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Ouyang KW, Wang TT, Wang H, Luo YX, Hu YF, Zheng XM, Ling Q, Wang KW, Xiong YW, Zhang J, Chang W, Zhang YF, Yuan Z, Li H, Gao L, Xu DX, Zhu HL, Yang L, Wang H. m6A-methylated Lonp1 drives mitochondrial proteostasis stress to induce testicular pyroptosis upon environmental cadmium exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172938. [PMID: 38703850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widely distributed typical environmental pollutant and one of the most toxic heavy metals. It is well-known that environmental Cd causes testicular damage by inducing classic types of cell death such as cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, as a new type of cell death, the role and mechanism of pyroptosis in Cd-induced testicular injury remain unclear. In the current study, we used environmental Cd to generate a murine model with testicular injury and AIM2-dependent pyroptosis. Based on the model, we found that increased cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), activated mitochondrial proteostasis stress occurred in Cd-exposed testes. We used ethidium bromide to generate mtDNA-deficient testicular germ cells and further confirmed that increased cytoplasmic mtDNA promoted AIM2-dependent pyroptosis in Cd-exposed cells. Uracil-DNA glycosylase UNG1 overexpression indicated that environmental Cd blocked UNG-dependent repairment of damaged mtDNA to drive the process in which mtDNA releases to cytoplasm in the cells. Interestingly, we found that environmental Cd activated mitochondrial proteostasis stress by up-regulating protein expression of LONP1 in testes. Testicular specific LONP1-knockdown significantly reversed Cd-induced UNG1 protein degradation and AIM2-dependent pyroptosis in mouse testes. In addition, environmental Cd significantly enhanced the m6A modification of Lonp1 mRNA and its stability in testicular germ cells. Knockdown of IGF2BP1, a reader of m6A modification, reversed Cd-induced upregulation of LONP1 protein expression and pyroptosis activation in testicular germ cells. Collectively, environmental Cd induces m6A modification of Lonp1 mRNA to activate mitochondrial proteostasis stress, increase cytoplasmic mtDNA content, and trigger AIM2-dependent pyroptosis in mouse testes. These findings suggest that mitochondrial proteostasis stress is a potential target for the prevention of testicular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Wen Ouyang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230000, China
| | - Ye-Xin Luo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yi-Fan Hu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Xin-Mei Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Qing Ling
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Kai-Wen Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yong-Wei Xiong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Zhi Yuan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China
| | - Lan Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hua-Long Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Center of Prenatal Diagnosis, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Affiliated Women's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Liu N, Liang Y, Wei T, Huang X, Zhang T, Tang M. ROS-mediated NRF2/p-ERK1/2 signaling-involved mitophagy contributes to macrophages activation induced by CdTe quantum dots. Toxicology 2024; 505:153825. [PMID: 38710382 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs) have garnered significant attention for tumor imaging due to their exceptional properties. However, there remains a need for further investigation into their potential toxicity mechanisms and corresponding enhancements. Herein, CdTe QDs were observed to accumulate in mouse liver, leading to a remarkable overproduction of IL-1β and IL-6. Additionally, there was evidence of macrophage infiltration and activation following exposure to 12.5 μmol/kg body weight of QDs. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of macrophage activation, CdTe QDs functionalized with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were utilized. In vitro experiments revealed that 1.0 μM MPA-CdTe QDs activated PINK1-dependent mitophagy in RAW264.7 macrophages. Critically, the autophagic flux remained unimpeded, as demonstrated by the absence of p62 accumulation, LC3 turnover assay results, and successful fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Mechanically, QDs increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitoROS by damaging both mitochondria and lysosomes. ROS, in turn, inhibited NRF2, resulting in the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and subsequent activation of mitophagy. Notably, 1.0 μM QDs disrupted lysosomes but autophagic flux was not impaired. Eventually, the involvement of the ROS-NRF2-ERK1/2 pathway-mediated mitophagy in the increase of IL-1β and IL-6 in macrophages was confirmed using Trolox, MitoTEMPO, ML385, specific siRNAs, and lentivirus-based interventions. This study innovatively revealed the pro-inflammatory rather than anti-inflammatory role of mitophagy in nanotoxicology, shedding new light on the mechanisms of mitochondrial disorders induced by QDs and identifying several molecular targets to comprehend the toxicological mechanisms of CdTe QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tingting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Bultelle F, Le Saux A, David E, Tanguy A, Devin S, Olivier S, Poret A, Chan P, Louis F, Delahaut L, Pain-Devin S, Péden R, Vaudry D, Le Foll F, Rocher B. Cadmium Highlights Common and Specific Responses of Two Freshwater Sentinel Species, Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena rostriformis bugensis. Proteomes 2024; 12:10. [PMID: 38651369 PMCID: PMC11036304 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes12020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebra mussel (ZM), Dreissena polymorpha, commonly used as a sentinel species in freshwater biomonitoring, is now in competition for habitat with quagga mussel (QM), Dreissena rostriformis bugensis. This raises the question of the quagga mussel's use in environmental survey. To better characterise QM response to stress compared with ZM, both species were exposed to cadmium (100 µg·L-1), a classic pollutant, for 7 days under controlled conditions. The gill proteomes were analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry. For ZM, 81 out of 88 proteoforms of variable abundance were identified using mass spectrometry, and for QM, 105 out of 134. Interestingly, the proteomic response amplitude varied drastically, with 5.6% of proteoforms of variable abundance (DAPs) in ZM versus 9.4% in QM. QM also exhibited greater cadmium accumulation. Only 12 common DAPs were observed. Several short proteoforms were detected, suggesting proteolysis. Functional analysis is consistent with the pleiotropic effects of the toxic metal ion cadmium, with alterations in sulphur and glutathione metabolisms, cellular calcium signalling, cytoskeletal dynamics, energy production, chaperone activation, and membrane events with numerous proteins involved in trafficking and endocytosis/exocytosis processes. Beyond common responses, the sister species display distinct reactions, with cellular response to stress being the main category involved in ZM as opposed to calcium and cytoskeleton alterations in QM. Moreover, QM exhibited greater evidence of proteolysis and cell death. Overall, these results suggest that QM has a weaker stress response capacity than ZM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bultelle
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR ST, Scale FR-CNRS 3730, Le Havre Normandie University, 76063 Le Havre, France (B.R.)
| | - Aimie Le Saux
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR ST, Scale FR-CNRS 3730, Le Havre Normandie University, 76063 Le Havre, France (B.R.)
| | - Elise David
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR SEN, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, 51100 Reims, France; (E.D.)
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- UMR 7144, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne University, 29680 Roscoff, France;
| | - Simon Devin
- LIEC, CNRS, UFR SCIFA, Lorraine University, 57000 Metz, France; (S.D.)
| | - Stéphanie Olivier
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR ST, Scale FR-CNRS 3730, Le Havre Normandie University, 76063 Le Havre, France (B.R.)
| | - Agnès Poret
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR ST, Scale FR-CNRS 3730, Le Havre Normandie University, 76063 Le Havre, France (B.R.)
| | - Philippe Chan
- INSERM US 51, CNRS UAR 2026, HeRacLeS, Rouen Normandie University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- PISSARO IRIB, Rouen Normandie University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Fanny Louis
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR SEN, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, 51100 Reims, France; (E.D.)
- LIEC, CNRS, UFR SCIFA, Lorraine University, 57000 Metz, France; (S.D.)
| | - Laurence Delahaut
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR SEN, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, 51100 Reims, France; (E.D.)
| | | | - Romain Péden
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR SEN, Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, 51100 Reims, France; (E.D.)
| | - David Vaudry
- INSERM U982 DC2N, Rouen Normandie University, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Frank Le Foll
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR ST, Scale FR-CNRS 3730, Le Havre Normandie University, 76063 Le Havre, France (B.R.)
| | - Béatrice Rocher
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-SEBIO, UFR ST, Scale FR-CNRS 3730, Le Havre Normandie University, 76063 Le Havre, France (B.R.)
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Lin X, Chen T. A Review of in vivo Toxicity of Quantum Dots in Animal Models. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:8143-8168. [PMID: 38170122 PMCID: PMC10759915 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s434842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Tremendous research efforts have been devoted to nanoparticles for applications in optoelectronics and biomedicine. Over the past decade, quantum dots (QDs) have become one of the fastest growing areas of research in nanotechnology because of outstanding photophysical properties, including narrow and symmetrical emission spectrum, broad fluorescence excitation spectrum, the tenability of the emission wavelength with the particle size and composition, anti-photobleaching ability and stable fluorescence. These characteristics are suitable for optical imaging, drug delivery and other biomedical applications. Research on QDs toxicology has demonstrated QDs affect or damage the biological system to some extent, and this situation is generally caused by the metal ions and some special properties in QDs, which hinders the further application of QDs in the biomedical field. The toxicological mechanism mainly stems from the release of heavy metal ions and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the same time, the contact reaction with QDs also cause disorders in organelles and changes in gene expression profiles. In this review, we try to present an overview of the toxicity and related toxicity mechanisms of QDs in different target organs. It is believed that the evaluation of toxicity and the synthesis of environmentally friendly QDs are the primary issues to be addressed for future widespread applications. However, considering the many different types and potential modifications, this review on the potential toxicity of QDs is still not clearly elucidated, and further research is needed on this meaningful topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotan Lin
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, DongGuan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Family Planning, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, DongGuan, People’s Republic of China
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Pavlicevic M, Pagano L, Villani M, Zappettini A, Paesano L, Bonas U, Marmiroli N, Marmiroli M. Comparison of effect of CdS QD and ZnS QD and their corresponding salts on growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidative capacity of tomato. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2023; 26:850-861. [PMID: 37886884 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2270692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
When applied in the same concentration to tomato plants, cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) were transported from soil to roots and from roots to shoots more readily than their nano counterparts: cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QD) and zinc sulfide quantum dots (ZnS QD). Compared to the CdS QD, he higher rate of transport of CdSO4 resulted in a greater negative effect on growth, chlorophyll content, antioxidant properties, lipid peroxidation and activation of antioxidant defence systems. Although ZnSO4 was transported more rapidly than ZnS QD, the overall effect of Zn addition was positive (increase in total plant mass, stem length, antioxidant content and decrease in lipid peroxidation). However, these effects were more pronounced in the case of ZnS QD, suggesting that the mechanisms underpinning the activity of ZnS QD and ZnSO4 were different. Thus, the risk of phytotoxicity and food chain transfer of the two elements depended on their form (salt or nanoform), and consequently their effects on plants' growth and physiology were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Pavlicevic
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Paesano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Urbana Bonas
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), Parma, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy
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Han D, Chen R, Kan H, Xu Y. The bio-distribution, clearance pathways, and toxicity mechanisms of ambient ultrafine particles. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH (ONLINE) 2023; 2:95-106. [PMID: 38074989 PMCID: PMC10702920 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Ambient particles severely threaten human health worldwide. Compared to larger particles, ultrafine particles (UFPs) are highly concentrated in ambient environments, have a larger specific surface area, and are retained for a longer time in the lung. Recent studies have found that they can be transported into various extra-pulmonary organs by crossing the air-blood barrier (ABB). Therefore, to understand the adverse effects of UFPs, it is crucial to thoroughly investigate their bio-distribution and clearance pathways in vivo after inhalation, as well as their toxicological mechanisms. This review highlights emerging evidence on the bio-distribution of UFPs in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary organs. It explores how UFPs penetrate the ABB, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the placental barrier (PB) and subsequently undergo clearance by the liver, kidney, or intestine. In addition, the potential underlying toxicological mechanisms of UFPs are summarized, providing fundamental insights into how UFPs induce adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Han
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanyi Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wang X, Wu T. An update on the biological effects of quantum dots: From environmental fate to risk assessment based on multiple biological models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163166. [PMID: 37011691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are zero-dimension nanomaterials with excellent physical and chemical properties, which have been widely used in environmental science and biomedicine. Therefore, QDs are potential to cause toxicity to the environment and enter organisms through migration and bioenrichment effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the adverse effects of QDs in different organisms based on recently available data. Following PRISMA guidelines, this study searched PubMed database according to the pre-set keywords, and included 206 studies according to the inclusion and elimination criteria. CiteSpace software was firstly used to analyze the keywords of included literatures, search for breaking points of former studies, and summarize the classification, characterization and dosage of QDs. The environment fate of QDs in the ecosystems were then analyzed, followed with comprehensively summarized toxicity outcomes at individual, system, cell, subcellular and molecular levels. After migration and degradation in the environment, aquatic plants, bacteria, fungi as well as invertebrates and vertebrates have been found to be suffered from toxic effects caused by QDs. Aside from systemic effects, toxicity of intrinsic QDs targeting to specific organs, including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, hepatorenal system, nervous system and immune system were confirmed in multiple animal models. Moreover, QDs could be taken up by cells and disturb the organelles, which resulted in cellular inflammation and cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Recently, several innovative technologies, like organoids have been applied in the risk assessment of QDs to promote the surgical interventions of preventing QDs' toxicity. This review not only aimed at updating the research progress on the biological effects of QDs from environmental fate to risk assessment, but also overcame the limitations of available reviews on basic toxicity of nanomaterials by interdisciplinarity and provided new insights for better applications of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, PR China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Zhang T, Lu J, Yao Y, Pang Y, Ding X, Tang M. MPA-capped CdTequantum dots induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy and apoptosis through generation of reactive oxygen species in human liver normal cell and liver tumor cell. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 326:121397. [PMID: 36933817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid developments in nanotechnology have brought increased attention to the safety of Quantum Dots (QDs). Exploring their mechanisms of toxicity and characterizing their toxic effects in different cell lines will help us better understand and apply QDs appropriately. This study aims to elucidate the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced autophagy for CdTe QDs toxicity, that is, the importance of the nanoparticles in mediating cellular uptake and consequent intracellular stress effects inside the cell. The results of the study showed that cancer cells and normal cells have different cell outcomes as a result of intracellular stress effects. In normal human liver cells (L02), CdTe QDs leads to ROS generation and prolong ER stress. The subsequent autophagosome accumulation eventually triggers apoptosis by activating proapoptotic signaling pathways and the expression of proapoptotic Bax. In contrast, in human liver cancer cells (HepG2 cells), expression of UPR restrains proapoptotic signaling and downregulates Bax, and activated protective cellular autophagy, as a result of protecting these liver cancer cells from CdTe QDs-induced apoptosis. In summary, we assess the safety of CdTe QDs and recounted the molecular mechanism underlying its nanotoxicity in normal and cancerous cells. Notwithstanding, additional detailed studies on the deleterious effects of these nanoparticles in the organisms of interest are required to ensure low-risk application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Qingpu District Center for Disease Control, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Ying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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9
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Yao Y, Zhang T, Tang M. The DNA damage potential of quantum dots: Toxicity, mechanism and challenge. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120676. [PMID: 36395913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles (1-10 nm) with excellent optical and electrical properties. As QDs show great promise for applications in fields such as biomedicine, their biosafety is widely emphasized. Therefore, studies on the potential 'nanotoxicity' of QDs in genetic material are warranted. This review summarizes and discusses recent reports derived from different cell lines or animal models concerning the effects of QDs on genetic material. QDs could induce many types of genetic material damage, which subsequently triggers a series of cellular adverse outcomes, including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and senescence. However, the individual biological and ecological significance of the genotoxicity of QDs is not yet clear. In terms of mechanisms of genotoxicity, QDs can damage DNA either through their own nanomorphology or through the released metal ions. It also includes the reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation and failure of DNA damage repair. Notably, apoptosis may lead to false positive results in genotoxicity tests. Finally, given the different uses of QDs and the interference of the physicochemical properties of QDs on the test method, genotoxicity testing of QDs should be different from traditional toxic compounds, which requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Xia B, Lin G, Zheng S, Zhang H, Yu Y. Differential effects of PEGylated Cd-free CuInS 2/ZnS quantum dot (QDs) on substance P and LL-37 induced human mast cell activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114108. [PMID: 36174319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CuInS2/ZnS-PEG quantum dots (QDs) are among the most widely used near infrared non-cadmium QDs and are favored because of their non-cadmium content and strong tissue penetration. However, with their increasing use, there is great concern about whether exposure to QDs is potentially risky to the environment and humans. Furthermore, toxicological data related to CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs are scarce. In the study, we found that CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs (0-100 μg/mL) could internalize into human LAD2 mast cells without affecting their survival rate, nor did it cause degranulation or release of IL-8 and TNF-α. However, CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs significantly inhibited Substance P (SP) and LL-37-induced degranulation and chemotaxis of LAD2 cells by inhibiting calcium mobilization. Lower concentrations of CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs promoted the release of TNF-α and IL-8 stimulated by SP, but higher concentrations of CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs significantly inhibited the release of TNF-α and IL-8. On the other hand, CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs promoted LL-37-mediated TNF-α release from LAD2 cells in a dose-dependent manner from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL, while release of IL-8 triggered by LL-37 was dose-dependently inhibited within a dose concentration of 12.5-100 μg/mL. Collectively, our data demonstrated that CuInS2/ZnS-PEG QDs differentially mediated human mast cell activation induced by SP and LL-37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Xia
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Siman Zheng
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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11
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Cameron SJ, Sheng J, Hosseinian F, Willmore WG. Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7962. [PMID: 35887304 PMCID: PMC9323783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana J. Cameron
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - Jessica Sheng
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Farah Hosseinian
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
| | - William G. Willmore
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; (S.J.C.); (F.H.)
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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12
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Liu H, Liu H, Liu H, Zhang D, Wang Q, Li S, Cao Y, Li Q. Study on the genetic damage caused by cadmium sulfide quantum dots in human lymphocytes. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:463-472. [PMID: 35949484 PMCID: PMC9096230 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) are being developed for sensors, fluorescent probes, and other platforms and are attracting increasing attention. Given the growing demand for QDs, it is clear that there is a need to understand their potential toxicity to organisms. However, little is known regarding the genotoxicity of CdS QDs to humans. Therefore, this study used CdS QDs as the research object, cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and randomly divided them into a control group, CdS I group (CdS QDs), and CdS II group (CdS QDs coated with thioglycolic acid). After cultivation, we measured the olive tail distance, tail length, tail DNA%, lymphocyte micronucleus rate, and aneuploid rate. The comet test results indicated that the indices of the QD group were significantly larger than those of the control group (P < 0.05). The results of the micronucleus and chromosome aberration tests showed that the lymphocyte micronucleus rate and chromosome aneuploid rate in the QD group were significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group. In conclusion, CdS QDs have certain genotoxicity to human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and the DNA damage caused by CdS QDs encapsulated with thioglycolic acid is less severe than that caused by nonencapsulated CdS QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology , No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan , Hebei , China
| | - Huajie Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University , No. 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai 200092 , China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology , No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan , Hebei , China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Scientific Research Department, North China University of Science and Technology , No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan , Hebei , China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology , No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan , Hebei , China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Stomatology, North China University of Science and Technology , No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan , Hebei , China
| | - Yanhua Cao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology , No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan , Hebei , China
| | - Qingzhao Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology , No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan , Hebei , China
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13
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Pagano L, Marmiroli M, Villani M, Magnani J, Rossi R, Zappettini A, White JC, Marmiroli N. Engineered Nanomaterial Exposure Affects Organelle Genetic Material Replication in Arabidopsis thaliana. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2249-2260. [PMID: 35048688 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and chloroplasts not only are cellular energy sources but also have important regulatory and developmental roles in cell function. CeO2, FeOx ENMs, ZnS, CdS QDs, and relative metal salts were utilized in Murashige-Skoog (MS) synthetic growth medium at different concentrations (80-500 mg L-1) and times of exposures (0-20 days). Analysis of physiological and molecular response of A. thaliana chloroplasts and mitochondrion demonstrates that ENMs increase or decrease functionality and organelle genome replication. Exposure to nanoscale CeO2 and FeOx causes an 81-105% increase in biomass, whereas ZnS and CdS QDs yielded neutral or a 59% decrease in growth, respectively. Differential effects between ENMs and their corresponding metal salts highlight nanoscale-specific response pathways, which include energy production and oxidative stress response. Differences may be ascribed to ENM and the metal salt dissolution rate and the toxicity of the metal ion, which suggests eventual biotransformation processes occurring within the plant. With regard to specific effects on plastid (pt) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA, CdS QD exposure triggered potential variations at the substoichiometric level in the two organellar genomes, while nanoscale FeOx and ZnS QDs caused a 1- to 3-fold increase in ptDNA and mtDNA copy numbers. Nanoparticle CeO2 exposure did not affect ptDNA and mtDNA stoichiometry. These findings suggest that modification in stoichiometry is a potential morpho-functional adaptive response to ENM exposure, triggered by modifications of bioenergetic redox balance, which leads to reducing the photosynthesis or cellular respiration rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Villani
- IMEM-CNR, Parco Area Delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Magnani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per le Scienze Ambientali (CINSA), University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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14
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Liu N, Liang Y, Wei T, Zou L, Bai C, Huang X, Wu T, Xue Y, Tang M, Zhang T. Protein corona mitigated the cytotoxicity of CdTe QDs to macrophages by targeting mitochondria. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100367. [PMID: 35559897 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the potential of cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) in bioimaging and drug delivery, their toxic effects have been documented. It is known that the immunotoxicity of CdTe QDs targeting macrophages is one of their adverse effects, and the protein corona (PC) will affect the biological effects of QDs. In order to prove whether the PC-CdTe QDs complexes could alleviate the toxicity of CdTe QDs without weakening their luminescence, we investigated the impact of protein corona formed in fetal bovine serum (FBS) on the cytotoxicity of CdTe QDs to mitochondria. RAW264.7 cells were used as the model to compare the effects of CdTe QDs and PC-CdTe QDs complexes on the structure, function, quantity, morphology, and mitochondrial quality control of mitochondria. As result, the protein corona form in FBS alleviated the inhibition of CdTe QDs on mitochondrial activity, the damage to mitochondrial membrane, the increase of ROS, and the reduction of ATP content. Also, CdTe QDs increased the number of mitochondria in macrophages, while the complexes did not. In line with this, the morphology of mitochondrial network in macrophages which were exposed to CdTe QDs and PC-CdTe QDs complexes was different. CdTe QDs transformed the network into fragments, punctuations, and short rods, while PC-CdTe QDs complexes made the mitochondrial network highly branched, which was related to the imbalance of mitochondrial fission and fusion. Mechanically, CdTe QDs facilitated mitochondrial fission and inhibited mitochondrial fusion, while protein corona reversed the phenomenon caused by QDs. Besides mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy were also affected. CdTe QDs increased the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis signaling molecules including PGC-1α, NRF-1 and TFAM, while PC-CdTe QDs complexes played the opposite role. With regard to mitophagy, they both showed promoting effect. In conclusion, the formation of protein corona alleviated the toxic effects of CdTe QDs on the mitochondria in macrophages and affected mitochondrial quality control. Under the premise of ensuring the fluorescence properties of CdTe QDs, these findings provided useful insight into reducing the toxicity of CdTe QDs from two perspectives: protein corona and mitochondria, and shared valuable information for the safe use of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tingting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Lingyue Zou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Changcun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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15
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Liu Q, Wu D, Ma Y, Cao Y, Pang Y, Tang M, Pu Y, Zhang T. Intracellular reactive oxygen species trigger mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in cadmium telluride quantum dots-induced liver damage. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100392. [PMID: 35559896 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), also known as semiconductor QDs, have specific photoelectricproperties which find application in bioimaging, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the application of QDs is often limited by issues related to health risks and potential toxicity. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence regarding the safety of cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs by exploring the detailed mechanisms involved in its hepatotoxicity. This study showed that CdTe QDs can increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hepatocytes after being taken up by hepatocytes, which triggers a significant mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis. CdTe QDs-induce mitochondrial cristae abnormality, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization. Meanwhile, CdTe QDs can change the morphology, function, and quantity of mitochondria by reducing fission and intimal fusion. Importantly, inhibition of ROS not only protects hepatocyte viability but can also interfere with apoptosis and activation of mitochondrial dysfunction. Similarly, the exposure of CdTe QDs in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice showed that CdTe QDs caused oxidative damage and apoptosis in liver tissue. NAC could effectively remove excess ROS could reduce the level of oxidative stress and significantly alleviate CdTe QDs-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo. CdTe QDs-induced hepatotoxicity may originate from the generation of intracellular ROS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, which was potentially regulated by mitochondrial dynamics. This study revealed the nanobiological effects of CdTe QDs and the intricate mechanisms involved in its toxicity at the tissue, cell, and subcellular levels and provides information for narrowing the gap between in vitro and in vivo animal studies and a safety assessment of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Daming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiaxing, 314050, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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16
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Xue D, Zou W, Liu D, Li L, Chen T, Yang Z, Chen Y, Wang X, Lu W, Lin G. Cytotoxicity and transcriptome changes triggered by CuInS 2/ZnS quantum dots in human glial cells. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:134-143. [PMID: 34785253 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As a newly developed cadmium-free quantum dot (QD), CuInS2/ZnS has great application potential in many fields, but its biological safety has not been fully understood. In this study, the in vitro toxicity of CuInS2/ZnS QDs on U87 human glioma cell line was explored. The cells were treated with different concentrations of QDs (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL), and the uptake of QDs by the U87 cells was detected by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. The cell viability was observed by MTT assay, and the gene expression profile was analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. These results showed that QDs could enter the cells and mainly located in the cytoplasm. The uptake rate was over 90 % when the concentration of QDs reached 25 μg/mL. The cell viability (50 and 100 μg/mL) increased at 24 h (P < 0.05), but no significant difference after 48 h and 72 h treatment. The results of differential transcription showed that coding RNA accounted for the largest proportion (62.15 %), followed by long non-coding RNA (18.65 %). Total 220 genes were up-regulated and 1515 genes were down-regulated, and significantly altered gene functions included nucleosome, chromosome-DNA binding, and chromosome assembly. In conclusion, CuInS2/ZnS QDs could enter U87 cells, did not reduce the cell viability, but would obviously alter the gene expression profile. These findings provide valuable information for a proper understanding of the toxicity risk of CuInS2/ZnS QD and promote the rational utilization of QDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Xue
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyi Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongmeng Liu
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wencan Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Guimiao Lin
- School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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One-pot bioinspired synthesis of fluorescent metal chalcogenide and carbon quantum dots: Applications and potential biotoxicity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Wang Z, Tang M. The cytotoxicity of core-shell or non-shell structure quantum dots and reflection on environmental friendly: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110593. [PMID: 33352186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots are widely applicated into bioindustry and research owing to its superior properties such as broad excitation spectra, narrow bandwidth emission spectra and high resistance to photo-bleaching. However, the toxicity of quantum dots should not be underestimated and aroused widespread concern. The surface properties and size of quantum dots are critical relevant properties on toxicity. Then, the core/shell structure becomes one common way to affect the activity of quantum dots such as enhance biocompatibility and stability. Except those toxicity it induced, the problem it brought into the environment such as the degradation of quantum dot similarly becomes a hot issue. This review initially took a brief scan of current research on the cytotoxicity of QDs and the mechanism behind that over the past five years. Mainly discussion concentrated on the diversity of structure on quantum dots whether played a key role on the cytotoxicty of quantum dots. It also discussed the role of different shells with metal or nonmetal cores and the influence on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Novo N, Ferreira P, Medina M. The apoptosis-inducing factor family: Moonlighting proteins in the crosstalk between mitochondria and nuclei. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:568-581. [PMID: 33035389 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In Homo sapiens, the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) family is represented by three different proteins, known as AIF, AMID and AIFL, that have in common the mitochondrial localisation in healthy cells, the presence of FAD- and NADH-dependent domains involved in an -albeit yet not well understood- oxidoreductase function and their capability to induce programmed cell death. AIF is the best characterised family member, while the information about AMID and AIFL is much scarcer. Nonetheless, available data support different roles as well as mechanisms of action of their particular apoptogenic and redox domains regarding both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic activities. Moreover, diverse cellular functions, to date far from fully clarified, are envisaged for the transcripts corresponding to these three proteins. Here, we review the so far available knowledge on the moonlighting human AIF family from their molecular properties to their relevance in health and disease, through the evaluation of their potential cell death and redox functions in their different subcellular locations. This picture emerging from the current knowledge of the AIF family envisages its contribution to regulate signalling and transcription machineries in the crosstalk among mitochondria, the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Novo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and CBsC-CSIC Joint Units, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Patricia Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and CBsC-CSIC Joint Units, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Milagros Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI-IQFR and CBsC-CSIC Joint Units, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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20
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Garcia-Calvo E, Cabezas-Sanchez P, Luque-Garcia JL. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the toxicity associated to CdSe/ZnS quantum dots exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128170. [PMID: 33297139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of different types of quantum dots is growing in recent times in both the technology and biomedical industries. Such is the extension of the use of these quantum dots that they have become potential emerging contaminants, which makes it necessary to evaluate their potential toxicity and the impact they may have on both health and the environment. Although studies already exist in this regard, the molecular mechanisms by which CdSe/ZnS quantum dots exert their toxic effects are still unknown. For this reason, in this study, a comprehensive proteomic approach has been designed, applying the SILAC strategy to an in-vitro model (hepatic cells) and the super-SILAC alternative to an in-vivo model, specifically zebrafish larvae. This integral approach, together with additional bioanalytical assays, has made it possible for the identification of proteins, molecular mechanisms and, therefore, biological processes that are altered as a consequence of exposure to CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. It has been demonstrated, on the one hand, that these quantum dots induce hypoxia and ROS generation in hepatic cells, which leads to apoptosis, specifically through the TDP-43 pathway. On the other hand, it has been shown that exposure to CdSe/ZnS quantum dots has a high impact on developing organisms, inducing serious neural and developmental problems in the locomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcia-Calvo
- Dpt. Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - P Cabezas-Sanchez
- Dpt. Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - J L Luque-Garcia
- Dpt. Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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21
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Huang Y, Li X, Wu Y, Zhao Q, Huang M, Liang X. Involvement of nitrosative stress cytotoxicity induced by CdTe quantum dots in human vascular endothelial cells. J Toxicol Sci 2021; 46:273-282. [PMID: 34078834 DOI: 10.2131/jts.46.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are new types of fluorescent nanomaterials which can be utilized as ideal agents for intracellular tracking, drug delivery, biomedical imaging and diagnosis. It is urgent to understand their potential toxicity and the interactions with the toxin-susceptible vascular system, especially vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we intended to explore whether the cytotoxicity of CdTe (cadmium telluride) QDs was partly induced by nitrosative stress in vascular endothelial cells. Our results showed that the intracellular amount of CdTe QDs was gradually increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and a concentration-dependent decrease in viability were observed when incubated with CdTe QDs of 20-80 nM. The peroxynitrite level was significantly up-regulated by QDs treatment, which indicated the nitrosative stress was activated. Furthermore, nitrotyrosine level was increased after 24 hr CdTe QDs exposure in a dose-dependent manner, which suggested that CdTe QDs-induced nitrosative stress was associated with tyrosine nitration in EA.hy926. In addition, CdTe QDs induced EA.hy926 apoptosis, and the percentage of cells with low Δψm was increased after CdTe QDs treatment, indicating the mitochondrion depolarization was induced. The increased ROS fluorescence was observed in a QDs dose-dependent manner, which suggested that the oxidative stress was also involved in the CdTe QDs-induced endothelial cytotoxicity. Our work provided experimental evidence into QDs toxicity and potential vascular risks induced by nitrosative stress for the future applications of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation Technology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Li
- Center Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yahong Wu
- Center Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Qingwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation Technology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Mingzhu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Clinical Research and Evaluation Technology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China.,Center Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xingguang Liang
- Center Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
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22
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Kubicek-Sutherland JZ, Makarov NS, Stromberg ZR, Lenz KD, Castañeda C, Mercer AN, Mukundan H, McDaniel H, Ramasamy K. Exploring the Biocompatibility of Near-IR CuInSe xS 2-x/ZnS Quantum Dots for Deep-Tissue Bioimaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:8567-8574. [PMID: 35019627 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) emitting quantum dots (QDs) with emission in the biological transparency windows (NIR-I: 650-950 nm and NIR-II: 1000-1350 nm) are promising candidates for deep-tissue bioimaging. However, they typically contain toxic heavy metals such as cadmium, mercury, arsenic, or lead. We report on the biocompatibility of high brightness CuInSexS2-x/ZnS (CISeS/ZnS) QDs with a tunable emission covering the visible to NIR (550-1300 nm peak emission) and quantify the transmission of their photoluminescence through multiple biological components to evaluate their use as imaging agents. In general, CISeS/ZnS QDs were less cytotoxic to mouse fibroblast cells when compared with commercial CdSe/ZnS and InP/ZnS QDs. Surprisingly, InP/ZnS QDs significantly upregulated expression of apoptotic genes in mouse fibroblast cells, while cells exposed to CISeS/ZnS QDs did not. These findings provide insight into biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of CISeS/ZnS QDs that could be used for bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Z Kubicek-Sutherland
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Zachary R Stromberg
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kiersten D Lenz
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Amanda N Mercer
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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23
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Liu N, Tang M. Toxicity of different types of quantum dots to mammalian cells in vitro: An update review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:122606. [PMID: 32516645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are a great quantity type of quantum dots (QDs) that has been developed by researchers. Depending on the core material, they can be roughly divided into cadmium, silver, indium, carbon and silicon QDs. And studies on the toxicity of QDs are also increasing rapidly, but in vivo tests in model animals fail to reach a consistent conclusion. Therefore, we review the literatures dealing with the cytotoxicity of QDs in mammalian cells in vitro. After a short summary of the application characteristics of five types of QDs, the fate of QDs in cells will be discussed, ranging from the uptake, transportation, sublocation and excretion. A substantial part of the review will be focused on in vitro toxicity, in which the type of QDs is combined with their adverse effect and toxic mechanism. Because of their different luminescent properties, different subcellular fate, and different degree of cytotoxicity, we provide an overview on the balance of optical stability and biocompatibility of QDs and give a short outlook on future direction of cytotoxicology of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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24
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Paesano L, Marmiroli M, Bianchi MG, White JC, Bussolati O, Zappettini A, Villani M, Marmiroli N. Differences in toxicity, mitochondrial function and miRNome in human cells exposed in vitro to Cd as CdS quantum dots or ionic Cd. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122430. [PMID: 32155524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is toxic to humans, although Cd-based quantum dots exerts less toxicity. Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and macrophages (THP-1) were exposed to ionic Cd, Cd(II), and cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs), and cell viability, cell integrity, Cd accumulation, mitochondrial function and miRNome profile were evaluated. Cell-type and Cd form-specific responses were found: CdS QDs affected cell viability more in HepG2 than in THP-1; respective IC20 values were ∼3 and ∼50 μg ml-1. In both cell types, Cd(II) exerted greater effects on viability. Mitochondrial membrane function in HepG2 cells was reduced 70 % with 40 μg ml-1 CdS QDs but was totally inhibited by Cd(II) at corresponding amounts. In THP-1 cells, CdS QDs has less effect on mitochondrial function; 50 μg ml-1 CdS QDs or equivalent Cd(II) caused 30 % reduction or total inhibition, respectively. The different in vitro effects of CdS QDs were unrelated to Cd uptake, which was greater in THP-1 cells. For both cell types, changes in the expression of miRNAs (miR-222, miR-181a, miR-142-3p, miR-15) were found with CdS QDs, which may be used as biomarkers of hazard nanomaterial exposure. The cell-specific miRNome profiles were indicative of a more conservative autophagic response in THP-1 and as apoptosis as in HepG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paesano
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano G Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of General Pathology, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES), New Haven, CT 06504, United States
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of General Pathology, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Zappettini
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Villani
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), Parco Area delle Scienze 93/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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25
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Gallo V, Srivastava V, Bulone V, Zappettini A, Villani M, Marmiroli N, Marmiroli M. Proteomic Analysis Identifies Markers of Exposure to Cadmium Sulphide Quantum Dots (CdS QDs). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1214. [PMID: 32580447 PMCID: PMC7353101 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of cadmium sulphide quantum dot (CdS QD)-enabled products has become increasingly widespread. The prospect of their release in the environment is raising concerns. Here we have used the yeast model Saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine the potential impact of CdS QD nanoparticles on living organisms. Proteomic analyses and cell viability assays performed after 9 h exposure revealed expression of proteins involved in oxidative stress and reduced lethality, respectively, whereas oxidative stress declined, and lethality increased after 24 h incubation in the presence of CdS QDs. Quantitative proteomics using the iTRAQ approach (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) revealed that key proteins involved in essential biological pathways were differentially regulated over the time course of the experiment. At 9 h, most of the glycolytic functions increased, and the abundance of the number of heat shock proteins increased. This contrasts with the situation at 24 h where glycolytic functions, some heat shock proteins as well as oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis were down-regulated. It can be concluded from our data that cell exposure to CdS QDs provokes a metabolic shift from respiration to fermentation, comparable to the situation reported in some cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy; (V.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.S.); (V.B.)
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Andrea Zappettini
- Department of Nanomaterials, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM)Department of Nanomaterials, National Research Council (CNR), 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Villani
- Department of Nanomaterials, Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism (IMEM)Department of Nanomaterials, National Research Council (CNR), 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.V.)
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy; (V.G.); (N.M.)
- The Italian National Interuniversity Consortium for Environmental Sciences (CINSA), 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy; (V.G.); (N.M.)
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26
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Zhao L, Guo Z, Wu H, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu R. New insights into the release mechanism of Cd 2+ from CdTe quantum dots within single cells in situ. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110569. [PMID: 32278141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium-quantum dots (Cd-QDs) possess unique properties as optoelectronic devices for sensitive detection in food and biomedicine fields. However, the toxic effects of Cd-QDs to single cells is still controversial, due to the release mechanism of QDs to Cd2+in situ and the cytotoxic effects of QDs and Cd2+ respectively are still unclear. In this paper, the release rule of Cd2+ from CdTe QDs within single cells was investigated in situ by using flow cytometry method and the dose-response relationships were explored. Besides, an all-inclusive microscopy system was optimized for live cell imaging to observe the real-time entry process of CdTe QDs into cells. We found that intracellular CdTe QDs and Cd2+ contents were increased based on the dosage and exposing time. A dissociated saturation of Cd2+ from CdTe QDs was exist within cells. CdTe QDs induced more serious cytotoxicity on kidney cells than hepatocytes. The toxicity of oxidative stress, cell apoptosis effects induced by CdTe QDs and Cd2+ are also in consistent with this result. This research develops analytical method to quantify the uptake and release of Cd-QDs to primary cells in situ and can provide technical support in studying the cytotoxicity portion contributed by nanoparticles (NPs) and metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China -America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Zihan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Hongxin Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, China.
| | - Rutao Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, China -America CRC for Environment & Health, Shandong Province, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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27
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Gargouri B, Boukholda K, Kumar A, Benazzouz A, Fetoui H, Fiebich BL, Bouchard M. Bifenthrin insecticide promotes oxidative stress and increases inflammatory mediators in human neuroblastoma cells through NF-kappaB pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104792. [PMID: 32061760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The extensive application of bifenthrin (BF) insecticide in agriculture has raised serious concerns with regard to increased risks of developing neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, our group showed that BF exposure in rodent models induced oxidative stress and inflammation markers in various regions of the brain (frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus) and this was associated with behavioral changes. This study aimed to confirm such inflammatory and oxidative stress in an in vitro cell culture model of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. Markers of oxidative stress (ROS, NO, MDA, H2O2), antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, GPx, SOD) and inflammatory response (TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2) were analyzed in SK-N-SH cells after 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of BF (1-20 μM). Protein synthesis and mRNA expression of the enzymes implicated in the synthesis of PGE2 were also measured (COX-2, mPGES-1) as well as nuclear factor κappaB (NF-κBp65) and antioxidant nuclear erythroid-2 like factor-2 (Nrf-2). Cell viability was analyzed by MTT-tetrazolio (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Exposure of SK-N-SH cells to BF resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in the number of viable cells (reduction of MTT and increase in LDH activity). There was also a BF concentration-dependent increase in oxidative stress markers (ROS release, NO, MDA and H2O2) and decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and GPx activities). There was further a concentration-dependent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and inflammatory mediator PGE2, increase in protein synthesis and mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (COX-2, mPGES-1 and NF-κBp65) and decrease in protein synthesis and mRNA expression of antioxidant Nrf-2. Our data shows that BF induces various oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells as well as the activation of NF-κBp65 signaling pathway. This is in line with prior results in brain regions of rodents exposed in vivo to BF showing increased oxidative stress in response to BF exposure, occurring in pro-inflammatory conditions and likely activating programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Gargouri
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Haupt strasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Khadija Boukholda
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Asit Kumar
- Department of Neurology, Richard T Johnson Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Laboratory of Toxicology-Microbiology and Environmental Health (17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, BP1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bernd L Fiebich
- Neurochemistry and Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Haupt strasse 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michèle Bouchard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Toxicological Risk Assessment and Management, University of Montreal, Roger-Gaudry Building, U424, P.O. Box 6128, Main Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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28
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Wu D, Ma Y, Cao Y, Zhang T. Mitochondrial toxicity of nanomaterials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:134994. [PMID: 31715400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanomaterials have been widely applied in electronics, food, biomedicine and other fields, resulting in increased human exposure and consequent research focus on their biological and toxic effects. Mitochondria, the main target organelle for nanomaterials (NM), play a critical role in their toxic activities. Several studies to date have shown that nanomaterials cause alterations in mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and mitochondrial respiratory function, and promote cytochrome C release. An earlier mitochondrial toxicity study of NMs additionally reported induction of mitochondrial dynamic changes. Here, we have reviewed the mitochondrial toxicity of NMs and provided a scientific basis for the contribution of mitochondria to the toxicological effects of different NMs along with approaches to reduce mitochondrial and, consequently, overall toxicity of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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29
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Marmiroli M, Mussi F, Pagano L, Imperiale D, Lencioni G, Villani M, Zappettini A, White JC, Marmiroli N. Cadmium sulfide quantum dots impact Arabidopsis thaliana physiology and morphology. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124856. [PMID: 31568945 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The differential mechanisms of CdS QDs (Quantum Dots) and Cd ion toxicity to Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh were investigated. Plants were exposed to 40 and 60 mg L-1 for CdS QDs and 76.9 and 115.2 mg L-1 CdSO4·7H2O and toxicity was evaluated at 5, 20, 35 (T5, T20, T35) days after exposure. Oxidative stress upon exposure was evaluated by biochemical essays targeting non-enzymatic oxidative stress physiological parameters, including respiration efficiency, total chlorophylls, carotenoids, ABTS and DPPH radicals reduction, total phenolics, GSH redox state, lipid peroxidation. Total Cd in plants was measured with AAS. Root and leaf morphology and element content were assessed in vivo utilizing low-vacuum Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) with X-ray microanalysis (EDX). This integrated approach allowed identification of unique nanoscale CdS QDs toxicity to the plants that was distinct from CdSO4 exposure. The analyses highlighted that CdS QDs and Cd ions effects are modulated by the developmental stage of the plant, starting from T20 till T35 the plant development was modulated by the treatments, in particular CdS QDs induced early flowering. Both treatments induced Fe accumulation in roots, but at different intensities, while CdS QDs was associated with Mn increase into plant leaf. CdSO4 elicited higher levels of oxidative stress compared with QDs, especially the former treatment caused more intense respiration damages and reduction in chlorophyll and carotenoids than the latter. The two types of treatments impact differently on root and leaf morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesca Mussi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Imperiale
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per le Scienze Ambientali (CINSA), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lencioni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per le Scienze Ambientali (CINSA), University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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30
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Yao Y, Zang Y, Qu J, Tang M, Zhang T. The Toxicity Of Metallic Nanoparticles On Liver: The Subcellular Damages, Mechanisms, And Outcomes. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8787-8804. [PMID: 31806972 PMCID: PMC6844216 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s212907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are new engineering materials with broad prospects for biomedical applications; thus, their biosafety has drawn great concern. The liver is the main detoxification organ of vertebrates. However, many issues concerning the interactions between MNPs and biological systems (cells and tissues) are unclear, particularly the toxic effects of MNPs on hepatocytes and other liver cells. Numerous researchers have shown that some MNPs can induce decreased cell survival rate, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial damage, DNA strand breaks, and even autophagy, pyroptosis, apoptosis, or other forms of cell death. Our review focuses on the recent researches on the liver toxicity of MNPs and its mechanisms at cellular and subcellular levels to provide a scientific basis for the subsequent hepatotoxicity studies of MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiteng Zang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, People’s Republic of China
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31
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Liu N, Tang M. Toxic effects and involved molecular pathways of nanoparticles on cells and subcellular organelles. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:16-36. [PMID: 31294482 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the increasing application of engineered nanoparticles (NPs), besides the workplace, human beings are also exposed to NPs from nanoproducts through the skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract and vein injection. This review states pathways of cellular uptake, subcellular distribution and excretion of NPs. The uptake pathways commonly include phagocytosis, micropinocytosis, clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis, scavenger receptor-related pathway, clathrin- or caveolae-independent pathway, and direct penetration or insertion. Then the ability of NPs to decrease cell viability and metabolic activity, change cell morphology, and destroy cell membrane, cytoskeleton and cell function was presented. In addition, the lowest dose decreasing cell metabolic viability compared with the control or IC50 of silver, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, silica, silicon NPs and cadmium telluride quantum dots to some cell lines was gathered. Next, this review attempts to increase our understanding of NP-caused adverse effects on organelles, which have implications in mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and lysosomal rupture. In particular, the disturbance of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamic fusion-fission, mitophagy and cytochrome c-dependent apoptosis are involved. In addition, prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress will result in apoptosis. Rupture of the lysosomal membrane was associated with inflammation, and both induction of autophagy and blockade of autophagic flow can result in cytotoxicity. Finally, the network mechanism of the combined action of multiple organelle dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative stress was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Optimization, isolation, characterization and hepatoprotective effect of a novel pigment-protein complex (phycocyanin) producing microalga: Phormidium versicolorNCC-466 using response surface methodology. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:647-656. [PMID: 31265852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In our study, we focused on the optimization; antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentials of novel pigment-protein complex(C-PC) isolated from Phormidium versicolor against cadmium induced liver injury in rats. From analysis, the C-PC extraction parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) for optimal recoveries of C-PC extraction. For analysis, the optimum operational conditions for maximizing phycocyanins concentration (67.45mg/g DM) were found to be water/solid 2, temperature 32.5°C and pH7.2.This pigment was identified using HPLC and FTIR analysis. In addition, the molecular masses of α and β subunits were 17 and 19kDa. Scavenging activity of superoxide anion, hydroxyl, nitric oxide radicals and metal chelating in vitro results indicated that C-PC has an excellent capacity as antioxidant. In vivo study, C-PC significantly prevented cadmium-induced elevation of ALAT, ASAT and bilirubin levels in rats. The histopathological observations supported the results serum enzymes assays. The results of this study revealed that C-PC has significant hepatoprotective potential. C-PC (50mgkg-1 body weight) significantly enhanced the levels of antioxidant enzymes. It can be concluded that C-PC possesses prevention action against hepatotoxicity caused by cadmium.
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Pagano L, Caldara M, Villani M, Zappettini A, Marmiroli N, Marmiroli M. In Vivo-In Vitro Comparative Toxicology of Cadmium Sulphide Quantum Dots in the Model Organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9040512. [PMID: 30986968 PMCID: PMC6523553 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a tool for toxicogenomic studies of Engineered Nanomaterials (ENMs) risk assessment, in particular focusing on cadmium based quantum dots (CdS QDs). This model has been exploited for its peculiar features: a short replication time, growth on both fermentable and oxidizable carbon sources, and for the contextual availability of genome wide information in the form of genetic maps, DNA microarray, and collections of barcoded mutants. The comparison of the whole genome analysis with the microarray experiments (99.9% coverage) and with the phenotypic analysis of 4688 barcoded haploid mutants (80.2% coverage), shed light on the genes involved in the response to CdS QDs, both in vivo and in vitro. The results have clarified the mechanisms involved in the exposure to CdS QDs, and whether these ENMs and Cd2+ exploited different pathways of response, in particular related to oxidative stress and to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and function. Saccharomyces cerevisiae remains a versatile and robust alternative for organismal toxicological studies, with a high level of heuristic insights into the toxicology of more complex eukaryotes, including mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pagano
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marina Caldara
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | | | | | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per le Scienze Ambientali (CINSA), University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43123 Parma, Italy.
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Liu Q, Zhang R, Wang X, Shen X, Wang P, Sun N, Li X, Li X, Hai C. Effects of sub-chronic, low-dose cadmium exposure on kidney damage and potential mechanisms. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:177. [PMID: 31168458 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background The present study was to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the sub-chronic low-dose cadmium (Cd) exposure induced renal injury in rats. Methods Totally 40 male adult SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group, low-dose Cd group (1 mg/kg CdCl2), moderate-dose Cd group (2.5 mg/kg) and high-dose Cd group (5 mg/kg). Results From the 3rd week, the body weight of rats in moderate-dose and high-dose declined significantly as compared to the control group (P<0.05); the liver to body weight ratio increased, the volumes of 24-hour urine and drinking-water decreased markedly (P<0.05), the BUN, SCr and β2-MG increased significantly, but the Fe2+ concentration decreased markedly as compared to the control group (P<0.05); the serum MDA and SOD1 content contents increased, but the serum SOD2 and CAT contents decreased significantly in Cd-treated groups (P<0.05); Renal injury deteriorated with the increase in Cd dose; swelling glomeruli showed stenotic renal-tubules, and epithelial-cell-necrosis, shedding and accumulation in the lumen, massive infiltrated inflammatory cells and interstitial hyperaemia were observed; The mitochondria in renal-tubular-epithelial-cells displayed swelling, deformation and vacuolation; the renal ROS content increased in Cd-exposure-groups; the renal SOD1 expression increased but the expression of SOD2 and CAT decreased (P<0.05). The Bcl-2 expression decreased, but Bax expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased significantly in a Cd-dose dependent manner. Conclusions Cd may cause renal injury in a dose dependent manner, which may be ascribed to the disordered Fe2+ absorption, redox imbalance and apoptosis in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiling Liu
- Department of Toxicology, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, School of Public Health, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.,The Department of Epidemic and Health statistics, the College of Public Health for the Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Rongqiang Zhang
- The Department of Epidemic and Health statistics, the College of Public Health for the Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Toxicology, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, School of Public Health, The Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiangli Shen
- The Department of Epidemic and Health statistics, the College of Public Health for the Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Peili Wang
- The Department of Epidemic and Health statistics, the College of Public Health for the Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Na Sun
- The Department of Epidemic and Health statistics, the College of Public Health for the Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Xiangwen Li
- The Department of Epidemic and Health statistics, the College of Public Health for the Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- The Department of Epidemic and Health statistics, the College of Public Health for the Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China
| | - Chunxu Hai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, The Air Force Medical University, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China
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Meng CY, Han YF, Liu YL, Gao HX, Ren YY, Qian QZ, Wang Q, Li QZ. Resveratrol alleviate the injury of mice liver induced by cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:297-302. [PMID: 30913377 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium sulfide nanoparticle (Nano-CdS) is a kind of important semiconductor material with special photochemistry property. With the Nano-CdS being widely used, the security problems it caused have been catching more and more attention. This study aims to explore the possible mechanism of liver injury induced by Nano-CdS and whether resveratrol can reduce the damage. In this study, male BALB/C mice were treated with Nano-CdS with a diameter of 20 to 30 nm and a length of 80 to 100 nm. It turned out that the mice liver inflammatory cells infiltrated, the liver tissue and the ultrastructure changed; The activities of T-AOC and GSH were suppressed (n = 6, P < 0.05) and the content of lipid peroxide (MDA) increased (n = 6, P < 0.05). Besides, Nano-CdS decreased the mRNA expression level of Sirt1 and FoxO1 genes in liver tissue (n = 3, P < 0.05). All the changes in the index were reversed by resveratrol. The mRNA expression level of FoxO3a showed no significant difference between the control group and the Nano-CdS group. But under the protection of resveratrol, the mRNA expression level of FoxO3a was higher than that in the control and Nano-CdS groups (n = 3, P < 0.05). Results suggest that Nano-CdS can cause oxidative damages to liver tissues in mice, in which process that the Sirt1 and FoxO1 genes may participate, and the damage can be reversed by resveratrol which may be a potential cure for oxidative damage to nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Meng
- Laboratory of Coal Mine Health and Safety, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
| | - Ya-Feng Han
- The section of Infectious Disease Control, Tianjin Hebei District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ying-Li Liu
- Laboratory of Coal Mine Health and Safety, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hong-Xia Gao
- Laboratory of Coal Mine Health and Safety, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yi-Yi Ren
- Laboratory of Coal Mine Health and Safety, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
| | - Qing-Zeng Qian
- Laboratory of Coal Mine Health and Safety, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Coal Mine Health and Safety, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
| | - Qing-Zhao Li
- Laboratory of Coal Mine Health and Safety, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, PR China
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36
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Hussain S. Measurement of Nanoparticle-Induced Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Alterations. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1894:123-131. [PMID: 30547458 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8916-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria hold a critical role in cell metabolism and homeostasis. Mitochondrial injury plays central part in deciding cell fate especially in programmed cell death pathways. Various nanomaterials lead to different cell death modalities by inducing mitochondrial injury. Mitochondrial injury is manifested as multiple biochemical events ranging from altered energy production, mitochondrial outer membrane permeability, release of pro-apoptotic BCl-2 family proteins, loss of mitochondrial inner membrane potential, mitochondrial swelling, and disruption of mitochondrial structure leading to eventual lysis of mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane permeability (loss of mitochondrial membrane potential) is a critical event in deciding cell fate. This chapter presents an overview of nanomaterial-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and discusses potential nano-specific artifacts in these assays. Finally, a detailed methodology to accurately quantify and validate the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential after nanomaterial exposures is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, School of Medicine,, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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37
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Lu J, Tang M, Zhang T. Review of toxicological effect of quantum dots on the liver. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:72-86. [PMID: 30091143 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, quantum dots (QDs) have potential applications in technology, research and medicine. The small particle size is coupled to their unique chemical and physical properties and their excellent fluorescence characteristics. A growing number of studies have shown that QDs are distributed to secondary organs through multiple pathways, while the liver is the main reservoir of QDs. Here, we review current liver toxicity studies of QDs in vivo and in vitro. Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are discussed and the problem of extrapolating knowledge gained from cell-based studies into animal studies is highlighted. In this context, there still exists significant discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo results, and the specific toxicity mechanism remains unclear. The hepatotoxicities of QDs are the need for a unifying protocol for reliable and realistic toxicity reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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38
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Chen T, Li L, Xu G, Wang X, Wang J, Chen Y, Jiang W, Yang Z, Lin G. Cytotoxicity of InP/ZnS Quantum Dots With Different Surface Functional Groups Toward Two Lung-Derived Cell Lines. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:763. [PMID: 30057549 PMCID: PMC6053512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) have emerged as a presumably less hazardous alternative to cadmium-based QDs, their toxicity has not been fully understood. In this work, we report the cytotoxicity of InP/ZnS QDs with different surface groups (NH2, COOH, OH) toward two lung-derived cell lines. The diameter and the spectra of InP/ZnS QDs were characterized and the hydrodynamic size of QDs in aqueous solution was compared. The confocal laser scanning microscopy was applied to visualize the labeling of QDs for human lung cancer cell HCC-15 and Alveolar type II epithelial cell RLE-6TN. The flow cytometry was used to confirm qualitatively the uptake efficiency of QDs, the cell apoptosis and ROS generation, respectively. The results showed that in deionized water, InP/ZnS-OH QDs were easier to aggregate, and the hydrodynamic size was much greater than the other InP/ZnS QDs. All these InP/ZnS QDs were able to enter the cells, with higher uptake efficiency for InP/ZnS-COOH and InP/ZnS-NH2 at low concentration. High doses of InP/ZnS QDs caused the cell viability to decrease, and InP/ZnS-COOH QDs and InP/ZnS-NH2 QDs appeared to be more toxic than InP/ZnS-OH QDs. In addition, all these InP/ZnS QDs promoted cell apoptosis and intracellular ROS generation after co-cultured with cells. These results suggested that appropriate concentration and surface functional groups should be optimized when InP/ZnS QDs are utilized for biological imaging and therapeutic purpose in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen, China
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39
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Wang Y, Tang M. Review of in vitro toxicological research of quantum dot and potentially involved mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:940-962. [PMID: 29996464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are one of emerging engineering nanomaterials (NMs) with advantageous properties which can act as candidates for clinical imaging and diagnosis. Nevertheless, toxicological studies have proved that QDs for better or worse pose threats to diverse systems which are attributed to the release of metal ion and specific characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs), hampering the wide use of QDs to biomedical area. It has been postulated that mechanisms of toxicity evoked by QDs have implications in oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and release of metal ion. Meanwhile, DNA damage and disturbance of subcellular structures would occur during QDs treatment. This review is intended to conclude the cytotoxicity of QDs in multiple systems, as well as the potential mechanisms on the basis of recent literatures. Finally, toxicity-related factors are clarified, among which chirality seems to be a newly proposed influence factor that determines the destiny of cells in response to QDs. However, details of interaction between QDs and cells have not been well elucidated. Given that molecular mechanisms of QDs-induced toxicity are still not clearly elucidated, further research should be required for this meaningful topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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40
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Wang Y, Tang M. Dysfunction of various organelles provokes multiple cell death after quantum dot exposure. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2729-2742. [PMID: 29765216 PMCID: PMC5944465 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s157135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are different from the materials with the micrometer scale. Owing to the superiority in fluorescence and optical stability, QDs act as possible diagnostic and therapeutic tools for application in biomedical field. However, potential threats of QDs to human health hamper their wide utilization in life sciences. It has been reported that oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in toxicity caused by QDs. Recently, accumulating research unveiled that disturbance of subcellular structures plays a magnificent role in cytotoxicity of QDs. Diverse organelles would collapse during QD treatment, including DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal rupture. Different forms of cellular end points on the basis of recent research have been concluded. Apart from apoptosis and autophagy, a new form of cell death termed pyroptosis, which is finely orchestrated by inflammasome complex and gasdermin family with secretion of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-18, was also summarized. Finally, several potential cellular signaling pathways were also listed. Activation of Toll-like receptor-4/myeloid differentiation primary response 88, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 inflammasome pathways by QD exposure is associated with regulation of cellular processes. With the development of QDs, toxicity evaluation is far behind its development, where specific mechanisms of toxic effects are not clearly defined. Further studies concerned with this promising area are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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41
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Carbon black suppresses the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells: the role of mitochondria. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:16. [PMID: 29650039 PMCID: PMC5897950 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid increase in carbon black poses threats to human health. We evaluated the effect of CB (Printex 90) on the osteogenesis of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Mitochondria play an important role in the osteogenesis of MSCs and are potential targets of nanomaterials, so we studied the role of mitochondria in the CB Printex 90-induced effects on osteogenesis. RESULTS Low doses of Printex 90 (3 ng/mL and 30 ng/mL) that did not cause deleterious effects on MSCs' viability significantly inhibited osteogenesis of MSCs. Printex 90 caused down-regulation of osteoblastic markers, reduced activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and poor mineralization of osteogenically induced MSCs. Cellular ATP production was decreased, mitochondrial respiration was impaired with reduced expression of ATPase, and the mitochondrial membrane was depolarized. The quantity and quality of mitochondria are tightly controlled by mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. The transcriptional co-activator and transcription factors for mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC-1α, Nrf1 and TFAM, were suppressed by Printex 90 treatment, suggesting that decreased biogenesis was caused by Printex 90 treatment during osteogenesis. Mitochondrial fusion and fission were significantly inhibited by Printex 90 treatment. PINK1 accumulated in Printex 90-treated cells, and more Parkin was recruited to mitochondria, indicating that mitophagy increased to remove the damaged mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the inhibitory effects of CB on the osteogenesis of MSCs and the involvement of mitochondria in CB Printex 90-induced suppression of MSC osteogenesis.
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42
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Fu B, Zhao J, Peng W, Wu H, Zhang Y. Resveratrol rescues cadmium-induced mitochondrial injury by enhancing transcriptional regulation of PGC-1α and SOD2 via the Sirt3/FoxO3a pathway in TCMK-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:198-204. [PMID: 28286268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol has been reported to ameliorate Cd-induced nephrotoxicity. However, the beneficial effects of resveratrol on Cd-induced nephrotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms of this protection remain unclear. Here, we showed that mouse renal tubular epithelial (TCMK-1) cells exposed to Cd experienced significantly increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production, as well as decreased mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Cd exposure dramatically decreased Sirt3 protein expression and activity and promoted the acetylation of forkhead box O3 (FoxO3a). Moreover, Cd exposure led to a decreased binding affinity of FoxO3a to the promoters of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), powerful and broad regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and mROS metabolism. Meanwhile, resveratrol remarkably reduced mROS generation by promoting Sirt3 enrichment within the mitochondria and subsequent upregulation of FoxO3a-mediated mitochondria gene expression of PGC-1α and SOD2. Importantly, mechanistic study revealed that ERK1/2 activation was associated with increased apoptosis induced by Cd, resveratrol suppressed Cd-induced apoptosis in mice kidney. Taken together, our data suggest a novel mechanism of action for resveratrol-attenuated Cd-induced cellular damage, which, in part, was mediated through the activation of the Sirt3/FoxO3a signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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43
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Paesano L, Perotti A, Buschini A, Carubbi C, Marmiroli M, Maestri E, Iannotta S, Marmiroli N. Data on HepG2 cells changes following exposure to cadmium sulphide quantum dots (CdS QDs). Data Brief 2016; 11:72-97. [PMID: 28138507 PMCID: PMC5257030 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The data included in this paper are associated with the research article entitled "Markers for toxicity to HepG2 exposed to cadmium sulphide quantum dots; damage to mitochondria" (Paesano et al.) [1]. The article concerns the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of CdS QDs in HepG2 cells and the mechanisms involved. In this dataset, changes in expression levels of candidate genes are reported, together with details concerning synthesis and properties of CdS QDs, additional information obtained through literature survey, measures of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the glutathione redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paesano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Alessio Perotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Annamaria Buschini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Cecilia Carubbi
- Department of Biomedical, Biotechnological and Traslational Sciences (S.Bi.Bi.T), University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - Marta Marmiroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Elena Maestri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Salvatore Iannotta
- Istituto dei Materiali per l׳Elettronica ed il Magnetismo (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Nelson Marmiroli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, Parma 43124, Italy
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