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Thawabteh AM, Naseef HA, Karaman D, Bufo SA, Scrano L, Karaman R. Understanding the Risks of Diffusion of Cyanobacteria Toxins in Rivers, Lakes, and Potable Water. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:582. [PMID: 37756009 PMCID: PMC10535532 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, may be prevalent in our rivers and tap water. These minuscule bacteria can grow swiftly and form blooms in warm, nutrient-rich water. Toxins produced by cyanobacteria can pollute rivers and streams and harm the liver and nervous system in humans. This review highlights the properties of 25 toxin types produced by 12 different cyanobacteria genera. The review also covered strategies for reducing and controlling cyanobacteria issues. These include using physical or chemical treatments, cutting back on fertilizer input, algal lawn scrubbers, and antagonistic microorganisms for biocontrol. Micro-, nano- and ultrafiltration techniques could be used for the removal of internal and extracellular cyanotoxins, in addition to powdered or granular activated carbon, ozonation, sedimentation, ultraviolet radiation, potassium permanganate, free chlorine, and pre-treatment oxidation techniques. The efficiency of treatment techniques for removing intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins is also demonstrated. These approaches aim to lessen the risks of cyanobacterial blooms and associated toxins. Effective management of cyanobacteria in water systems depends on early detection and quick action. Cyanobacteria cells and their toxins can be detected using microscopy, molecular methods, chromatography, and spectroscopy. Understanding the causes of blooms and the many ways for their detection and elimination will help the management of this crucial environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mahmood Thawabteh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
- General Safety Section, General Services Department, Birzeit University, Bir Zeit 71939, Palestine
| | - Hani A Naseef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nursing and Health Professions, Birzeit University, Ramallah 00972, Palestine
| | - Donia Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
| | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Via Lanera 20, 75100 Matera, Italy
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Saleem F, Jiang JL, Atrache R, Paschos A, Edge TA, Schellhorn HE. Cyanobacterial Algal Bloom Monitoring: Molecular Methods and Technologies for Freshwater Ecosystems. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040851. [PMID: 37110273 PMCID: PMC10144707 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) can accumulate to form harmful algal blooms (HABs) on the surface of freshwater ecosystems under eutrophic conditions. Extensive HAB events can threaten local wildlife, public health, and the utilization of recreational waters. For the detection/quantification of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, both the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Health Canada increasingly indicate that molecular methods can be useful. However, each molecular detection method has specific advantages and limitations for monitoring HABs in recreational water ecosystems. Rapidly developing modern technologies, including satellite imaging, biosensors, and machine learning/artificial intelligence, can be integrated with standard/conventional methods to overcome the limitations associated with traditional cyanobacterial detection methodology. We examine advances in cyanobacterial cell lysis methodology and conventional/modern molecular detection methods, including imaging techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/DNA sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mass spectrometry, remote sensing, and machine learning/AI-based prediction models. This review focuses specifically on methodologies likely to be employed for recreational water ecosystems, especially in the Great Lakes region of North America.
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Oh KH, Beak KM, Shin Y, Cho YC. Assessing the microcystins concentration through optimized protein phosphatase inhibition assay in environmental samples. J Microbiol 2022; 60:602-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu Y, Li B, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xie P. Participation of fluorescence technology in the cross-disciplinary detection of microcystins. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lad A, Breidenbach JD, Su RC, Murray J, Kuang R, Mascarenhas A, Najjar J, Patel S, Hegde P, Youssef M, Breuler J, Kleinhenz AL, Ault AP, Westrick JA, Modyanov NN, Kennedy DJ, Haller ST. As We Drink and Breathe: Adverse Health Effects of Microcystins and Other Harmful Algal Bloom Toxins in the Liver, Gut, Lungs and Beyond. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030418. [PMID: 35330169 PMCID: PMC8950847 DOI: 10.3390/life12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing in number and severity worldwide. These HABs are chiefly composed of one or more species of cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, such as Microcystis and Anabaena. Numerous HAB cyanobacterial species produce toxins (e.g., microcystin and anatoxin—collectively referred to as HAB toxins) that disrupt ecosystems, impact water and air quality, and deter recreation because they are harmful to both human and animal health. Exposure to these toxins can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Acute health effects of HAB toxins have been well documented and include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea, headache, fever, and skin rashes. While these adverse effects typically increase with amount, duration, and frequency of exposure, susceptibility to HAB toxins may also be increased by the presence of comorbidities. The emerging science on potential long-term or chronic effects of HAB toxins with a particular emphasis on microcystins, especially in vulnerable populations such as those with pre-existing liver or gastrointestinal disease, is summarized herein. This review suggests additional research is needed to define at-risk populations who may be helped by preventative measures. Furthermore, studies are required to develop a mechanistic understanding of chronic, low-dose exposure to HAB toxins so that appropriate preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies can be created in a targeted fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Lad
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Joshua D. Breidenbach
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Robin C. Su
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Jordan Murray
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Rebecca Kuang
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Alison Mascarenhas
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - John Najjar
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Shivani Patel
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Prajwal Hegde
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Mirella Youssef
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Jason Breuler
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Andrew L. Kleinhenz
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Judy A. Westrick
- Lumigen Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Nikolai N. Modyanov
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
| | - David J. Kennedy
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.K.); (S.T.H.); Tel.: +1-419-383-6822 (D.J.K.); +1-419-383-6859 (S.T.H.)
| | - Steven T. Haller
- College of Medicine and Life Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (A.L.); (J.D.B.); (R.C.S.); (J.M.); (R.K.); (A.M.); (J.N.); (S.P.); (P.H.); (M.Y.); (J.B.); (A.L.K.); (N.N.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.K.); (S.T.H.); Tel.: +1-419-383-6822 (D.J.K.); +1-419-383-6859 (S.T.H.)
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Li Y, Si S, Huang F, Wei J, Dong S, Yang F, Li H, Liu S. Ultrasensitive label-free electrochemical biosensor for detecting linear microcystin-LR using degrading enzyme MlrB as recognition element. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 144:108000. [PMID: 34906815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.108000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A label-free electrochemical biosensor was firstly constructed to detect linear microcystin-LR (L-MC-LR) with high sensitivity. Degradation enzyme MlrB was used as recognition element for specific recognition of L-MC-LR. The electrode was modified with -COOH functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube to increase the specific surface area and improve the conductivity, which was then applied to immobilize MlrB. The electrochemical signal was changed with the reaction between MlrB and L-MC-LR, which was recorded by using square wave voltammetry. The electrochemical biosensor showed superior sensitivity, with a dynamic range of 1 pg/mL to 100 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.127 pg/mL. Moreover, the fabricated electrochemical biosensor exhibited excellent specificity toward L-MC-LR in real water samples. The concentrations of spiked L-MC-LR were 0.100, 5.00, 50.0 ng/mL, and the recovery rates were 95.0-104% with relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.900-2.30% and 74.0-93.0% with RSD of 2.30-3.50% in lake water and tap water, respectively. Furthermore, the selectivity, reproducibility, and stability demonstrated the potential of degradation enzymes as recognition element in detection of cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Sisi Si
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Feiyu Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jia Wei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Shengyi Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
| | - Huimin Li
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Song Liu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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Jin P, Yang K, Bai R, Chen M, Yang S, Fu K, He J. Development and comparison of UPLC-ESI-MS and RP-HPLC-VWD methods for determining microcystin-LR. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23002-23009. [PMID: 35480460 PMCID: PMC9034279 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) generated by cyanobacteria is a kind of potent hepatotoxin, which poses a considerable threat to human health. In the research field of MC-LR removal, the quantitative analysis in a wide concentration range of samples is inevitable. In this paper, we presented the pseudo united use of an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography system with a Variable Wavelength Ultraviolet Detector (HPLC-VWD) approach to detect MC-LR. The UPLC-MS system was applied to determine MC-LR in trace concentration because of its high sensitivity. However, it is generally believed that the determination of high concentration samples by UPLC-MS will cause problems such as inaccurate quantification and contamination of ion sources. In consequence, the HPLC-VWD was employed to determine the high concentration of MC-LR. The sensitivity, precision and accuracy of the two methods were compared in detail. The linear ranges of UPLC-MS and HPLC-VWD methods were from 0.08 to 10 μg L−1 and 1 to 5000 μg L−1, respectively. The detection and quantification limits of UPLC-MS were 0.03–0.05 μg L−1 and 0.08 μg L−1, and the corresponding two values of HPLC-VWD were 0.6 and 1.0 μg L−1. The recoveries of UPLC-MS and HPLC-VWD were 88.5–106.7% and 98.7–101.6%, with the relative standard deviations of 3.72–5.45% and 0.38–1.69%, respectively. The potential adsorption properties of MC-LR on filter membranes with diverse materials and pore sizes were evaluated and the negative results were obtained. The detection of MC-LR by UPLC-MS was free from matrix effects. The presented UPLC-MS and HPLC-VWD methods were used to analyze the water samples from Erhai Lake, which is located in Dali, Yunnan, China. The results of UPLC-MS analysis indicated that the MC-LR was only identified in water samples of Shuanglang Bay and Xier River, with concentrations of 0.120 and 0.303 μg L−1, whereas MC-LR was not detected by HPLC-VWD. UPLC-MS and HPLC-VWD methods were used together for MC-LR determination in a wide concentration range. UPLC-MS can be applied in trace MC-LR determination, whereas HPLC-VWD is more suitable for high concentration range detection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China +86-872-2257414
| | - Kai Yang
- Public Security Bureau Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Ruining Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China +86-872-2257414
| | - Mei Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China +86-872-2257414
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China +86-872-2257414
| | - Kebo Fu
- Public Security Bureau Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Jieli He
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China +86-872-2257414
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Kalaitzidou MP, Nannou CI, Lambropoulou DA, Papageorgiou KV, Theodoridis AM, Economou VK, Giantsis IA, Angelidis PG, Kritas SK, Petridou EJ. First report of detection of microcystins in farmed mediterranean mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in Thermaikos gulf in Greece. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2021; 28:8. [PMID: 33691804 PMCID: PMC7949245 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-021-00139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcystins are emerging marine biotoxins, produced by potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Their presence has been reported in aquatic animals in Greek freshwater, while data are few in marine environments. Since the climate change induces eutrophication and harmful algal blooms in coastal marine ecosystems affecting the public health, further research on microcystins' presence in marine waters is required. The aim of this study was to examine the potential presence of microcystins in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in the largest farming areas in Thermaikos gulf, in Northern Greece, and to investigate their temporal and spatial distribution, adding to the knowledge of microcystins presence in Greek Mediterranean mussels. RESULTS A 4-year microcystins' assessment was conducted from 2013 to 2016, in farmed Mediterranean mussels M. galloprovincialis, in five sampling areas in Thermaikos gulf, in northern Greece, where the 90% of the Greek mussels' farming activities is located. The isolation of potentially toxic cyanobacteria was confirmed by molecular methods. An initial screening was performed with a qualitative and quantitative direct monoclonal (DM) ELISA and results above 1 ng g-1 were confirmed for the occurrence of the most common microcystins-RR, -LR and -YR, by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a high- resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) (Orbitrap analyzer). Microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR were detected, while the intensity of microcystin-YR was below the method detection limit. Most samples that exhibited concentrations above 1 ng g-1 were detected during the warm seasons of the year and especially in spring. Results indicated an overestimation of the ELISA method, since concentrations ranged between 0.70 ± 0.15 ng g-1 and 53.90 ± 3.18 ng g-1, while the confirmation denoted that the levels of microcystins were 6 to 22 times lower. CONCLUSIONS Microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR were detected for the first time in mussel M. galloprovincialis, harvested from farms in Thermaikos gulf, in Central Macedonia, Greece. Their presence was linked to potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Bioaccumulation was observed in digestive gland, while the concentrations in muscles were found extremely low. Samples with levels above 1 ng g-1 were observed mostly during spring, confirming the seasonal distribution of microcystins. The comparison of the results by the ELISA and the LC-Orbitrap MS method indicated an overestimation of concentration by the ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Kalaitzidou
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, Department of Food Microbiology, Biochemical Control, Residues, Marine Biotoxins and other water toxins, Directorate of Veterinary Center of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Limnou 3A, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina I. Nannou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra A. Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- 3rd Military Veterinary Hospital, General Staff, Hellenic Ministry of Defense, 15th km Thessaloniki-Vasilika, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros M. Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Animal Production Economics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vangelis K. Economou
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, Florina, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G. Angelidis
- Laboratory of Ichthyology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon K. Kritas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia J. Petridou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Yao L, He L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Liang L, Piao Y. Nanobiochar paper based electrochemical immunosensor for fast and ultrasensitive detection of microcystin-LR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141692. [PMID: 32846246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A portable, cheap and sensitive paper type electrochemical immunosensor was developed with conductive nanobiochar paper as the conductive layer and utilized for sensitive detection of microcystin-LR (MCLR) toxin in water. The paper immunosensor was constructed by coating of highly conductive and dispersible nanobiochar particle (nBC) and anti-MCLR antibody on the filter paper via dipping-drying method. The presence of MCLR could be specifically quantified amperometrically by the nBC-paper immunosensor with the response time of less than 5 min, and the lowest detection limit of 17 pM (0.017 μg/L) was achieved. Moreover, the proposed immunosensor exhibited high selectivity, reproducibility and storage stability, and was also used for environmental water detection with satisfactory recovery. The successful fabrication of low cost and ubiquitous biochar based paper type electrochemical immunosensing system would have significant value for the development of highly cost-effective electrochemical device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lingzhi He
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Lab of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110044, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zairan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lina Liang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yunxian Piao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Roy-Lachapelle A, Solliec M, Sauvé S, Gagnon C. Evaluation of ELISA-based method for total anabaenopeptins determination and comparative analysis with on-line SPE-UHPLC-HRMS in freshwater cyanobacterial blooms. Talanta 2020; 223:121802. [PMID: 33298288 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anabaenopeptins (APs) are bioactive cyanopeptides of emerging concern produced by cyanobacteria. The research for analytical development has recently gained in importance due to their abundance in toxic cyanobacterial blooms. A new commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for the determination of total APs (APtot ELISA) has been released promising a rapid response with good cost efficiency for the routine monitoring of uncommon cyanopeptides. The present study explores the suitability of this new kit in comparison with a validated quantitative analytical method based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The validation results were comparable with both methods for accuracy, precision, and calibration. Method detection limits were more sensitive using LC-MS specifically evaluated at 0.011 and 0.013 μg L-1 for AP-A and B respectively, compared to APtot ELISA evaluated at 0.10 μg L-1 for total of the two. For APtot ELISA, results were independent from the matrix; however, a systematic signal response was measured in blanks, requiring a blank subtraction in data treatment. Cross-reactivity of APtot ELISA was investigated by analyzing ten cyanopeptides selected for their abundance and diversity. Cyanopeptolin A (CP-A), nodularin-R (NOD), microcystin (MC)-RR, [Asp3]RR, and HilR showed cross-reactivity with an average overestimation going from 25 to 66%. Considering the contribution of cross-reactive cyanopeptides, thirteen lake samples out of fifteen showed higher concentrations using APtot ELISA with overestimation values up to 2261% compared to LC-MS. In light of this study results, LC-MS should still be preconized for the study and monitoring of APs when sensitivity and specificity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Roy-Lachapelle
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Morgan Solliec
- NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, CGM Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christian Gagnon
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada.
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Kumar P, Rautela A, Kesari V, Szlag D, Westrick J, Kumar S. Recent developments in the methods of quantitative analysis of microcystins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22582. [PMID: 32662914 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are produced by the toxic cyanobacterial species present in algal blooms formed in water bodies due to nutrient over-enrichment by human influences and natural environmental conditions. Extensive studies are available on the most widely encountered cyanotoxins, microcystins (MCs) in fresh and brackish water bodies. MC contaminated water poses severe risks to human health, environmental sustainability, and aquatic life. Therefore, commonly occurring MCs should be monitored. Occasionally, detection and quantification of these toxins are difficult due to the unavailability of pure standards. Enzymatic, immunological assays, and analytical techniques like protein phosphatase inhibition assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and biosensors are used for their detection and quantification. There is no single method for the detection of all the different types of MCs; therefore, various techniques are often combined to yield reliable results. Biosensor development offered a problem-solving approach in the detection of MCs due to their high accuracy, sensitivity, rapid response, and portability. In this review, an endeavor has been made to uncover emerging techniques used for the detection and quantification of the MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akhil Rautela
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vigya Kesari
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Pang P, Lai Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Conlan XA, Barrow CJ, Yang W. Recent Advancement of Biosensor Technology for the Detection of Microcystin-LR. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Pang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Yanqiong Lai
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Hongbin Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Xavier A. Conlan
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Wenrong Yang
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia
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13
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Al-Hazmi A. Antioxidant Activity of Silymarin in Microcystin-LR Cardiac and Pulmonary Induced Injuries on Mice. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:1369-1373. [PMID: 33274863 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.1369.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Microcystin-LR has a toxic effect on several organs causing the destruction and fibrosis of these organs. This study was done to evaluate the antioxidant activity of silymarin on some oxidative stress parameters on heart and lung injuries induced by microcystin-LR in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 72 Balb/c male mice aged between five to seven weeks were grouped into 6; Group 1 contained twelve mice which were assigned as the healthy control group (C). Two microcystin-LR control groups assigned M6 and M12 contain 12 mice each. A fourth group contains twelve mice called the silymarin control group(S). The fifth and sixth groups contain twenty-four mice assigned as microcystin-LR silymarin groups SM6 and SM12. A blood sample was collected for estimation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The homogenates of heart and lungs were extracted for estimation of protein carbonyl content (CC), lipid peroxidation products (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), methylglyoxal (MG) and activity of protein phosphatase I (PPI). RESULTS Significant statistical differences in both ALT and AST were observed between all groups (P>0.01). In cardiac homogenate, a significant statistical difference was observed in PPI, LPO and CC between all groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, methylglyoxal showed a significant statistical difference between all groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The findings suggested a potential therapeutic role of using silymarin as an antioxidant agent against cardiac and pulmonary injuries induced by MC-LR.
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Bouaïcha N, Miles CO, Beach DG, Labidi Z, Djabri A, Benayache NY, Nguyen-Quang T. Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120714. [PMID: 31817927 PMCID: PMC6950048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most widespread class of cyanotoxins and the one that has most often been implicated in cyanobacterial toxicosis. One of the main challenges in studying and monitoring MCs is the great structural diversity within the class. The full chemical structure of the first MC was elucidated in the early 1980s and since then, the number of reported structural analogues has grown steadily and continues to do so, thanks largely to advances in analytical methodology. The structures of some of these analogues have been definitively elucidated after chemical isolation using a combination of techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, amino acid analysis, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Others have only been tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-MS/MS without chemical isolation. An understanding of the structural diversity of MCs, the genetic and environmental controls for this diversity and the impact of structure on toxicity are all essential to the ongoing study of MCs across several scientific disciplines. However, because of the diversity of MCs and the range of approaches that have been taken for characterizing them, comprehensive information on the state of knowledge in each of these areas can be challenging to gather. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the identification and toxicity of known MCs and present here a concise review of these topics. At present, at least 279 MCs have been reported and are tabulated here. Among these, about 20% (55 of 279) appear to be the result of chemical or biochemical transformations of MCs that can occur in the environment or during sample handling and extraction of cyanobacteria, including oxidation products, methyl esters, or post-biosynthetic metabolites. The toxicity of many MCs has also been studied using a range of different approaches and a great deal of variability can be observed between reported toxicities, even for the same congener. This review will help clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural diversity of MCs as a class and the impacts of structure on toxicity, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(01)69154990; Fax: +33-(0)169155696
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Zineb Labidi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Amina Djabri
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Naila Yasmine Benayache
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro, B2N 5E3 Nova Scotia, Canada;
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15
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D.C. Oliveira E, Castelo-Branco R, Silva L, Silva N, Azevedo J, Vasconcelos V, Faustino S, Cunha A. First Detection of Microcystin-LR in the Amazon River at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant of the Municipality of Macapá, Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E669. [PMID: 31731712 PMCID: PMC6891726 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human poisoning by microcystin has been recorded in many countries, including Brazil, where fatal cases have already occurred. The Amazon River is the main source of drinking water in municipalities such as Macapá, where there is no monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. This study investigated the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in samples from a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) that catches water from the Amazon River. The toxin analyses employed ELISA, LC/MS, and molecular screening for genes involved in the production of cyanotoxins. The sampling was carried out monthly from April 2015 to April 2016 at the intake (raw water) and exit (treated water) of the DWTP. This study reports the first detection of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the Amazon River, the world's largest river, and in its treated water destined for drinking water purposes in Macapá, Brazil. The cyanobacterial density and MC-LR concentration were both low during the year. However, Limnothrix planctonica showed a density peak (± 900 cells mL-1) in the quarter of June-August 2015, when MC-LR was registered (2.1 µg L-1). Statistical analyses indicate that L. planctonica may produce the microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elane D.C. Oliveira
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Raquel Castelo-Branco
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Luis Silva
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Natalina Silva
- Institute of Scientific and Technological Research of the State of Amapá, Macapá, 68.903-197 Amapá, Brazil (L.S.); (N.S.)
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (R.C.-B.); (J.A.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Silvia Faustino
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Alan Cunha
- Bionorte Post-Graduate Program, UNIFAP, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, 68903-419 Amapá, Brazil; (S.F.); (A.C.)
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16
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Tripathi SM, Dandapat K, Bock WJ, Mikulic P, Perreault J, Sellamuthu B. Gold coated dual-resonance long-period fiber gratings (DR-LPFG) based aptasensor for cyanobacterial toxin detection. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2019.100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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17
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Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Teng X, Lai Y, Pu S, Pang P, Wang H, Yang C, Barrow CJ, Yang W. Enzyme-free fluorescent detection of microcystin-LR using hairpin DNA-templated copper nanoclusters as signal indicator. Talanta 2019; 202:279-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Permanganate Oxidation of Microcystin-LA: Kinetics, Quantification, and Implications for Effective Drinking Water Treatment. J Toxicol 2019; 2019:3231473. [PMID: 31275372 PMCID: PMC6558617 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3231473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Permanganate pretreatment of drinking water is effective in transforming dissolved, noxious contaminants and in reducing halogenated by-products. Permanganate targets specific compounds such as taste and odor compounds, disinfection precursors, manganese, and natural organic contaminants that are not removed readily by conventional treatment alone. Cyanobacterial blooms (cHABs) can increase disinfection by-product precursors as well as the cyanotoxin, microcystin (MC), a potent liver toxin. MC toxicity is conferred by a unique, conserved amino acid, Adda, that inhibits protein phosphatase 1 and 2A. Although over 150 MC congeners have been reported, thousands of MCs are statistically possible. Over the last ten years, one congener, MC-LA, has been reported with increasing frequency, making it one of the most common cyanotoxins identified in North American freshwater systems; yet its oxidation has not been widely studied. Frequently, Adda specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) are used to quantitate total MCs to evaluate treatment efficiency and exposure. Anecdotal reports suggest that MC degradation products can cause interference with the Adda-ELISA. MC-LA was used as the model MC compound in this study. PPIA quantitation of MC-LA in water agreed with liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS), whereas the ELISA quantitation did not agree with LC/HRMS quantitation. We determined the second order rate constant for MC-LA as 118 ± 9 M−1 s−1, the activation energy to be 21.2 kJ mol−1, and the rate to be independent of pH between pH 6 and 9. Ten oxidation products (OPs) were observed by LC/HRMS and three primary reaction pathways are proposed. The reaction pathways were used to explain differences in the quantification by Adda-ELISA, HRMS, and PPIA. The oxohydroxylation of MC-LA produced two major OPs, C46H67N7O14 [M+H] + = 942.4819 and C46H69N7O15 [M+H]+ =960.4925. Major OPs may contain an unmodified Adda and are the likely cause of interference with the Adda-ELISA. Several governmental agencies recommend the use of the Adda-ELISA to determine the MC quantitation for treatment efficiency and customer exposure; yet our results suggest that these or other OPs interfere with the Adda-ELISA causing artificially high values for total MCs.
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Takaara T, Sasaki S, Fujii M, Ito H, Masago Y, Omura T. Lectin-stimulated cellular iron uptake and toxin generation in the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 83:25-33. [PMID: 31097253 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lectin family is composed of mono- and oligosaccharide binding proteins that could activate specific cellular activities, such as cell-cell attachment and toxin production. In the present study, the effect of the external addition of lectins to culture media containing the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on its metabolic activities, such as iron uptake and toxin production was investigated. Among the three lectins examined in this study (concanavalin A [Con A], wheat germ agglutinin [WGA] and peanut agglutinin [PNA]), PNA substantially increased the accumulated intracellular and extracellular iron content. The binding of PNA and Con A to M. aeruginosa cells was visualized via fluorescence microscopy using a lectin adjunct with fluorescein isothiocyanate, and resulted in carbohydrate and protein accumulation in the cellular capsule. Given that the highest carbohydrate accumulation was seen in the Con A system (where iron accumulation was relatively lower), carbohydrate quality is likely important factor that influences cellular iron accumulation. Since PNA specifically binds to sugars such as galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, these saccharide species could be important candidates for intracellular and extracellular iron accumulation and transport. Microcystin biosynthesis was stimulated in the presence of PNA and WGA, whereas cellular iron uptake increased only in the presence of PNA. Thus, the iron uptake was not necessarily congruent with the upregulation of microcystin synthesis, which suggested that the positive effect of lectin on iron uptake is probably attributable to the PNA-assisted iron accumulation around the cell surface. Overall, the present study provides insights into the interactions of lectin that influence cellular metabolic activities such as iron uptake, extracellular polymeric substance accumulation, and toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Takaara
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Fukushima College, Japan
| | - Shiori Sasaki
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Ito
- Center for Water Cycle, Marine Environment and Disaster Management, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nation University, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Omura
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Japan
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20
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Li S, Cui Y, Wang Y, Dai Z, Shen Q. A shotgun method for high throughput screening microcystins in Margarya melanioides on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2018; 269:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Bickman SR, Campbell K, Elliott C, Murphy C, O'Kennedy R, Papst P, Lochhead MJ. An Innovative Portable Biosensor System for the Rapid Detection of Freshwater Cyanobacterial Algal Bloom Toxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11691-11698. [PMID: 30208702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms in freshwater systems are increasingly common and present threats to drinking water systems, recreational waters, and ecosystems. A highly innovative simple to use, portable biosensor system (MBio) for the rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater is demonstrated. The system utilizes a novel planar waveguide optical sensor that delivers quantitative fluorescent competitive immunoassay results in a disposable cartridge. Data are presented for the world's first duplex microcystin (MC)/cylindrospermopsin (CYN) assay cartridge using a combination of fluorophore-conjugated monoclonal antibodies as detector molecules. The on-cartridge detection limits of 20% inhibitory concentration (IC20) was 0.4 μg/L for MC and 0.7 μg/L for CYN. MC assay coverage of eight important MC congeners was demonstrated. Validation using 45 natural lake water samples from Colorado and Lake Erie showed quantitative correlation with commercially available laboratory-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. A novel cell lysis module was demonstrated using cyanobacteria cultures. Results show equivalent or better performance than the gold-standard but more tedious 3× freeze-thaw method, with >90% cell lysis for laboratory cultures. The MBio system holds promise as a versatile tool for multiplexed field-based cyanotoxin detection, with future analyte expansion including saxitoxin, anatoxin-a, and marine biotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Bickman
- MBio Diagnostics, Inc. , 5603 Arapahoe Ave , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University, Belfast , Stranmillis Road , Belfast , United Kingdom , BT9 5AG
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University, Belfast , Stranmillis Road , Belfast , United Kingdom , BT9 5AG
| | - Caroline Murphy
- School of Biotechnology, National Centre for Sensor Research and Biomedical Diagnostics Institute , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, National Centre for Sensor Research and Biomedical Diagnostics Institute , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Philip Papst
- MBio Diagnostics, Inc. , 5603 Arapahoe Ave , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Michael J Lochhead
- MBio Diagnostics, Inc. , 5603 Arapahoe Ave , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
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22
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Solid-phase extraction, quantification, and selective determination of microcystins in water with a gold-polypyrrole nanocomposite sorbent material. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1560:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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He X, Stanford BD, Adams C, Rosenfeldt EJ, Wert EC. Varied influence of microcystin structural difference on ELISA cross-reactivity and chlorination efficiency of congener mixtures. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 126:515-523. [PMID: 29017721 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an antibody-based analytical method that has been widely applied in water treatment utilities for the screening of toxic cyanobacteria metabolites such as microcystins (MCs). However, it is unknown how the minor structural difference of MCs may impact their chlorination kinetics and measurement via ELISA method. It was found in this study that, regardless of the experimental conditions (n = 21), there was no MC-YR or MC-LY residual, while different removal rates of other MCs were observed (MC-RR > MC-LR > MC-LA ∼ MC-LF) as measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which was consistent with the relative reactivity of the amino acid variables with free chlorine. The removal of total MCs was generally lower as measured by ELISA than by LC-MS/MS. By incorporating both analytical results, existence of ADDA-containing byproducts or byproducts that had a higher sensitivity toward the ELISA kit was demonstrated, after excluding the contribution of the cross-reactivity of the parent MCs. It should be noted, however, that the cross-reactivities of MCs could be influenced not only by MC congeners, but also by other conditions such as mixtures and the applied ELISA kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang He
- Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States.
| | - Benjamin D Stanford
- American Water, 1025 Laurel Oak Road, P.O. Box 1770, Voorhees, NJ 08043, United States
| | - Craig Adams
- Department of Civil Engineering, Saint Louis University, One N. Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63103, United States
| | - Erik J Rosenfeldt
- Hazen and Sawyer, 4011 Westchase Blvd. Ste. 500, Raleigh, NC 27607, United States
| | - Eric C Wert
- Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA), P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States.
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Zanato N, Talamini L, Silva TR, Vieira IC. Microcystin-LR label-free immunosensor based on exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets and silver nanoparticles. Talanta 2017; 175:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Mello FD, Braidy N, Marçal H, Guillemin G, Nabavi SM, Neilan BA. Mechanisms and Effects Posed by Neurotoxic Products of Cyanobacteria/Microbial Eukaryotes/Dinoflagellates in Algae Blooms: a Review. Neurotox Res 2017; 33:153-167. [PMID: 28836116 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their ability to damage several tissues in humans. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Furthermore, other toxins such as anatoxin, saxitoxin, microcystin, nodularin and ciguatoxin also have a different range of effects on human tissues, including hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal irritation. However, the vast majority of known environmental toxins have not yet been examined in the context of neurodegenerative disease. This review aims to investigate whether neurotoxic mechanisms can be demonstrated in all aforementioned toxins, and whether there exists a link to neurodegeneration. Management of toxin exposure and potential neuroprotective compounds is also discussed. Collectively, all aforementioned microbial toxins are likely to exert some form of neuronal damage, with many of their modes of action consistent with neurodegeneration. This is important in advancing our current understanding of the cytotoxic potential of environmental toxins upon human brain function, particularly in the context of age-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona D Mello
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helder Marçal
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gilles Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology group, MND and Neurodegenerative diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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26
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Ikehara T, Nakashima S, Nakashima J, Kinoshita T, Yasumoto T. Efficient production of recombinant PP2A at a low temperature using a baculovirus expression system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:86-89. [PMID: 28352544 PMCID: PMC5042294 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant human PP2A catalytic subunit (rhPP2Ac) was produced in the baculovirus expression system with High Five insect cells. The expression at 19 °C can produce the rhPP2Ac with a higher activity and in a larger quantity than in the incubation conducted at 27 °C. To examine the effects of the low temperature expression on other phosphatases, we expressed human PP2B and PP2C in High Five insect cells. Optimizing the expression temperature in a baculovirus system is effective for producing a recombinant protein.
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an enzyme useful for detecting several natural toxins represented by okadaic acid and microcystins. We found that the production of the recombinant human PP2A catalytic subunit (rhPP2Ac) in High Five insect cells could markedly increase when the cells were cultured at 19 °C instead of 27 °C used under conventional conditions. The yield and purity of the enzyme increased four- and three-folds, respectively. The benefit of the altered culturing temperature was observed with the recombinant human protein phosphatase 2B but not 2Cα. The different responses among the enzymes suggest the involvement of an enzyme-specific mechanism that leads to the catalytic subunit overexpression. This is the first report to produce rhPP2Ac at a temperature lower than that used under conventional culture conditions (27 °C) used in the baculovirus expression system with High Five insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ikehara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 759-6595, Japan
| | - Shihoko Nakashima
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakashima
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Mukaizano 39, Dazaifu, Fukuoka, 818-0135, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kinoshita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, 759-6595, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasumoto
- Japan Food Research Laboratories, 6-11-10 Nagayama, Tama, Tokyo, 206-0025, Japan
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27
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Eguzozie K, Mavumengwana V, Nkosi D, Kayitesi E, Nnabuo-Eguzozie EC. Bioaccumulation and Quantitative Variations of Microcystins in the Swartspruit River, South Africa. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 71:286-296. [PMID: 26936473 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-016-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and quantitative variations of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxin intracellular microcystin in floating scums of cyanobacterium microcystis flos aquae collected from predetermined sampling sites in the Swartspruit River was investigated. Three distinct MCs variants (MC-YR, MC-LR, and MC-RR) were isolated, identified, and quantified. Additionally, two minor microcystin congeners (MC-(H4) YR), (D-Asp(3), Dha(7))MC-RR) also were identified but were not quantified. Quantitative analysis was achieved using peak areas substituted on linear regression equations: Y = 10085x - 19698 (R (2) = 0.9998), Y = 201387x + 20328 (R (2) = 0.9929), Y = 2506x + 15659 (R (2) = 0.9999), and 9859x + 208694 (R (2) = 0.9929) of standard curves for 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 μg/mL MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR respectively. Variant dominance followed the order MC-LR > MC-RR > MC-YR across the sampling sites. Analysis of maximum and minimum concentrations of quantified MCs variants showed 270.7, 14.10 (µg/g), 141.5, 1.43 (µg/g), and 72.28, 0.15 (µg/g) for MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR, respectively. This implies there was quantitative variations of microcystin congeners across the sampled sites. Significant differences between means were assessed by an analysis of variance with P < 0.05 being considered significant. Results showed that there were no significant difference between mean MCs concentrations across the sampling periods (P > 0.05) and significant difference between mean MCs concentrations across sampling sites (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy Eguzozie
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Vuyo Mavumengwana
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Duduzile Nkosi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eugenie Kayitesi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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28
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Zhang LL, Yu RP, Wang LP, Wu SF, Song QJ. Transformation of microcystins to 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid by room temperature ozone oxidation for rapid quantification of total microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:493-499. [PMID: 26975781 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00588d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyanobacterial hepatotoxins capable of accumulation into animal tissues. To determine the total microcystins in water, a novel analytical method, including ozonolysis, methylation of 2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB) with methylchloroformate (MCF) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection was developed. The results show that MCs can be oxidized by ozone to produce MMPB at ambient temperature, proving ozonation is an effective, rapid and green method for the transformation of MCs to MMPB without secondary pollution. The oxidation conditions as well as the esterification process were optimized and, subsequently applied to analysis of environmental samples. The method shows wide linear range and high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.34 μg L(-1). The established method was successfully applied to the analysis of microcystins in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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29
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Extracellular microcystin prediction based on toxigenic Microcystis detection in a eutrophic lake. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20886. [PMID: 26876647 PMCID: PMC4753513 DOI: 10.1038/srep20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing models for predicting microcystin concentration in water body generally use chlorophyll or cyanobacteria concentration as input variables, although microcystins only originate from toxigenic strains of a few species. Moreover, the nonconcurrency between harmful algal growth and toxin release has yet to be quantified. Therefore, this study explored a new prediction method that considers these toxin production mechanisms for the eutrophic Yangcheng Lake, a large-scale drinking water source in China. The Lake was monitored weekly at six sampling sites from July to October in 2012, including the detection of toxigenic Microcystis (expressed as mcyA copy number) by qPCR. Compared with chlorophyll a, cyanobacteria, and total Microcystis abundance, toxigenic Microcystis concentration was more significant in predicting extracellular microcystin. Site-specific nonlinear regression models that link mcyA to microcystins were established. Parameters for toxin release delay (i.e., one or two weeks) were embedded in these models. Further analysis ascribed the different release timescale to NH3-N:TN and TN:TP ratios of approximately 0.015 and 9.2, respectively, which may decrease the delay in microcystin release. Model applications in determining mcyA monitoring frequency and its warning thresholds were discussed.
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30
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McNamee SE, Elliott CT, Greer B, Lochhead M, Campbell K. Development of a planar waveguide microarray for the monitoring and early detection of five harmful algal toxins in water and cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13340-9. [PMID: 25361072 DOI: 10.1021/es504172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A novel multiplex microarray has been developed for the detection of five groups of harmful algal and cyanobacterial toxins found in marine, brackish, and freshwater environments including domoic acid (DA), okadaic acid (OA, and analogues), saxitoxin (STX, and analogues), cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystins (MC, and analogues). The sensitivity and specificity were determined and feasibility to be used as a screening tool investigated. Results for algal/cyanobacterial cultures (n = 12) and seawater samples (n = 33) were compared to conventional analytical methods, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Detection limits for the 15 min assay were 0.37, 0.44, 0.05, 0.08, and 0.40 ng/mL for DA, OA, STX, CYN, and MC, respectively. The correlation of data obtained from the microarray compared to conventional analysis for the 12 cultures was r(2) = 0.83. Analysis of seawater samples showed that 82, 82, 70, 82, and 12% of samples were positive (>IC20) compared to 67, 55, 36, 0, and 0% for DA, OA, STX, CYN, and MC, respectively, for conventional analytical methods. The discrepancies in results can be attributed to the enhanced sensitivity and cross-reactivity profiles of the antibodies in the MBio microarray. The feasibility of the microarray as a rapid, easy to use, and highly sensitive screening tool has been illustrated for the five-plex detection of biotoxins. The research demonstrates an early warning screening assay to support national monitoring agencies by providing a faster and more accurate means of identifying and quantifying harmful toxins in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E McNamee
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University , Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom
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31
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Moreira C, Ramos V, Azevedo J, Vasconcelos V. Methods to detect cyanobacteria and their toxins in the environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8073-82. [PMID: 25085613 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms are since early times a cause for environmental concern because of their negative impact through the release of odors, water discoloration, and more dangerously through the release of toxic compounds (i.e. the cyanotoxins) that can affect both human and animal welfare. Surveillance of the aquatic ecosystems is therefore obligatory, and methods to achieve such require a prompt answer not only regarding the species that are producing the blooms but also the cyanotoxins that are being produced and/or released. Moreover, besides this well-known source of possible intoxication, it has been demonstrated the existence of several other potential routes of exposure, either for humans or other biota such as through food additives and in terrestrial environments (in plants, lichens, biological soil crusts) and the recognition of their harmful impact on less studied ecosystems (e.g. coral reefs). Nowadays, the most frequent approaches to detect toxic cyanobacteria and/or their toxins are the chemical-, biochemical-, and molecular-based methods. Above their particular characteristics and possible applications, they all bring to the environmental monitoring several aspects that are needed to be discussed and scrutinized. The end outcome of this review will be to provide newer insights and recommendations regarding the methods needed to apply in an environmental risk assessment program. Therefore, a current state of the knowledge concerning the three methodological approaches will be presented, while highlighting positive and negative aspects of each of those methods within the purpose of monitoring or studying cyanobacteria and their toxins in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR/Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Genómica e Evolução, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
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32
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Roy-Lachapelle A, Fayad PB, Sinotte M, Deblois C, Sauvé S. Total microcystins analysis in water using laser diode thermal desorption-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 820:76-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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33
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Chen Y, Shen D, Fang D. Nodularins in poisoning. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Determination of microcystin-LR with a glassy carbon impedimetric immunoelectrode modified with an ionic liquid and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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35
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Covaci OI, Sassolas A, Alonso GA, Muñoz R, Radu GL, Bucur B, Marty JL. Highly sensitive detection and discrimination of LR and YR microcystins based on protein phosphatases and an artificial neural network. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:711-20. [PMID: 22648166 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition characteristics of three different protein phosphatases by three microcystin (MC) variants--LR, YR, and RR--were studied. The corresponding K (I) for each enzyme-MC couple was calculated. The toxicity of MC varies in the following order: MC-LR > MC-YR > MC-RR. The sensitivity of the enzymes increased in the following order: mutant PP2A < mutant PP1 < natural PP2A. The best limit of detection obtained was 21.2 pM MC-LR using the most sensible enzyme. Methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile up to 2 % (v/v) may be used in inhibition measurements. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to discriminate two MC variants--LR and YR--using the differences in inhibition percentages measured with mutant PP1 and natural PP2A. The ANN is able to analyze mixtures with concentrations ranging from 8 to 98 pM MC-LR and 31 to 373 pM MC-YR.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Covaci
- Laboratoire IMAGES EA 4218, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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36
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Herranz S, Marazuela M, Moreno-Bondi M. Automated portable array biosensor for multisample microcystin analysis in freshwater samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 33:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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37
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Djediat C, Moyenga D, Malécot M, Comte K, Yéprémian C, Bernard C, Puiseux-Dao S, Edery M. Oral toxicity of extracts of the microcystin-containing cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii to the medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Toxicon 2011; 58:112-22. [PMID: 21635913 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As previously demonstrated the medaka fish appears to offer a good model for studies of microcystins (MCs) effects. Since cyanobacterial toxins are released with other molecules in the aquatic environment when the producers are dying, in this study, we performed additional experiments in order to compare the described effects obtained with the pure toxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR), among the most toxic MCs, to those induced by complex extracts of an MCs-producer Planktothrix agardhii, strain PMC 75.02 and a natural bloom containing the MCs-producer P. agardhii. The toxicity of these extracts containing several variants of MC was determined in adult medaka treated by gavage. Extracts of an MCs-free strain of P. agardhii (PMC 87.02) were assayed for comparison. Extracts effects were analysed on two tissues, liver and intestine by means of photon and transmission electron microscopy. MC was localized in these tissues by immunocytochemistry. No effect was detectable with extracts of the MCs-free P. agardhii strain. The two MCs-P. agardhii extracts (strain and natural bloom) were able to induce harmful effects in the liver and intestine of the medaka fish in acute intoxication by gavage. In these target organs as shown by toxin immunolocalization, reactions leading to cell disjunction and lysis were observed apparently associated with an immune reaction implying MC containing macrophages. These effects are similar to those previously described with photonic microscopy in medaka treated with pure MC-LR with additional results obtained under the electron microscope. Since no significant effect was detected with the MCs-free (PMC 87.02) extract, we then conclude that MCs, even in complex association with other cyanobacterial components, should be responsible for the toxic effects observed in treated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chakib Djediat
- Plateforme de Microscopie Electronique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 12 Rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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38
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Zhou Y, Li YS, Zhi BH, Lu SY, Ren HL, Zhang YY, Li ZH, Shen QF, Meng XM, Liu ZS, Zhang JH, Hao YM, Liu WD, Song F, Yan DM. Detection of nodularin based on a monoclonal antibody in water and aquatic fish samples. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Peng L, Liu Y, Chen W, Liu L, Kent M, Song L. Health risks associated with consumption of microcystin-contaminated fish and shellfish in three Chinese lakes: significance for freshwater aquacultures. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:1804-1811. [PMID: 20810167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The risks associated with consuming aquatic products were systematically evaluated by analyzing 26 economically important fish and shellfish species which were harvested monthly from three large lakes in China during the fisheries catch season. Results indicate most of the aquatic products from the three large lakes seem to be unsafe for human consumption due to microcystin accumulations, with the estimated daily intake (EDI) values 5-148 times, 2-50 times and 1.5-4 times higher than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value in Taihu, Chaohu and Dianchi, respectively. In addition, the toxin accumulation in the harvested organisms varied intensity from month to month and by species which suggests that consumption risks may be reduced or avoided by either adjusting the legal fishing seasons or the species of fish and shellfish harvested. This study will provide new information about the risks associated with the consumption of aquatic products and suggests possible management strategies to reduce or avoid potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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40
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An SPR biosensor for the detection of microcystins in drinking water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2625-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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MacKenzie LA. In situ passive solid-phase adsorption of micro-algal biotoxins as a monitoring tool. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:326-31. [PMID: 20153627 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory and field studies of the passive solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) method have been carried out around the world. A wide range of marine micro-algal toxins have been detected and the potential of the method to provide reliable, sensitive, time-integrated sampling to monitor the occurrence of toxic algal bloom events has been demonstrated. The method has several important advantages over current phytoplankton and shellfish monitoring methods. Trials of various adsorption substrates have been carried out and the best candidates have been selected for the lipophilic marine biotoxin groups; however, research continues to locate suitable substrates for the more polar water-soluble compounds such as domoic acid and the saxitoxins. The technique has also been successfully applied to the detection of a range of freshwater cyanobacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln A MacKenzie
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
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42
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Meisen I, Distler U, Müthing J, Berkenkamp S, Dreisewerd K, Mathys W, Karch H, Mormann M. Direct Coupling of High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography with UV Spectroscopy and IR-MALDI Orthogonal TOF MS for the Analysis of Cyanobacterial Toxins. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3858-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900217q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Meisen
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Distler
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Berkenkamp
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Werner Mathys
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, D-48149 Münster, Germany, Sequenom GmbH, Mendelssohnstrasse 15 d, 22761 Hamburg, Germany, and Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 31, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Khreich N, Lamourette P, Renard PY, Clavé G, Fenaille F, Créminon C, Volland H. A highly sensitive competitive enzyme immunoassay of broad specificity quantifying microcystins and nodularins in water samples. Toxicon 2009; 53:551-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Widespread distribution and identification of eight novel microcystins in antarctic cyanobacterial mats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:7243-51. [PMID: 18849457 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01243-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microcystin (MC) content and cyanobacterial community structure of Antarctic microbial mat samples collected from 40 ponds, lakes, and hydroterrestrial environments were investigated. Samples were collected from Bratina Island and four of the Dry Valleys, Wright, Victoria, Miers, and Marshall. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and protein phosphatase 2A (PP-2A) inhibition assays resulted in the identification of low levels (1 to 16 mg/kg [dry weight]) of MCs in all samples. A plot of indicative potencies of MCs (PP-2A inhibition assay/ELISA ratio) versus total MCs (ELISA) showed a general decrease in potency, as total MC levels increased, and a clustering of values from discrete geographic locations. LC-tandem MS analysis on selected samples identified eight novel MC congeners. The low-energy collisional activation spectra were consistent with variants of [D-Asp(3)] MC-RR and [D-Asp(3)] MC-LR containing glycine [Gly(1)] rather than alanine and combinations of homoarginine [hAr(2)] or acetyldemethyl 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-4,6-decadienoic acid (acetyldemethyl ADDA) [ADMAdda(5)] substitutions. Nostoc sp. was identified as a MC producer using PCR amplification of a region of the 16S rRNA gene and the aminotransferase domain of the mcyE gene. Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) was undertaken to enable a comparison of cyanobacterial mat community structure from distant geographical locations. Two-dimensional multidimensional scaling ordination analysis of the ARISA data showed that in general, samples from the same geographic location tended to cluster together. ARISA also enabled the putative identification of the MC-producing Nostoc sp. from multiple samples.
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Allum LL, Mountfort DO, Gooneratne R, Pasco N, Goussain G, Hall EAH. Assessment of protein phosphatase in a re-usable rapid assay format in detecting microcystins and okadaic acid as a precursor to biosensor development. Toxicon 2008; 52:745-53. [PMID: 18812183 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of developing an immobilised protein phosphatase (PP) biosensor was tested by immobilising PP onto CNBr-activated Sepharose beads placed in Millipore microfilter plate wells. Under optimised immobilised enzyme assay conditions, okadaic acid (OA) and microcystin LR (MC-LR) inhibited Upstate Biotechnology PP (PP-2A), with IC50 values of 12.5 and 11nM respectively. Similarly, immobilised recombinant PP type 1 (rec PP-1) was inhibited by MC-LR and OA, with IC50 values of 150 and >1000nM respectively. The IC50 values for free PP-2A against OA and MC-LR were 2.5 and 3.5nM, and 0.7nM and 200nM for rec PP-1 against the same substrates respectively. For free and immobilised Neptunea arthritic PP (PP-2Ana) against OA the IC50 values were 0.45 and >1000nM respectively. Of the three immobilised enzyme systems, PP-2A showed greatest sensitivity to OA and MC-LR followed by rec PP-1 and PP-2Ana. In assessments for re-usability (determined by removal of > or =70% OA or MC-LR inhibition of PP-2A by washing), <50% of the original activity remained after 20 washings. Including 1M NaCl in the wash buffer did not increase enzyme activity with wash frequency, but rather "salted in" the inhibitor. The LoD of immobilised PP-2A to MC-LR meets the WHO guideline of 1microgl(-1) for drinking water, and the sensitivity to OA (3.5microgl(-1)) would allow detection of DSP during the peak of some phytoplankton blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Allum
- Agricultural and Life Sciences Division, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
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46
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Dai M, Xie P, Chen J, Liang G, Liu Y, Qiu T. Quantitative Determination of Microcystins in Rat Plasma by LC–ESI Tandem MS. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Masango M, Myburgh J, Botha C, Labuschagne L, Naicker D. A comparison of in vivo and in vitro assays to assess the toxicity of algal blooms. WATER RESEARCH 2008; 42:3241-3248. [PMID: 18486180 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of purified microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and algal material collected during the winter and summer seasons (2005/2006) from the Hartebeespoort dam, South Africa, was investigated using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mouse bioassay, catfish primary hepatocytes (in vitro assay) and protein phosphatase inhibition (PPi) assays. Microcystis aeruginosa, known producer of microcystins, was the dominant cyanobacteria present in the water samples. Exceptionally high cell numbers per millilitre were observed, especially with the summer samples (approximately 1.442 x 10(8)cells/ml), indicating a severe algal bloom in the dam. The toxin concentration as detected by ELISA and PPi assay in the winter and summer extracts was at least 1000 times more than the provisional guideline value (1 microg/l) set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for MC-LR in drinking water. Hepatotoxic effects and death of mice were observed after dosing with the summer extracts, while no hepatotoxic effects were observed with winter extracts. The EC(50) values obtained after exposure of the catfish primary hepatocytes for 72h to MC-LR, winter and summer extracts was about 0.091, 0.053 and 0.014 mg/l, respectively. Similar toxicity results were obtained when the mouse bioassay and primary hepatocytes were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mxolisi Masango
- Division of Toxicology, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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48
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Ikehara T, Imamura S, Oshiro N, Ikehara S, Shinjo F, Yasumoto T. A protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay using a recombinant enzyme for rapid detection of microcystins. Toxicon 2008; 51:1368-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Howard KL, Boyer GL. Quantitative analysis of cyanobacterial toxins by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5980-6. [PMID: 17590013 DOI: 10.1021/ac0705723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are a growing problem in drinking water supplies worldwide. Common analytical techniques used to determine MC concentrations have several shortcomings, including extensive sample handling and lengthy analysis times. A simple, rapid method for quantitation of MCs by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is presented. Four potential internal standards were tested, including an 15N-labeled MC. For MC-LR in mixed standard solutions, a linear range of 0.11-5.0 microM (R2 = 0.98) was achieved, with a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.015 microM. Matrix effects due to extracted cell components decreased the MC-LR linear range slightly to 0.19-5.0 microM (R2 = 0.99), with MDL = 0.058 microM. Extensive analysis of possible internal standards indicates that nodularin was preferred over [15N]10-microcystin-YR or angiotensin I. The ionization efficiency and analyte-analyte suppression for four MCs of varying polarity are presented; the three polar congeners exhibited good ionization efficiency and acceptable levels of analyte-analyte suppression. These results indicate that MALDI-TOF MS represents a viable alternative for the quantitative measurement of MCs in field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Howard
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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50
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Tillmanns AR, Pick FR, Aranda-Rodriguez R. Sampling and analysis of microcystins: Implications for the development of standardized methods. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2007; 22:132-43. [PMID: 17366563 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MC), a group of cyanotoxins, have been found in lakes and rivers worldwide. One goal of MC research is to develop models which predict MC concentrations, but these efforts have been hampered by a lack of standardized methods necessary for comparing data across studies. Here, we investigate the effect of chemical analysis (HPLC-PDA and ELISA), sample collection (whole water, plankton tow and surface scum), and choice of normalizing parameter (volume, dry weight, and chlorophyll a) on reported MC concentrations. Samples were collected over three years from a temperate mesotrophic, shallow lake with episodic blooms of cyanobacteria. We found that microcystins were up to four times higher in lake samples when analyzed by ELISA relative to HPLC-PDA and that MC concentration measured by HPLC explained less than half of the variation in MC concentrations measured by ELISA. Also, samples collected by plankton tow gave consistently higher concentrations than whole water samples. An additional HPLC analysis of two chlorophyte cultures revealed the presence of compounds with a similar UV absorbance spectrum to MC-LR, suggesting that identifying MC based solely on UV absorbance is not valid. Our results document the discrepancy in MC concentrations that can arise by using different methods throughout all stages of sampling, analysis, and reporting of MC concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline R Tillmanns
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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