights recent results with implications beyond drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyaron Poudel
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew D Huber
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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15
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Dvořák Z, Li H, Mani S. Microbial Metabolites as Ligands to Xenobiotic Receptors: Chemical Mimicry as Potential Drugs of the Future. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:219-227. [PMID: 36184080 PMCID: PMC9900867 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic receptors, such as the pregnane X receptor, regulate multiple host physiologic pathways including xenobiotic metabolism, certain aspects of cellular metabolism, and innate immunity. These ligand-dependent nuclear factors regulate gene expression via genomic recognition of specific promoters and transcriptional activation of the gene. Natural or endogenous ligands are not commonly associated with this class of receptors; however, since these receptors are expressed in a cell-type specific manner in the liver and intestines, there has been significant recent effort to characterize microbially derived metabolites as ligands for these receptors. In general, these metabolites are thought to be weak micromolar affinity ligands. This journal anniversary minireview focuses on recent efforts to derive potentially nontoxic microbial metabolite chemical mimics that could one day be developed as drugs combating xenobiotic receptor-modifying pathophysiology. The review will include our perspective on the field and recommend certain directions for future research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) regulate host drug metabolism, cellular metabolism, and immunity. Their presence in host intestines allows them to function not only as xenosensors but also as a response to the complex metabolic environment present in the intestines. Specifically, this review focuses on describing microbial metabolite-XR interactions and the translation of these findings toward discovery of novel chemical mimics as potential drugs of the future for diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Abstract
Proteases are an evolutionarily conserved family of enzymes that degrade peptide bonds and have been implicated in several common gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Although luminal proteolytic activity is important for maintenance of homeostasis and health, the current review describes recent advances in our understanding of how overactivity of luminal proteases contributes to the pathophysiology of celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease and GI infections. Luminal proteases, many of which are produced by the microbiota, can modulate the immunogenicity of dietary antigens, reduce mucosal barrier function and activate pro-inflammatory and pro-nociceptive host signaling. Increased proteolytic activity has been ascribed to both increases in protease production and decreases in inhibitors of luminal proteases. With the identification of strains of bacteria that are important sources of proteases and their inhibitors, the stage is set to develop drug or microbial therapies to restore protease balance and alleviate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Caminero
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mabel Guzman
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josie Libertucci
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alan E. Lomax
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,CONTACT Alan E. Lomax Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, K7L 2V7, Canada
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Diet-induced gut dysbiosis and inflammation: Key drivers of obesity-driven NASH. iScience 2022; 26:105905. [PMID: 36691622 PMCID: PMC9860397 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose, the primary circulating sugar in plants, contains equal amounts of fructose and glucose. The latter is the predominant circulating sugar in animals and thus the primary fuel source for various tissue and cell types in the body. Chronic excessive energy intake has, however, emerged as a major driver of obesity and associated pathologies including nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) and the more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Consumption of a high-caloric, western-style diet induces gut dysbiosis and inflammation resulting in leaky gut. Translocation of gut-derived bacterial content promotes hepatic inflammation and ER stress, and when either or both of these are combined with steatosis, it can cause NASH. Here, we review the metabolic links between diet-induced changes in the gut and NASH. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions for the treatment of obesity and liver metabolic diseases are also discussed with a focus on restoring the gut-liver axis.
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Extensive Summary of the Important Roles of Indole Propionic Acid, a Gut Microbial Metabolite in Host Health and Disease. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010151. [PMID: 36615808 PMCID: PMC9824871 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that metabolites produced by the gut microbiota play a crucial role in host-microbe interactions. Dietary tryptophan ingested by the host enters the gut, where indole-like metabolites such as indole propionic acid (IPA) are produced under deamination by commensal bacteria. Here, we summarize the IPA-producing bacteria, dietary patterns on IPA content, and functional roles of IPA in various diseases. IPA can not only stimulate the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins to enhance gut barrier function and inhibit the penetration of toxic factors, but also modulate the immune system to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects to synergistically regulate body physiology. Moreover, IPA can act on target organs through blood circulation to form the gut-organ axis, which helps maintain systemic homeostasis. IPA shows great potential for the diagnosis and treatment of various clinical diseases, such as NAFLD, Alzheimer's disease, and breast cancer. However, the therapeutic effect of IPA depends on dose, target organ, or time. In future studies, further work should be performed to explore the effects and mechanisms of IPA on host health and disease to further improve the existing treatment program.
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Li Y, Lin W, Chai SC, Wu J, Annu K, Chen T. Design and Optimization of 1 H-1,2,3-Triazole-4-carboxamides as Novel, Potent, and Selective Inverse Agonists and Antagonists of PXR. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16829-16859. [PMID: 36480704 PMCID: PMC9789209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key regulator of drug metabolism. Many drugs bind to and activate PXR, causing adverse drug responses. This suggests that PXR inhibitors have therapeutic value, but potent PXR inhibitors have so far been lacking. Herein, we report the structural optimization of a series of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamides compounds that led to the discovery of compound 85 as a selective and the most potent inverse agonist and antagonist of PXR, with low nanomolar IC50 values for binding and cellular activity. Importantly, compound 89, a close analog of 85, is a selective and pure antagonist with low nanomolar IC50 values for binding and cellular activity. This study has provided novel, selective, and most potent PXR inhibitors (a dual inverse agonist/antagonist and a pure antagonist) for use in basic research and future clinical studies and also shed light on how to reduce the binding affinity of a compound to PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sergio C. Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kavya Annu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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Liang H, Yang X, Li H, Wang X, Su H, Li X, Tian J, Cai C, Huang M, Bi H. Schisandrol B protects against cholestatic liver injury by inhibiting pyroptosis through pregnane X receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115222. [PMID: 35988735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that Schisandrol B (SolB) protected against lithocholic acid (LCA)-induced cholestatic liver injury (CLI) through pregnane X receptor (PXR). Additionally, growing evidence has revealed that pyroptosis is involved in CLI. Whether the hepatoprotective effect of SolB driven by PXR activation is related to pyroptosis in CLI remains unclear. First, the hepatoprotective effect of SolB was confirmed, as evidenced by the decreased mortality, morphological and histopathological changes, and biochemical parameters. The upregulated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level, increased number of TUNEL-positive cells, and formation of hepatocyte membrane pores induced by LCA were significantly alleviated after SolB pretreatment, indicating that SolB attenuated LCA-induced hepatocyte damage. Further analysis revealed that both NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-induced canonical pyroptosis and apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) pyroptosome-induced noncanonical pyroptosis were significantly inhibited after SolB pretreatment, as illustrated by the decreased expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and GSDMD and the levels of Apaf-1, caspase-11 p20, caspase-3 p20, and GSDME. Furthermore, the activation of the NF-κB and FoxO1 signaling pathways was inhibited after SolB pretreatment. In addition, the activation of PXR via SolB was proven by luciferase reporter gene assays and the upregulation of PXR targets. The results illustrated that SolB could significantly inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-induced canonical pyroptosis through the PXR/NF-κB/NLRP3 axis and inhibit Apaf-1 pyroptosome-induced noncanonical pyroptosis through the PXR/FoxO1/Apaf-1 axis. Collectively, this study revealed that SolB protected against CLI by inhibiting pyroptosis through PXR, providing new insights for understanding the molecular mechanism of SolB as a promising anti-cholestatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangfei Liang
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiguo Su
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianing Tian
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenghui Cai
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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22
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Dutta M, Lim JJ, Cui JY. Pregnane X Receptor and the Gut-Liver Axis: A Recent Update. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:478-491. [PMID: 34862253 PMCID: PMC11022899 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that the pregnane X receptor (PXR)/Nr1i2 is a critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor enriched in liver and intestine and is responsible for drug-drug interactions, due to its versatile ligand binding domain (LBD) and target genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation. PXR can be modulated by various xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, dietary factors, and environmental chemicals. Microbial metabolites such as certain secondary bile acids (BAs) and the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are endogenous PXR activators. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important regulator for host xenobiotic biotransformation and intermediary metabolism. PXR regulates and is regulated by the gut-liver axis. This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging pharmaco- and toxico-metagenomic approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of PXR. Key topics covered in this review include: (1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-target genes, novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns, and novel PXR-targeted intestinal bacteria; (2) key PXR-modulating activators and suppressors of exogenous and endogenous sources; (3) novel bidirectional interactions between PXR and gut microbiome under physiologic, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and (4) modifying factors of PXR-signaling including species and sex differences and time (age, critical windows of exposure, and circadian rhythm). The review also discusses critical knowledge gaps and important future research topics centering around PXR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging O'mics approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR). Key topics include: (1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-targeted host genes and intestinal bacteria as well as novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns; (2) key PXR modulators including microbial metabolites under physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and (3) modifying factors including species, sex, and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joe Jongpyo Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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23
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbes respond to biochemical metabolites that coordinate their behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that bacterial indole functions as a multifactorial mitigator of Klebsiella grimontii and Klebsiella oxytoca pathogenicity. These closely related microbes produce the enterotoxins tilimycin and tilivalline; cytotoxin-producing strains are the causative agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis and have been associated with necrotizing enterocolitis of premature infants. We demonstrate that carbohydrates induce cytotoxin synthesis while concurrently repressing indole biosynthesis. Conversely, indole represses cytotoxin production. In both cases, the alterations stemmed from differential transcription of npsA and npsB, key genes involved in tilimycin biosynthesis. Indole also enhances conversion of tilimycin to tilivalline, an indole analog with reduced cytotoxicity. In this context, we established that tilivalline, but not tilimycin, is a strong agonist of pregnane X receptor (PXR), a master regulator of xenobiotic detoxification and intestinal inflammation. Tilivalline binding upregulated PXR-responsive detoxifying genes and inhibited tubulin-directed toxicity. Bacterial indole, therefore, acts in a multifunctional manner to mitigate cytotoxicity by Klebsiella spp.: suppression of toxin production, enhanced conversion of tilimycin to tilivalline, and activation of PXR. IMPORTANCE The human gut harbors a complex community of microbes, including several species and strains that could be commensals or pathogens depending on context. The specific environmental conditions under which a resident microbe changes its relationship with a host and adopts pathogenic behaviors, in many cases, remain poorly understood. Here, we describe a novel communication network involving the regulation of K. grimontii and K. oxytoca enterotoxicity. Bacterial indole was identified as a central modulator of these colitogenic microbes by suppressing bacterial toxin (tilimycin) synthesis and converting tilimycin to tilivalline while simultaneously activating a host receptor, PXR, as a means of mitigating tissue cytotoxicity. On the other hand, fermentable carbohydrates were found to inhibit indole biosynthesis and enhance toxin production. This integrated network involving microbial, host, and metabolic factors provides a contextual framework to better understand K. oxytoca complex pathogenicity.
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Zhao G, Tong Y, Luan F, Zhu W, Zhan C, Qin T, An W, Zeng N. Alpinetin: A Review of Its Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:814370. [PMID: 35185569 PMCID: PMC8854656 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.814370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids isolated from medicinal herbs have been utilized as valuable health-care agents due to their virous biological applications. Alpinetin is a natural flavonoid that emerges in many widely used medicinal plants, and has been frequently applied in Chinese patent drugs. Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that alpinetin possesses a broad range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, antiinflammation, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protective, lung protective, antibacterial, antiviral, neuroprotective, and other properties through regulating multiple signaling pathways with low systemic toxicity. However, pharmacokinetic studies have documented that alpinetin may have poor oral bioavailability correlated to its extensive glucuronidation. Currently, the reported pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics profiles of alpinetin are rare to be scientifically reviewed. In this article, we aimed to highlight the mechanisms of action of alpinetin in various diseases to strongly support its curative potentials for prospective clinical applications. We also summarized the pharmacokinetics properties and proposed some viable strategies to convey an appreciable reference for future advances of alpinetin in drug development.
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Little M, Dutta M, Li H, Matson A, Shi X, Mascarinas G, Molla B, Weigel K, Gu H, Mani S, Cui JY. Understanding the physiological functions of the host xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors PXR and CAR on the gut microbiome using genetically modified mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:801-820. [PMID: 35256948 PMCID: PMC8897037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is well-known to increase drug metabolism and reduce inflammation. Little is known regarding their physiological functions on the gut microbiome. In this study, we discovered bivalent hormetic functions of PXR/CAR modulating the richness of the gut microbiome using genetically engineered mice. The absence of PXR or CAR increased microbial richness, and absence of both receptors synergistically increased microbial richness. PXR and CAR deficiency increased the pro-inflammatory bacteria Helicobacteraceae and Helicobacter. Deficiency in both PXR and CAR increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, which has bile salt hydrolase activity, corresponding to decreased primary taurine-conjugated bile acids (BAs) in feces, which may lead to higher internal burden of taurine and unconjugated BAs, both of which are linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity. The basal effect of PXR/CAR on the gut microbiome was distinct from pharmacological and toxicological activation of these receptors. Common PXR/CAR-targeted bacteria were identified, the majority of which were suppressed by these receptors. hPXR-TG mice had a distinct microbial profile as compared to wild-type mice. This study is the first to unveil the basal functions of PXR and CAR on the gut microbiome.
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Key Words
- BA, bile acid
- BSH, bile salt hydrolase
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- CV, conventional
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Feces
- GF, germ free
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- Gut microbiome
- HDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFNγ, interferon-gamma
- IL, interleukin
- IS, internal standards
- Inflammation
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- MCA, muricholic acid
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- Mice
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- Nuclear receptor
- OH, hydroxylated
- OTUs, operational taxonomy units
- PA, indole-3 propionic acid
- PBDEs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- PCoA, Principle Coordinate Analysis
- PXR
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- PiCRUSt, Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Observed States
- QIIME, Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- SPF, specific-pathogen-free
- T, wild type
- T-, taurine conjugated
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-1,4-bis(pyridyloxy)benzene
- TGR-5, Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- YAP, yes-associated protein
- hPXR-TG, humanized PXR transgenic
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Little
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Adam Matson
- University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Gabby Mascarinas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Bruk Molla
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kris Weigel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020289. [PMID: 35203499 PMCID: PMC8869546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between gut microbes (both commensals and pathogens) and the host immune system. Highly specialized epithelial cells constantly cope with several protective and harmful agents to maintain the multiple physiological functions of the barrier as well as its integrity. However, both genetic defects and environmental factors can break such equilibrium, thus promoting gut dysbiosis, dysregulated immune-inflammatory responses, and even the development of chronic pathological conditions. Here, we review and discuss the molecular and cellular pathways underlying intestinal barrier structural and functional homeostasis, focusing on potential alterations that may undermine this fine balance.
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Niu X, Wu T, Li G, Gu X, Tian Y, Cui H. Insights into the critical role of the PXR in preventing carcinogenesis and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:742-759. [PMID: 35002522 PMCID: PMC8741843 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane x receptor (PXR) as a nuclear receptor is well-established in drug metabolism, however, it has pleiotropic functions in regulating inflammatory responses, glucose metabolism, and protects normal cells against carcinogenesis. Most studies focus on its transcriptional regulation, however, PXR can regulate gene expression at the translational level. Emerging evidences have shown that PXR has a broad protein-protein interaction network, by which is implicated in the cross signaling pathways. Furthermore, the interactions between PXR and some critical proteins (e.g., p53, Tip60, p300/CBP-associated factor) in DNA damage pathway highlight its potential roles in this field. A thorough understanding of how PXR maintains genome stability and prevents carcinogenesis will help clinical diagnosis and finally benefit patients. Meanwhile, due to the regulation of CYP450 enzymes CYP3A4 and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), PXR contributes to chemotherapeutic drug resistance. It is worthy of note that the co-factor of PXR such as RXRα, also has contributions to this process, which makes the PXR-mediated drug resistance more complicated. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) vary between individuals, the amino acid substitution on exon of PXR finally affects PXR transcriptional activity. In this review, we have summarized the updated mechanisms that PXR protects the human body against carcinogenesis, and major contributions of PXR with its co-factors have made on multidrug resistance. Furthermore, we have also reviewed the current promising antagonist and their clinic applications in reversing chemoresistance. We believe our review will bring insight into PXR-targeted cancer therapy, enlighten the future study direction, and provide substantial evidence for the clinic in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gege Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
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PXR mediates mifepristone-induced hepatomegaly in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:146-156. [PMID: 33782543 PMCID: PMC8724318 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mifepristone (Mif), an effective synthetic steroidal antiprogesterone drug, is widely used for medical abortion and pregnancy prevention. Due to its anti-glucocorticoid effect, high-dose Mif is also used to treat Cushing's syndrome. Mif was reported to active pregnane X receptor (PXR) in vitro and PXR can induce hepatomegaly via activation and interaction with yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway. High-dose Mif was reported to induce hepatomegaly in rats and mice, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, the role of PXR was studied in Mif-induced hepatomegaly in C57BL/6 mice and Pxr-knockout mice. The results demonstrated that high-dose Mif (100 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.p.) treatment for 5 days significantly induced hepatomegaly with enlarged hepatocytes and promoted proliferation, but low dose of Mif (5 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.p.) cannot induce hepatomegaly. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assays showed that Mif can activate human PXR in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, Mif could promote nuclear translocation of PXR and YAP, and significantly induced the expression of PXR, YAP, and their target proteins such as CYP3A11, CYP2B10, UGT1A1, ANKRD, and CTGF. However, Mif (100 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.p.) failed to induce hepatomegaly in Pxr-knockout mice, as well as hepatocyte enlargement and proliferation, further indicating that Mif-induced hepatomegaly is PXR-dependent. In summary, this study demonstrated that PXR-mediated Mif-induced hepatomegaly in mice probably via activation of YAP pathway. This study provides new insights in Mif-induced hepatomegaly, and provides novel evidence on the crucial function of PXR in liver enlargement and regeneration.
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29
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Dey P, Chaudhuri SR, Efferth T, Pal S. The intestinal 3M (microbiota, metabolism, metabolome) zeitgeist - from fundamentals to future challenges. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 176:265-285. [PMID: 34610364 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the intestine in human health and disease has historically been neglected and was mostly attributed to digestive and absorptive functions. In the past two decades, however, discoveries related to human nutrition and intestinal host-microbe reciprocal interaction have established the essential role of intestinal health in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases and the overall wellbeing. That transfer of gut microbiota could be a means of disease phenotype transfer has revolutionized our understanding of chronic disease pathogenesis. This narrative review highlights the major concepts related to intestinal microbiota, metabolism, and metabolome (3M) that have facilitated our fundamental understanding of the association between the intestine, and human health and disease. In line with increased interest of microbiota-dependent modulation of human health by dietary phytochemicals, we have also discussed the emerging concepts beyond the phytochemical bioactivities which emphasizes the integral role of microbial metabolites of parent phytochemicals at extraintestinal tissues. Finally, this review concludes with challenges and future prospects in defining the 3M interactions and has emphasized the fact that, it takes 'guts' to stay healthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
| | - Saumya Ray Chaudhuri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sirshendu Pal
- Mukherjee Hospital, Mitra's Clinic and Nursing Home, Siliguri, West Bengal, India
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30
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Rigalli JP, Theile D, Nilles J, Weiss J. Regulation of PXR Function by Coactivator and Corepressor Proteins: Ligand Binding Is Just the Beginning. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113137. [PMID: 34831358 PMCID: PMC8625645 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a nuclear receptor which exerts its regulatory function by heterodimerization with the retinoid-X-receptor α (RXRα, NR2B1) and binding to the promoter and enhancer regions of diverse target genes. PXR is involved in the regulation of drug metabolism and excretion, metabolic and immunological functions and cancer pathogenesis. PXR activity is strongly regulated by the association with coactivator and corepressor proteins. Coactivator proteins exhibit histone acetyltransferase or histone methyltransferase activity or associate with proteins having one of these activities, thus promoting chromatin decondensation and activation of the gene expression. On the contrary, corepressor proteins promote histone deacetylation and therefore favor chromatin condensation and repression of the gene expression. Several studies pointed to clear cell- and ligand-specific differences in the activation of PXR. In this article, we will review the critical role of coactivator and corepressor proteins as molecular determinants of the specificity of PXR-mediated effects. As already known for other nuclear receptors, understanding the complex mechanism of PXR activation in each cell type and under particular physiological and pathophysiological conditions may lead to the development of selective modulators with therapeutic potential.
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31
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Kim S, Choi S, Dutta M, Asubonteng JO, Polunas M, Goedken M, Gonzalez FJ, Cui JY, Gyamfi MA. Pregnane X receptor exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease accompanied by obesity- and inflammation-prone gut microbiome signature. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114698. [PMID: 34303710 PMCID: PMC9135326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease due to the current epidemics of obesity and diabetes. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor known for trans-activating liver genes involved in drug metabolism and transport, and more recently implicated in energy metabolism. The gut microbiota can modulate the host xenobiotic biotransformation and contribute to the development of obesity. While the male sex confers a higher risk for NAFLD than women before menopause, the mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that the presence of PXR promotes obesity by modifying the gut-liver axis in a sex-specific manner. Male and female C57BL/6 (wild-type/WT) and PXR-knockout (PXR-KO) mice were fed control or high-fat diet (HFD) for 16-weeks. Serum parameters, liver histopathology, transcriptomic profiling, 16S-rDNA sequencing, and bile acid (BA) metabolomics were performed. PXR enhanced HFD-induced weight gain, hepatic steatosis and inflammation especially in males, accompanied by PXR-dependent up-regulation in hepatic genes involved in microbial response, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer; PXR-dependent increase in intestinal Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio (hallmark of obesity) and the pro-inflammatory Lactobacillus, as well as a decrease in the anti-obese Allobaculum and the anti-inflammatory Bifidobacterum, with a PXR-dependent reduction of beneficial BAs in liver. The resistance to NAFLD in females may be explained by PXR-dependent decrease in pro-inflammatory bacteria (Ruminococcus gnavus and Peptococcaceae). In conclusion, PXR exacerbates hepatic steatosis and inflammation accompanied by obesity- and inflammation-prone gut microbiome signature, suggesting that gut microbiome may contribute to PXR-mediated exacerbation of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sora Choi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey O Asubonteng
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marianne Polunas
- Office of Research and Economic Development, Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Goedken
- Office of Research and Economic Development, Research Pathology Services, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Maxwell A Gyamfi
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA.
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32
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Yan T, Luo Y, Xia Y, Hamada K, Wang Q, Yan N, Krausz KW, Ward JM, Hao H, Wang P, Gonzalez FJ. St. John's Wort alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis through pregnane X receptor-dependent NFκB antagonism. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21968. [PMID: 34644426 PMCID: PMC10167919 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001098r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
St. John's wort (SJW), from traditional herbs, activates the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a potential drug target for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, how SJW alleviates dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced experimental IBD by activating PXR is unknown. To test this, PXR-humanized, wild-type (WT) and Pxr-null mice, primary intestinal organoids cultures, and the luciferase reporter gene assays were employed. In vivo, a diet supplemented with SJW was found to activate intestinal PXR both in WT and PXR-humanized mice, but not in Pxr-null mice. SJW prevented DSS-induced IBD in PXR-humanized and WT mice, but not in Pxr-null mice. In vitro, hyperforin, a major component of SJW, activated PXR and suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α-induced nuclear factor (NF) κB translocation in primary intestinal organoids from PXR-humanized mice, but not Pxr-null mice. Luciferase reporter gene assays showed that hyperforin dose-dependently alleviated TNFα-induced NFκB transactivation by activating human PXR in Caco2 cells. Furthermore, SJW therapeutically attenuated DSS-induced IBD in PXR-humanized mice. These data indicate the therapeutic potential of SJW in alleviating DSS-induced IBD in vivo, and TNFα-induced NFκB activation in vitro, dependent on PXR activation, which may have clinical implications for using SJW as a herbal drug anti-IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yangliu Xia
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keisuke Hamada
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qiong Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nana Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jerrold M Ward
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Zhao GP, Wang XY, Li JW, Wang R, Ren FZ, Pang GF, Li YX. Imidacloprid increases intestinal permeability by disrupting tight junctions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112476. [PMID: 34214772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid (IMI), is frequently detected in the environment and in foods. It is absorbed and metabolized by the intestine; however, its effects on intestinal barrier integrity are not well studied. We investigated whether IMI disrupts the permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier via in vivo tests on male Wistar rats, in vitro assays using the human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, and in silico analyses. A repeated oral dose 90-day toxicity study was performed (0.06 mg/kg body weight/day). IMI exposure significantly increased intestinal permeability, which led to significantly elevated serum levels of endotoxin and inflammatory biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta) without any variation in body weight. Decreased transepithelial electrical resistance with increased permeability was also observed in 100 nM and 100 μM IMI-treated Caco-2 cell monolayers. Amounts of tight junction proteins in IMI-treated colon tissues and between IMI-treated Caco-2 cells were significantly lower than those of controls. Increased levels of myosin light chain phosphorylation, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB p65) phosphorylation were found in IMI-exposed cells compared with control cells. Furthermore, the barrier loss caused by IMI was rescued by the MLCK inhibitor, ML-7, and cycloheximide. Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) was inhibited by low-dose IMI treatment. In silico analysis indicated potent binding sites between PXR and IMI. Together, these data illustrate that IMI induces intestinal epithelial barrier disruption and produces an inflammatory response, involving the down-regulation of tight junctions and disturbance of the PXR-NF-κB p65-MLCK signaling pathway. The intestinal barrier disruption caused by IMI deserves attention in assessing the safety of this neonicotinoid pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-Wang Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fa-Zheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Fang Pang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Mukha A, Kalkhoven E, van Mil SWC. Splice variants of metabolic nuclear receptors: Relevance for metabolic disease and therapeutic targeting. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166183. [PMID: 34058349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors which control a wide range of metabolic processes and signaling pathways in response to nutrients and xenobiotics. Targeting these NRs is at the forefront of our endeavours to generate novel treatment options for diabetes, metabolic syndrome and fatty liver disease. Numerous splice variants have been described for these metabolic receptors. Structural changes, as a result of alternative splicing, lead to functional differences among NR isoforms, resulting in the regulation of different metabolic pathways by these NR splice variants. In this review, we describe known splice variants of FXR, LXRs, PXR, RXR, LRH-1, CAR and PPARs. We discuss their structure and functions, and elaborate on the regulation of splice variant abundance by nutritional signals. We conclude that NR splice variants pose an intriguing new layer of complexity in metabolic signaling, which needs to be taken into account in the development of treatment strategies for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mukha
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia W C van Mil
- Center for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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35
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Sun R, Xu C, Feng B, Gao X, Liu Z. Critical roles of bile acids in regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211018098. [PMID: 34104213 PMCID: PMC8165529 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211018098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are a class of cholesterol derivatives that have been known for a long time for their critical roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of lipid from the daily diet. The transformation of primary bile acids produced by the liver to secondary bile acids appears under the action of microbiota in the intestine, greatly expanding the molecular diversity of the intestinal environment. With the discovery of several new receptors of bile acids and signaling pathways, bile acids are considered as a family of important metabolites that play pleiotropic roles in regulating many aspects of human overall health, especially in the maintenance of the microbiota homeostasis and the balance of the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Accordingly, disruption of the process involved in the metabolism or circulation of bile acids is implicated in many disorders that mainly affect the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review, we discuss the different metabolism profiles in diseases associated with the intestinal mucosa and the diverse roles of bile acids in regulating the intestinal immune system. Furthermore, we also summarize recent advances in the field of new drugs that target bile acid signaling and highlight the importance of bile acids as a new target for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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36
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Li H, Illés P, Karunaratne CV, Nordstrøm LU, Luo X, Yang A, Qiu Y, Kurland IJ, Lukin DJ, Chen W, Jiskrová E, Krasulová K, Pečinková P, DesMarais VM, Liu Q, Albanese JM, Akki A, Longo M, Coffin B, Dou W, Mani S, Dvořák Z. Deciphering structural bases of intestinal and hepatic selectivity in targeting pregnane X receptor with indole-based microbial mimics. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104661. [PMID: 33636438 PMCID: PMC8646148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolite mimicry is a new concept that promises to deliver compounds that have minimal liabilities and enhanced therapeutic effects in a host. In a previous publication, we have shown that microbial metabolites of L-tryptophan, indoles, when chemically altered, yielded potent anti-inflammatory pregnane X Receptor (PXR)-targeting lead compounds, FKK5 and FKK6, targeting intestinal inflammation. Our aim in this study was to further define structure-activity relationships between indole analogs and PXR, we removed the phenyl-sulfonyl group or replaced the pyridyl residue with imidazolopyridyl of FKK6. Our results showed that while removal of the phenyl-sulfonyl group from FKK6 (now called CVK003) shifts agonist activity away from PXR towards the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), the imidazolopyridyl addition preserves PXR activity in vitro. However, when these compounds are administered to mice, that unlike the parent molecule, FKK6, they exhibit poor induction of PXR target genes in the intestines and the liver. These data suggest that modifications of FKK6 specifically in the pyridyl moiety can result in compounds with weak PXR activity in vivo. These observations are a significant step forward for understanding the structure-activity relationships (SAR) between indole mimics and receptors, PXR and AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Peter Illés
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Xiaoping Luo
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Annie Yang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yunping Qiu
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Irwin J Kurland
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dana J Lukin
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Weijie Chen
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eva Jiskrová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Krasulová
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pečinková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vera M DesMarais
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Albanese
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ashwin Akki
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Longo
- Department of Medical Education, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Breyen Coffin
- Department of Medical Education, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Wei Dou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Lee H, Park S, Ju S, Kim S, Yoo JW, Yoon IS, Min DS, Jung Y. Preparation and Evaluation of Colon-Targeted Prodrugs of the Microbial Metabolite 3-Indolepropionic Acid as an Anticolitic Agent. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1730-1741. [PMID: 33661643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial metabolites play a critical role in mucosal homeostasis by mediating physiological communication between the host and colonic microbes, whose perturbation may lead to gut inflammation. The microbial metabolite 3-indolepropionic acid (3-IPA) is one such communication mediator with potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. To apply the metabolite for the treatment of colitis, 3-IPA was coupled with acidic amino acids to yield colon-targeted 3-IPA, 3-IPA-aspartic acid (IPA-AA) and 3-IPA-glutamic acid (IPA-GA). Both conjugates were activated to 3-IPA in the cecal contents, which occurred faster for IPA-AA. Oral gavage of IPA-AA (oral IPA-AA) delivered a millimolar concentration of IPA-AA to the cecum, liberating 3-IPA. In a 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced rat colitis model, oral IPA-AA ameliorated rat colitis and was less effective than sulfasalazine (SSZ), a current anti-inflammatory bowel disease drug. To enhance the anticolitic activity of 3-IPA, it was azo-linked with the GPR109 agonist 5-aminonicotinic acid (5-ANA) to yield IPA-azo-ANA, expecting a mutual anticolitic action. IPA-azo-ANA (activated to 5-ANA and 2-amino-3-IPA) exhibited colon specificity in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Oral IPA-azo-ANA mitigated colonic damage and inflammation and was more effective than SSZ. These results suggest that colon-targeted 3-IPA ameliorated rat colitis and its anticolitic activity could be enhanced by codelivery of the GPR109A agonist 5-ANA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanju Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Min
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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38
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Di Stasi LC. Coumarin Derivatives in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020422. [PMID: 33467396 PMCID: PMC7830946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a non-communicable disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory process of the gut and categorized into Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, both currently without definitive pharmacological treatment and cure. The unclear etiology of IBD is a limiting factor for the development of new drugs and explains the high frequency of refractory patients to current drugs, which are also related to various adverse effects, mainly after long-term use. Dissatisfaction with current therapies has promoted an increased interest in new pharmacological approaches using natural products. Coumarins comprise a large class of natural phenolic compounds found in fungi, bacteria, and plants. Coumarin and its derivatives have been reported as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, potentially useful as complementary therapy of the IBD. These compounds produce protective effects in intestinal inflammation through different mechanisms and signaling pathways, mainly modulating immune and inflammatory responses, and protecting against oxidative stress, a central factor for IBD development. In this review, we described the main coumarin derivatives reported as intestinal anti-inflammatory products and its available pharmacodynamic data that support the protective effects of these products in the acute and subchronic phase of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Di Stasi
- Laboratory of Phytomedicines, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology (PhytoPharmaTech), Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 18618-689 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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39
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Santoso CS, Li Z, Lal S, Yuan S, Gan KA, Agosto LM, Liu X, Pro SC, Sewell JA, Henderson A, Atianand MK, Fuxman Bass JI. Comprehensive mapping of the human cytokine gene regulatory network. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:12055-12073. [PMID: 33179750 PMCID: PMC7708076 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper cytokine gene expression is essential in development, homeostasis and immune responses. Studies on the transcriptional control of cytokine genes have mostly focused on highly researched transcription factors (TFs) and cytokines, resulting in an incomplete portrait of cytokine gene regulation. Here, we used enhanced yeast one-hybrid (eY1H) assays to derive a comprehensive network comprising 1380 interactions between 265 TFs and 108 cytokine gene promoters. Our eY1H-derived network greatly expands the known repertoire of TF–cytokine gene interactions and the set of TFs known to regulate cytokine genes. We found an enrichment of nuclear receptors and confirmed their role in cytokine regulation in primary macrophages. Additionally, we used the eY1H-derived network as a framework to identify pairs of TFs that can be targeted with commercially-available drugs to synergistically modulate cytokine production. Finally, we integrated the eY1H data with single cell RNA-seq and phenotypic datasets to identify novel TF–cytokine regulatory axes in immune diseases and immune cell lineage development. Overall, the eY1H data provides a rich resource to study cytokine regulation in a variety of physiological and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sneha Lal
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Samson Yuan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kok Ann Gan
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Luis M Agosto
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Jared A Sewell
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Andrew Henderson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Maninjay K Atianand
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Juan I Fuxman Bass
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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40
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Characterization of human pregnane X receptor activators identified from a screening of the Tox21 compound library. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 184:114368. [PMID: 33333074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is an important nuclear receptor whose main function is to regulate enzymes within drug metabolism. The main drug metabolizing enzyme regulated by PXR, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, accounts for the metabolism of nearly 50% of all marketed drugs. Recently, PXR has also been identified as playing a role in energy homeostasis, immune response, and cancer. Due to its interaction with these important roles, alongside its drug-drug interaction function, it is imperative to identify compounds which can modulate PXR. In this study, we screened the Tox21 10,000 compound collection to identify hPXR agonists using a stable hPXR-Luc HepG2 cell line. A pharmacological study in the presence of a PXR antagonist was performed to confirm the activity of the chosen potential hPXR agonists in the same cells. Finally, metabolically competent cell lines - HepaRG and HepaRG-PXR-Knockout (KO) - were used to further confirm the potential PXR activators. We identified a group of structural clusters and singleton compounds which included potentially novel hPXR agonists. Of the 21 selected compounds, 11 potential PXR activators significantly induced CYP3A4 mRNA expression in HepaRG cells. All of these compounds lost their induction when treating HepaRG-PXR-KO cells, confirming their PXR activation. Etomidoline presented as a potentially selective agonist of PXR. In conclusion, the current study has identified 11 compounds as potentially novel or not well-characterized PXR activators. These compounds should further be studied for their potential effects on drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions due to the immense implications of being a PXR agonist.
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41
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Zhang J, Zhu S, Ma N, Johnston LJ, Wu C, Ma X. Metabolites of microbiota response to tryptophan and intestinal mucosal immunity: A therapeutic target to control intestinal inflammation. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1061-1088. [PMID: 33174230 DOI: 10.1002/med.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In a complex, diverse intestinal environment, commensal microbiota metabolizes excessive dietary tryptophan to produce more bioactive metabolites connecting with kinds of diverse process, such as host physiological defense, homeostasis, excessive immune activation and the progression and outcome of different diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and others. Although commensal microbiota includes bacteria, fungi, and protozoa and all that, they often have the similar metabolites in tryptophan metabolism process via same or different pathways. These metabolites can work as signal to activate the innate immunity of intestinal mucosa and induce the rapid inflammation response. They are critical in reconstruction of lumen homeostasis as well. This review aims to seek the potential function and mechanism of microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites as targets to regulate and shape intestinal immune function, which mainly focused on two aspects. First, analyze the character of tryptophan metabolism in bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and assess the functions of their metabolites (including indole and eight other derivatives, serotonin (5-HT) and d-tryptophan) on regulating the integrity of intestinal epithelium and the immunity of the intestinal mucosa. Second, focus on the mediator and pathway for their recognition, transfer and crosstalk between microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites and intestinal mucosal immunity. Disruption of intestinal homeostasis has been described in different intestinal inflammatory diseases, available data suggest the remarkable potential of tryptophan-derived aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists, indole derivatives on lumen equilibrium. These metabolites as preventive and therapeutic interventions have potential to promote proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Shengwei Zhu
- Institute of Botany, Key laboratory of plant molecular physiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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42
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Illés P, Krasulová K, Vyhlídalová B, Poulíková K, Marcalíková A, Pečinková P, Sirotová N, Vrzal R, Mani S, Dvořák Z. Indole microbial intestinal metabolites expand the repertoire of ligands and agonists of the human pregnane X receptor. Toxicol Lett 2020; 334:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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43
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Novelli M, Masiello P, Beffy P, Menegazzi M. Protective Role of St. John's Wort and Its Components Hyperforin and Hypericin against Diabetes through Inhibition of Inflammatory Signaling: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8108. [PMID: 33143088 PMCID: PMC7662691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a very common chronic disease with progressively increasing prevalence. Besides the well-known autoimmune and inflammatory pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, in many people, metabolic changes and inappropriate lifestyle favor a subtle chronic inflammatory state that contributes to development of insulin resistance and progressive loss of β-cell function and mass, eventually resulting in metabolic syndrome or overt type 2 diabetes. In this paper, we review the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort, SJW) and its main active ingredients firstly in representative pathological situations on inflammatory basis and then in pancreatic β cells and in obese or diabetic animal models. The simultaneous and long-lasting inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)/c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways involved in pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced β-cell dysfunction/death and insulin resistance make SJW particularly suitable for both preventive and therapeutic use in metabolic diseases. Hindrance of inflammatory cytokine signaling is likely dependent on the hyperforin content of SJW extract, but recent data reveal that hypericin can also exert relevant protective effects, mediated by activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase cAMP-dependent (PKA)/adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, against high-fat-diet-induced metabolic abnormalities. Actually, the mechanisms of action of the two main components of SJW appear complementary, strengthening the efficacy of the plant extract. Careful quantitative analysis of SJW components and suitable dosage, with monitoring of possible drug-drug interaction in a context of remarkable tolerability, are easily achievable pre-requisites for forthcoming clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pascale Beffy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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Meng Z, Liu L, Yan S, Sun W, Jia M, Tian S, Huang S, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Gut Microbiota: A Key Factor in the Host Health Effects Induced by Pesticide Exposure? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10517-10531. [PMID: 32902962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, a large number of pesticides have been widely used for plant protection. Pesticides may enter non-target organisms through multiple ways and bring potential health risks. There is a dense and diverse microbial community in the intestines of mammals, which is called the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play vital roles in maintaining the health of the host. Interestingly, many studies have shown that exposure to multiple pesticides could affect the gut microbiota of the host. However, the roles of gut microbiota and its related metabolites in the host health effects induced by pesticide exposure of non-target organisms need further study. We reviewed the relationships between pesticide exposure and host health effects as well as between the gut microbiota and host health effects. Importantly, we reviewed the latest research on the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the host health effects induced by pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiran Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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45
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Ginkgolide-A attenuates bacterial translocation through activating PXR and improving antimicrobial peptide Reg 3A in experimental cirrhosis. Life Sci 2020; 257:118111. [PMID: 32682918 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Yu Z, Yue B, Ding L, Luo X, Ren Y, Zhang J, Mani S, Wang Z, Dou W. Activation of PXR by Alpinetin Contributes to Abrogate Chemically Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:474. [PMID: 32372959 PMCID: PMC7186371 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpinetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid from the ginger plants. We previously reported the identification of alpinetin as a ligand of human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). The current study investigated the role of alpinetin as a putative PXR activator in ameliorating chemically induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We found that oral administration of alpinetin significantly alleviated the severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice by decreasing the inflammatory infiltration, the levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators, and the PXR target genes in the colon. In vitro, alpinetin blocked the nuclear translocation of p-p65 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Further, alpinetin significantly upregulated PXR target genes and inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB-luciferase activity in LS174T colorectal cells; however, this regulatory effects were lost when cellular PXR gene was knocked down. In PXR transactivation assays, alpinetin increased both mouse and human PXR transactivation in a dose-dependent manner. Ligand occluding mutants, S247W/C284W and S247W/C284W/S208W, in hPXR-reporter assays, abrogated alpinetin-induced hPXR transactivation. Finally, alpinetin bound to the hPXR-ligand-binding domain (LBD) was confirmed by competitive ligand binding assay. The current study significantly extends prior observations by validating a PXR/NF-κB regulatory mechanism governing alpinetin's anti-inflammatory effects in a murine model of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilun Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijing Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Formulated Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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47
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Dvořák Z, Kopp F, Costello CM, Kemp JS, Li H, Vrzalová A, Štěpánková M, Bartoňková I, Jiskrová E, Poulíková K, Vyhlídalová B, Nordstroem LU, Karunaratne CV, Ranhotra HS, Mun KS, Naren AP, Murray IA, Perdew GH, Brtko J, Toporova L, Schön A, Wallace BD, Walton WG, Redinbo MR, Sun K, Beck A, Kortagere S, Neary MC, Chandran A, Vishveshwara S, Cavalluzzi MM, Lentini G, Cui JY, Gu H, March JC, Chatterjee S, Matson A, Wright D, Flannigan KL, Hirota SA, Sartor RB, Mani S. Targeting the pregnane X receptor using microbial metabolite mimicry. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11621. [PMID: 32153125 PMCID: PMC7136958 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human PXR (pregnane X receptor), a master regulator of drug metabolism, has essential roles in intestinal homeostasis and abrogating inflammation. Existing PXR ligands have substantial off-target toxicity. Based on prior work that established microbial (indole) metabolites as PXR ligands, we proposed microbial metabolite mimicry as a novel strategy for drug discovery that allows exploiting previously unexplored parts of chemical space. Here, we report functionalized indole derivatives as first-in-class non-cytotoxic PXR agonists as a proof of concept for microbial metabolite mimicry. The lead compound, FKK6 (Felix Kopp Kortagere 6), binds directly to PXR protein in solution, induces PXR-specific target gene expression in cells, human organoids, and mice. FKK6 significantly represses pro-inflammatory cytokine production cells and abrogates inflammation in mice expressing the human PXR gene. The development of FKK6 demonstrates for the first time that microbial metabolite mimicry is a viable strategy for drug discovery and opens the door to underexploited regions of chemical space.
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48
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Cui W, Shen X, Agbas E, Tompkins B, Cameron-Carter H, Staudinger JL. Phosphorylation Modulates the Coregulatory Protein Exchange of the Nuclear Receptor Pregnane X Receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:370-380. [PMID: 32205367 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR), or nuclear receptor (NR) 1I2, is a ligand-activated NR superfamily member that is enriched in liver and intestine in mammals. Activation of PXR regulates the expression of genes encoding key proteins involved in drug metabolism, drug efflux, and drug transport. Recent mechanistic investigations reveal that post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, play a critical role in modulating the bimodal function of PXR-mediated transrepression and transactivation of target gene transcription. Upon ligand binding, PXR undergoes a conformational change that promotes dissociation of histone deacetylase-containing multiprotein corepressor protein complexes while simultaneously favoring recruitment histone acetyl transferase-containing complexes. Here we describe a novel adenoviral vector used to deliver and recover recombinant human PXR protein from primary cultures of hepatocytes. Using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry we report here that PXR is phosphorylated at amino acid residues threonine 135 (T135) and serine 221 (S221). Biochemical analysis reveals that these two residues play an important regulatory role in the cycling of corepressor and coactivator multiprotein complexes. These data further our foundational knowledge regarding the specific role of PTMs, namely phosphorylation, in regulating the biology of PXR. Future efforts are focused on using the novel tools described here to identify additional PTMs and protein partners of PXR in primary cultures of hepatocytes, an important experimental model system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pregnane X receptor (PXR), or nuclear receptor 1I2, is a key master regulator of drug-inducible CYP gene expression in liver and intestine in mammals. The novel biochemical tools described in this study demonstrate for the first time that in cultures of primary hepatocytes, human PXR is phosphorylated at amino acid residues threonine 135 (T135) and serine 221 (S221). Moreover, phosphorylation of PXR promotes the transrepression of its prototypical target gene CYP3A4 through modulating its interactions with coregulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (W.C.); Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri (E.A.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Ethan, Georgia (X.S.); and Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, Missouri (B.T., H.C.-C., J.L.S.)
| | - Xunan Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (W.C.); Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri (E.A.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Ethan, Georgia (X.S.); and Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, Missouri (B.T., H.C.-C., J.L.S.)
| | - Emre Agbas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (W.C.); Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri (E.A.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Ethan, Georgia (X.S.); and Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, Missouri (B.T., H.C.-C., J.L.S.)
| | - Brandon Tompkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (W.C.); Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri (E.A.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Ethan, Georgia (X.S.); and Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, Missouri (B.T., H.C.-C., J.L.S.)
| | - Hadley Cameron-Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (W.C.); Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri (E.A.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Ethan, Georgia (X.S.); and Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, Missouri (B.T., H.C.-C., J.L.S.)
| | - Jeff L Staudinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (W.C.); Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri (E.A.); Department of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Ethan, Georgia (X.S.); and Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Joplin, Missouri (B.T., H.C.-C., J.L.S.)
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49
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Bartolini D, De Franco F, Torquato P, Marinelli R, Cerra B, Ronchetti R, Schon A, Fallarino F, De Luca A, Bellezza G, Ferri I, Sidoni A, Walton WG, Pellock SJ, Redinbo MR, Mani S, Pellicciari R, Gioiello A, Galli F. Garcinoic Acid Is a Natural and Selective Agonist of Pregnane X Receptor. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3701-3712. [PMID: 32160459 PMCID: PMC7901650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
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Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a master xenobiotic-sensing transcription factor and a
validated target for immune and inflammatory diseases. The identification of chemical
probes to investigate the therapeutic relevance of the receptor is still highly desired.
In fact, currently available PXR ligands are not highly selective and can exhibit
toxicity and/or potential off-target effects. In this study, we have identified
garcinoic acid as a selective and efficient PXR agonist. The properties of this natural
molecule as a specific PXR agonist were demonstrated by the screening on a panel of
nuclear receptors, the assessment of the physical and thermodynamic binding affinity,
and the determination of the PXR-garcinoic acid complex crystal structure. Cytotoxicity,
transcriptional, and functional properties were investigated in human liver cells, and
compound activity and target engagement were confirmed in vivo in mouse liver and gut
tissue. In conclusion, garcinoic acid is a selective natural agonist of PXR and a
promising lead compound toward the development of new PXR-regulating modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06122, Italy
| | | | - Pierangelo Torquato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06122, Italy
| | - Rita Marinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06122, Italy
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06122, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ronchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06122, Italy
| | - Arne Schon
- The Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferri
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - William G Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Samuel J Pellock
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sridhar Mani
- The Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine, Genetics, and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | | | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06122, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia 06122, Italy
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50
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Zhang G, Liu M, Song M, Wang J, Cai J, Lin C, Li Y, Jin X, Shen C, Chen Z, Cai D, Gao Y, Zhu C, Lin C, Liu C. Patchouli alcohol activates PXR and suppresses the NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammatory. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112302. [PMID: 31614203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) is involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patchouli alcohol (PA) has anti-inflammatory effects; however, the effect of PA on IBD pathogenesis remains largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of PA, primarily focused on crosstalk between PA-mediated PXR activation and NF-κB inhibition. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of PA with respect to PXR/NF-κB signalling using in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro, PA, identified as a PXR agonist, was evaluated by hPXR transactivation assays and through assessing for CYP3A4 expression and activity. NF-κB inhibition was analysed based on NF-κB luciferase assays, NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression, and NF-κB nuclear translocation after activation of PXR by PA. In vivo, colonic mPXR and NF-κB signalling were analysed to assess PA-mediated the protective effect against dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PXR was further evaluated by examining PA protection against DSS-induced colitis. RESULTS PA induced CYP3A4 expression and activity via an hPXR-dependent mechanism. PA-mediated PXR activation attenuated inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activity and nuclear translocation. The anti-inflammatory effect of PA on NF-κB was abolished by PXR knockdown. PA prevented DSS-induced inflammation by regulating PXR/NF-κB signalling, whereas pharmacological PXR inhibition abated PA-mediated suppressive effects on NF-κB inflammation signalling. CONCLUSIONS PA activates PXR signalling and suppresses NF-κB signalling, consequently causing amelioration of inflammation. Our results highlight the importance of PXR-NF-κB crosstalk in colitis and suggest a novel therapeutic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People(')s Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jueyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jiazhong Cai
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chuanquan Lin
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yanwu Li
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Xin Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chuangpeng Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 500095, China
| | - Dake Cai
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 500095, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Changhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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