1
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Fitzpatrick PA, Johansson J, Maglennon G, Wallace I, Hendrickx R, Stamou M, Balogh Sivars K, Busch S, Johansson L, Van Zuydam N, Patten K, Åberg PM, Ollerstam A, Hornberg JJ. A novel in vitro high-content imaging assay for the prediction of drug-induced lung toxicity. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2985-2998. [PMID: 38806719 PMCID: PMC11324770 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The development of inhaled drugs for respiratory diseases is frequently impacted by lung pathology in non-clinical safety studies. To enable design of novel candidate drugs with the right safety profile, predictive in vitro lung toxicity assays are required that can be applied during drug discovery for early hazard identification and mitigation. Here, we describe a novel high-content imaging-based screening assay that allows for quantification of the tight junction protein occludin in A549 cells, as a model for lung epithelial barrier integrity. We assessed a set of compounds with a known lung safety profile, defined by clinical safety or non-clinical in vivo toxicology data, and were able to correctly identify 9 of 10 compounds with a respiratory safety risk and 9 of 9 compounds without a respiratory safety risk (90% sensitivity, 100% specificity). The assay was sensitive at relevant compound concentrations to influence medicinal chemistry optimization programs and, with an accessible cell model in a 96-well plate format, short protocol and application of automated imaging analysis algorithms, this assay can be readily integrated in routine discovery safety screening to identify and mitigate respiratory toxicity early during drug discovery. Interestingly, when we applied physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling to predict epithelial lining fluid exposures of the respiratory tract after inhalation, we found a robust correlation between in vitro occludin assay data and lung pathology in vivo, suggesting the assay can inform translational risk assessment for inhaled small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Fitzpatrick
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Julia Johansson
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gareth Maglennon
- AstraZeneca Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Wallace
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ramon Hendrickx
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R and I), R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marianna Stamou
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kinga Balogh Sivars
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susann Busch
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnea Johansson
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalie Van Zuydam
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kelley Patten
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per M Åberg
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ollerstam
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jorrit J Hornberg
- Safety Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R and D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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Deb R, Torres MDT, Boudný M, Koběrská M, Cappiello F, Popper M, Dvořáková
Bendová K, Drabinová M, Hanáčková A, Jeannot K, Petřík M, Mangoni ML, Balíková Novotná G, Mráz M, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Vácha R. Computational Design of Pore-Forming Peptides with Potent Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14040-14061. [PMID: 39116273 PMCID: PMC11345766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Peptides that form transmembrane barrel-stave pores are potential alternative therapeutics for bacterial infections and cancer. However, their optimization for clinical translation is hampered by a lack of sequence-function understanding. Recently, we have de novo designed the first synthetic barrel-stave pore-forming antimicrobial peptide with an identified function of all residues. Here, we systematically mutate the peptide to improve pore-forming ability in anticipation of enhanced activity. Using computer simulations, supported by liposome leakage and atomic force microscopy experiments, we find that pore-forming ability, while critical, is not the limiting factor for improving activity in the submicromolar range. Affinity for bacterial and cancer cell membranes needs to be optimized simultaneously. Optimized peptides more effectively killed antibiotic-resistant ESKAPEE bacteria at submicromolar concentrations, showing low cytotoxicity to human cells and skin model. Peptides showed systemic anti-infective activity in a preclinical mouse model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. We also demonstrate peptide optimization for pH-dependent antimicrobial and anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Deb
- CEITEC
− Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National
Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marcelo D. T. Torres
- Machine
Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute
for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and
Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Departments
of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Penn
Institute for Computational Science, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Miroslav Boudný
- CEITEC
− Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital
Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Koběrská
- Institute
of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences,
BIOCEV, Vestec 252 50, Czech Republic
| | - Floriana Cappiello
- Department
of Biochemical Sciences, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur
Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza
University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Miroslav Popper
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Dvořáková
Bendová
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Drabinová
- CEITEC
− Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Adelheid Hanáčková
- CEITEC
− Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Katy Jeannot
- University
of Franche-Comté, CNRS, Chrono-environment, Besançon 25030, France
- National Reference Centre for Antibiotic
Resistance, Besançon 25030, France
| | - Miloš Petřík
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Czech
Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Department
of Biochemical Sciences, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur
Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza
University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
| | | | - Marek Mráz
- CEITEC
− Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital
Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine
Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute
for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and
Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Departments
of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School
of Engineering and Applied Science, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Penn
Institute for Computational Science, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Robert Vácha
- CEITEC
− Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- National
Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
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3
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Shirsath N, Chaudhari R, More A, Sonawane V, Ghosalkar J, Joshi K. Optimization of an in vitro method for assessing pulmonary permeability of inhaled drugs using alveolar epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2024; 128:107526. [PMID: 38852686 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2024.107526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhalation of drugs for the treatment of pulmonary diseases has been used since a long time. Due to lungs' larger absorptive surface area, delivery of drugs to the lungs is the method of choice for different disorders. Here we present the establishment of a comprehensive permeability model using Type II alveolar epithelial cells and Beclomethasone Dipropionate (BDP) as a model drug delivered by pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI). METHODS Using Type II alveolar epithelial cells, the method was standardized for parameters viz., cell density, viability, incubation period and membrane integrity. The delivery and deposition of drug were using the pMDI device with a Twin Stage Impinger (TSI) modified to accommodate cell culture insert having monolayer of cells. The analytical method for simultaneous estimation of BDP and Beclomathasone-17-Monopropionate (17-BMP) was validated as per the bioanalytical guidelines. The extent and rate of absorption of BDP was determined by quantifying the amount of drug permeated and the data represented by calculating its apparent permeability. RESULTS Type II alveolar epithelial cells cultured at 0.55 × 105 cells/cm2 for 8-12 days under air-liquid interface were optimized for conducting permeability studies. The data obtained for absorptive transport showed a linear increase in the drug permeated against time for both BDP and 17-BMP along with proportional permeability profile. DISCUSSION We have developed a robust in vitro model to study absorptive rate of drug transport across alveolar layer. Such models would create potential value during formulation development for comparative studies and selection of clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Shirsath
- Discovery Biology Division, Cipla Ltd., Vikhroli, Mumbai 400083, India
| | - Rohit Chaudhari
- Discovery Biology Division, Cipla Ltd., Vikhroli, Mumbai 400083, India
| | - Avinash More
- Discovery Biology Division, Cipla Ltd., Vikhroli, Mumbai 400083, India
| | - Vinay Sonawane
- Discovery Biology Division, Cipla Ltd., Vikhroli, Mumbai 400083, India
| | - Jeevan Ghosalkar
- Discovery Biology Division, Cipla Ltd., Vikhroli, Mumbai 400083, India.
| | - Kalpana Joshi
- Discovery Biology Division, Cipla Ltd., Vikhroli, Mumbai 400083, India.
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4
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Liu Y, Hamm T, Eichinger TR, Kamm W, Wieland HA, Loretz B, Hirsch AKH, Lee S, Lehr CM. Biodynamer Nano-Complexes and -Emulsions for Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4429-4449. [PMID: 38784761 PMCID: PMC11114140 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s448578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic proteins and peptides offer great advantages compared to traditional synthetic molecular drugs. However, stable protein loading and precise control of protein release pose significant challenges due to the extensive range of physicochemical properties inherent to proteins. The development of a comprehensive protein delivery strategy becomes imperative accounting for the diverse nature of therapeutic proteins. Methods Biodynamers are amphiphilic proteoid dynamic polymers consisting of amino acid derivatives connected through pH-responsive dynamic covalent chemistry. Taking advantage of the amphiphilic nature of the biodynamers, PNCs and DEs were possible to be prepared and investigated to compare the delivery efficiency in drug loading, stability, and cell uptake. Results As a result, the optimized PNCs showed 3-fold encapsulation (<90%) and 5-fold loading capacity (30%) compared to DE-NPs. PNCs enhanced the delivery efficiency into the cells but aggregated easily on the cell membrane due to the limited stability. Although DE-NPs were limited in loading capacity compared to PNCs, they exhibit superior adaptability in stability and capacity for delivering a wider range of proteins compared to PNCs. Conclusion Our study highlights the potential of formulating both PNCs and DE-NPs using the same biodynamers, providing a comparative view on protein delivery efficacy using formulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Drug Delivery Across Biological Barriers, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Timo Hamm
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Ralf Eichinger
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Walter Kamm
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Heike Andrea Wieland
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Brigitta Loretz
- Department of Drug Delivery Across Biological Barriers, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Drug Design and Optimisation, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sangeun Lee
- Department of Drug Delivery Across Biological Barriers, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery Across Biological Barriers, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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5
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Meldrum K, Evans SJ, Burgum MJ, Doak SH, Clift MJD. Determining the toxicological effects of indoor air pollution on both a healthy and an inflammatory-comprised model of the alveolar epithelial barrier in vitro. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:25. [PMID: 38760786 PMCID: PMC11100169 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to indoor air pollutants (IAP) has increased recently, with people spending more time indoors (i.e. homes, offices, schools and transportation). Increased exposures of IAP on a healthy population are poorly understood, and those with allergic respiratory conditions even less so. The objective of this study, therefore, was to implement a well-characterised in vitro model of the human alveolar epithelial barrier (A549 + PMA differentiated THP-1 incubated with and without IL-13, IL-5 and IL-4) to determine the effects of a standardised indoor particulate (NIST 2583) on both a healthy lung model and one modelling a type-II (stimulated with IL-13, IL-5 and IL-4) inflammatory response (such as asthma).Using concentrations from the literature, and an environmentally appropriate exposure we investigated 232, 464 and 608ng/cm2 of NIST 2583 respectively. Membrane integrity (blue dextran), viability (trypan blue), genotoxicity (micronucleus (Mn) assay) and (pro-)/(anti-)inflammatory effects (IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, IL-10) were then assessed 24 h post exposure to both models. Models were exposed using a physiologically relevant aerosolisation method (VitroCell Cloud 12 exposure system).No changes in Mn frequency or membrane integrity in either model were noted when exposed to any of the tested concentrations of NIST 2583. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in cell viability at the highest concentration was observed in the healthy model. Whilst cell viability in the "inflamed" model was decreased at the lower concentrations (significantly (p < 0.05) after 464ng/cm2). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in IL-10 and a significant increase in IL-33 was seen after 24 h exposure to NIST 2583 (464, 608ng/cm2) in the "inflamed" model.Collectively, the results indicate the potential for IAP to cause the onset of a type II response as well as exacerbating pre-existing allergic conditions. Furthermore, the data imposes the importance of considering unhealthy individuals when investigating the potential health effects of IAP. It also highlights that even in a healthy population these particles have the potential to induce this type II response and initiate an immune response following exposure to IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Michael J Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
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Petpiroon N, Netkueakul W, Sukrak K, Wang C, Liang Y, Wang M, Liu Y, Li Q, Kamran R, Naruse K, Aueviriyavit S, Takahashi K. Development of lung tissue models and their applications. Life Sci 2023; 334:122208. [PMID: 37884207 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The lungs are important organs that play a critical role in the development of specific diseases, as well as responding to the effects of drugs, chemicals, and environmental pollutants. Due to the ethical concerns around animal testing, alternative methods have been sought which are more time-effective, do not pose ethical issues for animals, do not involve species differences, and provide easy investigation of the pathobiology of lung diseases. Several national and international organizations are working to accelerate the development and implementation of structurally and functionally complex tissue models as alternatives to animal testing, particularly for the lung. Unfortunately, to date, there is no lung tissue model that has been accepted by regulatory agencies for use in inhalation toxicology. This review discusses the challenges involved in developing a relevant lung tissue model derived from human cells such as cell lines, primary cells, and pluripotent stem cells. It also introduces examples of two-dimensional (2D) air-liquid interface and monocultured and co-cultured three-dimensional (3D) culture techniques, particularly organoid culture and 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, it reviews development of the lung-on-a-chip model to mimic the microenvironment and physiological performance. The applications of lung tissue models in various studies, especially disease modeling, viral respiratory infection, and environmental toxicology will be also introduced. The development of a relevant lung tissue model is extremely important for standardizing and validation the in vitro models for inhalation toxicity and other studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalinrat Petpiroon
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Woranan Netkueakul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Sukrak
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Thailand Network Center on Air Quality Management: TAQM, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chen Wang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yin Liang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mengxue Wang
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yun Liu
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Qiang Li
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Rumaisa Kamran
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Sasitorn Aueviriyavit
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ward, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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7
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Karakocak BB, Keshavan S, Gunasingam G, Angeloni S, Auderset A, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Rethinking of TEER measurement reporting for epithelial cells grown on permeable inserts. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 188:106511. [PMID: 37385303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measures electrical resistance across epithelial tissue barriers involving confluent layer(s) of cells. TEER values act as a prerequisite for determining the barrier integrity of cells, which play a key role in evaluating the transport of drugs, materials or chemicals of interest across an epithelial barrier. The measurements can be performed non-invasively by measuring ohmic resistance across a defined area. Thus, the TEER values are reported in Ω·cm2. In vitro epithelial models are typically assembled on semi-permeable inserts providing two-chamber compartments, and the majority of the studies use inserts with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) membranes. Recently, new inserts with different membrane types and properties have been introduced. However, the TEER values presented so far did not allow a direct comparison. This study presents the characterization of selected epithelial tissues, i.e., lung, retina, and intestine, grown on an ultra-thin ceramic microporous permeable insert (SiMPLI) and PET membranes with different properties, i.e., thickness, material, and pore numbers. We verified the epithelial cell growth on both inserts via phase-contrast and confocal laser scanning microscope imaging. Barrier characteristics were assessed by TEER measurements and also by evaluating the permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate through cell layers. The findings indicated that background TEER value calculations and the available surface area for cell growth must be thoroughly assessed when new inserts are introduced, as the values cannot be directly compared without re-calculations. Finally, we proposed electrical circuit models highlighting the contributors to TEER recordings on PET and SiMPLI insert membranes. This study paves the way for making the ohmic-based evaluation of epithelial tissues' permeability independent of the material and geometry of the insert membrane used for cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedia Begum Karakocak
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gowsinth Gunasingam
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Angeloni
- SiMPLInext SA, Rue Fritz-Oppliger 18, 2504 Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Auderset
- Switzerland Innovation Park Biel/Bienne, Aarbergstrasse 46, 2503 Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- BioNanomaterials Group, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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8
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Braakhuis HM, Gremmer ER, Bannuscher A, Drasler B, Keshavan S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Birk B, Verlohner A, Landsiedel R, Meldrum K, Doak SH, Clift MJD, Erdem JS, Foss OAH, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Serchi T, Moschini E, Weber P, Burla S, Kumar P, Schmid O, Zwart E, Vermeulen JP, Vandebriel RJ. Transferability and reproducibility of exposed air-liquid interface co-culture lung models. NANOIMPACT 2023; 31:100466. [PMID: 37209722 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of reliable and robust in vitro models for hazard assessment, a prerequisite for moving away from animal testing, requires the evaluation of model transferability and reproducibility. Lung models that can be exposed via the air, by means of an air-liquid interface (ALI) are promising in vitro models for evaluating the safety of nanomaterials (NMs) after inhalation exposure. We performed an inter-laboratory comparison study to evaluate the transferability and reproducibility of a lung model consisting of the human bronchial cell line Calu-3 as a monoculture and, to increase the physiologic relevance of the model, also as a co-culture with macrophages (either derived from the THP-1 monocyte cell line or from human blood monocytes). The lung model was exposed to NMs using the VITROCELL® Cloud12 system at physiologically relevant dose levels. RESULTS Overall, the results of the 7 participating laboratories are quite similar. After exposing Calu-3 alone and Calu-3 co-cultures with macrophages, no effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), quartz (DQ12) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) NM-105 particles on the cell viability and barrier integrity were detected. LPS exposure induced moderate cytokine release in the Calu-3 monoculture, albeit not statistically significant in most labs. In the co-culture models, most laboratories showed that LPS can significantly induce cytokine release (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α). The exposure to quartz and TiO2 particles did not induce a statistically significant increase in cytokine release in both cell models probably due to our relatively low deposited doses, which were inspired by in vivo dose levels. The intra- and inter-laboratory comparison study indicated acceptable interlaboratory variation for cell viability/toxicity (WST-1, LDH) and transepithelial electrical resistance, and relatively high inter-laboratory variation for cytokine production. CONCLUSION The transferability and reproducibility of a lung co-culture model and its exposure to aerosolized particles at the ALI were evaluated and recommendations were provided for performing inter-laboratory comparison studies. Although the results are promising, optimizations of the lung model (including more sensitive read-outs) and/or selection of higher deposited doses are needed to enhance its predictive value before it may be taken further towards a possible OECD guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Anne Bannuscher
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Keshavan
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany; Free University of Berlin, Pharmacy - Pharmacology and Toxicology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Oda A H Foss
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), Norway
| | | | - Tommaso Serchi
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Pamina Weber
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sabina Burla
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M) with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Center Munich - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Edwin Zwart
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Jolanda P Vermeulen
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands.
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9
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The Cultivation Modality and Barrier Maturity Modulate the Toxicity of Industrial Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Nasal, Buccal, Bronchial, and Alveolar Mucosa Cell-Derived Barrier Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065634. [PMID: 36982705 PMCID: PMC10056597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As common industrial by-products, airborne engineered nanomaterials are considered important environmental toxins to monitor due to their potential health risks to humans and animals. The main uptake routes of airborne nanoparticles are nasal and/or oral inhalation, which are known to enable the transfer of nanomaterials into the bloodstream resulting in the rapid distribution throughout the human body. Consequently, mucosal barriers present in the nose, buccal, and lung have been identified and intensively studied as the key tissue barrier to nanoparticle translocation. Despite decades of research, surprisingly little is known about the differences among various mucosa tissue types to tolerate nanoparticle exposures. One limitation in comparing nanotoxicological data sets can be linked to a lack of harmonization and standardization of cell-based assays, where (a) different cultivation conditions such as an air-liquid interface or submerged cultures, (b) varying barrier maturity, and (c) diverse media substitutes have been used. The current comparative nanotoxicological study, therefore, aims at analyzing the toxic effects of nanomaterials on four human mucosa barrier models including nasal (RPMI2650), buccal (TR146), alveolar (A549), and bronchial (Calu-3) mucosal cell lines to better understand the modulating effects of tissue maturity, cultivation conditions, and tissue type using standard transwell cultivations at liquid-liquid and air-liquid interfaces. Overall, cell size, confluency, tight junction localization, and cell viability as well as barrier formation using 50% and 100% confluency was monitored using trans-epithelial-electrical resistance (TEER) measurements and resazurin-based Presto Blue assays of immature (e.g., 5 days) and mature (e.g., 22 days) cultures in the presence and absence of corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone. Results of our study show that cellular viability in response to increasing nanoparticle exposure scenarios is highly compound and cell-type specific (TR146 6 ± 0.7% at 2 mM ZnO (ZnO) vs. ~90% at 2 mM TiO2 (TiO2) for 24 h; Calu3 93.9 ± 4.21% at 2 mM ZnO vs. ~100% at 2 mM TiO2). Nanoparticle-induced cytotoxic effects under air-liquid cultivation conditions declined in RPMI2650, A549, TR146, and Calu-3 cells (~0.7 to ~0.2-fold), with increasing 50 to 100% barrier maturity under the influence of ZnO (2 mM). Cell viability in early and late mucosa barriers where hardly influenced by TiO2 as well as most cell types did not fall below 77% viability when added to Individual ALI cultures. Fully maturated bronchial mucosal cell barrier models cultivated under ALI conditions showed less tolerance to acute ZnO nanoparticle exposures (~50% remaining viability at 2 mM ZnO for 24 h) than the similarly treated but more robust nasal (~74%), buccal (~73%), and alveolar (~82%) cell-based models.
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10
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Ruijter N, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Carrière M, Boyles M, McLean P, Catalán J, Katsumiti A, Cabellos J, Delpivo C, Sánchez Jiménez A, Candalija A, Rodríguez-Llopis I, Vázquez-Campos S, Cassee FR, Braakhuis H. The State of the Art and Challenges of In Vitro Methods for Human Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials in the Context of Safe-by-Design. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:472. [PMID: 36770432 PMCID: PMC9920318 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Safe-by-Design (SbD) concept aims to facilitate the development of safer materials/products, safer production, and safer use and end-of-life by performing timely SbD interventions to reduce hazard, exposure, or both. Early hazard screening is a crucial first step in this process. In this review, for the first time, commonly used in vitro assays are evaluated for their suitability for SbD hazard testing of nanomaterials (NMs). The goal of SbD hazard testing is identifying hazard warnings in the early stages of innovation. For this purpose, assays should be simple, cost-effective, predictive, robust, and compatible. For several toxicological endpoints, there are indications that commonly used in vitro assays are able to predict hazard warnings. In addition to the evaluation of assays, this review provides insights into the effects of the choice of cell type, exposure and dispersion protocol, and the (in)accurate determination of dose delivered to cells on predictivity. Furthermore, compatibility of assays with challenging advanced materials and NMs released from nano-enabled products (NEPs) during the lifecycle is assessed, as these aspects are crucial for SbD hazard testing. To conclude, hazard screening of NMs is complex and joint efforts between innovators, scientists, and regulators are needed to further improve SbD hazard testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Ruijter
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie Carrière
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, SyMMES-CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Rodríguez-Llopis
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | - Flemming R. Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Alternative lung cell model systems for toxicology testing strategies: Current knowledge and future outlook. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 147:70-82. [PMID: 36599788 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the current relevance of pulmonary toxicology (with focus upon air pollution and the inhalation of hazardous materials), it is important to further develop and implement physiologically relevant models of the entire respiratory tract. Lung model development has the aim to create human relevant systems that may replace animal use whilst balancing cost, laborious nature and regulatory ambition. There is an imperative need to move away from rodent models and implement models that mimic the holistic characteristics important in lung function. The purpose of this review is therefore, to describe and identify the various alternative models that are being applied towards assessing the pulmonary toxicology of inhaled substances, as well as the current and potential developments of various advanced models and how they may be applied towards toxicology testing strategies. These models aim to mimic various regions of the lung, as well as implementing different exposure methods with the addition of various physiologically relevent conditions (such as fluid-flow and dynamic movement). There is further progress in the type of models used with focus on the development of lung-on-a-chip technologies and bioprinting, as well as and the optimization of such models to fill current knowledge gaps within toxicology.
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12
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Dai Z, Zhang W, Zhou L, Huang J. Probing Lipid Peroxidation in Ferroptosis: Emphasizing the Utilization of C11-BODIPY-Based Protocols. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2712:61-72. [PMID: 37578696 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3433-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that relies on iron and is characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides, resulting in oncotic cell swelling and eventual disruption of cellular membranes. Lipid peroxidation, a hallmark of ferroptosis, refers to the oxidative deterioration of lipids that contain carbon-carbon double bonds, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the interplay between ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation and identifying reliable techniques for assessing lipid peroxidation levels are crucial for further advancements in this field of research. Various methods have been developed to detect lipid peroxidation levels, including C11-BODIPY (BODIPY™ 581/591 C11), liperfluo, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), Click-iT LAA (linoleamide alkyne), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based epilipidomics (redox lipidomics). Currently, one of the most commonly used and effective methods is the C11-BODIPY assay, which utilizes a fluorescent probe that selectively sensitizes lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. Incorporating advanced techniques such as flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with C11-BODIPY dye is essential for accurate assessment of lipid peroxidation levels in ferroptosis. This chapter aims to provide comprehensive experimental protocols for detecting lipid peroxidation levels indicative of ferroptosis using C11-BODIPY staining and subsequent detection via flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangshuai Dai
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Huang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Chary A. Culturing Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells in a Serum-Free Environment. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:165-172. [PMID: 37202617 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 is commonly used in cancer research as a model of malignant alveolar type II epithelial cells. A549 cells are frequently cultured in Ham's F12K (Kaighn's) or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), supplemented with glutamine and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). However, the use of FBS presents significant scientific concerns, such as the presence of undefined components and batch-to-batch variation leading to possible reproducibility issues in experiments and readouts. This chapter describes how to transition A549 cells to FBS-free medium and gives some insights on the further characterizations and functionality assays that would be necessary to perform for the validation of the cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Chary
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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14
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Llewellyn SV, Kermanizadeh A, Ude V, Jacobsen NR, Conway GE, Shah UK, Niemeijer M, Moné MJ, van de Water B, Roy S, Moritz W, Stone V, Jenkins GJS, Doak SH. Assessing the transferability and reproducibility of 3D in vitro liver models from primary human multi-cellular microtissues to cell-line based HepG2 spheroids. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105473. [PMID: 36108805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To reduce, replace, and refine in vivo testing, there is increasing emphasis on the development of more physiologically relevant in vitro test systems to improve the reliability of non-animal-based methods for hazard assessment. When developing new approach methodologies, it is important to standardize the protocols and demonstrate the methods can be reproduced by multiple laboratories. The aim of this study was to assess the transferability and reproducibility of two advanced in vitro liver models, the Primary Human multicellular microtissue liver model (PHH) and the 3D HepG2 Spheroid Model, for nanomaterial (NM) and chemical hazard assessment purposes. The PHH model inter-laboratory trial showed strong consistency across the testing sites. All laboratories evaluated cytokine release and cytotoxicity following exposure to titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. No significant difference was observed in cytotoxicity or IL-8 release for the test materials. The data were reproducible with all three laboratories with control readouts within a similar range. The PHH model ZnO induced the greatest cytotoxicity response at 50.0 μg/mL and a dose-dependent increase in IL-8 release. For the 3D HepG2 spheroid model, all test sites were able to construct the model and demonstrated good concordance in IL-8 cytokine release and genotoxicity data. This trial demonstrates the successful transfer of new approach methodologies across multiple laboratories, with good reproducibility for several hazard endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V Llewellyn
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- University of Derby, School of Human Sciences, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Victor Ude
- Heriot Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicklas Raun Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gillian E Conway
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Marije Niemeijer
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn J Moné
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, the Netherlands
| | - Shambhu Roy
- MilliporeSigma, 14920 Broschart Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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15
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Urzì O, Olofsson Bagge R, Crescitelli R. The dark side of foetal bovine serum in extracellular vesicle studies. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12271. [PMID: 36214482 PMCID: PMC9549727 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/1912] [Revised: 12/12/1912] [Accepted: 12/12/1912] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be involved in cell-cell communication and to take part in both physiological and pathological processes. Thanks to their exclusive cargo, which includes proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from the originating cells, they are gaining interest as potential biomarkers of disease. In recent years, their appealing features have been fascinating researchers from all over the world, thus increasing the number of in vitro studies focused on EV release, content, and biological activities. Cultured cell lines are the most-used source of EVs; however, the EVs released in cell cultures are influenced by the cell culture conditions, such as the use of foetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS is the most common supplement for cell culture media, but it is also a source of contaminants, such as exogenous bovine EVs, RNA, and protein aggregates, that can contaminate the cell-derived EVs and influence their cargo composition. The presence of FBS contaminants in cell-derived EV samples is a well-known issue that limits the clinical applications of EVs, thus increasing the need for standardization. In this review, we will discuss the pros and cons of using FBS in cell cultures as a source of EVs, as well as the protocols used to remove contaminants from FBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Urzì
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of BiomedicineNeurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D)University of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Roger Olofsson Bagge
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of SurgerySahlgrenska University HospitalRegion Västra GötalandGothenburgSweden
| | - Rossella Crescitelli
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research and Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineDepartment of SurgeryInstitute of Clinical SciencesSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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16
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Bannuscher A, Schmid O, Drasler B, Rohrbasser A, Braakhuis HM, Meldrum K, Zwart EP, Gremmer ER, Birk B, Rissel M, Landsiedel R, Moschini E, Evans SJ, Kumar P, Orak S, Doryab A, Erdem JS, Serchi T, Vandebriel RJ, Cassee FR, Doak SH, Petri-Fink A, Zienolddiny S, Clift MJD, Rothen-Rutishauser B. An inter-laboratory effort to harmonize the cell-delivered in vitro dose of aerosolized materials. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100439. [PMID: 36402283 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) lung cell models cultured on permeable transwell inserts are increasingly used for respiratory hazard assessment requiring controlled aerosolization and deposition of any material on ALI cells. The approach presented herein aimed to assess the transwell insert-delivered dose of aerosolized materials using the VITROCELL® Cloud12 system, a commercially available aerosol-cell exposure system. An inter-laboratory comparison study was conducted with seven European partners having different levels of experience with the VITROCELL® Cloud12. A standard operating procedure (SOP) was developed and applied by all partners for aerosolized delivery of materials, i.e., a water-soluble molecular substance (fluorescence-spiked salt) and two poorly soluble particles, crystalline silica quartz (DQ12) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NM-105). The material dose delivered to transwell inserts was quantified with spectrofluorometry (fluorescein) and with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) integrated in the VITROCELL® Cloud12 system. The shape and agglomeration state of the deposited particles were confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Inter-laboratory comparison of the device-specific performance was conducted in two steps, first for molecular substances (fluorescein-spiked salt), and then for particles. Device- and/or handling-specific differences in aerosol deposition of VITROCELL® Cloud12 systems were characterized in terms of the so-called deposition factor (DF), which allows for prediction of the transwell insert-deposited particle dose from the particle concentration in the aerosolized suspension. Albeit DF varied between the different labs from 0.39 to 0.87 (mean (coefficient of variation (CV)): 0.64 (28%)), the QCM of each VITROCELL® Cloud 12 system accurately measured the respective transwell insert-deposited dose. Aerosolized delivery of DQ12 and TiO2 NM-105 particles showed good linearity (R2 > 0.95) between particle concentration of the aerosolized suspension and QCM-determined insert-delivered particle dose. The VITROCELL® Cloud 12 performance for DQ12 particles was identical to that for fluorescein-spiked salt, i.e., the ratio of measured and salt-predicted dose was 1.0 (29%). On the other hand, a ca. 2-fold reduced dose was observed for TiO2 NM-105 (0.54 (41%)), which was likely due to partial retention of TiO2 NM-105 agglomerates in the vibrating mesh nebulizer of the VITROCELL® Cloud12. This inter-laboratory comparison demonstrates that the QCM integrated in the VITROCELL® Cloud 12 is a reliable tool for dosimetry, which accounts for potential variations of the transwell insert-delivered dose due to device-, handling- and/or material-specific effects. With the detailed protocol presented herein, all seven partner laboratories were able to demonstrate dose-controlled aerosolization of material suspensions using the VITROCELL® Cloud12 exposure system at dose levels relevant for observing in vitro hazard responses. This is an important step towards regulatory approved implementation of ALI lung cell cultures for in vitro hazard assessment of aerosolized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bannuscher
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Helmholtz Zentrum München - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alain Rohrbasser
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hedwig M Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences, Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Edwin P Zwart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Birk
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Manuel Rissel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany; Free University of Berlin, Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Moschini
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, L4422 Belvaux, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences, Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Helmholtz Zentrum München - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sezer Orak
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Helmholtz Zentrum München - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Doryab
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Helmholtz Zentrum München - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Tommaso Serchi
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, L4422 Belvaux, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720, BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences, Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences, Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
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17
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Meldrum K, Moura JA, Doak SH, Clift MJD. Dynamic Fluid Flow Exacerbates the (Pro-)Inflammatory Effects of Aerosolised Engineered Nanomaterials In Vitro. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193431. [PMID: 36234557 PMCID: PMC9565225 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The majority of in vitro studies focusing upon particle-lung cell interactions use static models at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Advancing the physiological characteristics of such systems allows for closer resemblance of the human lung, in turn promoting 3R strategies. PATROLS (EU Horizon 2020 No. 760813) aimed to use a well-characterised in vitro model of the human alveolar epithelial barrier to determine how fluid-flow dynamics would impact the outputs of the model following particle exposure. Using the QuasiVivoTM (Kirkstall Ltd., York, UK) system, fluid-flow conditions were applied to an A549 + dTHP-1 cell co-culture model cultured at the ALI. DQ12 and TiO2 (JRCNM01005a) were used as model particles to assess the in vitro systems' sensitivity. Using a quasi- and aerosol (VitroCell Cloud12, VitroCell Systems, Waldkirch, Germany) exposure approach, cell cultures were exposed over 24 h at IVIVE concentrations of 1 and 10 (DQ12) and 1.4 and 10.4 (TiO2) µg/cm2, respectively. We compared static and fluid flow conditions after both these exposure methods. The co-culture was subsequently assessed for its viability, membrane integrity and (pro-)inflammatory response (IL-8 and IL-6 production). The results suggested that the addition of fluid flow to this alveolar co-culture model can influence the viability, membrane integrity and inflammatory responses dependent on the particle type and exposure.
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18
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Evans SJ, Lawrence RL, Ilett M, Burgum MJ, Meldrum K, Hondow N, Jenkins GJ, Clift MJD, Doak SH. Industrial-relevant TiO 2 types do not promote cytotoxicity in the A549 or TK6 cell lines regardless of cell specific interaction. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 83:105415. [PMID: 35752104 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the expansive application of TiO2 and its variance in physico-chemical characteristics, the toxicological profile of TiO2, in all its various forms, requires evaluation. This study aimed to assess the hazard of five TiO2 particle-types in relation to their cytotoxic profile correlated to their cellular interaction, specifically in human lymphoblast (TK6) and type-II alveolar epithelial (A549) cells. Treatment with the test materials was undertaken at a concentration range of 1-100 μg/cm2 over 24 and 72 h exposure. TiO2 interaction with both cell types was visualised by transmission electron microscopy, supported by energy-dispersive X-ray. None of the TiO2 materials tested promoted cytotoxicity in either cell type over the concentration and time range studied. All materials were observed to interact with the A549 cells and were further noted to be internalised following 24 h exposure. In contrast, only the pigmentary rutile was internalised by TK6 lymphoblasts after 24 h exposure. Where uptake was observed there was no evidence, as determined by 2D microscopy techniques, of particle localisation within the nucleus of either cell type. This study indicates that industrially relevant TiO2 particles demonstrate cell interactions that are cell-type dependent and do not induce cytotoxicity at the applied dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Rachel L Lawrence
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Martha Ilett
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael J Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea Univeristy Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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19
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Hewitt BJ, Batt JM, Shelton RM, Cooper PR, Landini G, Lucas RA, Wiench MD, Milward MR. A 3D Printed Device for In Vitro Generation of Stratified Epithelia at the Air-Liquid Interface. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:599-609. [PMID: 36047814 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures are used to produce stratified epithelial tissues in vitro, notably for the production of oral mucosal equivalents. Currently, there are few purpose-built devices which aim to enhance the ease and reproducibility of generating such tissue. Most ALI cultures utilise stainless steel grids or cell culture inserts to elevate the matrix or scaffold to the surface of the culture media. Here, a novel buoyant epithelial culture device (BECD) was designed to both contain a fibroblast-seeded collagen hydrogel and float in culture media, thereby automatically maintaining the ALI without further user intervention. BECDs aim to mitigate several issues associated with ALI culture; reducing the chance of media flooding the epithelial layer from physical disturbance, reducing technique-sensitivity for less experienced users, and improving the reproducibility of the epithelia generated. H400 oral squamous cell carcinoma cells cultured in BECDs for 7, 14 and 21 days showed continuous increase in epithelial tissue thickness with expected localisation of epithelial differentiation markers: cytokeratin 5, involucrin and E-cadherin. Fused filament fabrication 3D printing with polypropylene used in BECD production allows for rapid turnover and design iteration, presenting a versatile, adaptable and useful tool for application in in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin John Hewitt
- University of Birmingham, School of Dentistry, 5 Mill Pool Way, Birmingham, B5 7EG, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, B15 2TT;
| | - Joanna M Batt
- University of Birmingham, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Richard Michael Shelton
- University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Dentistry, Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Paul R Cooper
- University of Otago Division of Health Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand;
| | - Gabriel Landini
- University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Robert A Lucas
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Malgorzata D Wiench
- University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Dentistry, Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,University of Birmingham Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Michael R Milward
- University of Birmingham School of Dentistry, Dentistry, Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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20
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Camassa LMA, Elje E, Mariussen E, Longhin EM, Dusinska M, Zienolddiny-Narui S, Rundén-Pran E. Advanced Respiratory Models for Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials—Performance of Mono-, Co- and Tricultures. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152609. [PMID: 35957046 PMCID: PMC9370172 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Advanced in vitro models are needed to support next-generation risk assessment (NGRA), moving from hazard assessment based mainly on animal studies to the application of new alternative methods (NAMs). Advanced models must be tested for hazard assessment of nanomaterials (NMs). The aim of this study was to perform an interlaboratory trial across two laboratories to test the robustness of and optimize a 3D lung model of human epithelial A549 cells cultivated at the air–liquid interface (ALI). Potential change in sensitivity in hazard identification when adding complexity, going from monocultures to co- and tricultures, was tested by including human endothelial cells EA.hy926 and differentiated monocytes dTHP-1. All models were exposed to NM-300K in an aerosol exposure system (VITROCELL® cloud-chamber). Cyto- and genotoxicity were measured by AlamarBlue and comet assay. Cellular uptake was investigated with transmission electron microscopy. The models were characterized by confocal microscopy and barrier function tested. We demonstrated that this advanced lung model is applicable for hazard assessment of NMs. The results point to a change in sensitivity of the model by adding complexity and to the importance of detailed protocols for robustness and reproducibility of advanced in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, FHI, 0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Shan Zienolddiny-Narui
- National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway, 0033 Oslo, Norway;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.-N.); (E.R.-P.); Tel.: +47-2319-5284 (S.Z.-N.); +47-6389-8237 (E.R.-P.)
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; (E.E.); (E.M.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.-N.); (E.R.-P.); Tel.: +47-2319-5284 (S.Z.-N.); +47-6389-8237 (E.R.-P.)
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21
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Sengupta A, Roldan N, Kiener M, Froment L, Raggi G, Imler T, de Maddalena L, Rapet A, May T, Carius P, Schneider-Daum N, Lehr CM, Kruithof-de Julio M, Geiser T, Marti TM, Stucki JD, Hobi N, Guenat OT. A New Immortalized Human Alveolar Epithelial Cell Model to Study Lung Injury and Toxicity on a Breathing Lung-On-Chip System. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:840606. [PMID: 35832493 PMCID: PMC9272139 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.840606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of inhalation toxicity, drug safety and efficacy assessment, as well as the investigation of complex disease pathomechanisms, are increasingly relying on in vitro lung models. This is due to the progressive shift towards human-based systems for more predictive and translational research. While several cellular models are currently available for the upper airways, modelling the distal alveolar region poses several constraints that make the standardization of reliable alveolar in vitro models relatively difficult. In this work, we present a new and reproducible alveolar in vitro model, that combines a human derived immortalized alveolar epithelial cell line (AXiAEC) and organ-on-chip technology mimicking the lung alveolar biophysical environment (AXlung-on-chip). The latter mimics key features of the in vivo alveolar milieu: breathing-like 3D cyclic stretch (10% linear strain, 0.2 Hz frequency) and an ultrathin, porous and elastic membrane. AXiAECs cultured on-chip were characterized for their alveolar epithelial cell markers by gene and protein expression. Cell barrier properties were examined by TER (Transbarrier Electrical Resistance) measurement and tight junction formation. To establish a physiological model for the distal lung, AXiAECs were cultured for long-term at air-liquid interface (ALI) on-chip. To this end, different stages of alveolar damage including inflammation (via exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide) and the response to a profibrotic mediator (via exposure to Transforming growth factor β1) were analyzed. In addition, the expression of relevant host cell factors involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection was investigated to evaluate its potential application for COVID-19 studies. This study shows that AXiAECs cultured on the AXlung-on-chip exhibit an enhanced in vivo-like alveolar character which is reflected into: 1) Alveolar type 1 (AT1) and 2 (AT2) cell specific phenotypes, 2) tight barrier formation (with TER above 1,000 Ω cm2) and 3) reproducible long-term preservation of alveolar characteristics in nearly physiological conditions (co-culture, breathing, ALI). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a primary derived alveolar epithelial cell line on-chip representing both AT1 and AT2 characteristics is reported. This distal lung model thereby represents a valuable in vitro tool to study inhalation toxicity, test safety and efficacy of drug compounds and characterization of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Sengupta
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nuria Roldan
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Kiener
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Froment
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Raggi
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Theo Imler
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Aude Rapet
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Carius
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nicole Schneider-Daum
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Drug Delivery (DDEL), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Marianna Kruithof-de Julio
- Department for BioMedical Research DBMR, Urology Research Laboratory, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Michael Marti
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janick D Stucki
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Hobi
- Alveolix AG, Swiss Organs-on-Chip Innovation, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T Guenat
- Organs-on-Chip Technologies, ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Chary A, Groff K, Stucki AO, Contal S, Stoffels C, Cambier S, Sharma M, Gutleb AC, Clippinger AJ. Maximizing the relevance and reproducibility of A549 cell culture using FBS-free media. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 83:105423. [PMID: 35753526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Scientists are using in vitro methods to answer important research questions and implementing strategies to maximize the reliability and human relevance of these methods. One strategy is to replace the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS)-an undefined and variable mixture of biomolecules-in cell culture media with chemically defined or xeno-free medium. In this study, A549 cells, a human lung alveolar-like cell line commonly used in respiratory research, were transitioned from a culture medium containing FBS to media without FBS. A successful transition was determined based on analysis of cell morphology and functionality. Following transition to commercially available CnT-Prime Airway (CELLnTEC) or X-VIVO™ 10 (Lonza) medium, the cells were characterized by microscopic evaluation and calculation of doubling time. Their genotype, morphology, and functionality were assessed by monitoring the expression of gene markers for lung cell types, surfactant production, cytokine release, the presence of multilamellar bodies, and cell viability following sodium dodecyl sulphate exposure. Our results showed that A549 cells successfully transitioned to FBS-free media under submerged and air-liquid-interface conditions. Cells grown in X-VIVO™ 10 medium mimicked cellular characteristics of FBS-supplemented media while those grown in CnT-Prime Airway medium demonstrated characteristics possibly more reflective of normal human alveolar epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Chary
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Katherine Groff
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Andreas O Stucki
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Servane Contal
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Charlotte Stoffels
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; University of Luxembourg, 2 Av. de l'Universite, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499 Stuttgart, Germany.
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23
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Šestáková B, Schröterová L, Bezrouk A, Čížková D, Elkalaf M, Havelek R, Rudolf E, Králová V. The Effect of Chronic Exposure of Graphene Nanoplates on the Viability and Motility of A549 Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122074. [PMID: 35745421 PMCID: PMC9227066 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives are popular nanomaterials used worldwide in many technical fields and biomedical applications. Due to such massive use, their anticipated accumulation in the environment is inevitable, with a largely unknown chronic influence on living organisms. Although repeatedly tested in chronic in vivo studies, long-term cell culture experiments that explain the biological response to these nanomaterials are still scarce. In this study, we sought to evaluate the biological responses of established model A549 tumor cells exposed to a non-toxic dose of pristine graphene for eight weeks. Our results demonstrate that the viability of the A549 cells exposed to the tested graphene did not change as well as the rate of their growth and proliferation despite nanoplatelet accumulation inside the cells. In addition, while the enzymatic activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases moderately increased in exposed cells, their overall mitochondrial damage along with energy production changes was also not detected. Conversely, chronic accumulation of graphene nanoplates in exposed cells was detected, as evidenced by electron microscopy associated with impaired cellular motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Šestáková
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (B.Š.); (E.R.); (V.K.)
| | - Ladislava Schröterová
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (B.Š.); (E.R.); (V.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-495-816-284
| | - Aleš Bezrouk
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Dana Čížková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Moustafa Elkalaf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Radim Havelek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (B.Š.); (E.R.); (V.K.)
| | - Věra Králová
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (B.Š.); (E.R.); (V.K.)
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24
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Doak SH, Clift MJD, Costa A, Delmaar C, Gosens I, Halappanavar S, Kelly S, Pejinenburg WJGM, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schins RPF, Stone V, Tran L, Vijver MG, Vogel U, Wohlleben W, Cassee FR. The Road to Achieving the European Commission's Chemicals Strategy for Nanomaterial Sustainability-A PATROLS Perspective on New Approach Methodologies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200231. [PMID: 35324067 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The European Green Deal outlines ambitions to build a more sustainable, climate neutral, and circular economy by 2050. To achieve this, the European Commission has published the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability: Towards a Toxic-Free Environment, which provides targets for innovation to better protect human and environmental health, including challenges posed by hazardous chemicals and animal testing. The European project PATROLS (Physiologically Anchored Tools for Realistic nanOmateriaL hazard aSsessment) has addressed multiple aspects of the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability by establishing a battery of new approach methodologies, including physiologically anchored human and environmental hazard assessment tools to evaluate the safety of engineered nanomaterials. PATROLS has delivered and improved innovative tools to support regulatory decision-making processes. These tools also support the need for reducing regulated vertebrate animal testing; when used at an early stage of the innovation pipeline, the PATROLS tools facilitate the safe and sustainable development of new nano-enabled products before they reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen H Doak
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna Costa
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, CNR-ISTEC-National Research Council of Italy, Faenza, Italy
| | - Christiaan Delmaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Netherlands, PO box 1, Bilthoven, 3720, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gosens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Netherlands, PO box 1, Bilthoven, 3720, the Netherlands
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Sean Kelly
- Nanotechnology Industries Association, Avenue Tervueren 143, Brussels, 1150, Belgium
| | - Willie J G M Pejinenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Netherlands, PO box 1, Bilthoven, 3720, the Netherlands
- Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden, 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vicki Stone
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Leiden University, PO Box 9518, Leiden, 2300 RA, the Netherlands
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Advanced Materials Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment Netherlands, PO box 1, Bilthoven, 3720, the Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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25
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Meldrum K, Evans SJ, Vogel U, Tran L, Doak SH, Clift MJD. The influence of exposure approaches to in vitro lung epithelial barrier models to assess engineered nanomaterial hazard. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:114-134. [PMID: 35343373 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2051627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) poses a potential health risk to humans through long-term, repetitive low-dose exposures. Currently, this is not commonplace within in vitro lung cell cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to consider the optimal exposure approach toward determining the stability, sensitivity and validity of using in vitro lung cell mono- and co-cultures to determine ENM hazard. A range of exposure scenarios were conducted with DQ12 (previously established as a positive particle control) (historic and re-activated), TiO2 (JRC NM-105) and BaSO4 (JRC NM-220) on both monocultures of A549 cells as well as co-cultures of A549 cells and differentiated THP-1 cells. Cell cultures were exposed to either a single, or a repeated exposure over 24, 48- or 72-hours at in vivo extrapolated concentrations of 0-5.2 µg/cm2, 0-6 µg/cm2 and 0-1µg/cm2. The focus of this study was the pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic and genotoxic response elicited by these ENMs. Exposure to DQ12 caused pro-inflammatory responses after 48 hours repeat exposures, as well as increases in micronucleus frequency. Neither TiO2 nor BaSO4 elicited a pro-inflammatory response at this time point. However, there was induction of IL-6 after 24 hours TiO2 exposure. In conclusion, it is important to consider the appropriateness of the positive control implemented, the cell culture model, the time of exposure as well as the type of exposure (bolus or fractionated) before establishing if an in vitro model is appropriate to determine the level of response to the specific ENM of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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26
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Elberskirch L, Sofranko A, Liebing J, Riefler N, Binder K, Bonatto Minella C, Razum M, Mädler L, Unfried K, Schins RPF, Kraegeloh A, van Thriel C. How Structured Metadata Acquisition Contributes to the Reproducibility of Nanosafety Studies: Evaluation by a Round-Robin Test. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071053. [PMID: 35407172 PMCID: PMC9000531 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been widely recognized that nanosafety studies are limited in reproducibility, caused by missing or inadequate information and data gaps. Reliable and comprehensive studies should be performed supported by standards or guidelines, which need to be harmonized and usable for the multidisciplinary field of nanosafety research. The previously described minimal information table (MIT), based on existing standards or guidelines, represents one approach towards harmonization. Here, we demonstrate the applicability and advantages of the MIT by a round-robin test. Its modular structure enables describing individual studies comprehensively by a combination of various relevant aspects. Three laboratories conducted a WST-1 cell viability assay using A549 cells to analyze the effects of the reference nanomaterials NM101 and NM110 according to predefined (S)OPs. The MIT contains relevant and defined descriptive information and quality criteria and thus supported the implementation of the round-robin test from planning, investigation to analysis and data interpretation. As a result, we could identify sources of variability and justify deviating results attributed to differences in specific procedures. Consequently, the use of the MIT contributes to the acquisition of reliable and comprehensive datasets and therefore improves the significance and reusability of nanosafety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Elberskirch
- INM—Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
| | - Adriana Sofranko
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.U.); (R.P.F.S.)
| | - Julia Liebing
- IfADo—Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystraße 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - Norbert Riefler
- IWT—Leibniz-Institut für Werkstofforientierte Technologien, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (N.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Kunigunde Binder
- FIZ Karlsruhe—Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76133 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (K.B.); (C.B.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Christian Bonatto Minella
- FIZ Karlsruhe—Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76133 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (K.B.); (C.B.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Matthias Razum
- FIZ Karlsruhe—Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76133 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (K.B.); (C.B.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Lutz Mädler
- IWT—Leibniz-Institut für Werkstofforientierte Technologien, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany; (N.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Klaus Unfried
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.U.); (R.P.F.S.)
| | - Roel P. F. Schins
- IUF—Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.U.); (R.P.F.S.)
| | - Annette Kraegeloh
- INM—Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (C.v.T.)
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- IfADo—Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystraße 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany;
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (C.v.T.)
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27
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Offer S, Hartner E, Di Bucchianico S, Bisig C, Bauer S, Pantzke J, Zimmermann EJ, Cao X, Binder S, Kuhn E, Huber A, Jeong S, Käfer U, Martens P, Mesceriakovas A, Bendl J, Brejcha R, Buchholz A, Gat D, Hohaus T, Rastak N, Jakobi G, Kalberer M, Kanashova T, Hu Y, Ogris C, Marsico A, Theis F, Pardo M, Gröger T, Oeder S, Orasche J, Paul A, Ziehm T, Zhang ZH, Adam T, Sippula O, Sklorz M, Schnelle-Kreis J, Czech H, Kiendler-Scharr A, Rudich Y, Zimmermann R. Effect of Atmospheric Aging on Soot Particle Toxicity in Lung Cell Models at the Air–Liquid Interface: Differential Toxicological Impacts of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:27003. [PMID: 35112925 PMCID: PMC8812555 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from anthropogenic or biogenic gaseous precursors in the atmosphere substantially contribute to the ambient fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] burden, which has been associated with adverse human health effects. However, there is only limited evidence on their differential toxicological impact. Objectives: We aimed to discriminate toxicological effects of aerosols generated by atmospheric aging on combustion soot particles (SPs) of gaseous biogenic (β-pinene) or anthropogenic (naphthalene) precursors in two different lung cell models exposed at the air–liquid interface (ALI). Methods: Mono- or cocultures of lung epithelial cells (A549) and endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were exposed at the ALI for 4 h to different aerosol concentrations of a photochemically aged mixture of primary combustion SP and β-pinene (SOAβPIN-SP) or naphthalene (SOANAP-SP). The internally mixed soot/SOA particles were comprehensively characterized in terms of their physical and chemical properties. We conducted toxicity tests to determine cytotoxicity, intracellular oxidative stress, primary and secondary genotoxicity, as well as inflammatory and angiogenic effects. Results: We observed considerable toxicity-related outcomes in cells treated with either SOA type. Greater adverse effects were measured for SOANAP-SP compared with SOAβPIN-SP in both cell models, whereas the nano-sized soot cores alone showed only minor effects. At the functional level, we found that SOANAP-SP augmented the secretion of malondialdehyde and interleukin-8 and may have induced the activation of endothelial cells in the coculture system. This activation was confirmed by comet assay, suggesting secondary genotoxicity and greater angiogenic potential. Chemical characterization of PM revealed distinct qualitative differences in the composition of the two secondary aerosol types. Discussion: In this study using A549 and EA.hy926 cells exposed at ALI, SOA compounds had greater toxicity than primary SPs. Photochemical aging of naphthalene was associated with the formation of more oxidized, more aromatic SOAs with a higher oxidative potential and toxicity compared with β-pinene. Thus, we conclude that the influence of atmospheric chemistry on the chemical PM composition plays a crucial role for the adverse health outcome of emissions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9413
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Hartner
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bisig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J. Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xin Cao
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Bendl
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ramona Brejcha
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Buchholz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniella Gat
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thorsten Hohaus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ogris
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annalisa Marsico
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Till Ziehm
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Ethical and possible reproducibility issues arise when using fetal bovine serum in cell culture media.
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