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She Z, Chen H, Lin X, Li C, Su J. POSTN Regulates Fibroblast Proliferation and Migration in Laryngotracheal Stenosis Through the TGF-β/RHOA Pathway. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 38771155 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of periostin (POSTN) and the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway in the formation of laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) scar fibrosis and to explore the specific signaling mechanism of POSTN-regulated TGF-β pathway in tracheal fibroblasts. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis was performed on scar data sets from the GEO database to preliminarily analyze the involvement of POSTN and TGF-β pathways in fibrosis diseases. Expression of POSTN and TGF-β pathway-related molecules was analyzed in LTS scar tissue at the mRNA and protein levels. The effect of POSTN on the biological behavior of tracheal fibroblasts was studied using plasmid DNA overexpression and siRNA silencing techniques to regulate POSTN expression and observe the activation of TGF-β1 and the regulation of cell proliferation and migration via the TGF-β/RHOA pathway. RESULTS The bioinformatics analysis revealed that POSTN and the TGF-β pathway are significantly involved in fibrosis diseases. High expression of POSTN and TGF-β/RHOA pathway-related molecules (TGFβ1, RHOA, CTGF, and COL1) was observed in LTS tissue at both mRNA and protein levels. In tracheal fibroblasts, overexpression or silencing of POSTN led to the activation of TGF-β1 and regulation of cell proliferation and migration through the TGF-β/RHOA pathway. CONCLUSION POSTN is a key molecule in scar formation in LTS, and it regulates the TGF-β/RHOA pathway to mediate the formation of cicatricial LTS by acting on TGF-β1. This study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying LTS and suggests potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this condition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang She
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiping Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Alsereidi FR, Khashim Z, Marzook H, Gupta A, Al-Rawi AM, Ramadan MM, Saleh MA. Targeting inflammatory signaling pathways with SGLT2 inhibitors: Insights into cardiovascular health and cardiac cell improvement. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102524. [PMID: 38492622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have attracted significant attention for their broader therapeutic impact beyond simply controlling blood sugar levels, particularly in their ability to influence inflammatory pathways. This review delves into the anti-inflammatory properties of SGLT2 inhibitors, with a specific focus on canagliflozin, empagliflozin, and dapagliflozin. One of the key mechanisms through which SGLT2 inhibitors exert their anti-inflammatory effects is by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a crucial regulator of both cellular energy balance and inflammation. Activation of AMPK by these inhibitors leads to the suppression of pro-inflammatory pathways and a decrease in inflammatory mediators. Notably, SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated the ability to inhibit the release of cytokines in an AMPK-dependent manner, underscoring their direct influence on inflammatory signaling. Beyond AMPK activation, SGLT2 inhibitors also modulate several other inflammatory pathways, including the NLRP3 inflammasome, expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), and activation of NF-κB (Nuclear factor kappa B). This multifaceted approach contributes to their efficacy in reducing inflammation and managing associated complications in conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. Several human and animal studies provide support for the anti-inflammatory effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, demonstrating protective effects on various cardiac cells. Additionally, these inhibitors exhibit direct anti-inflammatory effects by modulating immune cells. Overall, SGLT2 inhibitors emerge as promising therapeutic agents for targeting inflammation in a range of pathological conditions. Further research, particularly focusing on the molecular-level pathways of inflammation, is necessary to fully understand their mechanisms of action and optimize their therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah R Alsereidi
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zenith Khashim
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Hezlin Marzook
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anamika Gupta
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed M Al-Rawi
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahmoud M Ramadan
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516 Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516 Egypt.
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Trujillo-Benítez D, Luna-Gutiérrez M, Aguirre-De Paz JG, Cruz-Nova P, Bravo-Villegas G, Vargas-Ahumada JE, Vallejo-Armenta P, Morales-Avila E, Jiménez-Mancilla N, Oros-Pantoja R, Santos-Cuevas C, Azorín-Vega E, Ocampo-García B, Ferro-Flores G. 68Ga-DOTA-D-Alanine-BoroPro Radiotracer for Imaging of the Fibroblast Activation Protein in Malignant and Non-Malignant Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:532. [PMID: 38675193 PMCID: PMC11054143 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported a new fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitor radiopharmaceutical based on the 99mTc-((R)-1-((6-hydrazinylnicotinoyl)-D-alanyl) pyrrolidin-2-yl) boronic acid (99mTc-HYNIC-D-Alanine-BoroPro)(99mTc-HYNIC-iFAP) structure for tumor microenvironment SPECT imaging. This research aimed to synthesize 68Ga-[2,2',2″,2‴-(2-(4-(2-(5-(((S)-1-((S)-2-boronopyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)carbamoyl)pyridin-2-yl)hydrazine-1-carbothioamido)benzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid] (68Ga-DOTA-D-Alanine-BoroPro)(68Ga-iFAP) as a novel radiotracer for PET imaging and evaluate its usefulness for FAP expression in malignant and non-malignant tissues. The coupling of p-SCN-benzene DOTA with HYNIC-iFAP was used for the chemical synthesis and further labeling with 68Ga. Radiochemical purity was verified by radio-HPLC. The specificity of 68Ga-iFAP was evaluated in HCT116 cells, in which FAP expression was verified by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Biodistribution and biokinetic studies were performed in murine models. 68Ga-iFAP uptake at the myocardial level was assessed in mice with induced infarction. First-in-human images of 68Ga-iFAP in healthy subjects and patients with myocardial infarction, glioblastoma, prostate cancer, and breast cancer were also obtained. DOTA-D-Alanine BoroPro was prepared with a chemical purity of 98% and was characterized by UPLC mass spectroscopy, FT-IR, and UV-vis. The 68Ga-iFAP was obtained with a radiochemical purity of >95%. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated 68Ga-iFAP-specific recognition for FAP, rapid renal elimination, and adequate visualization of the glioblastoma, breast tumor, prostate cancer, and myocardial infarction sites. The results of this research justify further dosimetry and clinical trials to establish the specificity and sensitivity of 68Ga-iFAP PET for FAP expression imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Trujillo-Benítez
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico; (D.T.-B.); (C.S.-C.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Mexico
| | - Myrna Luna-Gutiérrez
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico; (D.T.-B.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - José G. Aguirre-De Paz
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico; (D.T.-B.); (C.S.-C.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Mexico
| | - Pedro Cruz-Nova
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico; (D.T.-B.); (C.S.-C.)
| | | | - Joel E. Vargas-Ahumada
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
| | - Paola Vallejo-Armenta
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
| | - Enrique Morales-Avila
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca 50180, Mexico
| | | | | | - Clara Santos-Cuevas
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico; (D.T.-B.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Erika Azorín-Vega
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico; (D.T.-B.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Blanca Ocampo-García
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico; (D.T.-B.); (C.S.-C.)
| | - Guillermina Ferro-Flores
- Department of Radioactive Materials, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Ocoyoacac 52750, Mexico; (D.T.-B.); (C.S.-C.)
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4
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Liu F, Chen Y, Qin D, Qian C. Interleukin-22 inhibits cardiac fibrosis by regulating fibroblast metabolic reprogramming in myocardial infarction. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 256:155256. [PMID: 38492359 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, a significant characteristic of cardiovascular diseases, leads to ventricular remodeling and impaired cardiac function. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Interleukin-22 (IL-22) in myocardial fibrosis following myocardial infarction (MI) and to explore the underlying metabolic mechanisms. Here we analyzed the single-cell sequencing data and found that the level of aerobic glycolysis was significantly higher in cardiac fibrosis in MI patient, which we validated through in vivo experiments. Utilizing MI mouse model, these experiments revealed decreased serum IL-22 levels and increased levels of AngII and TGF-β1. However, treatment with exogenous IL-22 reversed these changes, reduced infarct size, and fibrosis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that IL-22 inhibited AngII-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (FMT) by suppressing the expression of α-SMA, Cola1, and Cola3. Metabolic analysis indicated that IL-22 decreased the expression of glycolytic enzymes and reduced lactate production in cardiac fibroblasts. Further in vivo experiments confirmed the inhibitory effect of IL-22 on Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) levels in heart tissue. Additionally, IL-22 activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, while inhibition of JNK partially reversed IL-22's effect on PKM2 activity. These findings suggest that IL-22 mitigates cardiac fibrosis and FMT by inhibiting aerobic glycolysis by activating the JNK/PKM2 pathway. Our study highlights IL-22 as a potential therapeutic target for myocardial fibrosis and cardiovascular diseases, providing insights into its role in regulating fibrosis and glycolysis. These findings pave the way for developing targeted therapies and investigating additional metabolic pathways for improved treatment outcomes in the field of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China; International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yueqi Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Demeng Qin
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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5
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Agoston-Coldea L, Negru A. Myocardial fibrosis in right heart dysfunction. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 119:71-116. [PMID: 38514212 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis, associated with right heart dysfunction, results in significant morbidity and mortality. Stimulated by various cellular and humoral stimuli, cardiac fibroblasts, macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, mast and endothelial cells promote fibrogenesis directly and indirectly by synthesizing numerous profibrotic factors. Several systems, including the transforming growth factor-beta and the renin-angiotensin system, produce type I and III collagen, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin, thus modifying the extracellular matrix. Although magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium enhancement remains the gold standard, the use of circulating biomarkers represents an inexpensive and attractive means to facilitate detection and monitor cardiovascular fibrosis. This review explores the use of protein and nucleic acid (miRNAs) markers to better understand underlying pathophysiology as well as their role in the development of therapeutics to inhibit and potentially reverse cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Agoston-Coldea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Andra Negru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Kupusovic J, Kessler L, Kazek S, Chodyla MK, Umutlu L, Zarrad F, Nader M, Fendler WP, Varasteh Z, Hermann K, Dobrev D, Wakili R, Rassaf T, Siebermair J, Rischpler C. Delayed 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/MR imaging confirms ongoing fibroblast activation in patients after acute myocardial infarction. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2024; 50:101340. [PMID: 38313450 PMCID: PMC10835345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2024.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of the Report Combined cardiac 68Ga-Fibroblast-Activation Protein-alpha inhibitor (FAPI) positron-emission tomography (PET) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) constitute a novel diagnostic tool in patients for the assessment of myocardial damage after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate simultaneous Ga-68-FAPI-46-PET/MR imaging in the delayed phase after AMI. Material and Methods Eleven patients underwent hybrid 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/MRI post AMI. Standardized uptake values and fibroblast activation volume (FAV) were calculated and correlated with serum biomarkers and MRI parameters. Results Significant 68Ga-FAPI-46 uptake could be demonstrated in 11 (100 %) patients after a mean period of 30.9 ± 22.0 days. FAV significantly exceeded the infarction size in MRI and showed a good correlation to MRI parameters as well as to serum biomarkers of myocardial damage. Conclusions 68Ga-FAPI-46 PET/MRI offers molecular and morphological imaging of affected myocardium after AMI. This study demonstrates ongoing fibroblast activation in a delayed phase after AMI and generates hypotheses for future studies while aiming for a better understanding of myocardial remodeling following ischemic tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kupusovic
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lukas Kessler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Kazek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michal Kamil Chodyla
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lale Umutlu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fadi Zarrad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Nader
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P. Fendler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zohreh Varasteh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar der TUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ken Hermann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Reza Wakili
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research DZHK, Partner site Rhine-Main, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Siebermair
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Krankenhaus Göttlicher Heiland GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rischpler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Alizadehasl A, Alavi MS, Alavi MS, Roohbakhsh A. TRPA1 as a promising target in ischemia/reperfusion: A comprehensive review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:270-278. [PMID: 38333756 PMCID: PMC10849207 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.74590.16198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic disorders, including myocardial infarction, cerebral ischemia, and peripheral vascular impairment, are the main common reasons for debilitating diseases and death in Western cultures. Ischemia occurs when blood circulation is reduced in tissues. Reperfusion, although commanded to return oxygen to ischemic tissues, generates paradoxical tissue responses. The responses include generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), stimulating inflammatory responses in ischemic organs, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the expansion of postischemic capillary no-reflow, which intensifies organ damage. Multiple pathologic processes contribute to ischemia/reperfusion; therefore, targeting different pathologic processes may yield an effective therapeutic approach. Transient Receptor Potential A1 (TRPA1) belongs to the TRP family of ion channels, detects a broad range of chemicals, and promotes the transduction of noxious stimuli, e.g., methylglyoxal, ROS, and acrolein effects are attributed to the channel's sensitivity to intracellular calcium elevation or phosphoinositol phosphate modulation. Hypoxia and ischemia are associated with oxidative stress, which activates the TRPA1 channel. This review describes the role of TRPA1 and its related mechanisms that contribute to ischemia/reperfusion. Relevant articles were searched from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar electronic databases, up to the end of August 2023. Based on the evidence presented here, TRPA1 may have protective or deteriorative functions during the ischemia/reperfusion process. Its function depends on the activation level, the ischemic region, the extent of lesions, and the duration of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Alizadehasl
- Cardio-Oncology Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Echocardiography, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Alavi
- Department of Echocardiography, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Schmuck EG, Roy S, Zhou T, Wille D, Reeves SM, Conklin J, Raval AN. Human left ventricular cardiac fibroblasts undergo a dynamic shift in secretome and gene expression toward a cardiac myofibroblast phenotype during early passage in typical culture expansion conditions. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:81-87. [PMID: 37930292 PMCID: PMC10841749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are critical components of the cardiac niche and primarily responsible for assembly and maintenance of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). CFs are increasingly of interest for tissue engineering and drug development applications, as they provide synergistic support to cardiomyocytes through direct cell-to-cell signaling and cell-to-ECM interactions via soluble factors, including cytokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles. CFs can be activated to a cardiac myofibroblast (CMF) phenotype upon injury or stimulation with transforming growth factor beta 1. Once activated, CMFs assemble collagen-rich ECM, which is vitally important to stabilize scar formation following myocardial infarction, for example. Although there is greater experience with culture expansion of CFs among non-human strains, very little is known about human CF-to-CMF transitions and expression patterns during culture expansion. In this study, we evaluated for shifts in inflammatory and angiogenic expression profiles of human CFs in typical culture expansion conditions. Understanding shifts in cellular expression patterns during CF culture expansion is critically important to establish quality benchmarks and optimize large-scale manufacturing for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Schmuck
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sushmita Roy
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tianhua Zhou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Delani Wille
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sophie Mixon Reeves
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James Conklin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amish N Raval
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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9
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Yin X, Lin L, Fang F, Zhang B, Shen C. Mechanisms and Optimization Strategies of Paracrine Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ischemic Heart Disease. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:6500831. [PMID: 38034060 PMCID: PMC10686715 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6500831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of myocardial infarction (MI) are increasing worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with self-renewal and differentiation capabilities that are essential in tissue healing and regenerative medicine. However, the low implantation and survival rates of transplanted cells hinder the widespread clinical use of stem cells. Exosomes are naturally occurring nanovesicles that are secreted by cells and promote the repair of cardiac function by transporting noncoding RNA and protein. In recent years, MSC-derived exosomes have been promising cell-free treatment tools for improving cardiac function and reversing cardiac remodeling. This review describes the biological properties and therapeutic potential of exosomes and summarizes some engineering approaches for exosomes optimization to enhance the targeting and therapeutic efficacy of exosomes in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Lizhi Lin
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Jining Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Jining Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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10
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Yang R, Xu T, Zhang L, Ge M, Yan L, Li J, Fu W. A single-cell atlas depicting the cellular and molecular features in human anterior cruciate ligamental degeneration: A single cell combined spatial transcriptomics study. eLife 2023; 12:e85700. [PMID: 37970848 PMCID: PMC10688969 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To systematically identify cell types in the human ligament, investigate how ligamental cell identities, functions, and interactions participated in the process of ligamental degeneration, and explore the changes of ligamental microenvironment homeostasis in the disease progression. Methods Using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial RNA sequencing of approximately 49,356 cells, we created a comprehensive cell atlas of healthy and degenerated human anterior cruciate ligaments. We explored the variations of the cell subtypes' spatial distributions and the different processes involved in the disease progression, linked them with the ligamental degeneration process using computational analysis, and verified findings with immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining. Results We identified new fibroblast subgroups that contributed to the disease, mapped out their spatial distribution in the tissue and revealed two dynamic trajectories in the process of the degenerative process. We compared the cellular interactions between different tissue states and identified important signaling pathways that may contribute to the disease. Conclusions This cell atlas provides the molecular foundation for investigating how ligamental cell identities, biochemical functions, and interactions contributed to the ligamental degeneration process. The discoveries revealed the pathogenesis of ligamental degeneration at the single-cell and spatial level, which is characterized by extracellular matrix remodeling. Our results provide new insights into the control of ligamental degeneration and potential clues to developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Funding This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81972123, 82172508, 82372490) and 1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence of West China Hospital Sichuan University (ZYJC21030, ZY2017301).
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Yang
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery/ Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tianhao Xu
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery/ Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery/ Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Minghao Ge
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery/ Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liwei Yan
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery/ Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jian Li
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery/ Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weili Fu
- Sports Medicine Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery/ Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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11
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Kupusovic J, Kessler L, Bruns F, Bohnen JE, Nekolla SG, Weber MM, Lauenroth A, Rattka M, Hermann K, Dobrev D, Rassaf T, Wakili R, Rischpler C, Siebermair J. Visualization of fibroblast activation using 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT after pulmonary vein isolation with pulsed field compared with cryoballoon ablation. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:2018-2028. [PMID: 36944827 PMCID: PMC10558367 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-023-03220-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) is a novel ablation modality for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablating myocardium by electroporation without tissue-heating. With its different mechanism of tissue ablation, it is assumed that lesion creation is divergent to thermal energy sources. 68Ga-fibroblast-activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT targets FAP-alpha expressed by activated fibroblasts. We aimed to assess 68Ga-FAPI uptake in pulmonary veins as surrogate for ablation damage after PFA and cryoballoon ablation (CBA). METHODS 26 patients (15 PFA, 11 CBA) underwent 68Ga-FAPI-PET/CT after ablation. Standardized uptake values (SUV) and fibroblast-activation volumes of localized tracer uptake were assessed. RESULTS Patient characteristics were comparable between groups. In PFA, focal FAPI uptake was only observed in 3/15 (20%) patients, whereas in the CBA cohort, 10/11 (90.9%) patients showed atrial visual uptake. We observed lower values of SUVmax (2.85 ± 0.56 vs 4.71 ± 2.06, P = 0.025) and FAV (1.13 ± 0.84 cm3 vs 3.91 ± 2.74 cm3, P = 0.014) along with a trend towards lower SUVpeak and SUVmean in PFA vs CBA patients, respectively. CONCLUSION Tissue response with respect to fibroblast activation seems to be less pronounced in PFA compared to established thermal ablation systems. This functional assessment might contribute to a better understanding of lesion formation in thermal and PFA ablation potentially contributing to better safety outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kupusovic
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukas Kessler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Bruns
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan-Eric Bohnen
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan G Nekolla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel M Weber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Anna Lauenroth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Manuel Rattka
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ken Hermann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Dobromir Dobrev
- Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Reza Wakili
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Rischpler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart, Kriegsbergstr. 60, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Johannes Siebermair
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- Krankenhaus Goettlicher Heiland, Dornbacher Strasse. 20-30, 1170, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Du B, Li X, Li Y. Highlighting Fibroblasts Activation in Fibrosis: The State-of-The-Art Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor PET Imaging in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6033. [PMID: 37762974 PMCID: PMC10531835 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common healing process that occurs during stress and injury in cardiovascular diseases. The evolution of fibrosis is associated with cardiovascular disease states and causes adverse effects. Fibroblast activation is responsible for the formation and progression of fibrosis. The incipient detection of activated fibroblasts is important for patient management and prognosis. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a membrane-bound serine protease, is almost specifically expressed in activated fibroblasts. The development of targeted FAP-inhibitor (FAPI) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging enabled the visualisation of FAP, that is, incipient fibrosis. Recently, research on FAPI PET imaging in cardiovascular diseases increased and is highly sought. Hence, we comprehensively reviewed the application of FAPI PET imaging in cardiovascular diseases based on the state-of-the-art published research. These studies provided some insights into the value of FAPI PET imaging in the early detection of cardiovascular fibrosis, risk stratification, response evaluation, and prediction of the evolution of left ventricular function. Future studies should be conducted with larger populations and multicentre patterns, especially for response evaluation and outcome prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xuena Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (B.D.)
| | - Yaming Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (S.W.); (B.D.)
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13
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Wang Y, Li J, Han H, Huang H, Du H, Cheng L, Ma C, Cai Y, Li G, Tao J, Cheng P. Application of locally responsive design of biomaterials based on microenvironmental changes in myocardial infarction. iScience 2023; 26:107662. [PMID: 37670787 PMCID: PMC10475519 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality caused by acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are on the rise, posing a grave threat to the health of the general population. Up to now, interventional, surgical, and pharmaceutical therapies have been the main treatment methods for AMI. Effective and timely reperfusion therapy decreases mortality, but it cannot stimulate myocardial cell regeneration or reverse ventricular remodeling. Cell therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, and several other techniques are utilized by researchers to improve patients' prognosis. In recent years, biomaterials for AMI therapy have become a hot spot in medical care. Biomaterials furnish a microenvironment conducive to cell growth and deliver therapeutic factors that stimulate cell regeneration and differentiation. Biomaterials adapt to the complex microenvironment and respond to changes in local physical and biochemical conditions. Therefore, environmental factors and material properties must be taken into account when designing biomaterials for the treatment of AMI. This article will review the factors that need to be fully considered in the design of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Junlin Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Hukui Han
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Huihui Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Huan Du
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lianying Cheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cui Ma
- Department of Mathematics, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yongxiang Cai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jianhong Tao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Panke Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases & Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Ultrasound in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Biomechanics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610072, China
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14
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Song J, Du J, Tan X, Li Y, Yu Q, Liu W, Zhu X, Cong B. Tissue kallikrein-related peptidase8 accentuates cardiac fibrosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via regulation of cardiac fibroblasts. Life Sci 2023; 329:121973. [PMID: 37482211 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Tissue kallikrein-related peptidase8 (KLK8) has been found to mitigate acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. However, the effect of KLK8 on cardiac remodeling in response to IR injury has not been determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS KLK8 overexpressing transgenic rat (KLK8-TG) was used as the animal model. IR injury was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery for 1 h and subsequent reperfusion. The functional and morphological changes of the heart were examined 14 days after the injury. Neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms in vitro. KEY FINDINGS KLK8 overexpression enhanced cardiac diastolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and hypertrophy after IR injury, indicating that KLK8 accentuated cardiac remodeling in response to IR injury. Moreover, KLK8 overexpression increased epidermal growth factor (EGF) release and promoted the phosphorylation of EGF receptor (EGFR) and ERK1/2 in the heart after IR injury. It was interesting to find that both EGFR antagonist (AG 1478) and MEK inhibitor (PD98059) attenuated the KLK8-induced proliferation and activation of CFs in vitro, indicating that EGFR signaling might mediate the pro-fibrotic action of KLK8. SIGNIFICANCE KLK8 plays a crucial role in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. KLK8 accentuates cardiac fibrosis after IR injury, possibly mediated by EGFR signaling in CFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Physiology, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiankui Du
- Department of Physiology, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China; Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Tan
- Department of Physiology, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China; Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Physiology, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Binhai Cong
- Department of Physiology, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China.
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15
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Umbarkar P, Ejantkar S, Ruiz Ramirez SY, Toro Cora A, Zhang Q, Tousif S, Lal H. Cardiac fibroblast GSK-3α aggravates ischemic cardiac injury by promoting fibrosis, inflammation, and impairing angiogenesis. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:35. [PMID: 37656238 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) has been considered to be a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. GSK-3 is a family of ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinases. GSK-3 isoforms appear to play overlapping, unique, and even opposing functions in the heart. Previously, our group identified that cardiac fibroblast (FB) GSK-3β acts as a negative regulator of fibrotic remodeling in the ischemic heart. However, the role of FB-GSK-3α in MI pathology is not defined. To determine the role of FB-GSK-3α in MI-induced adverse cardiac remodeling, GSK-3α was deleted specifically in the residential fibroblast or myofibroblast (MyoFB) using tamoxifen (TAM) inducible Tcf21 or Periostin (Postn) promoter-driven Cre recombinase, respectively. Echocardiographic analysis revealed that FB- or MyoFB-specific GSK-3α deletion prevented the development of dilative remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Morphometrics and histology studies confirmed improvement in capillary density and a remarkable reduction in hypertrophy and fibrosis in the KO group. We harvested the hearts at 4 weeks post-MI and analyzed signature genes of adverse remodeling. Specifically, qPCR analysis was performed to examine the gene panels of inflammation (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β), fibrosis (COL1A1, COL3A1, COMP, Fibronectin-1, Latent TGF-β binding protein 2), and hypertrophy (ANP, BNP, MYH7). These molecular markers were essentially normalized due to FB-specific GSK-3α deletion. Further molecular studies confirmed that FB-GSK-3α could regulate NF-kB activation and expression of angiogenesis-related proteins. Our findings suggest that FB-GSK-3α plays a critical role in the pathological cardiac remodeling of ischemic hearts, therefore, it could be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Umbarkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA.
| | - Suma Ejantkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Sulivette Y Ruiz Ramirez
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Angelica Toro Cora
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Qinkun Zhang
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Sultan Tousif
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA
| | - Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, UAB|The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-1913, USA.
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16
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Lai C, Cao R, Li R, He C, Wang X, Shi H, Qu C, Qian K, Song S, Chen WH, Cheng Z. Fibroblast Activation Protein Targeting Probe with Gly-Pro Sequence for PET of Glioblastoma. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4120-4128. [PMID: 37487027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
As an important cancer-associated fibroblast-specific biomarker, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has become an attractive target for tumor diagnosis and treatment. However, most FAP-based radiotracers showed inadequate uptake and short retention in tumors. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel FAP ligand (DOTA-GPFAPI-04) through assembling three functional moieties: a quinoline-based FAP inhibitor for specifically targeting FAP, a FAP substrate Gly-Pro as a linker for increasing the FAP protein interaction, and a 2,2',2″,2‴-(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrayl)tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator for radiolabeling with different radionuclides. The FAP targeting ability of DOTA-GPFAPI-04 was investigated by molecular docking studies. DOTA-GPFAPI-04 was then radiolabeled with 68Ga to give [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04 for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of glioblastoma. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04 exhibited a purity of >98% and high stability analyzed by radio-HPLC in saline and mouse serum. Cell uptake studies demonstrated the targeting specificity of the probe. Further in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in normal mice demonstrated the quick clearance of the probe. Moreover, compared with the widely studied [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04 showed much higher U87MG tumor uptake values (4.467 ± 0.379 for [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04 and 1.267 ± 0.208% ID/g for [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 at 0.5 h post-injection, respectively). The area under the curve based on time-activity curve (TAC) analysis for tumor radioactivity in small animal models was 422.5 for [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04 and 98.14 for [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04, respectively, demonstrating that the former had longer tumor retention time. The tumor-to-muscle (T/M) ratio for [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04 reached 9.15 in a U87MG xenograft animal model. PET imaging and blocking assays showed that [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04 had specific tumor uptake. In summary, this study demonstrates the successful synthesis and evaluation of a novel FAPI targeting probe, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-GPFAPI-04, with a Gly-Pro sequence. It shows favorable in vivo glioblastoma imaging properties and relatively long tumor retention, highlighting DOTA-GPFAPI-04 as a promising molecular scaffold for developing FAP targeting tumor theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoquan Lai
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Renda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunfeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunrong Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shaoli Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264117, China
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Lindsey ML, Becirovic‐Agic M. Skin wound healing as a mirror to cardiac wound healing. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1003-1010. [PMID: 37093202 PMCID: PMC10948174 DOI: 10.1113/ep090888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Wound healing is a general response of the body to injury and can be divided into three phases: inflammation, inflammation resolution and repair. In this review, we compare the wound-healing response of the skin after an injury and the wound-healing response of the heart after a myocardial infarction. What advances does it highlight? We highlight differences and similarities between skin and cardiac wound healing and summarize how skin can be used to provide information about the heart. ABSTRACT Wound healing is a general response of the body to injury. All organs share in common three response elements to wound healing: inflammation to prevent infection and stimulate the removal of dead cells, active anti-inflammatory signalling to turn off the inflammatory response, and a repair phase characterized by extracellular matrix scar formation. The extent of scar formed depends on the ability of endogenous cells that populate each organ to regenerate. The skin has keratinocytes that have regenerative capacity, and in general, wounds are fully re-epithelialized. Heart, in contrast, has cardiac myocytes that have little to no regenerative capacity, and necrotic myocytes are entirely replaced by scars. Despite differences in tissue regeneration, the skin and heart share many wound-healing properties that can be exploited to predict the cardiac response to pathology. We summarize in this review article our current understanding of how the response of the skin to a wounding event can inform us about the ability of the myocardium to respond to a myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry L. Lindsey
- School of Graduate StudiesMeharry Medical CollegeNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Research ServiceNashville VA Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Mediha Becirovic‐Agic
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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18
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Sun C, Bai M, Jia Y, Tian X, Guo Y, Xu X, Guo Z. mRNA sequencing reveals the distinct gene expression and biological functions in cardiac fibroblasts regulated by recombinant fibroblast growth factor 2. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15736. [PMID: 37483983 PMCID: PMC10362857 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
After myocardial injury, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) differentiate into myofibroblasts, which express and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) components for myocardial repair, but also promote myocardial fibrosis. Recombinant fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) protein drug with low molecular weight can promote cell survival and angiogenesis, and it was found that FGF2 could inhibit the activation of CFs, suggesting FGF2 has great potential in myocardial repair. However, the regulatory role of FGF2 on CFs has not been fully elucidated. Here, we found that recombinant FGF2 significantly suppressed the expression of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in CFs. Through RNA sequencing, we analyzed mRNA expression in CFs and the differently expressed genes regulated by FGF2, including 430 up-regulated genes and 391 down-regulated genes. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes were strongly enriched in multiple biological functions, including ECM organization, cell adhesion, actin filament organization and axon guidance. The results of gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) show that ECM organization and actin filament organization are down-regulated, while axon guidance is up-regulated. Further cellular experiments indicate that the regulatory functions of FGF2 are consistent with the findings of the gene enrichment analysis. This study provides valuable insights into the potential therapeutic role of FGF2 in treating cardiac fibrosis and establishes a foundation for further research to uncover the underlying mechanisms of CFs gene expression regulated by FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Mengru Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yangyang Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiangqin Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yonglong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xinhui Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhikun Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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19
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Neuber S, Ermer MR, Emmert MY, Nazari-Shafti TZ. Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis with Extracellular Vesicles: What Is Missing for Clinical Translation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10480. [PMID: 37445658 PMCID: PMC10342089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and currently affects more than 60 million people worldwide. A key feature in the pathogenesis of almost all forms of heart failure is cardiac fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components in the heart. Although cardiac fibrosis is beneficial in the short term after acute myocardial injury to preserve the structural and functional integrity of the heart, persistent cardiac fibrosis contributes to pathological cardiac remodeling, leading to mechanical and electrical dysfunction of the heart. Despite its high prevalence, standard therapies specifically targeting cardiac fibrosis are not yet available. Cell-based approaches have been extensively studied as potential treatments for cardiac fibrosis, but several challenges have been identified during clinical translation. The observation that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem and progenitor cells exhibit some of the therapeutic effects of the parent cells has paved the way to overcome limitations associated with cell therapy. However, to make EV-based products a reality, standardized methods for EV production, isolation, characterization, and storage must be established, along with concrete evidence of their safety and efficacy in clinical trials. This article discusses EVs as novel therapeutics for cardiac fibrosis from a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Neuber
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam R. Ermer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo Z. Nazari-Shafti
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité (DHZC), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.E.); (M.Y.E.); (T.Z.N.-S.)
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Jian Y, Zhou X, Shan W, Chen C, Ge W, Cui J, Yi W, Sun Y. Crosstalk between macrophages and cardiac cells after myocardial infarction. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:109. [PMID: 37170235 PMCID: PMC10173491 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction (MI), are a leading cause of death worldwide. Acute MI (AMI) inflicts massive injury to the coronary microcirculation, causing large-scale cardiomyocyte death due to ischemia and hypoxia. Inflammatory cells such as monocytes and macrophages migrate to the damaged area to clear away dead cells post-MI. Macrophages are pleiotropic cells of the innate immune system, which play an essential role in the initial inflammatory response that occurs following MI, inducing subsequent damage and facilitating recovery. Besides their recognized role within the immune response, macrophages participate in crosstalk with other cells (including cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, and vascular endothelial cells) to coordinate post-MI processes within cardiac tissue. Macrophage-secreted exosomes have recently attracted increasing attention, which has led to a more elaborate understanding of macrophage function. Currently, the functional roles of macrophages in the microenvironment of the infarcted heart, particularly with regard to their interaction with surrounding cells, remain unclear. Understanding the specific mechanisms that mediate this crosstalk is essential in treating MI. In this review, we discuss the origin of macrophages, changes in their distribution post-MI, phenotypic and functional plasticity, as well as the specific signaling pathways involved, with a focus on the crosstalk with other cells in the heart. Thus, we provide a new perspective on the treatment of MI. Further in-depth research is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying crosstalk between macrophages and other cells within cardiac tissue for the identification of potential therapeutic targets. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Jian
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenju Shan
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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21
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Kim S, Lee H, Moon H, Kim R, Kim M, Jeong S, Kim H, Kim SH, Hwang SS, Lee MY, Kim J, Song BW, Chang W. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Attenuates Myocardial Dysfunction via Inhibition of Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1059. [PMID: 37237925 PMCID: PMC10215739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac tissue damage following ischemia leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis and myocardial fibrosis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active polyphenol flavonoid or catechin, exerts bioactivity in tissues with various diseases and protects ischemic myocardium; however, its association with the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is unknown. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) pretreated with transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were treated with EGCG to verify cellular function. In addition, EGCG is involved in RhoA GTPase transmission, resulting in reduced cell mobility, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related factors. A mouse myocardial infarction (MI) model was used to confirm the association between EGCG and EndMT in vivo. In the EGCG-treated group, ischemic tissue was regenerated by regulating proteins involved in the EndMT process, and cardioprotection was induced by positively regulating apoptosis and fibrosis of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, EGCG can reactivate myocardial function due to EndMT inhibition. In summary, our findings confirm that EGCG is an impact activator controlling the cardiac EndMT process derived from ischemic conditions and suggest that supplementation with EGCG may be beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Kim
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Hyunjae Lee
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Hanbyeol Moon
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Ran Kim
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Minsuk Kim
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Seongtae Jeong
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Hojin Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Sang Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (S.S.H.)
- Chronic Intractable Disease Systems Medical Research Center, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute and Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (S.S.H.)
- Chronic Intractable Disease Systems Medical Research Center, Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jongmin Kim
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary’s Hospital, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea; (H.M.); (S.J.); (H.K.)
| | - Woochul Chang
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.K.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (M.K.)
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22
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Umbarkar P, Ruiz Ramirez SY, Cora AT, Tousif S, Lal H. GSK-3 at the heart of cardiometabolic diseases: Isoform-specific targeting is critical to therapeutic benefit. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166724. [PMID: 37094727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a family of serine/threonine kinases. The GSK-3 family has 2 isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β. The GSK-3 isoforms have been shown to play overlapping as well as isoform-specific-unique roles in both, organ homeostasis and the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. In the present review, we will particularly focus on expanding the isoform-specific role of GSK-3 in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic disorders. We will highlight recent data from our lab that demonstrated the critical role of cardiac fibroblast (CF) GSK-3α in promoting injury-induced myofibroblast transformation, adverse fibrotic remodeling, and deterioration of cardiac function. We will also discuss studies that found the exact opposite role of CF-GSK-3β in cardiac fibrosis. We will review emerging studies with inducible cardiomyocyte (CM)-specific as well as global isoform-specific GSK-3 KOs that demonstrated inhibition of both GSK-3 isoforms provides benefits against obesity-associated cardiometabolic pathologies. The underlying molecular interactions and crosstalk among GSK-3 and other signaling pathways will be discussed. We will briefly review the specificity and limitations of the available small molecule inhibitors targeting GSK-3 and their potential applications to treat metabolic disorders. Finally, we will summarize these findings and offer our perspective on envisioning GSK-3 as a therapeutic target for the management of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Umbarkar
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Sulivette Y Ruiz Ramirez
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Angelica Toro Cora
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sultan Tousif
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hind Lal
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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23
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Nicolini G, Balzan S, Forini F. Activated fibroblasts in cardiac and cancer fibrosis: An overview of analogies and new potential therapeutic options. Life Sci 2023; 321:121575. [PMID: 36933828 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Heart disease and cancer are two major causes of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized countries, and their increasingly recognized connections are shifting the focus from single disease studies to an interdisciplinary approach. Fibroblast-mediated intercellular crosstalk is critically involved in the evolution of both pathologies. In healthy myocardium and in non-cancerous conditions, resident fibroblasts are the main cell source for synthesis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and important sentinels of tissue integrity. In the setting of myocardial disease or cancer, quiescent fibroblasts activate, respectively, into myofibroblasts (myoFbs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), characterized by increased production of contractile proteins, and by a highly proliferative and secretory phenotype. Although the initial activation of myoFbs/CAFs is an adaptive process to repair the damaged tissue, massive deposition of ECM proteins leads to maladaptive cardiac or cancer fibrosis, a recognized marker of adverse outcome. A better understanding of the key mechanisms orchestrating fibroblast hyperactivity may help developing innovative therapeutic options to restrain myocardial or tumor stiffness and improve patient prognosis. Albeit still unappreciated, the dynamic transition of myocardial and tumor fibroblasts into myoFbs and CAFs shares several common triggers and signaling pathways relevant to TGF-β dependent cascade, metabolic reprogramming, mechanotransduction, secretory properties, and epigenetic regulation, which might lay the foundation for future antifibrotic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight emerging analogies in the molecular signature underlying myoFbs and CAFs activation with the purpose of identifying novel prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers, and to elucidate the potential of drug repositioning strategies to mitigate cardiac/cancer fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvana Balzan
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G.Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Forini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via G.Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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24
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Flinn MA, Alvarez-Argote S, Knas MC, Almeida VA, Paddock SJ, Zhou X, Buddell T, Jamal A, Taylor R, Liu P, Drnevich J, Patterson M, Link BA, O’Meara CC. Myofibroblast Ccn3 is regulated by Yap and Wwtr1 and contributes to adverse cardiac outcomes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1142612. [PMID: 36998974 PMCID: PMC10043314 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1142612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction While Yap and Wwtr1 regulate resident cardiac fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation following cardiac injury, their role specifically in activated myofibroblasts remains unexplored. Methods We assessed the pathophysiological and cellular consequence of genetic depletion of Yap alone (Yap fl/fl ;Postn MCM ) or Yap and Wwtr1 (Yap fl/fl ;Wwtr1 fl/+ ;Postn MCM ) in adult mouse myofibroblasts following myocardial infarction and identify and validate novel downstream factors specifically in cardiac myofibroblasts that mediate pathological remodeling. Results Following myocardial infarction, depletion of Yap in myofibroblasts had minimal effect on heart function while depletion of Yap/Wwtr1 resulted in smaller scars, reduced interstitial fibrosis, and improved ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Single cell RNA sequencing of interstitial cardiac cells 7 days post infarction showed suppression of pro-fibrotic genes in fibroblasts derived from Yap fl/fl ,Wwtr1 fl/+ ;Postn MCM hearts. In vivo myofibroblast depletion of Yap/Wwtr1 as well in vitro knockdown of Yap/Wwtr1 dramatically decreased RNA and protein expression of the matricellular factor Ccn3. Administration of recombinant CCN3 to adult mice following myocardial infarction remarkably aggravated cardiac function and scarring. CCN3 administration drove myocardial gene expression of pro-fibrotic genes in infarcted left ventricles implicating CCN3 as a novel driver of cardiac fibrotic processes following myocardial infarction. Discussion Yap/Wwtr1 depletion in myofibroblasts attenuates fibrosis and significantly improves cardiac outcomes after myocardial infarction and we identify Ccn3 as a factor downstream of Yap/Wwtr1 that contributes to adverse cardiac remodeling post MI. Myofibroblast expression of Yap, Wwtr1, and Ccn3 could be further explored as potential therapeutic targets for modulating adverse cardiac remodeling post injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Flinn
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Santiago Alvarez-Argote
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Makenna C. Knas
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Victor Alencar Almeida
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Samantha J. Paddock
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou, China
| | - Tyler Buddell
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ayana Jamal
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Reiauna Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou, China
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- High Performance Computing in Biology (HPCBio) and the Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Michaela Patterson
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian A. Link
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Caitlin C. O’Meara
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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25
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Masurkar N, Bouvet M, Logeart D, Jouve C, Dramé F, Claude O, Roux M, Delacroix C, Bergerot D, Mercadier JJ, Sirol M, Gellen B, Livrozet M, Fayol A, Robidel E, Trégouët DA, Marazzi G, Sassoon D, Valente M, Hulot JS. Novel Cardiokine GDF3 Predicts Adverse Fibrotic Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2023; 147:498-511. [PMID: 36484260 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) induces a repair response that ultimately generates a stable fibrotic scar. Although the scar prevents cardiac rupture, an excessive profibrotic response impairs optimal recovery by promoting the development of noncontractile fibrotic areas. The mechanisms that lead to cardiac fibrosis are diverse and incompletely characterized. We explored whether the expansion of cardiac fibroblasts after MI can be regulated through a paracrine action of cardiac stromal cells. METHODS We performed a bioinformatic secretome analysis of cardiac stromal PW1+ cells isolated from normal and post-MI mouse hearts to identify novel secreted proteins. Functional assays were used to screen secreted proteins that promote fibroblast proliferation. The expressions of candidates were subsequently analyzed in mouse and human hearts and plasmas. The relationship between levels of circulating protein candidates and adverse post-MI cardiac remodeling was examined in a cohort of 80 patients with a first ST-segment-elevation MI and serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging evaluations. RESULTS Cardiac stromal PW1+ cells undergo a change in paracrine behavior after MI, and the conditioned media from these cells induced a significant increase in the proliferation of fibroblasts. We identified a total of 12 candidates as secreted proteins overexpressed by cardiac PW1+ cells after MI. Among these factors, GDF3 (growth differentiation factor 3), a member of the TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) family, was markedly upregulated in the ischemic hearts. Conditioned media specifically enriched with GDF3 induced fibroblast proliferation at a high level by stimulation of activin-receptor-like kinases. In line with the secretory nature of this protein, we next found that GDF3 can be detected in mice and human plasma samples, with a significant increase in the days after MI. In humans, higher GDF3 circulating levels (measured in the plasma at day 4 after MI) were significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse remodeling 6 months after MI (adjusted odds ratio, 1.76 [1.03-3.00]; P=0.037), including lower left ventricular ejection fraction and a higher proportion of akinetic segments. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define a mechanism for the profibrotic action of cardiac stromal cells through secreted cardiokines, such as GDF3, a candidate marker of adverse fibrotic remodeling after MI. REGISTRATION URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov; Unique identifier: NCT01113268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihar Masurkar
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Marion Bouvet
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Damien Logeart
- Hôpital Lariboisière (D.L., M.S.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Charlène Jouve
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Fatou Dramé
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Olivier Claude
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Maguelonne Roux
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institute of Cardio Metabolism and Nutrition, France (M.R.)
| | - Clément Delacroix
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Damien Bergerot
- CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France (D.B., M.L., A.F., J.-S.H.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Mercadier
- Signalisation and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - Univ. Paris-Sud, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France (J.-J.M.)
| | - Marc Sirol
- Hôpital Lariboisière (D.L., M.S.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Barnabas Gellen
- ELSAN, Polyclinique de Poitiers, Service de Cardiologie, France (B.G.)
| | - Marine Livrozet
- CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France (D.B., M.L., A.F., J.-S.H.)
| | - Antoine Fayol
- CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France (D.B., M.L., A.F., J.-S.H.)
| | - Estelle Robidel
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- INSERM UMR_S 1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, University of Bordeaux, France (D.-A.T.)
| | - Giovanna Marazzi
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - David Sassoon
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Mariana Valente
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, INSERM (N.M., M.B., C.J., F.D., O.C., C.D., E.R., G.M., D.S., M.V., J.-S.H.), Université de Paris, Cité' France.,CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France (D.B., M.L., A.F., J.-S.H.)
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Direct cardiac reprogramming: basics and future challenges. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:865-871. [PMID: 36308583 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is characterized by reduced cardiac function. Currently, cardiac transplantation therapy is applied for end-stage heart failure, but it is limited by the number of available donors. METHODS AND RESULTS Following an assessment of available literature, a narrative review was conducted to summarizes the current status and challenges of cardiac reprogramming for clinical application. Scientists have developed different regenerative treatment strategies for curing heart failure, including progenitor cell delivery and pluripotent cell delivery. Recently, a novel strategy has emerged that directly reprograms cardiac fibroblast into a functional cardiomyocyte. In this treatment, transcription factors are first identified to reprogram fibroblast into a cardiomyocyte. After that, microRNA and small molecules show great potential to optimize the reprogramming process. Some challenges regarding cell reprogramming in humans are conversion efficiency, virus utilization, immature and heterogenous induced cardiomyocytes, technical reproducibility issues, and physiological effects of depleted fibroblasts on myocardial tissue. CONCLUSION Several strategies have shown positive results in direct cardiac reprogramming. However, direct cardiac reprogramming still needs improvement if it is used as a mainstay therapy in humans, and challenges need to be overcome before cardiac reprogramming can be considered a viable therapeutic strategy. Further advances in cardiac reprogramming studies are needed in cardiac regenerative therapy.
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Chalise U, Becirovic‐Agic M, Lindsey ML. The cardiac wound healing response to myocardial infarction. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1584. [PMID: 36634913 PMCID: PMC10077990 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as evidence of myocardial necrosis consistent with prolonged ischemia. In response to MI, the myocardium undergoes a series of wound healing events that initiate inflammation and shift to anti-inflammation before transitioning to tissue repair that culminates in scar formation to replace the region of the necrotic myocardium. The overall response to MI is determined by two major steps, the first of which is the secretion of proteases by infiltrating leukocytes to breakdown extracellular matrix (ECM) components, a necessary step to remove necrotic cardiomyocytes. The second step is the generation of new ECM that comprises the scar; and this step is governed by the cardiac fibroblasts as the major source of new ECM synthesis. The leukocyte component resides in the middle of the two-step process, contributing to both sides as the leukocytes transition from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory and reparative cell phenotypes. The balance between the two steps determines the final quantity and quality of scar formed, which in turn contributes to chronic outcomes following MI, including the progression to heart failure. This review will summarize our current knowledge regarding the cardiac wound healing response to MI, primarily focused on experimental models of MI in mice. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Chalise
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular ResearchUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
- Research ServiceNebraska‐Western Iowa Health Care SystemOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Mediha Becirovic‐Agic
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular ResearchUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
- Research ServiceNebraska‐Western Iowa Health Care SystemOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Heart and Vascular ResearchUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
- Research ServiceNebraska‐Western Iowa Health Care SystemOmahaNebraskaUSA
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Gao L, Qiu F, Cao H, Li H, Dai G, Ma T, Gong Y, Luo W, Zhu D, Qiu Z, Zhu P, Chu S, Yang H, Liu Z. Therapeutic delivery of microRNA-125a-5p oligonucleotides improves recovery from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice and swine. Theranostics 2023; 13:685-703. [PMID: 36632217 PMCID: PMC9830430 DOI: 10.7150/thno.73568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) to alleviate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is compromised by the low cell engraftment rate and uncontrolled exosomal content. As one of their active ingredients, single-component microRNA therapy may have more inherent advantages. We sought to find an ideal microRNA candidate and determine whether it could reproduce the cardioprotective effects of MSCs and MSC-Exos. Methods: Cardiac function and myocardial remodeling in MSC, MSC-Exo, or microRNA oligonucleotide-treated mouse hearts were investigated after I/R injury. The effects of microRNA oligonucleotides on cardiac cells (macrophages, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells) and their downstream mechanisms were confirmed. Large animals were also employed to investigate the safety of microRNA therapy. Results: The results showed that microRNA-125a-5p (miR-125a-5p) is enriched in MSC-Exos, and intramyocardial delivery of their modified oligonucleotides (agomir) in mouse I/R myocardium, as well as MSCs or MSC-Exos, exerted obvious cardioprotection by increasing cardiac function and limiting adverse remodeling. In addition, miR-125a-5p agomir treatment increased M2 macrophage polarization, promoted angiogenesis, and attenuated fibroblast proliferation and activation, which subsequently contributed to the improvements in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation. Mechanistically, Klf13, Tgfbr1, and Daam1 are considered the targets of miR-125a-5p for regulating the function of macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, respectively. Similar results were observed following miR-125a-5p agomir treatment in a porcine model, with no increase in the risk of arrhythmia or hepatic, renal, or cardiac toxicity. Conclusions: This targeted microRNA delivery presents an effective and safe strategy as a stem cell and exosomal therapy in I/R cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Ling Gao, PhD, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Rd., Shanghai, 200123, China. E-mail: ; Zhongmin Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China. E-mail: ; Huangtian Yang, PhD, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS, 320 Yueyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China. E-mail: ; Shuguang Chu, PhD, Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China. E-mail:
| | - Fan Qiu
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518033, China
| | - Hao Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hao Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Gonghua Dai
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Yanshan Gong
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Dongling Zhu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Zhixuan Qiu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China
| | - Shuguang Chu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Ling Gao, PhD, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Rd., Shanghai, 200123, China. E-mail: ; Zhongmin Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China. E-mail: ; Huangtian Yang, PhD, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS, 320 Yueyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China. E-mail: ; Shuguang Chu, PhD, Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China. E-mail:
| | - Huangtian Yang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China.,Research Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS, Shanghai 200031, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Ling Gao, PhD, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Rd., Shanghai, 200123, China. E-mail: ; Zhongmin Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China. E-mail: ; Huangtian Yang, PhD, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS, 320 Yueyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China. E-mail: ; Shuguang Chu, PhD, Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China. E-mail:
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institutes for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200123, China.,Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Research Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical translation, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Ling Gao, PhD, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Rd., Shanghai, 200123, China. E-mail: ; Zhongmin Liu, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Rd., Shanghai, 200120, China. E-mail: ; Huangtian Yang, PhD, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), CAS, 320 Yueyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China. E-mail: ; Shuguang Chu, PhD, Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China. E-mail:
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Cheng P, Wang X, Liu Q, Yang T, Qu H, Zhou H. Extracellular vesicles mediate biological information delivery: A double-edged sword in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1067992. [PMID: 36909157 PMCID: PMC9992194 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1067992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a severe ischemic disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Maladaptive cardiac remodeling is a series of abnormalities in cardiac structure and function that occurs following myocardial infarction (MI). The pathophysiology of this process can be separated into two distinct phases: the initial inflammatory response, and the subsequent longer-term scar revision that includes the regression of inflammation, neovascularization, and fibrotic scar formation. Extracellular vesicles are nano-sized lipid bilayer vesicles released into the extracellular environment by eukaryotic cells, containing bioinformatic transmitters which are essential mediators of intercellular communication. EVs of different cellular origins play an essential role in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the pathophysiology of post-infarction cardiac remodeling, as well as the biogenesis, classification, delivery, and functions of EVs. Then, we explore the dual role of these small molecule transmitters delivered by EVs in post-infarction cardiac remodeling, including the double-edged sword of pro-and anti-inflammation, and pro-and anti-fibrosis, which is significant for post-infarction cardiac repair. Finally, we discuss the pharmacological and engineered targeting of EVs for promoting heart repair after MI, thus revealing the potential value of targeted modulation of EVs and its use as a drug delivery vehicle in the therapeutic process of post-infarction cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinting Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyan Qu
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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30
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Long-Term Sleep Deprivation-Induced Myocardial Remodeling and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mice Were Attenuated by Lipoic Acid and N-Acetylcysteine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010051. [PMID: 36678548 PMCID: PMC9866495 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of long-term sleep deprivation on the heart and its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) on the heart and mitochondrial function and explore an effective drug for treating CSD-induced heart dysfunction. We used a modified method to induce CSD in mice; lipoic acid (LA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were used to treat CSD mice. Echocardiography, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, Sirius red staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to determine heart function and cardiac fibrosis. The serum levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), superoxide Dismutase (SOD), micro malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) were measured to determine cardiovascular and oxidative stress-related damage. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate mitochondrial damage. RNA-seq and Western blotting were used to explore related pathways. We found that the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and fraction shortening (LVFS) values were significantly decreased and myocardial hypertrophy was induced, accompanied by damaged mitochondria, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced SOD levels. RNA-sequence analysis of the heart tissue showed that various differentially expressed genes in the metabolic pathway were enriched. Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and Glutathione S-transferase A3 (Gsta3) may be responsible for CSD-induced heart and mitochondrial dysfunction. Pharmacological inhibition of ROS by treating CSD mice with LA and NAC effectively reduced heart damage and mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating Sirt1 and Gsta3 expression. Our data contribute to understanding the pathways of CSD-induced heart dysfunction, and pharmacological targeting to ROS may represent a strategy to prevent CSD-induced heart damage.
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31
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The Multiple Roles of Periostin in Non-Neoplastic Disease. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010050. [PMID: 36611844 PMCID: PMC9818388 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin, identified as a matricellular protein and an ECM protein, plays a central role in non-neoplastic diseases. Periostin and its variants have been considered to be normally involved in the progression of most non-neoplastic diseases, including brain injury, ocular diseases, chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, dental diseases, atopic dermatitis, scleroderma, eosinophilic esophagitis, asthma, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, liver diseases, chronic kidney diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and osteoarthrosis. Periostin interacts with protein receptors and transduces signals primarily through the PI3K/Akt and FAK two channels as well as other pathways to elicit tissue remodeling, fibrosis, inflammation, wound healing, repair, angiogenesis, tissue regeneration, bone formation, barrier, and vascular calcification. This review comprehensively integrates the multiple roles of periostin and its variants in non-neoplastic diseases, proposes the utility of periostin as a biological biomarker, and provides potential drug-developing strategies for targeting periostin.
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32
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Lim S, Kim SW, Kim IK, Song BW, Lee S. Organ-on-a-chip: Its use in cardiovascular research. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 83:315-339. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-221428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) has attracted great attention during the last decade as a revolutionary alternative to conventional animal models. This cutting-edge technology has also brought constructive changes to the field of cardiovascular research. The cardiovascular system, especially the heart as a well-protected vital organ, is virtually impossible to replicate in vitro with conventional approaches. This made scientists assume that they needed to use animal models for cardiovascular research. However, the frequent failure of animal models to correctly reflect the native cardiovascular system necessitated a search for alternative platforms for preclinical studies. Hence, as a promising alternative to conventional animal models, OOAC technology is being actively developed and tested in a wide range of biomedical fields, including cardiovascular research. Therefore, in this review, the current literature on the use of OOACs for cardiovascular research is presented with a focus on the basis for using OOACs, and what has been specifically achieved by using OOACs is also discussed. By providing an overview of the current status of OOACs in cardiovascular research and its future perspectives, we hope that this review can help to develop better and optimized research strategies for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) as well as identify novel applications of OOACs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Wook Song
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seahyoung Lee
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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33
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Moita MR, Silva MM, Diniz C, Serra M, Hoet RM, Barbas A, Simão D. Transcriptome and proteome profiling of activated cardiac fibroblasts supports target prioritization in cardiac fibrosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1015473. [PMID: 36531712 PMCID: PMC9751336 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1015473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a central role in cardiac fibrosis, a condition associated with most cardiovascular diseases. Conversion of quiescent into activated CF sustains heart integrity upon injury. However, permanence of CF in active state inflicts deleterious heart function effects. Mechanisms underlying this cell state conversion are still not fully disclosed, contributing to a limited target space and lack of effective anti-fibrotic therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS To prioritize targets for drug development, we studied CF remodeling upon activation at transcriptomic and proteomic levels, using three different cell sources: primary adult CF (aHCF), primary fetal CF (fHCF), and induced pluripotent stem cells derived CF (hiPSC-CF). RESULTS All cell sources showed a convergent response upon activation, with clear morphological and molecular remodeling associated with cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Quantitative proteomic analysis identified known cardiac fibrosis markers, such as FN1, CCN2, and Serpine1, but also revealed targets not previously associated with this condition, including MRC2, IGFBP7, and NT5DC2. CONCLUSION Exploring such targets to modulate CF phenotype represents a valuable opportunity for development of anti-fibrotic therapies. Also, we demonstrate that hiPSC-CF is a suitable cell source for preclinical research, displaying significantly lower basal activation level relative to primary cells, while being able to elicit a convergent response upon stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raquel Moita
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marta M. Silva
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Diniz
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Serra
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - René M. Hoet
- Department of Pathology, CARIM - School of Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Simão
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
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Chang A, Tam J, Agrawal DK, Liu HH, Varadarajan P, Pai R, Thankam FG. Synthetic Fibroblasts: Terra Incognita in Cardiac Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:1235-1241. [PMID: 35535856 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, a major risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when the blood vessels supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart become partially or fully occluded by lipid-rich plaques, resulting in myocardial cell death, remodeling, and scarring. In addition, MI occurs as result of lipid-rich plaque rupture, resulting in thrombosis and vessel occlusion. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and CF-derived growth factors are crucial post-MI in myocardial remodeling. Information regarding the regenerative phenotypes of CFs is scarce; however, regenerative CFs are translationally relevant in myocardial regeneration following MI. The emerging technologies in regenerative cardiology offer cutting-edge translational opportunities, including synthetic cells. In this review, we critically reviewed the current knowledge and the ongoing research efforts on application of synthetic cells for improving cardiac regeneration post-MI. Impact statement Synthetic cells offer tremendous regenerative potential in otherwise deleterious cardiac remodeling postmyocardial infarction. Understanding the role of fibroblasts in cardiac healing and the therapeutic applications of synthetic cells would open a multitude of novel cardiac regenerative approaches. The novel concept of synthetic fibroblasts that emulate native cardiac fibroblasts can provide an effective solution in cardiac healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Chang
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Tam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Huinan Hannah Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Padmini Varadarajan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ramdas Pai
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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Regulation of Inflammation-Mediated Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition with Echinochrome a for Improving Myocardial Dysfunction. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20120756. [PMID: 36547903 PMCID: PMC9781361 DOI: 10.3390/md20120756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a process by which endothelial cells (ECs) transition into mesenchymal cells (e.g., myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells) and induce fibrosis of cells/tissues, due to ischemic conditions in the heart. Previously, we reported that echinochrome A (EchA) derived from sea urchin shells can modulate cardiovascular disease by promoting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity; however, the mechanism underlying these effects was unclear. We investigated the role of EchA in the EndMT process by treating human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) with TGF-β2 and IL-1β, and confirmed the regulation of cell migration, inflammatory, oxidative responses and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, we developed an EndMT-induced myocardial infarction (MI) model to investigate the effect of EchA in vivo. After EchA was administered once a day for a total of 3 days, the histological and functional improvement of the myocardium was investigated to confirm the control of the EndMT. We concluded that EchA negatively regulates early or inflammation-related EndMT and reduces the myofibroblast proportion and fibrosis area, meaning that it may be a potential therapy for cardiac regeneration or cardioprotection from scar formation and cardiac fibrosis due to tissue granulation. Our findings encourage the study of marine bioactive compounds for the discovery of new therapeutics for recovering ischemic cardiac injuries.
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Sepe JJ, Gardner RT, Blake MR, Brooks DM, Staffenson MA, Betts CB, Sivagnanam S, Larson W, Kumar S, Bayles RG, Jin H, Cohen MS, Coussens LM, Habecker BA. Therapeutics That Promote Sympathetic Reinnervation Modulate the Inflammatory Response After Myocardial Infarction. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:915-930. [PMID: 36317132 PMCID: PMC9617125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) triggers an inflammatory response that transitions from pro-inflammatory to reparative over time. Restoring sympathetic nerves in the heart after MI prevents arrhythmias. This study investigated if reinnervation altered the immune response after MI. This study used quantitative multiplex immunohistochemistry to identify the immune cells present in the heart 2 weeks after ischemia-reperfusion. Two therapeutics stimulated reinnervation, preventing arrhythmias and shifting the immune response from inflammatory to reparative, with fewer pro-inflammatory macrophages and more regulatory T cells and reparative macrophages. Treatments did not alter macrophage phenotype in vitro, which suggested reinnervation contributed to the altered immune response.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- IP, intraperitoneal
- ISP, intracellular sigma peptide
- MI, myocardial infarction
- NE, norepinephrine
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- TH, tyrosine hydroxylase
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEH, vehicle
- inflammation
- mIHC, multiplex immunohistochemistry
- macrophages
- multiplex IHC
- myocardial infarction
- sympathetic nervous system
- β1-AR, adrenergic receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Sepe
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ryan T. Gardner
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew R. Blake
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Deja M. Brooks
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Melanie A. Staffenson
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Courtney B. Betts
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sam Sivagnanam
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William Larson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Richard G. Bayles
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Haihong Jin
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael S. Cohen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Sun C, Tian X, Jia Y, Yang M, Li Y, Fernig DG. Functions of exogenous FGF signals in regulation of fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation and extracellular matrix protein expression. Open Biol 2022; 12:210356. [PMID: 36102060 PMCID: PMC9471990 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are widely distributed cells found in most tissues and upon tissue injury, they are able to differentiate into myofibroblasts, which express abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Overexpression and unordered organization of ECM proteins cause tissue fibrosis in damaged tissue. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family proteins are well known to promote angiogenesis and tissue repair, but their activities in fibroblast differentiation and fibrosis have not been systematically reviewed. Here we summarize the effects of FGFs in fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation and ECM protein expression and discuss the underlying potential regulatory mechanisms, to provide a basis for the clinical application of recombinant FGF protein drugs in treatment of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqin Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Canadian Contributions in Fibroblast Biology. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152272. [PMID: 35892569 PMCID: PMC9331635 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are stromal cells found in virtually every tissue and organ of the body. For many years, these cells were often considered to be secondary in functional importance to parenchymal cells. Over the past 2 decades, focused research into the roles of fibroblasts has revealed important roles for these cells in the homeostasis of healthy tissue, and has demonstrated that activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts is a key step in disease initiation and progression in many tissues, with fibrosis now recognized as not only an outcome of disease, but also a central contributor to tissue dysfunction, particularly in the heart and lungs. With a growing understanding of both fibroblast and myofibroblast heterogeneity, and the deciphering of the humoral and mechanical cues that impact the phenotype of these cells, fibroblast biology is rapidly becoming a major focus in biomedical research. In this review, we provide an overview of fibroblast and myofibroblast biology, particularly in the heart, and including a discussion of pathophysiological processes such as fibrosis and scarring. We then discuss the central role of Canadian researchers in moving this field forwards, particularly in cardiac fibrosis, and highlight some of the major contributions of these individuals to our understanding of fibroblast and myofibroblast biology in health and disease.
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Cunha PS, Laranjo S, Heijman J, Oliveira MM. The Atrium in Atrial Fibrillation - A Clinical Review on How to Manage Atrial Fibrotic Substrates. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879984. [PMID: 35859594 PMCID: PMC9289204 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in the population and is associated with a significant clinical and economic burden. Rigorous assessment of the presence and degree of an atrial arrhythmic substrate is essential for determining treatment options, predicting long-term success after catheter ablation, and as a substrate critical in the pathophysiology of atrial thrombogenesis. Catheter ablation of AF has developed into an essential rhythm-control strategy. Nowadays is one of the most common cardiac ablation procedures performed worldwide, with its success inversely related to the extent of atrial structural disease. Although atrial substrate evaluation remains complex, several diagnostic resources allow for a more comprehensive assessment and quantification of the extent of left atrial structural remodeling and the presence of atrial fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the pathophysiology, etiology, and electrophysiological aspects of atrial substrates promoting the development of AF. We also describe the risk factors for its development and how to diagnose its presence using imaging, electrocardiograms, and electroanatomic voltage mapping. Finally, we discuss recent data regarding fibrosis biomarkers that could help diagnose atrial fibrotic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva Cunha
- Arrhythmology, Pacing and Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Service, Santa Marta Hospital, Central Lisbon Hospital University Center, Lisbon, Portugal
- Lisbon School of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Laranjo
- Arrhythmology, Pacing and Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Service, Santa Marta Hospital, Central Lisbon Hospital University Center, Lisbon, Portugal
- Lisbon School of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jordi Heijman
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mário Martins Oliveira
- Arrhythmology, Pacing and Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Service, Santa Marta Hospital, Central Lisbon Hospital University Center, Lisbon, Portugal
- Lisbon School of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Shu J, Hu L, Wu Y, Chen L, Huang K, Wang Z, Liang M. Daidzein suppresses TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblast activation via the TGF-β1/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 919:174805. [PMID: 35151651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a concomitant bioprocess associated with many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Daidzein is an isoflavone that has been used for the treatment of CVDs. This study aimed to reveal its role in myocardial fibrosis. Our results indicate that daidzein had a nontoxic effect on cardiac fibroblasts and that TGF-β1 and TGFβRI levels were gradually decreased by daidzein in a dose-dependent manner. In the current study, we show that daidzein significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA, collagen I, and collagen III. Accordingly, immunofluorescence staining of α-SMA was performed. Daidzein also inhibited TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblast proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, daidzein inhibited the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway induced by TGF-β1 in cardiac fibroblasts. Additionally, daidzein ameliorated MI-induced cardiac dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis in vivo. Based on these findings, we conclude that daidzein reduces TGF-β1-induced cardiac fibroblast activation by partially regulating the TGF-β1/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangcheng Shu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yichen Wu
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Chen
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Minglu Liang
- Clinic Center of Human Gene Research, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Successful treatment of cancer can be hampered by the attendant risk of cardiotoxicity, manifesting as cardiomyopathy, left ventricle systolic dysfunction and, in some cases, heart failure. This risk can be mitigated if the injury to the heart is detected before the onset to irreversible cardiac impairment. The gold standard for cardiac imaging in cardio-oncology is echocardiography. Despite improvements in the application of this modality, it is not typically sensitive to sub-clinical or early-stage dysfunction. We identify in this review some emerging tracers for detecting incipient cardiotoxicity by positron emission tomography (PET). RECENT FINDINGS Vectors labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides (e.g., carbon-11, fluorine-18, gallium-68) are now available to study cardiac function, metabolism, and tissue repair in preclinical models. Many of these probes are highly sensitive to early damage, thereby potentially addressing the limitations of current imaging approaches, and show promise in preliminary clinical evaluations. The overlapping pathophysiology between cardiotoxicity and heart failure significantly expands the number of imaging tools available to cardio-oncology. This is highlighted by the emergence of radiolabeled probes targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) for sensitive detection of dysregulated healing process that underpins adverse cardiac remodeling. The growth of PET scanner technology also creates an opportunity for a renaissance in metabolic imaging in cardio-oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Kelly
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Research Building, Room BB-1604, 413 East 69th St, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - John W. Babich
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular Imaging Innovations Institute (MI3), Weill Cornell Medicine, Belfer Research Building, Room BB-1604, 413 East 69th St, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
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Hong JH, Zhang HG. Transcription Factors Involved in the Development and Prognosis of Cardiac Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828549. [PMID: 35185581 PMCID: PMC8849252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To compensate increasing workload, heart must work harder with structural changes, indicated by increasing size and changing shape, causing cardiac remodeling. However, pathological and unlimited compensated cardiac remodeling will ultimately lead to decompensation and heart failure. In the past decade, numerous studies have explored many signaling pathways involved in cardiac remodeling, but the complete mechanism of cardiac remodeling is still unrecognized, which hinders effective treatment and drug development. As gene transcriptional regulators, transcription factors control multiple cellular activities and play a critical role in cardiac remodeling. This review summarizes the regulation of fetal gene reprogramming, energy metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy in cardiomyocytes and myofibroblast activation of cardiac fibroblasts by transcription factors, with an emphasis on their potential roles in the development and prognosis of cardiac remodeling.
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Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhanced Proangiogenic Potential of Cardiac Fibroblasts via Angiopoietin-Like 4. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:3229289. [PMID: 35154329 PMCID: PMC8824744 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3229289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives. After myocardial hypoxic injury, it is important to enhance vascular formation and restore blood supply for injury repair. Previous studies have suggested that cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) play a crucial role in angiogenesis after myocardial injury. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) promote fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation in inflammatory environment and have cardioprotective effects. It remains unknown whether sEVs regulate cardiac fibroblasts to promote angiogenesis after myocardial injury. Methods and Results. We isolated primary CFs from Sprague-Dawley rats (1–3 days old) and treated them with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS+sEVs. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4) was increased in the LPS+sEVs group more than in the LPS group. After inhibition of Angptl4 expression in sEVs and CFs, cell proliferation, Transwell migration, and tube formation assays were used to detect the angiogenic activity of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. β-Catenin expression in CFs was detected by western blotting. The β-catenin inhibitor ICG001 was used to examine whether β-catenin was involved in the proangiogenic potential of CFs promoted by sEVs. sEVs enhanced the proangiogenic potential of CFs under inflammatory conditions, which was associated with β-catenin signaling. The proangiogenic potential of CFs was decreased when Angptl4 was knocked down in CFs and in hucMSCs. Conclusions. The sEVs regulated CFs to promote angiogenesis via Angptl4 in an inflammatory environment. This may provide a research basis for treating myocardial injury with sEVs.
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Shi X, Zhang L, Li Y, Xue J, Liang F, Ni HW, Wang X, Cai Z, Shen LH, Huang T, He B. Integrative Analysis of Bulk and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data Reveals Cell Types Involved in Heart Failure. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:779225. [PMID: 35071201 PMCID: PMC8766768 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.779225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the high mortality rates of heart failure (HF), a more detailed description of the HF becomes extremely urgent. Since the pathogenesis of HF remain elusive, a thorough identification of the genetic factors will provide novel insights into the molecular basis of this cardiac dysfunction. In our research, we performed publicly available transcriptome profiling datasets, including non-failure (NF), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) hearts tissues. Through principal component analysis (PCA), gene differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA), we figured out the candidate genes noticeably altered in HF, the specific biomarkers of endothelial cell (EC) and cardiac fibrosis, then validated the differences of the inflammation-related cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, and immune responses. Taken together, our results suggested the EC and fibroblast could be activated in response to HF. DCM and ICM had both commonality and specificity in the pathogenesis of HF. Higher inflammation in ICM might related to autocrine CCL3/CCL4-CCR5 interaction induced chemokine signaling activation. Furthermore, the activities of neutrophil and macrophage were higher in ICM than DCM. These findings identified features of the landscape of previously underestimated cellular, transcriptomic heterogeneity between ICM and DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Theory and Application in Statistics and Data Science, East China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieyuan Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Wen Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Hong Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Xin Y, Zhang X, Li J, Gao H, Li J, Li J, Hu W, Li H. New Insights Into the Role of Mitochondria Quality Control in Ischemic Heart Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:774619. [PMID: 34901234 PMCID: PMC8661033 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.774619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IHD is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In the acute phase, it's demonstrated as myocardial infarction and ischemia-reperfusion injury, while in the chronic stage, the ischemic heart is mainly characterised by adverse myocardial remodelling. Although interventions such as thrombolysis and percutaneous coronary intervention could reduce the death risk of these patients, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms need more exploration. Mitochondria are crucial to maintain the physiological function of the heart. During IHD, mitochondrial dysfunction results in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease. Ischemia drives mitochondrial damage not only due to energy deprivation, but also to other aspects such as mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondria-related inflammation, etc. Given the critical roles of mitochondrial quality control in the pathological process of ischemic heart disease, in this review, we will summarise the efforts in targeting mitochondria (such as mitophagy, mtROS, and mitochondria-related inflammation) on IHD. In addition, we will briefly revisit the emerging therapeutic targets in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingye Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junli Li
- Laboratory of Heart Valve Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xu SS, Ding JF, Shi P, Shi KH, Tao H. DNMT1-Induced miR-152-3p Suppression Facilitates Cardiac Fibroblast Activation in Cardiac Fibrosis. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:984-999. [PMID: 34424481 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel insights into epigenetic control of cardiac fibrosis are now emerging. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) activation into myofibroblasts and the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) is the key to cardiac fibrosis development, but the specific mechanism is not fully understood. In the present study, we found that DNMT1 hypermethylation reduces the expression of microRNA-152-3p (miR-152-3p) and promotes Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathway leading to CFs proliferation and activation. Cardiac fibrosis was produced by ISO, and the ISO was carried out according to the method described. CFs were harvested and cultured from SD neonatal rats and stimulated with TGF-β1. Importantly, DNMT1 resulted in the inhibition of miR-152-3p in activated CFs and both DNMT1 and miR-152-3p altered Wnt/β-catenin downstream protein levels. Over expression of DNMT1 and miR-152-3p inhibitors promotes proliferation of activating CFs. In addition, decreased methylation levels and over expression of miR-152-3p inhibited CFs proliferation. We determined that DNMT1 can methylate to miR-152-3p and demonstrated that expression of miR-152-3p inhibits CFs proliferation by inhibiting the Wnt1/β-catenin pathway. Our results stand out together DNMT1 methylation regulates miR-152-3p to slow the progression of cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting the Wnt1/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Song Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Ji-Fei Ding
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Kai-Hu Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China.
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China.
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Liao J, Li K, Su X, Chen Y, Wang Y, Tang X, Xing Y, Xu Y, Dai X, Teng J, Li H, Wang H, Lv X, Wang Y. Dexmedetomidine Promotes Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Differentiation of Cardiac Fibroblasts and Collagen I/III Synthesis through α 2A Adrenoreceptor-Mediated Activation of the PKC-p38-Smad2/3 Signaling Pathway in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312749. [PMID: 34884552 PMCID: PMC8657501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a selective α2 adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist, is commonly used as a sedative drug during critical illness. In the present study, we explored a novel accelerative effect of DEX on cardiac fibroblast (CF) differentiation mediated by LPS and clarified its potential mechanism. LPS apparently increased the expression of α-SMA and collagen I/III and the phosphorylation of p38 and Smad-3 in the CFs of mice. These effects were significantly enhanced by DEX through increasing α2A-AR expression in CFs after LPS stimulation. The CFs from α2A-AR knockout mice were markedly less sensitive to DEX treatment than those of wild-type mice. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) abolished the enhanced effects of DEX on LPS-induced differentiation of CFs. We also found that the α-SMA level in the second-passage CFs was much higher than that in the nonpassage and first-passage CFs. However, after LPS stimulation, the TNF-α released from the nonpassage CFs was much higher than that in the first- and second-passage CFs. DEX had no effect on LPS-induced release of TNF-α and IL-6 from CFs. Further investigation indicated that DEX promoted cardiac fibrosis and collagen I/III synthesis in mice exposed to LPS for four weeks. Our results demonstrated that DEX effectively accelerated LPS-induced differentiation of CFs to myofibroblasts through the PKC-p38-Smad2/3 signaling pathway by activating α2A-AR.
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48
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Kore RA, Wang X, Henson JC, Ding Z, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Mehta JL. Proteomic basis of modulation of postischemic fibrosis by MSC exosomes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R639-R654. [PMID: 34431382 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00124.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After an ischemic event, there is activation of fibroblasts leading to scar formation. It is critical to limit the profibrotic remodeling and activate the reparative remodeling phase to limit cardiac diastolic dysfunction. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) exosomes offer significant protection against ischemia-related systolic dysfunction. Here, we studied if MSC exosomes would offer protection against profibrotic events in mouse hearts subjected to acute ischemia [1 h left coronary artery (LCA) occlusion] or chronic ischemia (7 days LCA occlusion). After acute ischemia, there was activation of inflammatory signals, more in the peri-infarct than in the infarct area, in the saline (vehicle)-treated mice. At the same time, there was expression of cardiac remodeling signals (vimentin, collagens-1 and -3, and fibronectin), more in the infarct area. Treatment with MSC exosomes before LCA ligation suppressed inflammatory signals during acute and chronic ischemia. Furthermore, exosome treatment promoted pro-reparative cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in both infarct and peri-infarct areas by suppressing fibronectin secretion and by modulating collagen secretion to reduce fibrotic scar formation through altered cellular signaling pathways. Proteomics study revealed intense expression of IL-1β and activation of profibrotic signals in the saline-treated hearts and their suppression in MSC exosome-treated hearts. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the infarct and peri-infarct area proteomics of ischemic mice hearts to explain MSC exosome-mediated suppression of scar formation in the ischemic mouse hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajshekhar A Kore
- Cardiology Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jeffrey Curran Henson
- Cardiology Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Cardiology Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Cardiology Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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49
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Chen ZT, Gao QY, Wu MX, Wang M, Sun RL, Jiang Y, Guo Q, Guo DC, Liu CY, Chen SX, Liu X, Wang JF, Zhang HF, Chen YX. Glycolysis Inhibition Alleviates Cardiac Fibrosis After Myocardial Infarction by Suppressing Cardiac Fibroblast Activation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:701745. [PMID: 34660710 PMCID: PMC8511672 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.701745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the role of glycolysis in cardiac fibroblast (CF) activation and cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI). Method:In vivo: 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glycolysis inhibitor, was injected into the abdominal cavity of the MI or sham mice every day. On the 28th day, cardiac function was measured by ultrasonic cardiography, and the hearts were harvested. Masson staining and immunofluorescence (IF) were used to evaluate the fibrosis area, and western blot was used to identify the glycolytic level. In vitro, we isolated the CF from the sham, MI and MI with 2-DG treatment mice, and we also activated normal CF with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and block glycolysis with 2-DG. We then detected the glycolytic proteins, fibrotic proteins, and the concentrations of lactate and glucose in the culture medium. At last, we further detected the fibrotic and glycolytic markers in human fibrotic and non-fibrotic heart tissues with masson staining, IF and western blot. Result: More collagen and glycolytic protein expressions were observed in the MI mice hearts. The mortality increased when mice were treated with 2-DG (100 mg/kg/d) after the MI surgery (Log-rank test, P < 0.05). When the dosage of 2-DG declined to 50 mg/kg/d, and the treatment was started on the 4th day after MI, no statistical difference of mortality between the two groups was observed (Log-rank test, P = 0.98). The collagen volume fraction was smaller and the fluorescence signal of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was weaker in mice treated with 2-DG than PBS. In vitro, 2-DG could significantly inhibit the increased expression of both the glycolytic and fibrotic proteins in the activated CF. Conclusion: Cardiac fibrosis is along with the enhancement of CF activation and glycolysis. Glycolysis inhibition can alleviate cardiac fibroblast activation and cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Teng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mao-Xiong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Lu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Chuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi-Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Xu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang-Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular Disease, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Arrhythmia in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Kessler L, Kupusovic J, Ferdinandus J, Hirmas N, Umutlu L, Zarrad F, Nader M, Fendler WP, Totzeck M, Wakili R, Schlosser T, Rassaf T, Rischpler C, Siebermair J. Visualization of Fibroblast Activation After Myocardial Infarction Using 68Ga-FAPI PET. Clin Nucl Med 2021; 46:807-813. [PMID: 34477601 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000003745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this retrospective analysis was to examine the pattern of cardiac 68Ga-fibroblast-activation protein-α inhibitor (FAPI) uptake in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using PET and to investigate its association with results of coronary angiography. We correlated FAPI uptake with biomarkers of myocardial damage including left ventricular function. METHODS AND RESULTS A cohort of 10 patients with no history of coronary artery disease underwent PET 18 ± 20.6 days after AMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [n = 5] and non-ST-segment elevation infarction [n = 5]), respectively. SUVmax, SUVmean, and SUVpeak of localized tracer uptake were calculated; tracer uptake volume was reported as fibroblast activation volume (FAV), with imaging data being correlated with clinical parameters. Focal FAPI uptake was observed in all patients. Average uptake at 10 minutes postinjection was 8.9 ± 4.4 (SUVmax), 7.6 ± 4.0 (SUVpeak), and 5.3 ± 2.8 (SUVmean), respectively. Affected myocardium showed a partial to complete match between tracer uptake and confirmed culprit lesion by coronary angiography in 44.4% and 55.6% of patients, respectively. A strong correlation between FAV and peak creatine kinase level (r = 0.90, P < 0.01) and inverse correlation of FAV with left ventricular function (r = -0.69, P < 0.05) was observed. CONCLUSIONS This analysis demonstrates in vivo visualization of fibroblast activation after AMI. The uptake area showed a very good agreement with the affected coronary territory. A strong correlation of the de novo established parameter FAV with left ventricular function and peak creatine kinase was observed. This imaging modality may provide important insights into mechanisms of structural remodeling after AMI at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Kessler
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen
| | - Jana Kupusovic
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen
| | | | - Nader Hirmas
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen
| | - Lale Umutlu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fadi Zarrad
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen
| | - Michael Nader
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen
| | | | - Matthias Totzeck
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen
| | - Reza Wakili
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen
| | - Thomas Schlosser
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tienush Rassaf
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen
| | | | - Johannes Siebermair
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen
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