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Vachiraarunwong A, Gi M, Kiyono T, Suzuki S, Fujioka M, Qiu G, Guo R, Yamamoto T, Kakehashi A, Shiota M, Wanibuchi H. Characterizing the toxicological responses to inorganic arsenicals and their metabolites in immortalized human bladder epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2065-2084. [PMID: 38630284 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Arsenic is highly toxic to the human bladder. In the present study, we established a human bladder epithelial cell line that closely mimics normal human bladder epithelial cells by immortalizing primary uroplakin 1B-positive human bladder epithelial cells with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (HBladEC-T). The uroplakin 1B-positive human bladder epithelial cell line was then used to evaluate the toxicity of seven arsenicals (iAsV, iAsIII, MMAV, MMAIII, DMAV, DMAIII, and DMMTAV). The cellular uptake and metabolism of each arsenical was different. Trivalent arsenicals and DMMTAV exhibited higher cellular uptake than pentavalent arsenicals. Except for MMAV, arsenicals were transported into cells by aquaglyceroporin 9 (AQP9). In addition to AQP9, DMAIII and DMMTAV were also taken up by glucose transporter 5. Microarray analysis demonstrated that arsenical treatment commonly activated the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway. ROS production increased with all arsenicals, except for MMAV. The activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) was commonly upregulated in response to oxidative stress in HBladEC-T cells: ATF3 is an important regulator of necroptosis, which is crucial in arsenical-induced bladder carcinogenesis. Inorganic arsenics induced apoptosis while MMAV and DMAIII induced necroptosis. MMAIII, DMAV, and DMMTAV induced both cell death pathways. In summary, MMAIII exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity, followed by DMMTAV, iAsIII, DMAIII, iAsV, DMAV, and MMAV. The cytotoxicity of the tested arsenicals on HBladEC-T cells correlated with their cellular uptake and ROS generation. The ROS/NRF2/ATF3/CHOP signaling pathway emerged as a common mechanism mediating the cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity of arsenicals in HBladEC-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpamas Vachiraarunwong
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Project for Prevention of HPV-Related Cancer, Division of Collaborative Research and Development, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Guiyu Qiu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Runjie Guo
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiota
- Department of Molecular Biology of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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2
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Lima TRR, Kohori NA, de Camargo JLV, da Silva CA, Pereira LC. Diuron and its metabolites induce mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated cytotoxicity in urothelial cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:32-45. [PMID: 37664877 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2250430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
In the environment, or during mammalian metabolism, the diuron herbicide (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) is transformed mainly into 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (DCPMU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA). Previous research suggests that such substances are toxic to the urothelium of Wistar rats where, under specific exposure conditions, they may induce urothelial cell degeneration, necrosis, hyperplasia, and eventually tumors. However, the intimate mechanisms of action associated with such chemical toxicity are not fully understood. In this context, the purpose of the current in vitro study was to analyze the underlying mechanisms involved in the urothelial toxicity of those chemicals, addressing cell death and the possible role of mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, human 1T1 urothelial cells were exposed to six different concentrations of diuron, DCA, and DCPMU, ranging from 0.5 to 500 µM. The results showed that tested chemicals induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, cell cycle instability, and cell death, which were more expressive at the higher concentrations of the metabolites. These data corroborate previous studies from this laboratory and, collectively, suggest mitochondrial dysfunction as an initiating event triggering urothelial cell degeneration and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thania Rios Rossi Lima
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Natalia Akemi Kohori
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - João Lauro Viana de Camargo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Carla Adriene da Silva
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristina Pereira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), UNESP, Medical School, Botucatu, Brazil
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agriculture, Botucatu, Brazil
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3
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Shiek SS, Sajai ST, Dsouza HS. Arsenic-induced toxicity and the ameliorative role of antioxidants and natural compounds. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23281. [PMID: 36550698 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) poisoning has proven to be a major threat worldwide because of its toxic effects on the human body. As toxicity through drinking water is a global health concern. The toxicity of As is known to affect the liver, kidney, lungs, muscles, cardiovascular system, and nervous system and can even induce diabetes. Further As can cause skin lesions leading to notable diseases in the skin like Bowen's disease. Chronic exposure to As has caused many tragedies in Eastern, and several Southeast Asian and Latin American countries. Long-term exposure to As makes it an immediate threat that should be dealt with as a priority, and one of the ways to handle it may be with the use of antioxidants. In this review, we have discussed the natural and anthropogenic sources of As, its metabolism, pathophysiology, and mechanism of toxicity. Besides, we have also discussed some of the synthetic chelators and the ameliorative role of antioxidants and natural compounds in reducing As toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya S Shiek
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sanai T Sajai
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Herman S Dsouza
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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4
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Ozturk M, Metin M, Altay V, Bhat RA, Ejaz M, Gul A, Unal BT, Hasanuzzaman M, Nibir L, Nahar K, Bukhari A, Dervash MA, Kawano T. Arsenic and Human Health: Genotoxicity, Epigenomic Effects, and Cancer Signaling. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:988-1001. [PMID: 33864199 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known element because of its toxicity. Humans as well as plants and animals are negatively affected by its exposure. Some countries suffer from high levels of arsenic in their tap water and soils, which is considered a primary arsenic-linked risk factor for living beings. Humans generally get exposed to arsenic by contaminated drinking waters, resulting in many health problems, ranging from cancer to skin diseases. On the other hand, the FDA-certified drug arsenic trioxide provides solutions for various diseases, including several types of cancers. This issue emphasizes the importance of speciation of the metalloid elements in terms of impacts on health. When species get exposed to arsenic, it affects the cells altering their involvement. It can lead to abnormalities in inflammatory mechanisms and the immune system which contribute to the negative impacts generated on the body. The poisoning originating from arsenic gives rise to various biological signs on the body which can be useful for the diagnosis. It is important to find true biomarkers for the detection of arsenic poisoning. In view of its application in medicine and biology, studies on understanding the biological activity of arsenic have increased. In this review, we aim at summarizing the current state of knowledge of arsenic and the mechanism behind its toxicity including genotoxicity, oxidative insults, epigenomic changes, and alterations in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Ozturk
- Department of Botany and Centre for Environmental Studies, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Mert Metin
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Volkan Altay
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Rouf Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Environmental Science, Sri Pratap College, Cluster University Srinagar, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Mahnoor Ejaz
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, Nat. University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, Nat. University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Dept. of Biotechnology, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfunnahar Nibir
- Upazilla Health Complex, Ministry of Health, Government of the People's, Homna, Comilla, Bangladesh
| | - Kamuran Nahar
- Dept. of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricul. University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andleep Bukhari
- Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Moonisa Aslam Dervash
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Kashmir, India
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
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5
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Zhao F, Wang C, Sun D, Zhang L, Wang Z, Piao J, Piao J, Jin M. Effects of sodium arsenite and dimethyl arsenic acid on Liaoning cashmere goat skin fibroblasts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:37918-37928. [PMID: 33721167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The morphology and oxidation state of arsenic in its compounds affects the skin cell toxicity. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to explore the effects of two different arsenic compounds on the proliferation and survival of Liaoning cashmere goat skin fibroblasts. Based on MTT assay results, at 24 h, the proliferation concentration, critical concentration, and half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of sodium arsenite were 0.50, 5.00, and 45.66 μmol/L, respectively. The corresponding values for dimethyl arsenic acid were 0.85, 1.00, and 38.68 mmol/L. Immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy, and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) assays showed that sodium arsenite promotes microtubule polymerization and increases MMP, while cells treated with dimethyl arsenic acid exhibited cytoskeletal collapse and decreased MMP. In the IC50 groups for both arsenic agents, the cytoskeletons collapsed, microtubules were gathered into bundles, and MMP was significantly decreased. Dimethyl arsenic acid had a stronger effect on MMP than sodium arsenite. Flow cytometry revealed a slightly lower occurrence of apoptosis in the sodium arsenite proliferation group, while it was slightly increased in the dimethyl arsenic acid proliferation group. Apoptosis was increased more significantly in the sodium arsenite IC50 group than in the dimethyl arsenic acid IC50 group. These results indicate that the differences in cell proliferation and cytotoxicity induced by inorganic and organic arsenic are related to their effects on cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Zhao
- Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Dongyu Sun
- Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Zhiyue Wang
- Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Jun Piao
- Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Jingai Piao
- Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Mei Jin
- Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Dalian, 116029, China.
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6
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ATF3 Promotes Arsenic-Induced Apoptosis and Oppositely Regulates DR5 and Bcl-xL Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084223. [PMID: 33921748 PMCID: PMC8072958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is one of the most common environmental pollutants eliciting serious public health issues; however, it is also a well-recognized chemotherapeutic agent for acute promyelocytic leukemia. The association between arsenic exposure and lung diseases has been established, but underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. Here we investigated the toxicology of arsenic in airway epithelium. Arsenic rapidly induced the activating transcription factor ATF3 expression through the JNK and p38 pathways. The ATF3-deficient BEAS-2B cells were relatively resistant to apoptosis upon arsenic exposure, indicating a facilitatory role of ATF3 in arsenic-induced apoptosis. We further showed that ATF3 oppositely regulated the transcription of death receptor (DR5) and Bcl2-like 1 (Bcl-xL) by directly binding to the promoter DR5 and Bcl-xL. Altogether, our findings establish ATF3 as a pro-apoptotic protein in arsenic-induced airway epithelial apoptosis through transcriptionally regulating DR5 and Bcl-xL, highlighting the potential of ATF3 as an early and sensitive biomarker for arsenic-caused lung injury.
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7
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Li S, Zhou Q, Liu W, Fu Z, Zhao H, Xi S. Targeting SLC1A5 blocks cell proliferation through inhibition of mTORC1 in arsenite-treated human uroepithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 345:1-11. [PMID: 33781819 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is an environmental contaminant, which is widely distributed in soil, air, and water. There is sufficient evidence to indicate that arsenic increases the risk of bladder cancer in humans. However, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Glutamine (Gln) has multiple functions that promote carcinogenesis. Indeed, Gln transporters on cancer cells surface are often upregulated. Elevated expression levels of Alanine, serine, cysteine-preferring transporter 2 (ASCT2; SLC1A5) have been reported in many types of human tumors. This study characterized the role of SLC1A5 in cell proliferation in arsenite-treated cells. In short-term experiments, SV-40 immortalized human uroepithelial (SV-HUC-1) cells were treated with Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 μM) for 24 h. In long-term experiments, SV-HUC-1 cells were exposed to 0.5 μM NaAsO2 for 40 weeks. In both short-term and long-term experiments, arsenite increased expression of SLC1A5 by 1.89-fold and 2.25-fold, respectively. Arsenite increased Gln consumption of SV-HUC-1 cells, and Gln starvation inhibited cell proliferation in long-term arsenite-treated cells. Importantly, inhibiting SLC1A5 blocked cell proliferation by downregulating mTORC1 in long-term arsenite-treated cells. Moreover, SLC1A5 regulated mTORC1 in an αKG-dependent manner. Our results suggest that SLC1A5 plays an important role in cell proliferation of arsenite-treated SV-HUC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Weijue Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Zhushan Fu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China.
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8
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Xue J, Xiao T, Wei S, Sun J, Zou Z, Shi M, Sun Q, Dai X, Wu L, Li J, Xia H, Tang H, Zhang A, Liu Q. miR-21-regulated M2 polarization of macrophage is involved in arsenicosis-induced hepatic fibrosis through the activation of hepatic stellate cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6025-6041. [PMID: 33481270 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Arsenicosis induced by chronic exposure to arsenic is recognized as one of the main damaging effects on public health. Exposure to arsenic can cause hepatic fibrosis, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are complex and elusive. It is not known if miRNAs are involved in arsenic-induced liver fibrosis. We found that in the livers of mice exposed to arsenite, there were elevated levels of microRNA-21 (miR-21), phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), and arginase 1 (Arg1); low levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN); and more extensive liver fibrosis. For cultured cells, arsenite-induced miR-21, p-mTOR, and Arg1; decreased PTEN; and promoted M2 polarization of macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytes (THP-M), which caused secretion of fibrogenic cytokines, including transforming growth factor-β1. Coculture of arsenite-treated, THP-M with LX-2 cells induced α-SMA and collagen I in the LX-2 cells and resulted in the activation of these cells. Downregulation of miR-21 in THP-M inhibited arsenite-induced M2 polarization and activation of LX-2 cells, but cotransfection with PTEN siRNA or a miR-21 inhibitor reversed this inhibition. Moreover, knockout of miR-21 in mice attenuated liver fibrosis and M2 polarization compared with WT mice exposed to arsenite. Additionally, LN, PCIII, and HA levels were higher in patients with higher hair arsenic levels, and levels of miR-21 were higher than controls and positively correlated with PCIII, LN, and HA levels. Thus, arsenite induces the M2 polarization of macrophages via miR-21 regulation of PTEN, which is involved in the activation of hepatic stellate cells and hepatic fibrosis. The results establish a previously unknown mechanism for arsenicosis-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Xue
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tian Xiao
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaofeng Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhonglan Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyu Dai
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Wu
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Xia
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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9
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Liu D, Xu G, Bai C, Gu Y, Wang D, Li B. Differential effects of arsenic species on Nrf2 and Bach1 nuclear localization in cultured hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 413:115404. [PMID: 33434570 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous metalloid element present in both inorganic and organic forms in the environment. The liver is considered to be a primary organ of arsenic biotransformation and methylation, as well as the main target of arsenic toxicity. Studies have confirmed that Chang human hepatocytes have an efficient arsenic methylating capacity. Our previous studies have proven that arsenite activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in hepatocytes. This study aimed to explore the activation of the Nrf2 pathway upon treatment of arsenic in various forms, including inorganic and organic arsenic. Our results showed that inorganic arsenic-both As2O3 and Na2HAsO4 significantly induced the expression of Nrf2 protein and mRNA, enhanced the transcription activity of Nrf2, and induced the expression of downstream target genes. These results confirmed the inorganic arsenic-induced Nrf2 pathway activation in hepatocytes. Although all arsenic chemicals used in the study induced Nrf2 protein accumulation, the organic arsenic C2H7AsO2 did not affect the expression of Nrf2 downstream genes which were elevated by inorganic arsenic exposures. Through qRT-PCR and Nrf2 luciferase reporter assays, we further confirmed that C2H7AsO2 neither increased Nrf2 mRNA level nor activated the Nrf2 transcription activity. Mechanistically, our results confirmed inorganic arsenic-induced both the nuclear import of Nrf2 and export of Bach1 (BTB and CNC homology 1), which is an Nrf2 transcriptional repressor, while organic arsenic only induced Nrf2 translocation. The unique pattern of Nrf2 regulation by organic arsenic underlines the critical role of Nrf2 and Bach1 in the arsenic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China; Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guowei Xu
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Caijun Bai
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yuqin Gu
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Da Wang
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Environment and Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Key Laboratory of Arsenic-related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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10
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Wang M, Tan J, Jiang C, Li S, Wu X, Ni G, He Y. Inorganic arsenic influences cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of MEG3 gene. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:475-484. [PMID: 33033900 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a wildly distributed carcinogen in the environment. Arsenic-induced apoptosis has been extensively studied in therapeutics and toxicology. LncRNA MEG3 has been extensively studied as apoptosis regulatory gene in recent years. However, it stays unclear regarding how the mechanism of MEG3 regulates arsenic-induced apoptosis. Our focus was to explore the effects of MEG3 on arsenic-induced apoptosis. MTS assay was used to test cell viability, and qRT-PCR was for the examination of gene expressions. The effect of the apoptosis and necrosis after knockdown MEG3 was detected with double staining. Our results demonstrated that MEG3 expression was positively correlated with the concentration of three arsenic species (inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA)) (p < 0.05). The ability of iAs to induce MEG3 expression was much higher compared with that induced by MMA and DMA. In addition, our experiments confirmed that MEG3 knockdown increased cell viability and arsenic-induced apoptosis, but cell viability decreased after iAs treatment. Moreover, LncRNA MEG3 regulated apoptosis via down-regulate API5 while up-regulate CASP7, CCND3 and APAF1. It is further proved that arsenic-induced apoptosis increased after the knockdown of MEG3, which regulates these genes. These findings provide experimental evidence and possible mechanisms for subsequent research on the effects of arsenic on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrongxi Road Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jingwen Tan
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrongxi Road Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chenglan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrongxi Road Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Shuting Li
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrongxi Road Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xinan Wu
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrongxi Road Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guanghui Ni
- College of Pharmaceutic Science, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, No.1076 Yuhua Road Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
| | - Yuefeng He
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, No.1168 Chunrongxi Road Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.
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11
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Méausoone C, Landkocz Y, Cazier F, Seigneur M, Courcot D, Billet S. Toxicological responses of BEAS-2B cells to repeated exposures to benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and mesitylene using air-liquid interface method. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1262-1274. [PMID: 33269480 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to reduce exposure to toxic chemicals, the European REACH regulation (1907/2006) recommends substituting toxic molecules with compounds that are less harmful to human health and the environment. Toluene is one of the most frequently used solvents in industries despite its toxicity. The objective of this study is to better understand and compare the toxicity of toluene and its homologues in a bronchial cell model. Thus, human bronchial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to steams of toluene, m-xylene, mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), and benzene (20 and 100 ppm). Exposure was carried out using an air-liquid interface (ALI) system (Vitrocell) during 1 h/day for 1, 3, or 5 days. Cytotoxicity, xenobiotic metabolism enzyme gene expression, and inflammatory response were evaluated following cell exposures. BEAS-2B cell exposure to toluene and its homologues revealed the involvement of major (CYP2E1) and minor metabolic pathways (CYP1A1). A late induction of genes (EPHX1, DHDH, ALDH2, and ALDH3B1) was measured from Day 3 and can be linked to the formation of metabolites. An increase in the secretion level of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GM-CSF) was also observed. In parallel, regulation between inflammatory mediators and the expression of transmembrane glycoprotein mucin MUC1 was also studied. This in vitro approach with ALI system points out the relevance of conducting repeated exposures to detect potential late effects. The difference recorded after cell exposure to toluene and its homologues highlights the importance of substitution principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Méausoone
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Yann Landkocz
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Marianne Seigneur
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
| | - Sylvain Billet
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkirk, France
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12
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Yoshinaga-Sakurai K, Shinde R, Rodriguez M, Rosen BP, El-Hage N. Comparative Cytotoxicity of Inorganic Arsenite and Methylarsenite in Human Brain Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:743-751. [PMID: 31991084 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall goal of this study is to elucidate the potential effect(s) of arsenic on a variety of human brain cells. Arsenic is the most pervasive Group A human environmental carcinogen. Long-term exposure to arsenic is associated with human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. More immediate are the health effects on neurological development and associated disorders in infants and children exposed to arsenic in utero. Arsenic is metabolized in various organs and tissues into more toxic methylated species, including methylarsenite (MAs(III)), so the question arises whether the methylate species are responsible for the neurological effects of arsenic. Arsenic enters the brain through the blood-brain barrier and produces toxicity in the brain microvascular endothelial cells, glia (astrocytes and microglia), and neurons. In this study, we first assessed the toxicity in different types of brain cells exposed to either inorganic trivalent As(III) or MAs(III) using both morphological and cytotoxicity cell-based analysis. Second, we determined the methylation of arsenicals and the expression levels of the methylation enzyme, As(III) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methyltransferase (AS3MT), in several types of brain cells. We showed that the toxicity to neurons of MAs(III) was significantly higher than that of As(III). Interestingly, the differences in cytotoxicity between cell types was not due to expression of AS3MT, as this was expressed in neurons and glia but not in endothelial cells. These results support our hypothesis that MAs(III) is the likely physiological neurotoxin rather than inorganic arsenic species.
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13
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Zhang D, Liu Y, Luo Z, Chen Y, Xu A, Liang Y, Wu B, Tong X, Liu X, Shen H, Liu L, Wei Y, Zhou H, Liu Y, Zhou F. The novel thioredoxin reductase inhibitor A-Z2 triggers intrinsic apoptosis and shows efficacy in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 146:275-286. [PMID: 31730934 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance and high incidence of relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients are associated with thioredoxin (Trx) overexpression. Thus, targeting the Trx system has emerged as a promising approach to treating AML. Both arsenicals and azelaic acid (AZA) are thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) inhibitors and possess antileukemic effects. In this study, to exploit agents with higher potency and lower toxicity, we got some organic arsenicals and further synthesized a series of targeted compounds by binding AZA to organic arsenicals, and then screened the most effective one, N-(4-(1, 3, 2-dithiarsinan-2-yl) phenyl)-azelamide (A-Z2). A-Z2 showed a stronger inhibitory effect against TrxR activity and in AML cell lines than did AZA or arsenicals. Additionally, A-Z2 was less toxic to healthy cells compared with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. A-Z2 induces apoptosis by collapsing of mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing ATP level, releasing of cytochrome c and TNF-α, activating of caspase 9, 8 and 3. Analysis of the mechanism revealed that A-Z2 activates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by directly selectively targeting TrxR/Trx and indirectly inhibiting NF-κB. A-Z2's better efficacy and safety profile against arsenicals and azelaic acid were also evident in vivo. A-Z2 had better plasma stability and biological activity in rats. A-Z2-treated mice displayed significant symptom relief and prolonged survival in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) AML model. Herein, our study provides a novel antitumor candidate and approach for treating AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ziyi Luo
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Anjie Xu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuxing Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Balu Wu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiqin Tong
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Haibing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 4300071, Hubei Province, China.
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14
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Birkett N, Al-Zoughool M, Bird M, Baan RA, Zielinski J, Krewski D. Overview of biological mechanisms of human carcinogens. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:288-359. [PMID: 31631808 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1643539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the carcinogenic mechanisms for 109 Group 1 human carcinogens identified as causes of human cancer through Volume 106 of the IARC Monographs. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluates human, experimental and mechanistic evidence on agents suspected of inducing cancer in humans, using a well-established weight of evidence approach. The monographs provide detailed mechanistic information about all carcinogens. Carcinogens with closely similar mechanisms of action (e.g. agents emitting alpha particles) were combined into groups for the review. A narrative synopsis of the mechanistic profiles for the 86 carcinogens or carcinogen groups is presented, based primarily on information in the IARC monographs, supplemented with a non-systematic review. Most carcinogens included a genotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Birkett
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mustafa Al-Zoughool
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Bird
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Robert A Baan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jan Zielinski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada
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15
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Mukhopadhyay P, Seelan RS, Greene RM, Pisano MM. Impact of prenatal arsenate exposure on gene expression in a pure population of migratory cranial neural crest cells. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 86:76-85. [PMID: 30953684 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to arsenic, a naturally occurring toxic element, causes neural tube defects (NTDs) and, in animal models, orofacial anomalies. Since aberrant development or migration of cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) can also cause similar anomalies within developing embryos, we examined the effects of in utero exposure to sodium arsenate on gene expression patterns in pure populations of CNCCs, isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), from Cre/LoxP reporter mice. Changes in gene expression were analyzed using Affymetrix GeneChip® microarrays and expression of selected genes was verified by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR. We report, for the first time, arsenate-induced alterations in the expression of a number of novel candidate genes and canonical cascades that may contribute to the pathogenesis of orofacial defects. Ingenuity Pathway and NIH-DAVID analyses revealed cellular response pathways, biological themes, and potential upstream regulators, that may underlie altered fetal programming of arsenate exposed CNCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Robert M Greene
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - M Michele Pisano
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, ULSD, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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16
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Tsuji JS, Chang ET, Gentry PR, Clewell HJ, Boffetta P, Cohen SM. Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:36-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1573804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen T. Chang
- Exponent, Inc., Menlo Park, CA and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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17
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Zhou Q, Xi S. A review on arsenic carcinogenesis: Epidemiology, metabolism, genotoxicity and epigenetic changes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:78-88. [PMID: 30223072 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to arsenic (inorganic arsenic) is a world-wide environmental health concern. Arsenic is classified as the Group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Epidemiological studies have established a strong association between inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure in drinking water and an increased incidence of cancer including bladder, liver, lung, prostate, and skin cancer. iAs also increases the risk of other diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes. The molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis of iAs remain poorly defined, several mechanisms have been proposed, including genotoxicity, altered cell proliferation, oxidative stress, changes to the epigenome, disturbances of signal transduction pathways, cytotoxicity and regenerative proliferation. In this article, we will summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis and focus on integrating all these issues to garner a broader perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Janasik B, Reszka E, Stanislawska M, Jablonska E, Kuras R, Wieczorek E, Malachowska B, Fendler W, Wasowicz W. Effect of Arsenic Exposure on NRF2-KEAP1 Pathway and Epigenetic Modification. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:11-19. [PMID: 29247444 PMCID: PMC6097044 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a known toxic element and carcinogen. Transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) controls cellular adaptation to oxidants and electrophiles by inducing antioxidant genes in response to redox stress. To explore associations between As level and NRF2-regulated cytoprotective genes expression, an observational study was conducted in a population of 61 occupationally exposed men with median (Me) age 50 years (interquartile range (IQR) 42-54) and in a control group of 52 men aged 40 (IQR 31-51.5) without occupational exposure. NRF2, KEAP1, GSTP1, HMOX1, NQO1, PRDX1, and TXNRD1 transcript levels were determined by means of quantitative real-time PCR along with the gene expression, methylation of NRF2 and KEAP1, as well as global DNA methylation were assessed. The median urine As tot. level in the exposed and control group was found to be 21.8 μg/g creat. (IQR 15.5-39.8 μg/g creat.) and 3.8 μg/g creat. (IQR 2.5-9.3) (p < 0.001). Global DNA methylation was significantly higher in occupationally exposed workers than in controls (Me 14.1 (IQR 9.5-18.1) vs Me 8.5 (IQR 5.9-12.6) p < 0.0001). NRF2 mRNA level was positively correlated with expression of all investigated NRF2-target genes in both groups (0.37 > R < 0.76, all p values < 0.0001). The multivariate linear regression adjusting for global methylation showed that As(III) level was significantly associated with expression of TXNRD1, GSTP1, HMOX1, and PRDX1. The results of this study indicate that arsenic occupational exposure is positively associated with global DNA methylation. The findings provide evidence for rather inactivation of NRF2-KEAP1 pathway in response to chronic arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Janasik
- Department of Environmental and Biological Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, St. Teresy 8, 91-348, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Edyta Reszka
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stanislawska
- Department of Environmental and Biological Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, St. Teresy 8, 91-348, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Jablonska
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Kuras
- Department of Environmental and Biological Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, St. Teresy 8, 91-348, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Wieczorek
- Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Malachowska
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Studies in Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wasowicz
- Department of Environmental and Biological Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, St. Teresy 8, 91-348, Lodz, Poland
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19
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Khairul I, Wang QQ, Jiang YH, Wang C, Naranmandura H. Metabolism, toxicity and anticancer activities of arsenic compounds. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23905-23926. [PMID: 28108741 PMCID: PMC5410354 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of studies indicated that inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites have paradoxical effects, namely, carcinogenic and anticancer effects. Epidemiological studies have shown that long term exposure to arsenic can increase the risk of cancers of lung, skin or bladder in man, which is probably associated with the arsenic metabolism. In fact, the enzymatic conversion of inorganic arsenic by Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) to mono- and dimethylated arsenic species has long been considered as a major route for detoxification. However, several studies have also indicated that biomethylation of inorganic arsenic, particularly the production of trivalent methylated metabolites, is a process that activates arsenic as a toxin and a carcinogen. On the other hand, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has recently been recognized as one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of APL. However, elaboration of the cytotoxic mechanisms of arsenic and its methylated metabolites in eradicating cancer is sorely lacking. To provide a deeper understanding of the toxicity and carcinogenicity along with them use of arsenic in chemotherapy, caution is required considering the poor understanding of its various mechanisms of exerting toxicity. Thereby, in this review, we have focused on arsenic metabolic pathway, the roles of the methylated arsenic metabolites in toxicity and in the therapeutic efficacy for the treatments of solid tumors, APL and/or non-APL malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Khairul
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Qian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Han Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine and Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Bogen KT, Arnold LL, Chowdhury A, Pennington KL, Cohen SM. Low-dose dose-response for reduced cell viability after exposure of human keratinocyte (HEK001) cells to arsenite. Toxicol Rep 2016; 4:32-38. [PMID: 28959622 PMCID: PMC5615095 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro arsenite (AsIII) cytotoxicity dose-response (DR) of human keratinocytes (HEK001) was examined at greater statistical resolution than ever previously reported using the MTT assay to determine cell viability. Fifty-four 96-well plates were treated with AsIII concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 μM. Because of unexpected variation in viability response patterns, a two-stage DR analysis was used in which data on plate-specific viability (%), estimated as 100% times the ratio of measured viability in exposed to unexposed cells, were fit initially to a generalized lognormal response function positing that HEK001 cells studied consisted of: a proportion P of relatively highly sensitive (HS) cells, a proportion Po of relatively resistant cells, and a remaining (1-P-Po) fraction of typical-sensitivity (TS) cells exhibiting the intermediate level of AsIII sensitivity characteristic of most cells in each assay. The estimated fractions P and Po were used to adjust data from all 54 plates (and from the 28 plates yielding the best fits) to reflect the condition that P = Po = 0 to provide detailed DR analysis specifically for TS cells. Four DR models fit to the combined adjusted data were each very predictive (R2 > 0.97) overall but were inconsistent with at least one of the data set examined (p < 10-5). Adjusted mean responses at ≤3 μM were approximately equal (p > 0.30) and exceeded 100% significance (p ≤ 10-6). A low-dose hormetic model provided the best fit to the combined adjusted data for TS cells (R2 = 0.995). Marked variability in estimates of P (the proportion of apparent HS cells) was unexpected, not readily explained, and warrants further study using additional cell lines and assay methods, and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lora L. Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Karen L. Pennington
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology
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Fujioka M, Gi M, Kawachi S, Tatsumi K, Ishii N, Doi K, Kakehashi A, Wanibuchi H. Examination of in vivo mutagenicity of sodium arsenite and dimethylarsinic acid in gpt delta rats. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:125-130. [PMID: 28007167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known human bladder and liver carcinogen, but its exact mechanism of carcinogenicity is not fully understood. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) is a major urinary metabolite of sodium arsenite (iAsIII) and induces urinary bladder cancers in rats. DMAV and iAsIII are negative in in vitro mutagenicity tests. However, their in vivo mutagenicities have not been determined. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the in vivo mutagenicities of DMAV and iAsIII in rat urinary bladder epithelium and liver using gpt delta F344 rats. Ten-week old male gpt delta F344 rats were randomized into 3 groups and administered 0, 92mg/L DMAV, or 87mg/L iAsIII (each 50mg/L As) for 13weeks in the drinking water. In the mutation assay, point mutations are detected in the gpt gene by 6-thioguanine selection (gpt assay) and deletion mutations are identified in the red/gam genes by Spi- selection (Spi- assay). Results of the gpt and Spi- assays showed that DMAV and iAsIII had no effects on the mutant frequencies or mutation spectrum in urinary bladder epithelium or liver. These findings indicate that DMAV and iAsIII are not mutagenic in urinary bladder epithelium or liver in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoko Kawachi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumiko Tatsumi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naomi Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Doi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, 545-8585, Osaka, Japan.
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Cohen SM, Chowdhury A, Arnold LL. Inorganic arsenic: A non-genotoxic carcinogen. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:28-37. [PMID: 28007178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic induces a variety of toxicities including cancer. The mode of action for cancer and non-cancer effects involves the metabolic generation of trivalent arsenicals and their reaction with sulfhydryl groups within critical proteins in various cell types which leads to the biological response. In epithelial cells, the response is cell death with consequent regenerative proliferation. If this continues for a long period of time, it can result in an increased risk of cancer. Arsenicals do not react with DNA. There is evidence for indirect genotoxicity in various in vitro and in vivo systems, but these involve exposures at cytotoxic concentrations and are not the basis for cancer development. The resulting markers of genotoxicity could readily be due to the cytotoxicity rather than an effect on the DNA itself. Evidence for genotoxicity in humans has involved detection of chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes and micronucleus formation in lymphocytes, buccal mucosal cells, and exfoliated urothelial cells in the urine. Numerous difficulties have been identified in the interpretation of such results, including inadequate assessment of exposure to arsenic, measurement of micronuclei, and potential confounding factors such as tobacco exposure, folate deficiency, and others. Overall, the data strongly supports a non-linear dose response for the effects of inorganic arsenic. In various in vitro and in vivo models and in human epidemiology studies there appears to be a threshold for biological responses, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA.
| | - Aparajita Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
| | - Lora L Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
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Bogen KT. Linear-No-Threshold Default Assumptions for Noncancer and Nongenotoxic Cancer Risks: A Mathematical and Biological Critique. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:589-604. [PMID: 26249816 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To improve U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) dose-response (DR) assessments for noncarcinogens and for nonlinear mode of action (MOA) carcinogens, the 2009 NRC Science and Decisions Panel recommended that the adjustment-factor approach traditionally applied to these endpoints should be replaced by a new default assumption that both endpoints have linear-no-threshold (LNT) population-wide DR relationships. The panel claimed this new approach is warranted because population DR is LNT when any new dose adds to a background dose that explains background levels of risk, and/or when there is substantial interindividual heterogeneity in susceptibility in the exposed human population. Mathematically, however, the first claim is either false or effectively meaningless and the second claim is false. Any dose-and population-response relationship that is statistically consistent with an LNT relationship may instead be an additive mixture of just two quasi-threshold DR relationships, which jointly exhibit low-dose S-shaped, quasi-threshold nonlinearity just below the lower end of the observed "linear" dose range. In this case, LNT extrapolation would necessarily overestimate increased risk by increasingly large relative magnitudes at diminishing values of above-background dose. The fact that chemically-induced apoptotic cell death occurs by unambiguously nonlinear, quasi-threshold DR mechanisms is apparent from recent data concerning this quintessential toxicity endpoint. The 2009 NRC Science and Decisions Panel claims and recommendations that default LNT assumptions be applied to DR assessment for noncarcinogens and nonlinear MOA carcinogens are therefore not justified either mathematically or biologically.
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Notch EG, Goodale BC, Barnaby R, Coutermarsh B, Berwin B, Taylor VF, Jackson BP, Stanton BA. Monomethylarsonous Acid (MMAIII) Has an Adverse Effect on the Innate Immune Response of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142392. [PMID: 26554712 PMCID: PMC4640536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is the number one contaminant of concern with regard to human health according to the World Health Organization. Epidemiological studies on Asian and South American populations have linked arsenic exposure with an increased incidence of lung disease, including pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, both of which are associated with bacterial infection. However, little is known about the effects of low dose arsenic exposure, or the contributions of organic arsenic to the innate immune response to bacterial infection. This study examined the effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) induced cytokine secretion by human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) by inorganic sodium arsenite (iAsIII) and two major metabolites, monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMAV), at concentrations relevant to the U.S. population. Neither iAsIII nor DMAV altered P. aeruginosa induced cytokine secretion. By contrast, MMAIII increased P. aeruginosa induced secretion of IL-8, IL-6 and CXCL2. A combination of iAsIII, MMAIII and DMAV (10 pbb total) reduced IL-8 and CXCL1 secretion. These data demonstrate for the first time that exposure to MMAIII alone, and a combination of iAsIII, MMAIII and DMAV at levels relevant to the U.S. may have negative effects on the innate immune response of human bronchial epithelial cells to P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Notch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Western New England University, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Britton C. Goodale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Roxanna Barnaby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Bonita Coutermarsh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brent Berwin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Vivien F. Taylor
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Stanton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Cebula M, Schmidt EE, Arnér ESJ. TrxR1 as a potent regulator of the Nrf2-Keap1 response system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:823-53. [PMID: 26058897 PMCID: PMC4589110 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE All cells must maintain a balance between oxidants and reductants, while allowing for fluctuations in redox states triggered by signaling, altered metabolic flow, or extracellular stimuli. Furthermore, they must be able to rapidly sense and react to various challenges that would disrupt the redox homeostasis. RECENT ADVANCES Many studies have identified Keap1 as a key sensor for oxidative or electrophilic stress, with modification of Keap1 by oxidation or electrophiles triggering Nrf2-mediated transcriptional induction of enzymes supporting reductive and detoxification pathways. However, additional mechanisms for Nrf2 regulation are likely to exist upstream of, or in parallel with, Keap1. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we propose that the mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a potent regulator of Nrf2. A high chemical reactivity of TrxR1 and its vital role for the thioredoxin (Trx) system distinguishes TrxR1 as a prime target for electrophilic challenges. Chemical modification of the selenocysteine (Sec) in TrxR1 by electrophiles leads to rapid inhibition of thioredoxin disulfide reductase activity, often combined with induction of NADPH oxidase activity of the derivatized enzyme, thereby affecting many downstream redox pathways. The notion of TrxR1 as a regulator of Nrf2 is supported by many publications on effects in human cells of selenium deficiency, oxidative stress or electrophile exposure, as well as the phenotypes of genetic mouse models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigation of the role of TrxR1 as a regulator of Nrf2 activation will facilitate further studies of redox control in diverse cells and tissues of mammals, and possibly also in animals of other classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Cebula
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- 2 Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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Dodmane PR, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Singh RK, Cardoso APF, Cohen SM. Effect of trivalent arsenicals on cell proliferation in mouse and human microvascular endothelial cells. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:833-837. [PMID: 28962419 PMCID: PMC5598208 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to high levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs) has been associated with cancerous and non-cancerous health effects, including cardiovascular effects. However, the mechanism for a presumed toxic effect of arsenic on vascular tissue is not clear. Our working hypothesis is that inorganic trivalent arsenic and its methylated metabolites react with cysteine-containing cellular proteins and alter their function leading to adverse events such as cytotoxicity or proliferation. In this study, human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC1) and mouse microvascular endothelial cells (MFP-MVEC) were exposed to arsenite (iAsIII), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII), or dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII) for 72 h to evaluate cytotoxicity, and for 24, 48 or 72 h to evaluate cell proliferation. Both cell lines showed similar LC50 values, from 0.1 to 2.4 μM, for all three trivalent arsenicals. The endothelial cells treated with1 nM to 1 μM concentrations of the three trivalent arsenicals did not show increased cell proliferation at 24, 48 or 72 h or increased rate of proliferation at 72 h of exposure. Overall, cytotoxicity of trivalent arsenicals to microvascular endothelial cells is similar to their cytotoxicity to epithelial cells, and that these compounds are not mitogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttappa R Dodmane
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
| | - Lora L Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
| | - Karen L Pennington
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
| | - Ana Paula Ferragut Cardoso
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983135 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-3135, USA
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Lewis AS, Beyer LA, Zu K. Considerations in deriving quantitative cancer criteria for inorganic arsenic exposure via inhalation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:258-273. [PMID: 25454243 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The inhalation unit risk (IUR) that currently exists in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA's) Integrated Risk Information System was developed in 1984 based on studies examining the relationship between respiratory cancer and arsenic exposure in copper smelters from two US locations: the copper smelter in Anaconda, Montana, and the American Smelting And Refining COmpany (ASARCO) smelter in Tacoma, Washington. Since US EPA last conducted its assessment, additional data have become available from epidemiology and mechanistic studies. In addition, the California Air Resources Board, Texas Commission of Environmental Quality, and Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Safety have all conducted new risk assessments. All three analyses, which calculated IURs based on respiratory/lung cancer mortality, generated IURs that are lower (i.e., less restrictive) than the current US EPA value of 4.3×10(-3) (μg/m(3))(-1). The IURs developed by these agencies, which vary more than 20-fold, are based on somewhat different studies and use different methodologies to address uncertainties in the underlying datasets. Despite these differences, all were developed based on a cumulative exposure metric assuming a low-dose linear dose-response relationship. In this paper, we contrast and compare the analyses conducted by these agencies and critically evaluate strengths and limitations inherent in the data and methodologies used to develop quantitative risk estimates. In addition, we consider how these data could be best used to assess risk at much lower levels of arsenic in air, such as those experienced by the general public. Given that the mode of action for arsenic supports a threshold effect, and epidemiological evidence suggests that the arsenic concentration in air is a reliable predictor of lung/respiratory cancer risk, we developed a quantitative cancer risk analysis using a nonlinear threshold model. Applying a nonlinear model to occupational data, we established points of departure based on both cumulative exposure (μg/m(3)-years) to arsenic and arsenic concentration (μg/m(3)) via inhalation. Using these values, one can assess the lifetime risk of respiratory cancer mortality associated with ambient air concentrations of arsenic for the general US population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari S Lewis
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | | | - Ke Zu
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Allan AM, Hafez AK, Labrecque MT, Solomon ER, Shaikh MN, Zheng X, Ali A. Sex-Dependent effects of developmental arsenic exposure on methylation capacity and methylation regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor system in the embryonic mouse brain. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1376-1390. [PMID: 26855884 PMCID: PMC4741109 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that prenatal moderate arsenic exposure (50 ppb) disrupts glucocorticoid receptor (GR) programming and that these changes continue into adolescence in males. However, it was not clear what the molecular mechanisms were promoting these GR programming changes or if these changes occurred in arsenic-exposed females. In the present studies, we assessed the effects of arsenic on protein and mRNA of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (Hsd) isozymes and compared the levels of methylation within the promoters of the Nr3c1 and Hsd11b1 genes in female fetal brain at embryonic days (E) 14 and 18. Prenatal arsenate exposure produced sex specific effects on the glucocorticoid system. Compared to males, females were resistant to arsenic induced changes in GR, 11β-Hsd-1 and 11β-Hsd-2 protein levels despite observed elevations in Nr3c1 and Hsd11b2 mRNA. This sex-specific effect was not due to differences in the methylation of the GR promoter as methylation of the Nr3c1 gene was either unchanged (region containing the egr-1 binding site) or similarly reduced (region containing the SP-1 transcription factor binding site) in both males and females exposed to arsenic. Arsenic did produce sex and age-specific changes in the methylation of Hsd11b1 gene, producing increased methylation in females at E14 and decreased methylation at E18.These changes were not attributed to changes in DNMT levels. Since arsenate metabolism could interfere with the generation of methyl donor groups, we assessed glutathione (GSH), S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and As 3 methyltransferase (As3MT). Exposed males and females had similar levels of As3MT and SAM; however, females had higher levels of GSH/GSSH. It is possible that this greater anti-oxidative capacity within the females provides protection against low to moderate arsenate. Our data suggest that the GR signaling system in female offspring was not as affected by prenatal arsenic and predicts that female arsenic-exposed mice should have normal GR feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Allan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Alexander K Hafez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Matthew T Labrecque
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Solomon
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - M Nabil Shaikh
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xianyun Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Abdulmehdi Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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29
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Health Effects Associated with Inhalation of Airborne Arsenic Arising from Mining Operations. GEOSCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences4030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Critical role of cellular glutathione homeostasis for trivalent inorganic arsenite-induced oxidative damage in human bronchial epithelial cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 770:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Martin N, Salazar-Cardozo C, Vercamer C, Ott L, Marot G, Slijepcevic P, Abbadie C, Pluquet O. Identification of a gene signature of a pre-transformation process by senescence evasion in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:151. [PMID: 24929818 PMCID: PMC4065601 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data show that the incidence of carcinomas in humans is highly dependent on age. However, the initial steps of the age-related molecular oncogenic processes by which the switch towards the neoplastic state occurs remain poorly understood, mostly due to the absence of powerful models. In a previous study, we showed that normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) spontaneously and systematically escape from senescence to give rise to pre-neoplastic emerging cells. METHODS Here, this model was used to analyze the gene expression profile associated with the early steps of age-related cell transformation. We compared the gene expression profiles of growing or senescent NHEKs to post-senescent emerging cells. Data analyses were performed by using the linear modeling features of the limma package, resulting in a two-sided t test or F-test based on moderated statistics. The p-values were adjusted for multiple testing by controlling the false discovery rate according to Benjamini Hochberg method.The common gene set resulting of differential gene expression profiles from these two comparisons revealed a post-senescence neoplastic emergence (PSNE) gene signature of 286 genes. RESULTS About half of these genes were already reported as involved in cancer or premalignant skin diseases. However, bioinformatics analyses did not highlight inside this signature canonical cancer pathways but metabolic pathways, including in first line the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450. In order to validate the relevance of this signature as a signature of pretransformation by senescence evasion, we invalidated two components of the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, AKR1C2 and AKR1C3. When performed at the beginning of the senescence plateau, this invalidation did not alter the senescent state itself but significantly decreased the frequency of PSNE. Conversely, overexpression of AKR1C2 but not AKR1C3 increased the frequency of PSNE. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify reprogrammation of metabolic pathways in normal keratinocytes as a potential determinant of the switch from senescence to pre-transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Pluquet
- CNRS, UMR8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 rue Calmette, 59000 Lille, France.
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Tsuji JS, Alexander DD, Perez V, Mink PJ. Arsenic exposure and bladder cancer: quantitative assessment of studies in human populations to detect risks at low doses. Toxicology 2014; 317:17-30. [PMID: 24462659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While exposures to high levels of arsenic in drinking water are associated with excess cancer risk (e.g., skin, bladder, and lung), exposures at lower levels (e.g., <100-200 µg/L) generally are not. Lack of significant associations may result from methodological issues (e.g., inadequate statistical power, exposure misclassification), or a different dose-response relationship at low exposures, possibly associated with a toxicological mode of action that requires a sufficient dose for increased tumor formation. The extent to which bladder cancer risk for low-level arsenic exposure can be statistically measured by epidemiological studies was examined using an updated meta-analysis of bladder cancer risk with data from two new publications. The summary relative risk estimate (SRRE) for all nine studies was elevated slightly, but not significantly (1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95-1.21, p-Heterogeneity [p-H]=0.543). The SRRE among never smokers was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.66-1.08, p-H=0.915), whereas the SRRE was positive and more heterogeneous among ever smokers (1.18; 95% CI: 0.97-1.44, p-H=0.034). The SRRE was statistically significantly lower than relative risks predicted for never smokers in the United States based on linear extrapolation of risks from higher doses in southwest Taiwan to arsenic water exposures >10 µg/L for more than one-third of a lifetime. By contrast, for all study subjects, relative risks predicted for one-half of lifetime exposure to 50 µg/L were just above the upper 95% CI on the SRRE. Thus, results from low-exposure studies, particularly for never smokers, were statistically inconsistent with predicted risk based on high-dose extrapolation. Additional studies that better characterize tobacco use and stratify analyses of arsenic and bladder cancer by smoking status are necessary to further examine risks of arsenic exposure for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce S Tsuji
- Exponent, Inc., 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250, Bellevue, WA 98007, United States.
| | - Dominik D Alexander
- Exponent, Inc., 2595 Canyon Boulevard, Suite 440, Boulder, CO 80302, United States
| | - Vanessa Perez
- Exponent, Inc., 525 West Monroe Street, Suite 1050, Chicago, IL 60661, United States
| | - Pamela J Mink
- Allina Health, Division of Applied Research, Mail Route 10105, 2925 Chicago Avenue S, Minneapolis, MN 55407, United States
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