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Vlach M, Coppens-Exandier H, Jamin A, Berchel M, Scaviner J, Chesné C, Montier T, Jaffrès PA, Corlu A, Loyer P. Liposome-Mediated Gene Transfer in Differentiated HepaRG™ Cells: Expression of Liver Specific Functions and Application to the Cytochrome P450 2D6 Expression. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233904. [PMID: 36497165 PMCID: PMC9737581 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to establish a procedure for gene delivery mediated by cationic liposomes in quiescent differentiated HepaRG™ human hepatoma cells. We first identified several cationic lipids promoting efficient gene transfer with low toxicity in actively dividing HepG2, HuH7, BC2 and progenitor HepaRG™ human hepatoma cells. The lipophosphoramidate Syn1-based nanovector, which allowed the highest transfection efficiencies of progenitor HepaRG™ cells, was next used to transfect differentiated HepaRG™ cells. Lipofection of these cells using Syn1-based liposome was poorly efficient most likely because the differentiated HepaRG™ cells are highly quiescent. Thus, we engineered the differentiated HepaRG™ Mitogenic medium supplement (ADD1001) that triggered robust proliferation of differentiated cells. Importantly, we characterized the phenotypical changes occurring during proliferation of differentiated HepaRG™ cells and demonstrated that mitogenic stimulation induced a partial and transient decrease in the expression levels of some liver specific functions followed by a fast recovery of the full differentiation status upon removal of the mitogens. Taking advantage of the proliferation of HepaRG™ cells, we defined lipofection conditions using Syn1-based liposomes allowing transient expression of the cytochrome P450 2D6, a phase I enzyme poorly expressed in HepaRG cells, which opens new means for drug metabolism studies in HepaRG™ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vlach
- Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
- Institut AGRO Rennes-Angers, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Hugo Coppens-Exandier
- Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
- Biopredic International, F-35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | - Agnès Jamin
- Biopredic International, F-35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | - Mathieu Berchel
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA, UMR 6521, F-29238 Brest, France
- Plateforme BiogenOuest SynNanoVect, F-44035 Nantes, France
| | - Julien Scaviner
- Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
- Biopredic International, F-35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | | | - Tristan Montier
- Plateforme BiogenOuest SynNanoVect, F-44035 Nantes, France
- Univ. Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Paul-Alain Jaffrès
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA, UMR 6521, F-29238 Brest, France
- Plateforme BiogenOuest SynNanoVect, F-44035 Nantes, France
| | - Anne Corlu
- Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (P.L.); Tel.: +33-(02)-23233873 (P.L.)
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), F-35000 Rennes, France
- Plateforme BiogenOuest SynNanoVect, F-44035 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (P.L.); Tel.: +33-(02)-23233873 (P.L.)
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Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang X, Sun Y. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Hexabromocyclododecane in Marine Biota from China: A Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10100620. [PMID: 36287900 PMCID: PMC9610277 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants for its persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, and pose significant adverse effects on natural environments and human health. HBCDs are ubiquitously found in marine environments worldwide and can be biomagnified in marine organisms with a high trophic level. In the present study, we reviewed the available data on contamination of HBCDs in the marine biota from China, including mollusks, crustaceans, fish and mammals. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of HBCDs in the marine food web were summarized as well. This study also prospected the future research of HBCDs, including the transport and fluxes of HBCDs to and within the marine environment, the biomagnification of HBCDs in different ecosystems, and the metabolism of HBCDs in different marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Sijia Li
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Yezi Chen
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Xutao Wang
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment Administration, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou 510611, China
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Feiteiro J, Mariana M, Cairrão E. Health toxicity effects of brominated flame retardants: From environmental to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117475. [PMID: 34087639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) are brominated flame retardants widely used in variety of industrial and consumer products (e.g., automobiles, electronics, furniture, textiles and plastics) to reduce flammability. HBCD and TBBPA can also contaminate the environment, mainly water, dust, air and soil, from which human exposure occurs. This constant exposure has raised some concerns against human health. These compounds can act as endocrine disruptors, a property that gives them the ability to interfere with hormonal function and quantity, when HBCD and TBBPA bind target tissues in the body. Studies in human and animals suggest a correlation between HBCD and TBBPA exposure and adverse health outcomes, namely thyroid disorders, neurobehavior and development disorders, reproductive health, immunological, oncological and cardiovascular diseases. However, in humans these effects are still poorly understood, once only a few data evaluated the human health effects. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present the toxicity effects of HBCD and TBBPA and how these compounds affect the environment and health, resorting to data and knowledge of 255 published papers from 1979 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrão
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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4
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Li H, Wang YG, Ma ZC, Yun-Hang G, Ling S, Teng-Fei C, Guang-Ping Z, Gao Y. A high-throughput cell-based gaussia luciferase reporter assay for measurement of CYP1A1, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 induction. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:752-763. [PMID: 33896369 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1918800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of cytochrome P450s can result in reduced drug efficacy and lead to potential drug-drug interactions. The xenoreceptors-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and pregnane X receptor (PXR)-play key roles in CYP induction by xenobiotics. In order to be able to rapidly screen for the induction of three enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4), we generated a stable AhR-responsive HepG2 cell line, a stable CAR-responsive HepG2 cell line, and a stable PXR-responsive HepG2 cell line.To validate these stable xenoreceptor-responsive HepG2 cell lines, we evaluated the induction of the different Gaussia reporter activities, as well as the mRNA and protein expression levels of endogenous CYPs in response to different inducers.The induction of luciferase activity in the stable xenoreceptor-responsive HepG2 cell lines by specific inducers occurred in a concentration dependent manner. There was a positive correlation between the induction of luciferase activities and the induction endogenous CYP mRNA expression levels. These xenoreceptor-responsive HepG2 cell lines were further validated with known CYP1A1, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 inducers.These stable xenoreceptor-responsive HepG2 cell lines may be used in preclinical research for the rapid and sensitive detection of AhR, CAR, and PXR ligands that induce CYP450 isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Guang Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Chun Ma
- Institute of Radiation Medicine Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gao Yun-Hang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Ling
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Teng-Fei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Guang-Ping
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Wallace H, Benford D, Fürst P, Rose M, Ioannidou S, Nikolič M, Bordajandi LR, Vleminckx C. Update of the risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06421. [PMID: 33732387 PMCID: PMC7938899 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in food. HBCDDs, predominantly mixtures of the stereoisomers α-, β- and γ-HBCDD, were widely used additive flame retardants. Concern has been raised because of the occurrence of HBCDDs in the environment, food and in humans. Main targets for toxicity are neurodevelopment, the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and immune systems. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the neurodevelopmental effects on behaviour in mice can be considered the critical effects. Based on effects on spontaneous behaviour in mice, the Panel identified a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.9 mg/kg body weight (bw) as the Reference Point, corresponding to a body burden of 0.75 mg/kg bw. The chronic intake that would lead to the same body burden in humans was calculated to be 2.35 μg/kg bw per day. The derivation of a health-based guidance value (HBGV) was not considered appropriate. Instead, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied to assess possible health concerns. Over 6,000 analytical results for HBCDDs in food were used to estimate the exposure across dietary surveys and age groups of the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to HBCDDs were fish meat, eggs, livestock meat and poultry. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the resulting MOE values support the conclusion that current dietary exposure to HBCDDs across European countries does not raise a health concern. An exception is breastfed infants with high milk consumption, for which the lowest MOE values may raise a health concern.
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Riddick DS, Mullen Grey AK. Mechanisms of NADPH - cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase induction by dexamethasone in the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 98:267-274. [PMID: 31825663 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of NADPH - cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR), electron donor for microsomal P450s, is induced in rat liver by dexamethasone (DEX), an activator of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR). DEX induction of POR in rat liver is primarily PXR-mediated, although GR may contribute to mRNA effects. We examined the role of GR and PXR in the DEX induction of POR mRNA and protein in the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line. The DEX EC50 for a PXR target, CYP3A23, exceeded that for the GR targets tyrosine aminotransferase and PXR as well as POR itself. POR protein levels were induced 3- and 4-fold, respectively, by DEX concentrations activating GR selectively (100 nM) or both GR and PXR (10 μM). POR was induced by triamcinolone acetonide, a selective GR agonist, but not pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile, a selective PXR agonist. POR induction was blocked by the GR antagonist RU486 but minimally influenced by the PXR antagonist FLB-12. The half-life for POR mRNA was prolonged by DEX at both 100 nM and 10 μM. GR is more important in DEX-induced POR expression in H4IIE cells compared to rat liver in vivo, calling into question the suitability of this cell model for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Riddick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Anne K Mullen Grey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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7
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Rat strain response differences upon exposure to technical or alpha hexabromocyclododecane. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:284-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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8
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Farmahin R, Gannon AM, Gagné R, Rowan-Carroll A, Kuo B, Williams A, Curran I, Yauk CL. Hepatic transcriptional dose-response analysis of male and female Fischer rats exposed to hexabromocyclododecane. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 133:110262. [PMID: 30594549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant found in the environment and human tissues. The toxicological effects of HBCD exposure are not clearly understood. We employed whole-genome RNA-sequencing on liver samples from male and female Fischer rats exposed to 0, 250, 1250, and 5000 mg technical mixture of HBCD/kg diet for 28 days to gain further insight into HBCD toxicity. HBCD altered 428 and 250 gene transcripts in males and females, respectively, which were involved in metabolism of xenobiotics, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolism of glucose and lipids, circadian regulation, cell cycle, fibrotic activity, and hormonal balance. Signature analysis supported that HBCD operates through the constitutive androstane and pregnane X receptors. The median transcriptomic benchmark dose (BMD) for the lowest statistically significant pathway was within 1.5-fold of the BMD for increased liver weight, while the BMD for the lowest pathway with at least three modeled genes (minimum 5% of pathway) was similar to the lowest apical endpoint BMD. The results show how transcriptional analyses can inform mechanisms underlying chemical toxicity and the doses at which potentially adverse effects occur. This experiment is part of a larger study exploring the use of toxicogenomics and high-throughput screening for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Farmahin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Anne Marie Gannon
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Rémi Gagné
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrea Rowan-Carroll
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Ivan Curran
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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9
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Demazeau M, Quesnot N, Ripoche N, Rauch C, Jeftić J, Morel F, Gauffre F, Benvegnu T, Loyer P. Efficient transfection of Xenobiotic Responsive Element-biosensor plasmid using diether lipid and phosphatidylcholine liposomes in differentiated HepaRG cells. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:268-278. [PMID: 28365389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated cationic liposomes prepared from diether-NH2 and egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) for in vitro gene delivery. The impact of the lipid composition, i.e. the EPC and Diether-NH2 molar ratio, on in vitro transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity was investigated using the human HEK293T and hepatoma HepaRG cells known to be permissive and poorly permissive cells for liposome-mediated gene transfer, respectively. Here, we report that EPC/Diether-NH2-based liposomes enabled a very efficient transfection with low cytotoxicity compared to commercial transfection reagents in both HEK293T and proliferating progenitor HepaRG cells. Taking advantage of these non-toxic EPC/Diether-NH2-based liposomes, we developed a method to efficiently transfect differentiated hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells and a biosensor plasmid containing a Xenobiotic Responsive Element and a minimal promoter driving the transcription of the luciferase reporter gene. We demonstrated that the luciferase activity was induced by a canonical inducer of cytochrome P450 genes, the benzo[a]pyrene, and two environmental contaminants, the fluoranthene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and the endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, known to induce toxicity and genotoxicity in differentiated HepaRG cells. In conclusion, we established a new efficient lipofection-mediated gene transfer in hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells opening new perspectives in drug evaluation relying on xenobiotic inducible biosensor plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Demazeau
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Plateforme SynNanoVect, Biogenouest, 11 allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Nicolas Quesnot
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes 1, Univ Bretagne Loire, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Plateforme SynNanoVect, Biogenouest, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Ripoche
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Plateforme SynNanoVect, Biogenouest, 11 allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Claudine Rauch
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes 1, Univ Bretagne Loire, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Plateforme SynNanoVect, Biogenouest, Rennes, France
| | - Jelena Jeftić
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Plateforme SynNanoVect, Biogenouest, 11 allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Fabrice Morel
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes 1, Univ Bretagne Loire, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Plateforme SynNanoVect, Biogenouest, Rennes, France
| | - Fabienne Gauffre
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | - Thierry Benvegnu
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Plateforme SynNanoVect, Biogenouest, 11 allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France.
| | - Pascal Loyer
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes 1, Univ Bretagne Loire, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), Plateforme SynNanoVect, Biogenouest, Rennes, France.
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Giri P, Delvadia P, Gupta L, Patel N, Trivedi P, Lad K, Patel HM, Srinivas NR. Consequences of daily corticosteroid dosing with or without pre-treatment with quinidine on the in vivo cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) enzyme in rats: effect on O-demethylation activity of dextromethorphan and expression levels of CYP2D1 mRNA. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1-10. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1275064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Giri
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Prashant Delvadia
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Laxmikant Gupta
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Nirmal Patel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Priyal Trivedi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Krishna Lad
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
| | - Hiren M. Patel
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nuggehally R. Srinivas
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India and
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11
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Huang X, Chen C, Shang Y, Zhong Y, Ren G, Yu Z, An J. In vitro study on the biotransformation and cytotoxicity of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereoisomers in liver cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:251-258. [PMID: 27434255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to clarify the cytotoxicity of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) diastereoisomers, and to investigate the correlation of cytotoxicity and biotransformation of HBCDs, the immortalized human liver cells L02 and human hepatoma cells HepG2 were exposed to individual HBCD diastereoisomer (α-, β- and γ-HBCD). Cytotoxicity was assayed in terms of cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage. Metabolic rate, bioisomerization and enantiomer fractions were analyzed using the liquid chromatograph coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The α-, β- and γ-HBCD all had cytotoxicity in L02 and HepG2 cells with the toxicity order β-HBCD ≥ γ-HBCD > α-HBCD according to the results of proliferation assay. The cytotoxicity mechanism between the two cells seemed different: a) the stability of intracellular redox state plays an important role in inducing cell toxicity in HepG2 cells. b) DNA damage status is central to inhibit proliferation in L02 cells. The metabolic capability of HepG2 was superior to L02 for HBCD diastereoisomers, which may explain the greater toxicity of HBCDs in HepG2 cells. The bioisomerization and enantiomer enrichment were also detected in this study, although the results were inconsistent with other reports, which might result from species-specific differences in HBCDs metabolism or experimental conditions. The cytotoxicity and metabolic mechanism of individual enantiomers must be further investigated to evaluate the health risks of HBCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Cen Chen
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yu Shang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yufang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Guofa Ren
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
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12
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Erratico C, Zheng X, van den Eede N, Tomy G, Covaci A. Stereoselective Metabolism of α-, β-, and γ-Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) by Human Liver Microsomes and CYP3A4. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8263-8273. [PMID: 27401979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study investigating the in vitro metabolism of α-, β-, and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers in humans and providing semiquantitative metabolism data. Human liver microsomes were incubated with individual racemic mixtures and with individual stereoisomers of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs, the hydroxylated metabolites formed were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the value of the intrinsic in vitro clearance (Clint,vitro) was calculated. Several mono- and dihydroxylated metabolites of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs were formed, with mono-OH-HBCDs being the major metabolites. No stereoisomerization of any of the six α-, β-, and γ-HBCD isomers catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes occurred. The value of Clint,vitro of α-HBCDs was significantly lower than that of β-HBCDs, which, in turn, was significantly lower than that of γ-HBCDs (p < 0.05). Such differences were explained by the significantly lower values of Clint,vitro of each α-HBCD stereoisomer than those of the β- and γ-HBCD stereoisomers. In addition, significantly lower values of Clint,vitro of the (-) over the (+)α- and β-HBCD stereoisomers, but not γ-HBCDs, were obtained. Our data offer a possible explanation of the enrichment of α-HBCDs over β- and γ-HBCDs on the one hand and, on the other hand, of (-)α-HBCDs over (+)α-HBCDs previously reported in human samples. It also offers information about the mechanism resulting in such enrichments, the stereoisomer-selective metabolism of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDs catalyzed by CYPs with the lack of stereoisomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Erratico
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nele van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gregg Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Nishiyama Y, Nakayama SMM, Watanabe KP, Kawai YK, Ohno M, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M. Strain differences in cytochrome P450 mRNA and protein expression, and enzymatic activity among Sprague Dawley, Wistar, Brown Norway and Dark Agouti rats. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:675-80. [PMID: 26806536 PMCID: PMC4873860 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat cytochrome P450 (CYP) exhibits inter-strain differences, but their analysis has been
scattered across studies under different conditions. To identify these strain differences
in CYP more comprehensively, mRNA expression, protein expression and metabolic activity
among Wistar (WI), Sprague Dawley (SD), Dark Agouti (DA) and Brown Norway (BN) rats were
compared. The mRNA level and enzymatic activity of CYP1A1 were highest in SD rats. The
rank order of Cyp3a2 mRNA expression mirrored its protein expression,
i.e., DA>BN>SD>WI, and was similar to the CYP3A2-dependent warfarin metabolic
activity, i.e., DA>SD>BN>WI. These results suggest that the strain differences in
CYP3A2 enzymatic activity are caused by differences in mRNA expression.
Cyp2b1 mRNA levels, which were higher in DA rats, did not correlate
with its protein expression or enzymatic activity. This suggests that the strain
differences in enzymatic activity are not related to Cyp2b1 mRNA
expression. In conclusion, WI rats tended to have the lowest CYP1A1, 2B1 and 3A2 mRNA
expression, protein expression and enzymatic activity among the strains. In addition, SD
rats had the highest CYP1A1 mRNA expression and activity, while DA rats had higher CYP2B1
and CYP3A2 mRNA and protein expression. These inter-strain differences in CYP could
influence pharmacokinetic considerations in preclinical toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Koch C, Schmidt-Kötters T, Rupp R, Sures B. Review of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) with a focus on legislation and recent publications concerning toxicokinetics and -dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:26-34. [PMID: 25618363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review recent publications regarding the toxicokinetics and -dynamics of the flame retardant Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). HBCD has recently been listed as a persistent organic pollutant, which therefore influenced the legislation concerning its manufacturing and formulation. However, under specific circumstances it may still be used until 2024. Early toxicity studies have only focussed on HBCD itself, which is a mixture of different isomers with different physical and toxicological characteristics. Here we take a more differentiated look at the three diastereomers α-, β- and γ-HBCD. We also address the different enantiomers to give an overview of the toxicity of HBCD to identify present gaps in our knowledge about this chemical, especially with respect to its possible formulation until 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Koch
- Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany; Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany.
| | | | - Roman Rupp
- Deutsche Rockwool Mineralwoll GmbH & Co. OHG, 45966, Gladbeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatische Ökologie und Zentrum für Wasser- und Umweltforschung (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Novotna A, Dvorak Z. Omeprazole and lansoprazole enantiomers induce CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes and cell lines via glucocorticoid receptor and pregnane X receptor axis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105580. [PMID: 25141173 PMCID: PMC4139355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazole drugs lansoprazole and omeprazole are used for treatment of various gastrointestinal pathologies. Both compounds cause drug-drug interactions because they activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor and induce CYP1A genes. In the current paper, we examined the effects of lansoprazole and omeprazole enantiomers on the expression of key drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes and human cancer cell lines. Lansoprazole enantiomers, but not omeprazole, were equipotent inducers of CYP3A4 mRNA in HepG2 cells. All forms (S-, R-, rac-) of lansoprazole and omeprazole induced CYP3A4 mRNA and protein in human hepatocytes. The quantitative profiles of CYP3A4 induction by individual forms of lansoprazole and omeprazole exerted enantiospecific patterns. Lansoprazole dose-dependently activated pregnane X receptor PXR in gene reporter assays, and slightly modulated rifampicin-inducible PXR activity, with similar potency for each enantiomer. Omeprazole dose-dependently activated PXR and inhibited rifampicin-inducible PXR activity. The effects of S-omeprazole were much stronger as compared to those of R-omeprazole. All forms of lansoprazole, but not omeprazole, slightly activated glucocorticoid receptor and augmented dexamethasone-induced GR transcriptional activity. Omeprazole and lansoprazole influenced basal and ligand inducible expression of tyrosine aminotransferase, a GR-target gene, in HepG2 cells and human hepatocytes. Overall, we demonstrate here that omeprazole and lansoprazole enantiomers induce CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells and human hepatocytes. The induction comprises differential interactions of omeprazole and lansoprazole with transcriptional regulators PXR and GR, and some of the effects were enantiospecific. The data presented here might be of toxicological and clinical importance, since the effects occurred in therapeutically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Novotna
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Pinne M, Raucy JL. Advantages of cell-based high-volume screening assays to assess nuclear receptor activation during drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:669-86. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.913019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Garside H, Marcoe KF, Chesnut-Speelman J, Foster AJ, Muthas D, Kenna JG, Warrior U, Bowes J, Baumgartner J. Evaluation of the use of imaging parameters for the detection of compound-induced hepatotoxicity in 384-well cultures of HepG2 cells and cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 28:171-81. [PMID: 24189122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of failed drug development, withdrawal and restricted usage. Therefore screening assays which aid selection of candidate drugs with reduced propensity to cause DILI are required. We have investigated the toxicity of 144 drugs, 108 of which caused DILI, using assays identified in the literature as having some predictivity for hepatotoxicity. The validated assays utilised either HepG2 cells, HepG2 cells in the presence of rat S9 fraction or isolated human hepatocytes. All parameters were quantified by multiplexed and automated high content fluorescence microscopy, at appropriate time points after compound administration (4, 24 or 48h). The individual endpoint which identified drugs that caused DILI with greatest precision was maximal fold induction in CM-H2DFFDA staining in hepatocytes after 24h (41% sensitivity, 86% specificity). However, hierarchical clustering analysis of all endpoints provided the most sensitive identification of drugs which caused DILI (58% sensitivity, 75% specificity). We conclude that multi-parametric high content cell toxicity assays can enable in vitro detection of drugs that have high propensity to cause DILI in vivo but that many DILI compounds exhibit few in vitro signals when evaluated using these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Muthas
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, R&D, SE, Sweden
| | | | | | - Joanne Bowes
- AstraZeneca, Drug Safety and Metabolism, R&D, UK
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Paul KB, Thompson JT, Simmons SO, Vanden Heuvel JP, Crofton KM. Evidence for triclosan-induced activation of human and rodent xenobiotic nuclear receptors. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2049-60. [PMID: 23899473 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The bacteriostat triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenylether) (TCS) decreases rat serum thyroxine via putative nuclear receptor (NR) interaction(s) and subsequent transcriptional up-regulation of hepatic catabolism and clearance. However, due to the evolutionary divergence of the constitutive androstane and pregnane-X receptors (CAR, PXR), TCS-mediated downstream effects may be species-dependent. To test the hypothesis that TCS activates xenobiotic NRs across species, cell-based NR reporter assays were employed to assess potential activation of rat, mouse, and human PXR, and rat, mouse, and three splice variants of human CAR. TCS activated hPXR, acted as an inverse agonist of hCAR1, and as a weak agonist of hCAR3. TCS failed to activate rPXR in full-length receptor reporter assays, and instead acted as a modest inverse agonist of rCAR. Consistent with the rat data, TCS also failed to activate mPXR and was a modest inverse agonist of mCAR. These data suggest that TCS may interact with multiple NRs, including hPXR, hCAR1, hCAR3, and rCAR in order to potentially affect hepatic catabolism. Overall these data support the conclusion that TCS may interact with NRs to regulate hepatic catabolism and downstream thyroid hormone homeostasis in both rat and human models, though perhaps by divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie B Paul
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Curriculum in Toxicology, CB 7270, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, United States
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Nash JT, Szabo DT, Carey GB. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers alter hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase enzyme kinetics in male Wistar rats: implications for lipid and glucose metabolism. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:142-156. [PMID: 23294302 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.738457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotics such as phenobarbital, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and Aroclor 1254 significantly suppress the activity of a key gluconeogenic and glyceroneogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), suggesting that xenobiotics disrupt hepatic glucose and fat metabolism. The effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), a family of synthetic flame-retardant chemicals, on PEPCK activity is unknown. This study investigated the effect of DE-71, a commercial PBDE mixture, on PEPCK enzyme kinetics. Forty-eight 1-mo-old male Wistar rats were gavaged daily with either corn oil or corn oil containing 14 mg/kg DE-71 for 3, 14, or 28 d (n = 8/group). At each time point, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide were measured and hepatic PEPCK activity, lipid content, and three cytochrome P-450 enzymes (CYP1A, -2B, and -3A) were assayed. PBDE treatment for 28 d significantly decreased PEPCK Vmax ( μ mol/min/g liver weight) by 43% and increased liver lipid by 20%, compared to control. CYP1A, -2B, and -3A Vmax values were enhanced by 5-, 6-, and 39-fold, respectively, at both 14 and 28 d in treated rats compared to control. There was a significant inverse and temporal correlation between CYP3A and PEPCK Vmax for the treatment group. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were not markedly affected by treatment, but the glucose:insulin ratio was significantly higher in treated compared to control rats. Data suggest that in vivo PBDE treatment compromises liver glucose and lipid metabolism, and may influence whole-body insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Nash
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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Giantin M, Zancanella V, Lopparelli RM, Granato A, Carletti M, Vilei MT, Muraca M, Baratto C, Dacasto M. Effects of time culture and prototypical cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inducers on CYP2B22, CYP2C, CYP3A and nuclear receptor (NR) mRNAs in long-term cryopreserved pig hepatocytes (CPHs). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 27:495-505. [PMID: 22447117 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, transcriptional and post-translational effects of culturing time and prototypical cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inducers on principal nuclear receptors (NRs), CYP2B22, 2C and 3A were investigated in long-term stored (~10 years) cryopreserved pig hepatocytes (CPHs). In the time-course study, a crush and rise effect was observed for pregnane X receptor (NR1I2) and constitutive androstane receptor (NR1I3) mRNAs, while a time-dependent increase of retinoid X receptor alpha (NR2B1) was noticed. Cytochrome P450 gene expression profiles were down-regulated as a function of time. In the induction study, an increase of NR1I2, NR1I3 and NR2B1 mRNAs was observed in dexamethasone-exposed CPHs. About CYPs, an overall up-regulation was seen in CPHs exposed to phenobarbital, while dexamethasone and rifampicin up-regulated only CYP3A. In both studies, transcriptional CYP results were confirmed at the post-translational level (immunoblotting and enzyme activities), except for CYP2B immunoblotting in the induction study. The present data demonstrate that long-term stored CPHs may be used to investigate mechanisms involved in CYPs regulation, expression and function; provide further info about NR regulation of CYPs, and confirm species-differences in these mechanisms of regulation; finally, they suggest the usefulness and relevance of gene expression profiling to early detect any modulation of CYP expression and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Giantin
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Szabo DT, Diliberto JJ, Huwe JK, Birnbaum LS. Differences in Tissue Distribution of HBCD Alpha and Gamma between Adult and Developing Mice. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:256-63. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hamers T, Kamstra JH, Cenijn PH, Pencikova K, Palkova L, Simeckova P, Vondracek J, Andersson PL, Stenberg M, Machala M. In Vitro Toxicity Profiling of Ultrapure Non–Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners and Their Relative Toxic Contribution to PCB Mixtures in Humans. Toxicol Sci 2011; 121:88-100. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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