1
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Rodrigues JS, Faria-Pereira A, Camões SP, Serras AS, Morais VA, Ruas JL, Miranda JP. Improving human mesenchymal stem cell-derived hepatic cell energy metabolism by manipulating glucose homeostasis and glucocorticoid signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1043543. [PMID: 36714559 PMCID: PMC9880320 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1043543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of reliable hepatic in vitro models may provide insights into disease mechanisms, linking hepatocyte dysmetabolism and related pathologies. However, several of the existing models depend on using high concentrations of hepatocyte differentiation-promoting compounds, namely glucose, insulin, and dexamethasone, which is among the reasons that have hampered their use for modeling metabolism-related diseases. This work focused on modulating glucose homeostasis and glucocorticoid concentration to improve the suitability of a mesenchymal stem-cell (MSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cell (HLC) human model for studying hepatic insulin action and disease modeling. METHODS We have investigated the role of insulin, glucose and dexamethasone on mitochondrial function, insulin signaling and carbohydrate metabolism, namely AKT phosphorylation, glycogen storage ability, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as fatty acid oxidation and bile acid metabolism gene expression in HLCs. In addition, we evaluated cell morphological features, albumin and urea production, the presence of hepatic-specific markers, biotransformation ability and mitochondrial function. RESULTS Using glucose, insulin and dexamethasone levels close to physiological concentrations improved insulin responsiveness in HLCs, as demonstrated by AKT phosphorylation, upregulation of glycolysis and downregulation of Irs2 and gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation pathways. Ammonia detoxification, EROD and UGT activities and sensitivity to paracetamol cytotoxicity were also enhanced under more physiologically relevant conditions. CONCLUSION HLCs kept under reduced concentrations of glucose, insulin and dexamethasone presented an improved hepatic phenotype and insulin sensitivity demonstrating superior potential as an in vitro platform for modeling energy metabolism-related disorders, namely for the investigation of the insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Saraiva Rodrigues
- Research Institute for Medicines (imed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Faria-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Póvoas Camões
- Research Institute for Medicines (imed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Serras
- Research Institute for Medicines (imed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Alexandra Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Lira Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joana Paiva Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (imed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Joana Paiva Miranda,
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2
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Yao T, Zhang Y, Lv M, Zang G, Ng SS, Chen X. Advances in 3D cell culture for liver preclinical studies. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:643-651. [PMID: 33973620 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3D cell culture model is an indispensable tool in the study of liver biology in the field of health and disease and the development of clinically relevant products for liver therapies. The 3D culture model captures critical factors of the microenvironmental niche required by hepatocytes for exhibiting optimal phenotypes, thus enabling the pursuit of a range of preclinical studies that are not entirely feasible in conventional 2D cell models. In this review, we highlight the major attributes associated with and the components needed for the development of a functional 3D liver culture model for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Mengjiao Lv
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoqing Zang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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3
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Coecke S, Ahr H, Blaauboer BJ, Bremer S, Casati S, Castell J, Combes R, Corvi R, Crespi CL, Cunningham ML, Elaut G, Eletti B, Freidig A, Gennari A, Ghersi-Egea JF, Guillouzo A, Hartung T, Hoet P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Munn S, Janssens W, Ladstetter B, Leahy D, Long A, Meneguz A, Monshouwer M, Morath S, Nagelkerke F, Pelkonen O, Ponti J, Prieto P, Richert L, Sabbioni E, Schaack B, Steiling W, Testai E, Vericat JA, Worth A. Metabolism: A Bottleneck in In Vitro Toxicological Test Development. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 34:49-84. [PMID: 16522150 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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4
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Kyffin JA, Sharma P, Leedale J, Colley HE, Murdoch C, Mistry P, Webb SD. Impact of cell types and culture methods on the functionality of in vitro liver systems - A review of cell systems for hepatotoxicity assessment. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:262-275. [PMID: 29408671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic safety assessment is an area that impacts a multitude of different industry sectors such as medicinal drugs, agrochemicals, industrial chemicals, cosmetics and environmental contaminants. As such there are a number of well-developed in vitro, in vivo and in silico approaches to evaluate their properties and potential impact on the environment and to humans. Additionally, there is the continual investment in multidisciplinary scientists to explore non-animal surrogate technologies to predict specific toxicological outcomes and to improve our understanding of the biological processes regarding the toxic potential of xenobiotics. Here we provide a concise, critical evaluation of a number of in vitro systems utilised to assess the hepatotoxic potential of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Kyffin
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
| | - Joseph Leedale
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Peach Street, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZL, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Colley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, United Kingdom
| | - Pratibha Mistry
- Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Webb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
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5
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Liaw CY, Ji S, Guvendiren M. Engineering 3D Hydrogels for Personalized In Vitro Human Tissue Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29345429 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in engineering hydrogels for 3D tissue and disease models. The major motivation is to better mimic the physiological microenvironment of the disease and human condition. 3D tissue models derived from patients' own cells can potentially revolutionize the way treatment and diagnostic alternatives are developed. This requires development of tissue mimetic hydrogels with user defined and tunable properties. In this review article, a recent summary of 3D hydrogel platforms for in vitro tissue and disease modeling is given. Hydrogel design considerations and available hydrogel systems are summarized, followed by the types of currently available hydrogel models, such as bulk hydrogels, porous scaffolds, fibrous scaffolds, hydrogel microspheres, hydrogel sandwich systems, microwells, and 3D bioprinted constructs. Although hydrogels are utilized for a wide range of tissue models, this article focuses on liver and cancer models. This article also provides a detailed section on current challenges and future perspectives of hydrogel-based tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chya-Yan Liaw
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing Laboratory; Otto H. York Chemical; Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark College of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 138 York Center Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Shen Ji
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing Laboratory; Otto H. York Chemical; Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark College of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 138 York Center Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing Laboratory; Otto H. York Chemical; Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark College of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 138 York Center Newark NJ 07102 USA
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6
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Sun D, Liu Y, Wu H, Ren Y, Ma X, Wu H, Sun G. Effects of gelling bath on the physical properties of alginate gel beads and the biological characteristics of entrapped HepG2 cells. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:263-273. [PMID: 28791765 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing alginate gel beads is necessary to support the survival, proliferation, and function of entrapped hepatocytes. In this study, gelling bath was modified by decreasing calcium ion concentration and increasing sodium ion concentration. Alginate gel beads (using 36% G sodium alginate) prepared in the modified gelling bath had more homogeneous structure and better mass transfer properties compared with the traditional gelling bath that contains only calcium ions. Moreover, alginate gel beads generated in the modified gelling bath could significantly promote the HepG2 cell proliferation and the growth of cell spheroids, and maintain the albumin secretion ability similar to alginate gel beads prepared in the traditional gelling bath with only calcium ions. The mass transfer properties and cell proliferation were similar in ALG beads with different M/G ratio (36% G and 55% G) generated in the modified gelling bath, whereas they were significantly increased compared with alginate gel beads (55% G) in traditional gelling bath. These results indicated that adjusting the gelling bath was a simple and convenient method to enhance the mass transfer properties of alginate gel beads for 3D hepatocyte culture, which might provide more hepatocytes for the bioartificial liver support system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Sun
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Ren
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijian Wu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwei Sun
- Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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7
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Ng SS, Xiong A, Nguyen K, Masek M, No DY, Elazar M, Shteyer E, Winters MA, Voedisch A, Shaw K, Rashid ST, Frank CW, Cho NJ, Glenn JS. Long-term culture of human liver tissue with advanced hepatic functions. JCI Insight 2017; 2:90853. [PMID: 28570275 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for studying authentic liver cell function and cell replacement therapies is that primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose their advanced function in conventional, 2-dimensional culture platforms. Here, we describe the fabrication of 3-dimensional hexagonally arrayed lobular human liver tissues inspired by the liver's natural architecture. The engineered liver tissues exhibit key features of advanced differentiation, such as human-specific cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism and the ability to support efficient infection with patient-derived inoculums of hepatitis C virus. The tissues permit the assessment of antiviral agents and maintain their advanced functions for over 5 months in culture. This extended functionality enabled the prediction of a fatal human-specific hepatotoxicity caused by fialuridine (FIAU), which had escaped detection by preclinical models and short-term clinical studies. The results obtained with the engineered human liver tissue in this study provide proof-of-concept determination of human-specific drug metabolism, demonstrate the ability to support infection with human hepatitis virus derived from an infected patient and subsequent antiviral drug testing against said infection, and facilitate detection of human-specific drug hepatotoxicity associated with late-onset liver failure. Looking forward, the scalability and biocompatibility of the scaffold are also ideal for future cell replacement therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Seng Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anming Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marilyn Masek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Da Yoon No
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford California, USA
| | - Menashe Elazar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eyal Shteyer
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark A Winters
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Kate Shaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Sheikh Tamir Rashid
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Curtis W Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford California, USA
| | - Nam Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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8
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Metabolic activation and drug-induced liver injury: in vitro approaches for the safety risk assessment of new drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:752-68. [PMID: 26691983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant leading cause of hepatic dysfunction, drug failure during clinical trials and post-market withdrawal of approved drugs. Many cases of DILI are unexpected reactions of an idiosyncratic nature that occur in a small group of susceptible individuals. Intensive research efforts have been made to understand better the idiosyncratic DILI and to identify potential risk factors. Metabolic bioactivation of drugs to form reactive metabolites is considered an initiation mechanism for idiosyncratic DILI. Reactive species may interact irreversibly with cell macromolecules (covalent binding, oxidative damage), and alter their structure and activity. This review focuses on proposed in vitro screening strategies to predict and reduce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with drug bioactivation. Compound incubation with metabolically competent biological systems (liver-derived cells, subcellular fractions), in combination with methods to reveal the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g., formation of adducts with liver proteins, metabolite trapping or enzyme inhibition assays), are approaches commonly used to screen the reactivity of new molecules in early drug development. Several cell-based assays have also been proposed for the safety risk assessment of bioactivable compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Activation, Metabolic
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/trends
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Coculture Techniques/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques/trends
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Microfluidics/methods
- Microfluidics/trends
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tissue Scaffolds/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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Teong B, Manousakas I, Chang SJ, Huang HH, Ju KC, Kuo SM. Alternative approach of cell encapsulation by Volvox spheres. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 55:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Wu KL, Chang SH, Manousakas I, Huang HH, Teong B, Chuang CW, Kuo SM. Effects of culturing media on hepatocytes differentiation using Volvox sphere as co-culturing vehicle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:620-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Lee BH, Kim MH, Lee JH, Seliktar D, Cho NJ, Tan LP. Modulation of Huh7.5 spheroid formation and functionality using modified PEG-based hydrogels of different stiffness. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118123. [PMID: 25692976 PMCID: PMC4333219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical cues, such as cell microenvironment stiffness, are known to be important factors in modulating cellular behaviors such as differentiation, viability, and proliferation. Apart from being able to trigger these effects, mechanical stiffness tuning is a very convenient approach that could be implemented readily into smart scaffold designs. In this study, fibrinogen-modified poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEG-DA) based hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties were synthesized and applied to control the spheroid formation and liver-like function of encapsulated Huh7.5 cells in an engineered, three-dimensional liver tissue model. By controlling hydrogel stiffness (0.1–6 kPa) as a cue for mechanotransduction representing different stiffness of a normal liver and a diseased cirrhotic liver, spheroids ranging from 50 to 200 μm were formed over a three week time-span. Hydrogels with better compliance (i.e. lower stiffness) promoted formation of larger spheroids. The highest rates of cell proliferation, albumin secretion, and CYP450 expression were all observed for spheroids in less stiff hydrogels like a normal liver in a healthy state. We also identified that the hydrogel modification by incorporation of PEGylated-fibrinogen within the hydrogel matrix enhanced cell survival and functionality possibly owing to more binding of autocrine fibronectin. Taken together, our findings establish guidelines to control the formation of Huh7.5 cell spheroids in modified PEGDA based hydrogels. These spheroids may serve as models for applications such as screening of pharmacological drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bae Hoon Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (NJC); (LPT)
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (NJC); (LPT)
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12
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Kim JY, Fluri DA, Marchan R, Boonen K, Mohanty S, Singh P, Hammad S, Landuyt B, Hengstler JG, Kelm JM, Hierlemann A, Frey O. 3D spherical microtissues and microfluidic technology for multi-tissue experiments and analysis. J Biotechnol 2015; 205:24-35. [PMID: 25592049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rational development of more physiologic in vitro models includes the design of robust and flexible 3D-microtissue-based multi-tissue devices, which allow for tissue-tissue interactions. The developed device consists of multiple microchambers interconnected by microchannels. Pre-formed spherical microtissues are loaded into the microchambers and cultured under continuous perfusion. Gravity-driven flow is generated from on-chip reservoirs through automated chip-tilting without any need for additional tubing and external pumps. This tilting concept allows for operating up to 48 devices in parallel in order to test various drug concentrations with a sufficient number of replicates. For a proof of concept, rat liver and colorectal tumor microtissues were interconnected on the chip and cultured during 8 days in the presence of the pro-drug cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide has a significant impact on tumor growth but only after bio-activation by the liver. This effect was only observed in the perfused and interconnected co-cultures of different microtissue types on-chip, whereas the discontinuous transfer of supernatant via pipetting from static liver microtissues that have been treated with cyclophosphamide did not significantly affect tumor growth. The results indicate the utility and multi-tissue functionality of this platform. The importance of continuous medium circulation and tissue interaction is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Young Kim
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David A Fluri
- InSphero AG, Wagistrasse 27, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund University, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kurt Boonen
- KU Leuven, Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soumyaranjan Mohanty
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Prateek Singh
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund University, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt
| | - Bart Landuyt
- KU Leuven, Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), TU Dortmund University, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jens M Kelm
- InSphero AG, Wagistrasse 27, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Frey
- ETH Zurich, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bio Engineering Laboratory, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg H, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX-ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 2014. [PMID: 25027500 DOI: 10.14573/altex1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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Hengstler JG, Hammad S, Ghallab A, Reif R, Godoy P. In Vitro Systems for Hepatotoxicity Testing. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0521-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Alépée N, Bahinski A, Daneshian M, De Wever B, Fritsche E, Goldberg A, Hansmann J, Hartung T, Haycock J, Hogberg HT, Hoelting L, Kelm JM, Kadereit S, McVey E, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Lübberstedt M, Noor F, Pellevoisin C, Petersohn D, Pfannenbecker U, Reisinger K, Ramirez T, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schäfer-Korting M, Zeilinger K, Zurich MG. State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology. ALTEX 2014; 31:441-77. [PMID: 25027500 PMCID: PMC4783151 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are important building blocks of this strategy which has emerged during the last years. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs--liver, lung, skin, brain--are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up- and downsides as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Bahinski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Mardas Daneshian
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Ellen Fritsche
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alan Goldberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Haycock
- Department of Materials Science of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helena T. Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Lisa Hoelting
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Suzanne Kadereit
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Emily McVey
- Board for the Authorization of Plant Protection Products and Biocides, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing – Europe (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany,Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marc Lübberstedt
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tzutzuy Ramirez
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Zeilinger
- Bioreactor Group, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabriele Zurich
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Godoy P, Hewitt NJ, Albrecht U, Andersen ME, Ansari N, Bhattacharya S, Bode JG, Bolleyn J, Borner C, Böttger J, Braeuning A, Budinsky RA, Burkhardt B, Cameron NR, Camussi G, Cho CS, Choi YJ, Craig Rowlands J, Dahmen U, Damm G, Dirsch O, Donato MT, Dong J, Dooley S, Drasdo D, Eakins R, Ferreira KS, Fonsato V, Fraczek J, Gebhardt R, Gibson A, Glanemann M, Goldring CEP, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Groothuis GMM, Gustavsson L, Guyot C, Hallifax D, Hammad S, Hayward A, Häussinger D, Hellerbrand C, Hewitt P, Hoehme S, Holzhütter HG, Houston JB, Hrach J, Ito K, Jaeschke H, Keitel V, Kelm JM, Kevin Park B, Kordes C, Kullak-Ublick GA, LeCluyse EL, Lu P, Luebke-Wheeler J, Lutz A, Maltman DJ, Matz-Soja M, McMullen P, Merfort I, Messner S, Meyer C, Mwinyi J, Naisbitt DJ, Nussler AK, Olinga P, Pampaloni F, Pi J, Pluta L, Przyborski SA, Ramachandran A, Rogiers V, Rowe C, Schelcher C, Schmich K, Schwarz M, Singh B, Stelzer EHK, Stieger B, Stöber R, Sugiyama Y, Tetta C, Thasler WE, Vanhaecke T, Vinken M, Weiss TS, Widera A, Woods CG, Xu JJ, Yarborough KM, Hengstler JG. Recent advances in 2D and 3D in vitro systems using primary hepatocytes, alternative hepatocyte sources and non-parenchymal liver cells and their use in investigating mechanisms of hepatotoxicity, cell signaling and ADME. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1315-530. [PMID: 23974980 PMCID: PMC3753504 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1051] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review encompasses the most important advances in liver functions and hepatotoxicity and analyzes which mechanisms can be studied in vitro. In a complex architecture of nested, zonated lobules, the liver consists of approximately 80 % hepatocytes and 20 % non-parenchymal cells, the latter being involved in a secondary phase that may dramatically aggravate the initial damage. Hepatotoxicity, as well as hepatic metabolism, is controlled by a set of nuclear receptors (including PXR, CAR, HNF-4α, FXR, LXR, SHP, VDR and PPAR) and signaling pathways. When isolating liver cells, some pathways are activated, e.g., the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, whereas others are silenced (e.g. HNF-4α), resulting in up- and downregulation of hundreds of genes. An understanding of these changes is crucial for a correct interpretation of in vitro data. The possibilities and limitations of the most useful liver in vitro systems are summarized, including three-dimensional culture techniques, co-cultures with non-parenchymal cells, hepatospheres, precision cut liver slices and the isolated perfused liver. Also discussed is how closely hepatoma, stem cell and iPS cell-derived hepatocyte-like-cells resemble real hepatocytes. Finally, a summary is given of the state of the art of liver in vitro and mathematical modeling systems that are currently used in the pharmaceutical industry with an emphasis on drug metabolism, prediction of clearance, drug interaction, transporter studies and hepatotoxicity. One key message is that despite our enthusiasm for in vitro systems, we must never lose sight of the in vivo situation. Although hepatocytes have been isolated for decades, the hunt for relevant alternative systems has only just begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Ute Albrecht
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Nariman Ansari
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sudin Bhattacharya
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Johannes Georg Bode
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bolleyn
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christoph Borner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Böttger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert A. Budinsky
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Britta Burkhardt
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - J. Craig Rowlands
- Toxicology and Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI USA
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Damm
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - María Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jian Dong
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
- INRIA (French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), Domaine de Voluceau-Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France
- UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, 4, pl. Jussieu, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Rowena Eakins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karine Sá Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- GRK 1104 From Cells to Organs, Molecular Mechanisms of Organogenesis, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Fonsato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Joanna Fraczek
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matthias Glanemann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, IIS Hospital La Fe Avda Campanar 21, 46009 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERehd, Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Geny M. M. Groothuis
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacokinetics Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lena Gustavsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (Malmö), Center for Molecular Pathology, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms gata 59, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christelle Guyot
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Hallifax
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Adam Hayward
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics (IZBI), University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institut für Biochemie Abteilung Mathematische Systembiochemie, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité), Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | | | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585 Japan
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Verena Keitel
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claus Kordes
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edward L. LeCluyse
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Peng Lu
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | - Anna Lutz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick McMullen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Meyer
- Department of Medicine II, Section Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Olinga
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jingbo Pi
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Linda Pluta
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield, TS21 3FD UK
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH13LE UK
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Vera Rogiers
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cliff Rowe
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Celine Schelcher
- Department of Surgery, Liver Regeneration, Core Facility, Human in Vitro Models of the Liver, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wilhelmstr. 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921 Korea
| | - Ernst H. K. Stelzer
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Stöber
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agata Widera
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC USA
| | | | | | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IFADO), 44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Miranda JP, Rodrigues A, Tostões RM, Leite S, Zimmerman H, Carrondo MJ, Alves PM. Extending Hepatocyte Functionality for Drug-Testing Applications Using High-Viscosity Alginate–Encapsulated Three-Dimensional Cultures in Bioreactors. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1223-32. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joana P. Miranda
- Animal Cell Technology Laboratory, ITQB-UNL/IBET, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Rui M. Tostões
- Animal Cell Technology Laboratory, ITQB-UNL/IBET, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sofia Leite
- Animal Cell Technology Laboratory, ITQB-UNL/IBET, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Heiko Zimmerman
- Fraunhofer Institut für Biomedizinische Technik (IBMT), St. Ingbert, Germany
- University of the Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Paula M. Alves
- Animal Cell Technology Laboratory, ITQB-UNL/IBET, Oeiras, Portugal
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Meng Q. Three-dimensional culture of hepatocytes for prediction of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:733-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003674356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hang H, Shi X, Gu GX, Wu Y, Gu J, Ding Y. In vitro analysis of cryopreserved alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate-microencapsulated human hepatocytes. Liver Int 2010; 30:611-22. [PMID: 20070514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The availability of well-characterized human hepatocytes that can be frozen and thawed will be critical for cell therapy. We addressed whether human hepatocytes can recover after microencapsulated cryopreservation and investigated whether these cryopreserved microencapsulated hepatocytes can be used for clinical applications. METHODS Adult hepatocytes of 18 separate donors were isolated with a two-step extracorporeal collagenase perfusion technique. After pre-incubation at 4 degrees C for 12-24 h in HepatoZYME-SFM, hepatocytes were microencapsulated using alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate microcapsules. The microencapsulated hepatocytes were transferred to a complete medium containing 10% dimethyl sulphoxide. They were immediately placed into an isopropanol progressive freezing container at -80 degrees C overnight and immersed in liquid nitrogen the next day. During the post-thawing culture period, albumin secretion, urea synthesis, cell cycle, mRNA and protein levels, as well as the morphology and pathology structure of pre-incubation before microencapsulated cryopreservation (PMC) groups were analysed. RESULTS Compared with the immediate cryopreservation (IC) groups, we found significant improvement in the mRNA and protein levels in the attached cells, and higher secretion of albumin and urea levels after thawing. In the attached cultured human cryopreserved/thawed hepatocytes from the PMC group, albumin production was not significantly different from those of the direct culture groups on days 2, 3 and 4. The preserved morphology in the PMC group compared with the IC group was obvious. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggested recovery of the functional and morphological integrity of human hepatocytes after pre-incubation at 4 degrees C for 12-24 h before microencapsulated cryopreservation. These studies offer the possibility for clinical applications in pharmacotoxicology, bioartificial liver and cell therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualian Hang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical College of Nanjing University, Jiangsu Province's Key Medical Center for Hepatobiliary Disease, Nanjing, China
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Donato MT. The use of hepatocytes to investigate drug toxicity. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 640:389-415. [PMID: 20645064 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-688-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver is very active in metabolizing foreign compounds and the major target for toxicity caused by drugs. Hepatotoxicity may be the result of the drug itself or, more frequently, a result of the bioactivation process and the production of reactive metabolites. Prioritization of compounds based on human hepatotoxicity potential is currently a key unmet need in drug discovery, as it can become a major problem for several lead compounds in later stages of the drug discovery pipeline. Therefore, evaluation of potential hepatotoxicity represents a critical step in the development of new drugs. Cultured hepatocytes are increasingly used by the pharmaceutical industry for the screening of hepatotoxic potential of new molecules. Hepatocytes in culture retain hepatic key functions and constitute a valuable tool to identify chemically induced cellular damage. Their use has notably contributed to the understanding of mechanisms responsible for hepatotoxicity (disruption of cellular energy status, alteration of Ca(2+) homeostasis, inhibition of transport systems, metabolic activation, oxidative stress, covalent binding, etc.). Assessment of current cytotoxicity and hepatic-specific biochemical effects is limited by the inability to measure a wide spectrum of potential mechanistic changes involved in the drug-induced toxic injury. A convenient selection of endpoints allows a multiparametric evaluation of drug toxicity. In this regard, cytomic, proteomic, toxicogenomic and metabonomic approaches help to define patterns of hepatotoxicity for early identification of potential adverse effects of the drug to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Ehnert S, Glanemann M, Schmitt A, Vogt S, Shanny N, Nussler NC, Stöckle U, Nussler A. The possible use of stem cells in regenerative medicine: dream or reality? Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:985-97. [PMID: 19644703 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-009-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are one of the most fascinating areas in regenerative medicine today. They play a crucial role in the development and regeneration of human life and are defined as cells that continuously reproduce themselves while maintaining the ability to differentiate into various cell types. Stem cells are found at all developmental stages, from embryonic stem cells that differentiate into all cell types found in the human body to adult stem cells that are responsible for tissue regeneration. The general opinion postulates that clinical therapies based on the properties of stem cells may have the potential to change the treatment of degenerative diseases or important traumatic injuries in the "near" future. We here briefly review the literature in particularly for the liver, heart, kidney, cartilage, and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, TU Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
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24
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Bazou D. Biochemical properties of encapsulated high-density 3-D HepG2 aggregates formed in an ultrasound trap for application in hepatotoxicity studies. Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 26:127-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Schumann A, Bauer A, Hermes M, Gilbert M, Hengstler JG, Wilhelm C. A rapid and easy to handle thermoluminescence based technique for evaluation of carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress on rat hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:709-20. [PMID: 19214477 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has become one of the most intensively studied topics in biomedical research and is an often observed mechanism of non-genotoxic carcinogens like carbon tetrachloride. To monitor the oxidative stress status in in vitro hepatocytes, we compared thermoluminescence (TL) measurements with biochemical standard methods for oxidative stress markers. In contrast to biochemical analysis, TL measurements can be performed without any time-consuming extraction procedures by using directly collected cell material. After incubation with CCl(4) (24 h), thermo-induced light emission increased with rising concentration of CCl(4) up to eightfold at 10 mM CCl(4). Simultaneously, we determined the content of different secondary oxidative stress products, like thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and malondialdehyde. The rise of all biochemical markers complied with the increasing concentration of CCl(4). Finally, we could show that the CCl(4)-induced increase of oxidative stress markers determined by time-consuming biochemical methods perfectly correlates with the increase of high temperature bands in rapid TL measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Schumann
- Biology I, Plant Physiology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Schug M, Heise T, Bauer A, Storm D, Blaszkewicz M, Bedawy E, Brulport M, Geppert B, Hermes M, Föllmann W, Rapp K, Maccoux L, Schormann W, Appel KE, Oberemm A, Gundert-Remy U, Hengstler JG. Primary rat hepatocytes as in vitro system for gene expression studies: comparison of sandwich, Matrigel and 2D cultures. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:923-31. [PMID: 18987846 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have presented evidence that in vivo obtained gene expression data can be used for carcinogen classification, for instance to differentiate between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. However, although primary rat hepatocytes represent a well-established in vitro system for drug metabolism and enzyme induction, they have not yet been systematically optimized for toxicogenomic studies. The latter may be confounded by the fact that cultured hepatocytes show strong spontaneous alterations in gene expression patterns. Therefore, we addressed the following questions: (1) which culture system is optimal, comparing sandwich, Matrigel and 2D cultures, (2) how critical is the impact of culture period on substance-induced alterations in gene expression and (3) do these substance-induced alterations in cultured hepatocytes occur already at in vivo relevant concentrations? For this purpose we analyzed the expression of four genes, namely Abat, Gsk3beta, Myd116 and Sult1a1 that recently have been reported to be influenced by the antihistamine and non-genotoxic carcinogen methapyrilene (MPy). The most reproducible effects of MPy were observed in sandwich cultures. Induction factors of Gsk3beta and Myd116 at 100 microM MPy were 2 and 4 (medians), respectively, whereas expression of Abat and Sult1a1 were inhibited by factors of 7 and 5, respectively. Similar results were observed in hepatocytes maintained for 24 h or 3 weeks in sandwich culture with respect to the influence of MPy on the expression of Abat, Gsk3beta, Myd116 and Sult1a1. To determine whether MPy influences gene expression at in vivo relevant concentrations, 3.5 mg/kg MPy were administered to male Wistar rats intraperitoneally, resulting in plasma concentrations ranging between 1.72 and 0.32 microM 5 and 80 min after injection. Inhibition of Abat and Sult1a1 expression in vitro already occurred at in vivo relevant concentrations of 0.39 microM MPy. Induction of Myd116 was observed at 6.25 microM which is higher but in the same order of magnitude as in vivo relevant concentrations. In conclusion, the presented data strongly suggest that sandwich cultures are most adequate for detection of MPy-induced gene expression alterations and the effect of MPy was detected at in vivo relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schug
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Ardeystrasse 67, 44139 Dortmund, Germany.
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28
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Hewitt NJ, Lechón MJG, Houston JB, Hallifax D, Brown HS, Maurel P, Kenna JG, Gustavsson L, Lohmann C, Skonberg C, Guillouzo A, Tuschl G, Li AP, LeCluyse E, Groothuis GMM, Hengstler JG. Primary hepatocytes: current understanding of the regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporter proteins, and pharmaceutical practice for the use of hepatocytes in metabolism, enzyme induction, transporter, clearance, and hepatotoxicity studies. Drug Metab Rev 2007; 39:159-234. [PMID: 17364884 DOI: 10.1080/03602530601093489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review brings you up-to-date with the hepatocyte research on: 1) in vitro-in vivo correlations of metabolism and clearance; 2) CYP enzyme induction, regulation, and cross-talk using human hepatocytes and hepatocyte-like cell lines; 3) the function and regulation of hepatic transporters and models used to elucidate their role in drug clearance; 4) mechanisms and examples of idiosyncratic and intrinsic hepatotoxicity; and 5) alternative cell systems to primary human hepatocytes. We also report pharmaceutical perspectives of these topics and compare methods and interpretations for the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Hewitt
- Scientific Writing Services, Wingertstrasse, Erzhausen, Germany.
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Shen C, Zhang G, Meng Q. An in vitro model for long-term hepatotoxicity testing utilizing rat hepatocytes entrapped in micro-hollow fiber reactor. Biochem Eng J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shen C, Zhang H, Zhang G, Meng Q. Isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes of gel entrapment culture. Toxicol Lett 2006; 167:66-74. [PMID: 17030102 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Gel entrapment culture of rat hepatocytes in hollow fibers were evaluated as a potential in vitro model for studies on isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity. After exposure to isoniazid (0.11 mM and 1.1 mM) for 24-96 h, gel entrapped hepatocytes were more severely damaged than hepatocyte monolayers according to the assays on methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) reduction, intracellular glutathione (GSH) content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and albumin secretion. Furthermore, CYP 2E1 activity detected by 4-nitrocatechol (4-NC) formation maintained at least 7 days in gel entrapped hepatocytes but decreased to an undetectable level within 2 days in hepatocyte monolayer. And the addition of CYP 2E1 inhibitor, diethyl-dithiocarbamate (DDC), significantly reduced isoniazid-induced GSH depletion in gel entrapped hepatocytes. In addition, the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), GSH, liquorice extract and glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a purified compound from liquorice extract, against isoniazid hepatotoxicity were clearly observed in gel entrapped hepatocytes at 72 h incubation. Overall, gel entrapped hepatocytes were more susceptible to isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity than hepatocyte monolayers by a possible mechanism that higher CYP 2E1 activity in gel entrapped hepatocytes could enhance isoniazid toxicity. This indicates that gel entrapped hepatocytes in hollow fibers could be a more effective model than hepatocyte monolayer for hepatotoxicity research in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Shen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China
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Chandrasekaran P, Seagle C, Rice L, Macdonald J, Gerber DA. Functional analysis of encapsulated hepatic progenitor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2001-8. [PMID: 16889528 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in developing therapies based on progenitor or stem cell populations (from sources other than bone marrow) involves developing a mode to deliver these cells in a manner that optimizes their viability, engraftment, proliferation, and differentiation. We have previously isolated a hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) population from adult liver tissue that differentiates into hepatic and biliary cell subtypes. We postulated that, using electrostatic encapsulation, we could reproducibly generate an ex vivo environment for the HPCs. We also theorized that this approach would foster cellular viability and function of the progenitor cell population. Using this encapsulation process, we consistently produced beads with uniform diameters between 200 and 700 microm. In vitro analysis of the encapsulated beads demonstrated extended periods of viability and function based on albumin production, urea metabolism, and glycogen storage. In conclusion, HPC encapsulation fosters the subsequent differentiation of HPCs into functional cells while maintaining their viability in long-term culture. These results demonstrate the efficacy of this method using somatic-derived progenitor cell populations and pave the way for clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandrasekaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Hengstler JG, Brulport M, Schormann W, Bauer A, Hermes M, Nussler AK, Fandrich F, Ruhnke M, Ungefroren H, Griffin L, Bockamp E, Oesch F, von Mach MA. Generation of human hepatocytes by stem cell technology: definition of the hepatocyte. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 1:61-74. [PMID: 16922653 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.1.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since 1999, numerous articles have reported the generation of hepatocytes from different types of extrahepatic stem or precursor cells. This opens exciting new possibilities for pharmacology and toxicology, as well as for cell therapy. Hepatocyte marker expression, including albumin, cytokeratin 18, c-met, alpha-fetoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 and -2B6, has been observed after transplantation of different types of human stem cells into the liver of laboratory animals or in vitro after incubation with cytokines. These intriguing observations have prompted scientists to classify stem cell-derived cell populations as hepatocytes. However, this conclusion may be premature. It has been shown that factors of the liver microenvironment can induce expression of a limited number of hepatocyte marker genes in nonhepatic cell types. To conclude on the grounds of a limited number of markers that these cells are true hepatocytes is not indicated. In this case one should carefully evaluate crucial hepatocyte-defining enzymatic properties. The present article: i) reviews studies describing the fate of extrahepatic human stem and precursor cells in livers of laboratory animals, including the possibility of cell fusion; and ii) critically discusses the phenotype of stem cells after application of various differentiation protocols aimed at generating human hepatocytes. In addition, the necessary criteria needed for defining a true hepatocyte are suggested. Establishing the necessary properties for stem cell-derived hepatocytes is timely and reasonable, and thus avoids further misleading semantic confusion. Finally, it is essential to understand that the definition of a bona fide hepatocyte should not be limited to qualitative assays, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, but has to include a quantitative analysis of enzymatic activities, which allows direct comparison with primary hepatocytes. Although the stem cell-derived-hepatocyte does not yet exist there is a good chance that this aim may be achieved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Hengstler
- University of Leipzig, Center for Toxicology, Institute of Legal Medicine and Rudolf-Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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Nussler A, Konig S, Ott M, Sokal E, Christ B, Thasler W, Brulport M, Gabelein G, Schormann W, Schulze M, Ellis E, Kraemer M, Nocken F, Fleig W, Manns M, Strom SC, Hengstler JG. Present status and perspectives of cell-based therapies for liver diseases. J Hepatol 2006; 45:144-59. [PMID: 16730092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the interest in liver cell therapy has been increasing continuously, since the demand for whole liver transplantations in human beings far outweighs the supply. From the clinical point of view, transplantation of hepatocytes or hepatocyte-like cells may represent an alternative to orthotopic liver transplants in acute liver failure, for the correction of genetic disorders resulting in metabolically deficient states, and for late stage liver disease such as cirrhosis. Although the concept of cell therapy for various diseases of the liver is widely accepted, the practical approach in humans often remains difficult. An international expert panel critically discussed the recent published data on clinical and experimental hepatocyte transplantation and the possible role of stem cells in liver tissue repair. This paper aims to summarise the present status of cell based therapies for liver diseases and to identify areas of future preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nussler
- Fresenius Biotech Bad Homburg, Division of Cell Therapy, Bad Homburg, Germany.
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Vermeir M, Annaert P, Mamidi RNVS, Roymans D, Meuldermans W, Mannens G. Cell-based models to study hepatic drug metabolism and enzyme induction in humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2005; 1:75-90. [PMID: 16922654 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.1.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based in vitro models are invaluable tools in elucidating the pharmacokinetic profile of a drug candidate during its drug discovery and development process. As biotransformation is one of the key determinants of a drug's disposition in the body, many in vitro models to study drug metabolism have been established, and others are still being developed and validated. This review is aimed at providing the reader with a concise overview of the characteristics and optimal application of established and emerging in vitro cell-based models to study human drug metabolism and induction of drug metabolising enzymes in the liver. The strengths and weaknesses of liver-derived models, such as primary hepatocytes, either freshly isolated or cryopreserved, and from adult or fetal donors, precision-cut liver slices, and cell lines, including immortalised cells, reporter cell lines, hepatocarcinoma-derived cell lines and recombinant cell lines, are discussed. Relevant cell culture configuration aspects as well as other models such as stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells and humanised animal models are also reviewed. The status of model development, their acceptance by health authorities and recommendations for the most appropriate use of the models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vermeir
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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