1
|
Burkert SC, He X, Shurin GV, Nefedova Y, Kagan VE, Shurin MR, Star A. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Cups for Cancer Therapy. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:13685-13696. [PMID: 36711215 PMCID: PMC9879341 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.1c03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials have attracted significant attention for a variety of biomedical applications including sensing and detection, photothermal therapy, and delivery of therapeutic cargo. The ease of chemical functionalization, tunable length scales and morphologies, and ability to undergo complete enzymatic degradation make carbon nanomaterials an ideal drug delivery system. Much work has been done to synthesize carbon nanomaterials ranging from carbon dots, graphene, and carbon nanotubes to carbon nanocapsules, specifically carbon nanohorns or nitrogen-doped carbon nanocups. Here, we analyze specific properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups which have been designed and utilized as drug delivery systems with the focus on the loading of these nanocapsules with specific therapeutic cargo and the targeted delivery for cancer therapy. We also summarize our targeted synthesis of gold nanoparticles on the open edge of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups to create loaded and sealed nanocarriers for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to myeloid regulatory cells responsible for the immunosuppressive properties of the tumor microenvironment and thus tumor immune escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth C. Burkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17604, United States
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Galina V. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Yulia Nefedova
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Corresponding author: Alexander Star —Department of Chemistry and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fraser K, Hubbs A, Yanamala N, Mercer RR, Stueckle TA, Jensen J, Eye T, Battelli L, Clingerman S, Fluharty K, Dodd T, Casuccio G, Bunker K, Lersch TL, Kashon ML, Orandle M, Dahm M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Kodali V, Erdely A. Histopathology of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities in a murine model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:47. [PMID: 34923995 PMCID: PMC8686255 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) have been previously investigated for their potential toxicities; however, comparative studies of the broad material class are lacking, especially those with a larger diameter. Additionally, computational modeling correlating physicochemical characteristics and toxicity outcomes have been infrequently employed, and it is unclear if all CNT/F confer similar toxicity, including histopathology changes such as pulmonary fibrosis. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 40 µg of one of nine CNT/F (MW #1-7 and CNF #1-2) commonly found in exposure assessment studies of U.S. facilities with diameters ranging from 6 to 150 nm. Human fibroblasts (0-20 µg/ml) were used to assess the predictive value of in vitro to in vivo modeling systems. RESULTS All materials induced histopathology changes, although the types and magnitude of the changes varied. In general, the larger diameter MWs (MW #5-7, including Mitsui-7) and CNF #1 induced greater histopathology changes compared to MW #1 and #3 while MW #4 and CNF #2 were intermediate in effect. Differences in individual alveolar or bronchiolar outcomes and severity correlated with physical dimensions and how the materials agglomerated. Human fibroblast monocultures were found to be insufficient to fully replicate in vivo fibrosis outcomes suggesting in vitro predictive potential depends upon more advanced cell culture in vitro models. Pleural penetrations were observed more consistently in CNT/F with larger lengths and diameters. CONCLUSION Physicochemical characteristics, notably nominal CNT/F dimension and agglomerate size, predicted histopathologic changes and enabled grouping of materials by their toxicity profiles. Particles of greater nominal tube length were generally associated with increased severity of histopathology outcomes. Larger particle lengths and agglomerates were associated with more severe bronchi/bronchiolar outcomes. Spherical agglomerated particles of smaller nominal tube dimension were linked to granulomatous inflammation while a mixture of smaller and larger dimensional CNT/F resulted in more severe alveolar injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fraser
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Ann Hubbs
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Todd A. Stueckle
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Jake Jensen
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Sidney Clingerman
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Kara Fluharty
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Tiana Dodd
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael L. Kashon
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Marlene Orandle
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Matthew Dahm
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
- International Agency for Research On Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li H, He D, Xiao X, Yu G, Hu G, Zhang W, Wen X, Lin Y, Li X, Lin H, Diao Y, Tang Y. Nitrogen-Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Enhance Bone Remodeling through Immunomodulatory Functions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25290-25305. [PMID: 33908252 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) can reportedly positively affect growth and differentiation of bone-related cells and therefore offer great potential in biomedical applications. To overcome negative immune responses that limit their application, specific doping and functionalization can improve their biocompatibility. Here, we demonstrated that nitrogen-doped carboxylate-functionalized MWCNTs (N-MWCNTs) enhance bone remodeling both in vitro and in vivo with excellent biocompatibility, via stimulation of both bone resorption and formation. We revealed that 0.2 μg/mL N-MWCNTs not only increase the transcription of osteoblastogenic and osteoclastogenic genes but also up-regulate the activities of both TRAP and AKP in the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Additionally, intramuscular administration of N-MWCNTs at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg body weight enhances bone mineral density and bone mass content in mice, as well as induces potentiated degree of TRAP- and ARS-positive staining in the femur. The positive regulation of N-MWCNTs on bone remodeling is initiated by macrophage phagocytosis, which induces altered production of inflammatory cytokines by immune response pathways, and consequently up-regulates IL1α, IL10, and IL16. These cytokines collectively regulate the central osteoclastogenic transcription factor NFATc1 and osteoblastogenic BMP signaling, the suppression of which confirmed that these factors respectively participate in N-MWCNT-mediated regulation of osteoclastic and osteoblastic bone marrow stem cell activities. These results suggest that N-MWCNTs can be readily generalized for use as biomaterials in bone tissue engineering for metabolic bone disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Dalin He
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Guanliu Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Geng Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yun Lin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Xianyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hai Lin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Youxiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martin-Martinez M, Machado BF, Serp P, Morales-Torres S, Silva AM, Figueiredo JL, Faria JL, Gomes HT. Carbon nanotubes as catalysts for wet peroxide oxidation: The effect of surface chemistry. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
5
|
Murugesan B, Pandiyan N, Kasinathan K, Rajaiah A, Arumuga M, Subramanian P, Sonamuthu J, Samayanan S, Arumugam VR, Marimuthu K, Yurong C, Mahalingam S. Fabrication of heteroatom doped NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT nanocomposite from imidazolium ionic liquid functionalized MWCNT for antibiofilm and wound healing in Wistar rats: Synthesis, characterization, in-vitro and in-vivo studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110791. [PMID: 32279742 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm is an obstacle for wound healing because it can affect the epithelialization, development of granular cells, and other regular inflammatory procedures. It plays the role of safeguarding pathogens from antiseptics and antibiotics. In this respect, this research work aims to develop heteroatom (N, F, P/B) incorporated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), such as NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT, which can maximize the wound healing efficacy via destroying the wound pathogen and biofilms. NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT were obtained using self-assembling ionic liquids (ILs) such as BMIM-PF6 and BMIM-BF4 in an acid-functionalized MWCNT (A-MWCNT) suspension, followed by pyrolysis in a nitrogen atmosphere. The composite formation was established by FTIR, XRD, RAMAN, EDX mapping, and XPS spectroscopy. TEM and SEM analyses confirmed the bamboo stick-like morphology. During this reaction, IL molecules might be cross-linked with A-MWCNT via hydrogen bonding and ionic interaction, with further pyrolysis producing the defects with doping of N, F, P, or B elements. Finally, they were assessed for their antibiofilm activity against typical bacterial strains such as K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli (Gram-negative), and B. subtilis (Gram-positive), using a quantitative estimation approach. The results revealed greater effectiveness of NFB-MWCNT and NFP-MWCNT, compared to pristine MWCNT. The antibiofilm activity of NFP-MWCNT and NFB-MWCNT was associated with their specific surface chemistry (due to the presence of N, F, P/B heteroatoms), and their nanosize. Moreover, the synthesized material was examined for its wound-healing ability in Wistar rats. The results proved that cells cultured on NFB-MWCNT and NFP-MWCNT displayed exceptional healing ability. The different electronegativity between the heteroatoms creates the surface charge that inhibits the biofilm formation, leading to healing the wounds together with the heteroatom mineral source for mouse fibroblast regeneration and granulation. This is the first study in which the role of different heteroatoms incorporated into MWCNT is examined in the context of antibiofilm-associated wound-healing ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Murugesan
- Advanced Green Chemistry Lab, Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nithya Pandiyan
- Advanced Green Chemistry Lab, Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasirajan Kasinathan
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Research Lab, PG and Research Department of Physics, Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Alexpandi Rajaiah
- Lab in Microbiology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | - Mayakrishnan Arumuga
- Advanced Green Chemistry Lab, Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanisamy Subramanian
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung - Wonju National University, 120 Gangneungdaehangno, Gangneung, Gangwon 210-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jegatheeswaran Sonamuthu
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Selvam Samayanan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Jung-Gu, Pil-Dong, Seoul 100715, Republic of Korea
| | - Veera Ravi Arumugam
- Lab in Microbiology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | - Karunakaran Marimuthu
- Thin Film and Nanoscience Research Lab, PG and Research Department of Physics, Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Cai Yurong
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sundrarajan Mahalingam
- Advanced Green Chemistry Lab, Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cytotoxic or Not? Disclosing the Toxic Nature of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials through Nano-Bio Interactions. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092060. [PMID: 32365624 PMCID: PMC7254307 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic influence of two different carbonaceous nanomaterials on human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in vitro was compared in the short (1-3 days) and long term (up to 60 days). Amorphous carbon and single-walled carbon nanotubes were chosen and evaluated due to their contrasting physicochemical properties. Both materials, though supposed similarly low-toxic in basic short-term cytotoxicity assays, demonstrated dramatically different properties in the long-term study. The surface chemistry and biomolecule-adsorption capacity turned out to be crucial factors influencing cytotoxicity. We proved that amorphous carbon is able to weakly bind a low-affinity protein coat (so-called soft corona), while carbon nanotubes behaved oppositely. Obtained results from zeta-potential and adsorption measurements for both nanomaterials confirmed that a hard protein corona was present on the single-walled carbon-nanotube surface that aggravated their cytotoxic influence. The long-term exposure of the mesenchymal stem cells to carbon nanotubes, coated by the strongly bound proteins, showed a significant decrease in cell-growth rate, followed by cell senescence and death. These results are of great importance in the light of increasing nanomaterial applications in biomedicine and cell-based therapies. Our better understanding of the puzzling cytotoxicity of carbonaceous nanomaterials, reflecting their surface chemistry and interactions, is helpful in adjusting their properties when tailored for specific applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Porter DW, Orandle M, Zheng P, Wu N, Hamilton RF, Holian A, Chen BT, Andrew M, Wolfarth MG, Battelli L, Tsuruoka S, Terrones M, Castranova V. Mouse pulmonary dose- and time course-responses induced by exposure to nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:24-38. [PMID: 32028803 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1723746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: In this study, we compared in vitro and in vivo bioactivity of nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NDMWCNT) to MWCNT to test the hypothesis that nitrogen doping would alter bioactivity.Materials and Methods: High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the multilayer structure of MWCNT with an average layer distance of 0.36 nm, which was not altered by nitrogen doping: the nanomaterials had similar widths and lengths. In vitro studies with THP-1 cells and alveolar macrophages from C57BL/6 mice demonstrated that NDMWCNT were less cytotoxic and stimulated less IL-1β release compared to MWCNT. For in vivo studies, male C57BL/6J mice received a single dose of dispersion medium (DM), 2.5, 10 or 40 µg/mouse of NDMWCNT, or 40 µg/mouse of MWCNT by oropharyngeal aspiration. Animals were euthanized between 1 and 7 days post-exposure for whole lung lavage (WLL) studies.Results and Discussion: NDMWCNT caused time- and dose-dependent pulmonary inflammation. However, it was less than that caused by MWCNT. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was assessed in particle-exposed mice by determining cytokine production in WLL fluid at 1 day post-exposure. Compared to DM-exposed mice, IL-1β and IL-18 were significantly increased in MWCNT- and NDMWCNT-exposed mice, but the increase caused by NDMWCNT was less than MWCNT. At 56 days post-exposure, histopathology determined lung fibrosis in MWCNT-exposed mice was greater than NDMWCNT-exposed mice.Conclusions: These data indicate nitrogen doping of MWCNT decreases their bioactivity, as reflected with lower in vitro and in vivo toxicity inflammation and lung disease. The lower activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome may be responsible. Abbreviations: NDMWCNT: nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes; MWCNT: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; HRTEM: high resolution transmission electron microscopy; IL-1ß: interleukin-1ß; DM: dispersion medium; WLL: whole lung lavage; IL-18: interleukin-18; GSD: geometric standard deviation; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; SEM: standard error of the mean; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; LPS: lipopolysacharride; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; AM: alveolar macrophage; PMN: polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marlene Orandle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Raymond F Hamilton
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Bean T Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Andrew
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael G Wolfarth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Shuji Tsuruoka
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, Shinshu University, Nagano-shi, Japan
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Research Center for Exotic Nanocarbons, Shinshu University, Nagano-shi, Japan.,Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Vince Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Siegrist KJ, Reynolds SH, Porter DW, Mercer RR, Bauer AK, Lowry D, Cena L, Stueckle TA, Kashon ML, Wiley J, Salisbury JL, Mastovich J, Bunker K, Sparrow M, Lupoi JS, Stefaniak AB, Keane MJ, Tsuruoka S, Terrones M, McCawley M, Sargent LM. Mitsui-7, heat-treated, and nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes elicit genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:36. [PMID: 31590690 PMCID: PMC6781364 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The unique physicochemical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have led to many industrial applications. Due to their low density and small size, MWCNT are easily aerosolized in the workplace making respiratory exposures likely in workers. The International Agency for Research on Cancer designated the pristine Mitsui-7 MWCNT (MWCNT-7) as a Group 2B carcinogen, but there was insufficient data to classify all other MWCNT. Previously, MWCNT exposed to high temperature (MWCNT-HT) or synthesized with nitrogen (MWCNT-ND) have been found to elicit attenuated toxicity; however, their genotoxic and carcinogenic potential are not known. Our aim was to measure the genotoxicity of MWCNT-7 compared to these two physicochemically-altered MWCNTs in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B & SAEC). Results Dose-dependent partitioning of individual nanotubes in the cell nuclei was observed for each MWCNT material and was greatest for MWCNT-7. Exposure to each MWCNT led to significantly increased mitotic aberrations with multi- and monopolar spindle morphologies and fragmented centrosomes. Quantitative analysis of the spindle pole demonstrated significantly increased centrosome fragmentation from 0.024–2.4 μg/mL of each MWCNT. Significant aneuploidy was measured in a dose-response from each MWCNT-7, HT, and ND; the highest dose of 24 μg/mL produced 67, 61, and 55%, respectively. Chromosome analysis demonstrated significantly increased centromere fragmentation and translocations from each MWCNT at each dose. Following 24 h of exposure to MWCNT-7, ND and/or HT in BEAS-2B a significant arrest in the G1/S phase in the cell cycle occurred, whereas the MWCNT-ND also induced a G2 arrest. Primary SAEC exposed for 24 h to each MWCNT elicited a significantly greater arrest in the G1 and G2 phases. However, SAEC arrested in the G1/S phase after 72 h of exposure. Lastly, a significant increase in clonal growth was observed one month after exposure to 0.024 μg/mL MWCNT-HT & ND. Conclusions Although MWCNT-HT & ND cause a lower incidence of genotoxicity, all three MWCNTs cause the same type of mitotic and chromosomal disruptions. Chromosomal fragmentation and translocations have not been observed with other nanomaterials. Because in vitro genotoxicity is correlated with in vivo genotoxic response, these studies in primary human lung cells may predict the genotoxic potency in exposed human populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-019-0318-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Siegrist
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Steven H Reynolds
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Alison K Bauer
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David Lowry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Lorenzo Cena
- Department of Health, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, 19383, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - John Wiley
- Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | | | | | - Kristin Bunker
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Mark Sparrow
- Independent Consultant, Allison Park, PA, 15101, USA
| | - Jason S Lupoi
- RJ Lee Group, 350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, PA, 15146, USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Michael J Keane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | | | | | - Michael McCawley
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Linda M Sargent
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Griffith AS, Zhang TD, Burkert SC, Adiguzel Z, Acilan C, Star A, Saunders WS. Characterizing the Cellular Response to Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanocups. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060887. [PMID: 31208132 PMCID: PMC6631063 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, specifically, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have many potential applications in biology and medicine. Currently, this material has not reached its full potential for application due to the potential toxicity to mammalian cells, and the incomplete understanding of how CNTs interface with cells. The chemical composition and structural features of CNTs have been shown to directly affect their biological compatibility. The incorporation of nitrogen dopants to the graphitic lattice of CNTs results in a unique cup shaped morphology and minimal cytotoxicity in comparison to its undoped counterpart. In this study, we investigate how uniquely shaped nitrogen-doped carbon nanocups (NCNCs) interface with HeLa cells, a cervical cancer epithelial cultured cell line, and RPE-1 cells, an immortalized cultured epithelial cell line. We determined that NCNCs do not elicit a cytotoxic response in cells, and that they are uptaken via endocytosis. We have conjugated fluorescently tagged antibodies to NCNCs and shown that the protein-conjugated material is also capable of entering cells. This primes NCNCs to be a good candidate for subsequent protein modifications and applications in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber S Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Thomas D Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Seth C Burkert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Zelal Adiguzel
- TUBITAK, Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, 41470 Gebze/Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Ceyda Acilan
- School of Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Sarıyer, Turkey.
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - William S Saunders
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ortiz-Medina J, Wang Z, Cruz-Silva R, Morelos-Gomez A, Wang F, Yao X, Terrones M, Endo M. Defect Engineering and Surface Functionalization of Nanocarbons for Metal-Free Catalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805717. [PMID: 30687977 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of carbon nanotechnology, which initiated significant research efforts more than two decades ago, novel materials for energy harvesting and storage have emerged at an amazing pace. Nevertheless, some fundamental applications are still dominated by traditional materials, and it is especially evident in the case of catalysis, and environmental-related electrochemical reactions, where precious metals such as Pt and Ir are widely used. Several strategies are being explored for achieving competitive and feasible metal-free carbon nanomaterials, among which doping and defect engineering approaches within nanocarbons are recurrent and promising. Here, the most recent efforts regarding the control of doping and defects in carbon nanostructures for catalysis, and in particular for energy-related applications, are addressed. Finally, an overview of alternative proposals that can make a difference when enabling carbon nanomaterials as efficient and emerging catalysts is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josue Ortiz-Medina
- Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ingeniería, Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer 101, Aguascalientes, Ags, 20290, México
- Global Aqua Innovation Center, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, China
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Rodolfo Cruz-Silva
- Global Aqua Innovation Center, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Aaron Morelos-Gomez
- Global Aqua Innovation Center, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangdong Yao
- School of Natural Sciences, and Australia-China Joint Laboratory for Energy and Environmental Materials, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Morinobu Endo
- Global Aqua Innovation Center, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
- Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, Nagano City, 380-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Yin X, Luo J, Zheng X, Wang H, Wang J, Xi Z, Liao X, Machuki JO, Guo K, Gao F. Novel Hierarchical Nitrogen-Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Cellulose/Nanohydroxyapatite Nanocomposite As an Osteoinductive Scaffold for Enhancing Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:294-307. [PMID: 33405875 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials based on hybrid scaffolds have shown a high potential to promote osteointegration and bone regeneration. In this study, a novel nanocomposite scaffold was synthesized via a cross-linking/hydrothermal/freeze-drying method, resulting in layer-by-layer structures with functional and structural properties mimicking the natural bone. The hierarchical structures of the scaffold were reinforced with nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-MWCNTs), cellulose, and nanohydroxyapatite. The N-MWCNT/Cel/nHA scaffolds were characterized and evaluated in terms of structure, morphology, biocompatibility, cellular responses, and bone repair efficiency in vivo. The resulting scaffolds showed that incorporation of 1 wt % N-MWCNTs into the hybrid scaffold with micropores (∼5 μm) significantly improved its mechanical properties, although the surface morphology of the scaffold tended to be rough and porous. Importantly, the resulting scaffolds supported in vitro cellular attachment, proliferation, viability, and mineralization of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). On the other hand, incorporation of N-MWCNTs into the scaffold induced preferential differentiation of BMSCs to osteogenic lineage accompanied by increased alkaline phosphatase activity and expression of key osteogenic genes. Furthermore, 12 weeks after implantation, the 1%N-MWCNT/Cel/nHA porous scaffolds successfully cicatrized a distal femoral condyle critical size defect in rabbit without obvious inflammatory responses, as indicated by the results of the Micro-CT and histological analyses. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that the scaffolds not only improved the interface bonding with bone tissue but also accelerated the new bone formation and regeneration by up-regulating signaling molecules that are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. These results indicated that the novel N-MWCNT/Cel/nHA scaffold is an efficient platform for osteogenesis research and bone regeneration medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.,College of Clinical Medical Science, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, Shangdong, China
| | - Jianjun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu China
| | - Zhongqian Xi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xianjiu Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, China
| | - Jeremiah Ong'achwa Machuki
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Kaijin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 Huaihai Road, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu China
| | - Fenglei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Russ KA, Thompson JA, Kashon M, Porter DW, Friend SA, McKinney W, Fedan JS. Comparison of multi-wall carbon nanotube and nitrogen-doped multi-wall carbon nanotube effects on lung function and airway reactivity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 364:153-163. [PMID: 30423287 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into materials has raised concerns about their potential hazards to manufacturing workers. In animal models, airway inflammation and lung fibrosis follow aspiration, instillation, and inhalation exposures to MWCNT. However, the effects of MWCNT on pulmonary function, airway reactivity and airway epithelium function following inhalation exposure has not been studied. We investigated whether inhaled MWCNT affects lung resistance (RL) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn), reactivity to inhaled methacholine (MCh), epithelial regulation of airway reactivity to MCh in vitro, and airway epithelial ion transport. Male rats were exposed by whole body inhalation for 6 h to air or aerosolized MWCNT (0.5, 1 or 5 mg/m3) for one or nine days. Eighteen h after 1 d exposure to 5 mg/m3 MWCNT, basal RL was increased and basal Cdyn was decreased; changes did not persist for 7 d. Reactivity to MCh (RL) was increased and Cdyn responses were decreased at 18 h, but not 7 d after exposure to 1 and 5 mg/m3 MWCNT. The effects of i.t.-instilled MWCNT and nitrogen-doped MWCNT (N-MWCNT) on pulmonary function and reactivity to MCh at doses comparable to deposition after inhalation of 5 mg/m3 at 1 d and 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/m3 MWCNT 9 d-exposures were compared. Both nanoparticles increased airway reactivity (RL); N-MWCNT did not affect Cdyn responses. Lung function and airway reactivity are altered following a single MWCNT inhalation and generally subside over time. Given i.t., MWCNT's and N-MWCNT's effects were comparable, but N-MWCNT evoke smaller changes in Cdyn responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Russ
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Janet A Thompson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Michael Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Sherri A Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yeh YT, Lin Z, Zheng SY, Terrones M. A carbon nanotube integrated microfluidic device for blood plasma extraction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13623. [PMID: 30206295 PMCID: PMC6133936 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood is a complex fluid consisting of cells and plasma. Plasma contains key biomarkers essential for disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Thus, by separating plasma from the blood, it is possible to analyze these biomarkers. Conventional methods for plasma extraction involve bulky equipment, and miniaturization constitutes a key step to develop portable devices for plasma extraction. Here, we integrated nanomaterial synthesis with microfabrication, and built a microfluidic device. In particular, we designed a double-spiral channel able to perform cross-flow filtration. This channel was constructed by growing aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with average inter-tubular distances of ~80 nm, which resulted in porosity values of ~93%. During blood extraction, these aligned CNTs allow smaller molecules (e.g., proteins) to pass through the channel wall, while larger molecules (e.g., cells) get blocked. Our results show that our device effectively separates plasma from blood, by trapping blood cells. We successfully recovered albumin -the most abundant protein inside plasma- with an efficiency of ~80%. This work constitutes the first report on integrating biocompatible nitrogen-doped CNT (CNxCNT) arrays to extract plasma from human blood, thus widening the bio-applications of CNTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ting Yeh
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Zhong Lin
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Materials (ATOMIC), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. .,Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Chemical Engineering, Carlos III University of Madrid, Avenida Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain. .,IMDEA Materials Institute, Eric Kandel 2, Getafe, Madrid, 28005, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu C, Liu Q, Liu H, Zhang C, Shao W, Gu A. Toxicological assessment of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in vitro: potential mitochondria effects on male reproductive cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39270-39278. [PMID: 27248475 PMCID: PMC5129931 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been widely used in many fields and were reported to cause reversible testis damage in mice at high-dose. However the reproductive effects of low dose MWCNTs remained elusive. Herein, we used the mice spermatocyte cell line (GC-2spd) to assess the reproductive effects of MWCNTs. Size distribution, zeta potential, and intensity of MWCNTs were characterized. A maximal concentration of 0.5 μg/mL MWCNTs was found to be nonlethal to GC-2spd. At this dose, cell cycles and the ROS levels were in normal status. We also found MWCNTs accumulated in mitochondria, which caused potential mitochondrial DNA damage in spermatocyte. Furthermore, the expression level of mitochondria-related genes, the oxygen consumption rate, and cellular ATP content were declined compared to controls, even at the nonlethal dose. Our results suggested for the first time that, in germ cells, mitochondrion was a cellular organelle that accumulated MWCNTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bishop L, Cena L, Orandle M, Yanamala N, Dahm MM, Birch ME, Evans DE, Kodali VK, Eye T, Battelli L, Zeidler-Erdely PC, Casuccio G, Bunker K, Lupoi JS, Lersch TL, Stefaniak AB, Sager T, Afshari A, Schwegler-Berry D, Friend S, Kang J, Siegrist KJ, Mitchell CA, Lowry DT, Kashon ML, Mercer RR, Geraci CL, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Sargent LM, Erdely A. In Vivo Toxicity Assessment of Occupational Components of the Carbon Nanotube Life Cycle To Provide Context to Potential Health Effects. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8849-8863. [PMID: 28759202 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary toxicity studies on carbon nanotubes focus primarily on as-produced materials and rarely are guided by a life cycle perspective or integration with exposure assessment. Understanding toxicity beyond the as-produced, or pure native material, is critical, due to modifications needed to overcome barriers to commercialization of applications. In the first series of studies, the toxicity of as-produced carbon nanotubes and their polymer-coated counterparts was evaluated in reference to exposure assessment, material characterization, and stability of the polymer coating in biological fluids. The second series of studies examined the toxicity of aerosols generated from sanding polymer-coated carbon-nanotube-embedded or neat composites. Postproduction modification by polymer coating did not enhance pulmonary injury, inflammation, and pathology or in vitro genotoxicity of as-produced carbon nanotubes, and for a particular coating, toxicity was significantly attenuated. The aerosols generated from sanding composites embedded with polymer-coated carbon nanotubes contained no evidence of free nanotubes. The percent weight incorporation of polymer-coated carbon nanotubes, 0.15% or 3% by mass, and composite matrix utilized altered the particle size distribution and, in certain circumstances, influenced acute in vivo toxicity. Our study provides perspective that, while the number of workers and consumers increases along the life cycle, toxicity and/or potential for exposure to the as-produced material may greatly diminish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Bishop
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lorenzo Cena
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- West Chester University , West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Marlene Orandle
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Matthew M Dahm
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - M Eileen Birch
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Douglas E Evans
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Vamsi K Kodali
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tracy Eye
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Lori Battelli
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Patti C Zeidler-Erdely
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Gary Casuccio
- RJ Lee Group , Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Kristin Bunker
- RJ Lee Group , Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Jason S Lupoi
- RJ Lee Group , Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Traci L Lersch
- RJ Lee Group , Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146, United States
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tina Sager
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Aliakbar Afshari
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Sherri Friend
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Jonathan Kang
- West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Katelyn J Siegrist
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Constance A Mitchell
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - David T Lowry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Michael L Kashon
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Robert R Mercer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Charles L Geraci
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | | | - Linda M Sargent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Aaron Erdely
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
- West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Different Cellular Response of Human Mesothelial Cell MeT-5A to Short-Term and Long-Term Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Exposure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2747215. [PMID: 28929108 PMCID: PMC5591928 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2747215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite being a commercially important product, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) continue to raise concerns over human health due to their structural similarity to asbestos. Indeed, exposure to MWCNT has been shown to induce lung cancer and even mesothelioma, but contradictory results also exist. To clarify the potentially carcinogenic effects of rigid and rod-like MWCNT and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, the effects of MWCNT on human mesothelial cell MeT-5A were examined throughout 3 months of continuous exposure, including cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and cell motility. It was found that MWCNT did not affect MeT-5A cell proliferation at 10 μg/cm2 within 72 h treatment, but under the same condition, MWCNT induced genotoxicity and perturbed cell motility. In addition, MeT-5A cells demonstrated different cellular responses to MWCNT after short-term and long-term exposure. Taken together, our results indicated a possible carcinogenic potential for MWCNT after long-term treatment, in which Annexin family proteins might be involved.
Collapse
|
17
|
Feng S, Lin Z, Gan X, Lv R, Terrones M. Doping two-dimensional materials: ultra-sensitive sensors, band gap tuning and ferromagnetic monolayers. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:72-80. [PMID: 32260668 DOI: 10.1039/c6nh00192k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The successful isolation of graphene from graphite in 2004 opened up new avenues to study two-dimensional (2D) systems from layered materials. Since then, research on 2D materials, including graphene, hexagonal-BN (h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and black phosphorous, has been extensive, thus leading to various possible applications in the fields of optoelectronics, biomedicine, spintronics, electrochemistry, energy storage and catalysis. However, certain barriers still need to be overcome when dealing with real applications, such as graphene's lack of a bandgap, restricting its use in semiconductor electronics. In this context, a possible solution is to tailor the electronic and optical properties of 2D materials by introducing defects or elemental doping. Although defects play a major role in modifying materials properties, the fact that we call them "defects" might have a negative impact. There has been a long debate on whether structurally perfect materials are equally relevant for modifying the properties and for applications. In this focus article, we clarify that although extra large amounts of defects could be detrimental to the materials properties, well-designed defects might lead to unprecedented properties and interesting applications that pristine materials do not have. Given the relatively short history of research on doped 2D layered materials, our objective is to answer and clarify the following fundamental questions: why does nanomaterial doping offer improved physico-chemical properties? What new applications arise from doping? And what are the current challenges along this line?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Watson-Wright C, Singh D, Demokritou P. Toxicological Implications of Released Particulate Matter during Thermal Decomposition of Nano-Enabled Thermoplastics. NANOIMPACT 2017; 5:29-40. [PMID: 29333505 PMCID: PMC5764161 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nano-enabled thermoplastics are part of the growing market of nano-enabled products (NEPs) that have vast utility in several industries and consumer goods. The use and disposal of NEPs at their end of life has raised concerns about the potential release of constituent engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) during thermal decomposition and their impact on environmental health and safety. To investigate this issue, industrially relevant nano-enabled thermoplastics including polyurethane, polycarbonate, and polypropylene containing carbon nanotubes (0.1 and 3% w/v, respectively), polyethylene containing nanoscale iron oxide (5% w/v), and ethylene vinyl acetate containing nanoscale titania (2 and 5% w/v) along with their pure thermoplastic matrices were thermally decomposed using the recently developed lab based Integrated Exposure Generation System (INEXS). The life cycle released particulate matter (called LCPM) was monitored using real time instrumentation, size fractionated, sampled, extracted and prepared for toxicological analysis using primary small airway epithelial cells to assess potential toxicological effects. Various cellular assays were used to assess reactive oxygen species and total glutathione as measurements of oxidative stress along with mitochondrial function, cellular viability, and DNA damage. By comparing toxicological profiles of LCPM released from polymer only (control) with nano-enabled LCPM, potential nanofiller effects due to the use of ENMs were determined. We observed associations between NEP properties such as the percent nanofiller loading, host matrix, and nanofiller chemical composition and the physico-chemical properties of released LCPM, which were linked to biological outcomes. More specifically, an increase in percent nanofiller loading promoted a toxicological response independent of increasing LCPM dose. Importantly, differences in host matrix and nanofiller composition were shown to enhance biological activity and toxicity of LCPM. This work highlights the importance of assessing the toxicological properties of LCPM and raises environmental health and safety concerns of nano-enabled products at their end of life during thermal decomposition/incineration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Demokritou
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Prof. Philip Demokritou, Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public, Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA, , Tel: 617-432-3481
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yeh YT, Tang Y, Sebastian A, Dasgupta A, Perea-Lopez N, Albert I, Lu H, Terrones M, Zheng SY. Tunable and label-free virus enrichment for ultrasensitive virus detection using carbon nanotube arrays. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601026. [PMID: 27730213 PMCID: PMC5055386 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases can erupt unpredictably, spread rapidly, and ravage mass populations. Although established methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and next-generation sequencing have been used to detect viruses, field samples with low virus count pose major challenges in virus surveillance and discovery. We report a unique carbon nanotube size-tunable enrichment microdevice (CNT-STEM) that efficiently enriches and concentrates viruses collected from field samples. The channel sidewall in the microdevice was made by growing arrays of vertically aligned nitrogen-doped multiwalled CNTs, where the intertubular distance between CNTs could be engineered in the range of 17 to 325 nm to accurately match the size of different viruses. The CNT-STEM significantly improves detection limits and virus isolation rates by at least 100 times. Using this device, we successfully identified an emerging avian influenza virus strain [A/duck/PA/02099/2012(H11N9)] and a novel virus strain (IBDV/turkey/PA/00924/14). Our unique method demonstrates the early detection of emerging viruses and the discovery of new viruses directly from field samples, thus creating a universal platform for effectively remediating viral infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ting Yeh
- Micro and Nano Integrated Biosystem Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Penn State Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Archi Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nestor Perea-Lopez
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Istvan Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Huaguang Lu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Penn State Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.T.); (S.-Y.Z.)
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Micro and Nano Integrated Biosystem Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Penn State Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.T.); (S.-Y.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Sisler JD, Pirela SV, Shaffer J, Mihalchik AL, Chisholm WP, Andrew ME, Schwegler-Berry D, Castranova V, Demokritou P, Qian Y. Toxicological Assessment of CoO and La2O3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells. Toxicol Sci 2016; 150:418-28. [PMID: 26769336 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt monoxide (CoO) and lanthanum oxide (La2O3) nanoparticles are 2 metal oxide nanoparticles with different redox potentials according to their semiconductor properties. By utilizing these two nanoparticles, this study sought to determine how metal oxide nanoparticle's mode of toxicological action is related to their physio-chemical properties in human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). We investigated cellular toxicity, production of superoxide radicals and alterations in gene expression related to oxidative stress, and cellular death at 6 and 24 h following exposure to CoO and La2O3(administered doses: 0, 5, 25, and 50 µg/ml) nanoparticles. CoO nanoparticles induced gene expression related to oxidative stress at 6 h. After characterizing the nanoparticles, transmission electron microscope analysis showed SAEC engulfed CoO and La2O3nanoparticles. CoO nanoparticles were toxic after 6 and 24 h of exposure to 25.0 and 50.0 µg/ml administered doses, whereas, La2O3nanoparticles were toxic only after 24 h using the same administered doses. Based upon the Volumetric Centrifugation Methodin vivoSedimentation, Diffusion, and Dosimetry, the dose of CoO and La2O3nanoparticles delivered at 6 and 24 h were determined to be: CoO: 1.25, 6.25, and 12.5 µg/ml; La2O3: 5, 25, and 50 µg/ml and CoO: 4, 20, and 40 µg/ml; and La2O3: 5, 25, 50 µg/ml, respectively. CoO nanoparticles produced more superoxide radicals and caused greater stimulation of total tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation at both 6 and 24 h when compared with La2O3nanoparticles. Taken together, these data provide evidence that different toxicological modes of action were involved in CoO and La2O3metal oxide nanoparticle-induced cellular toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Sisler
- *Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505;
| | - Sandra V Pirela
- *Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Justine Shaffer
- *Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Amy L Mihalchik
- *Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - William P Chisholm
- *Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Michael E Andrew
- *Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- *Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Philip Demokritou
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and
| | - Yong Qian
- *Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang Z, Ahmad W, Chu L, Al-bahrani MR, Tu F, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang X, Su J, Liu N, Li L, Yang C, Gao Y. Three-dimensional nanocomposite formed by hydrophobic multiwalled carbon nanotubes threading titanium dioxide as the counter electrode of enhanced performance dye-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06705k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy of fast solvent induced assembly is used to synthesize a three-dimensional (3D) nanocomposite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and TiO2, as the counter electrode (CE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Collapse
|