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Gaillard S, Réveillon D, Mason PL, Ayache N, Sanderson M, Smith JL, Giddings S, McCarron P, Séchet V, Hégaret H, Hess P, Vogelbein WK. Mortality and histopathology in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) larvae exposed to pectenotoxin-2 and Dinophysis acuminata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 257:106456. [PMID: 36889127 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis can produce diarrheic toxins including okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), and the non-diarrheic pectenotoxins (PTXs). Okadaic acid and DTXs cause diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in human consumers, and also cause cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects in a variety of mollusks and fishes at different life stages in vitro. The possible effects of co-produced PTXs or live cells of Dinophysis to aquatic organisms, however, are less understood. Effects on an early life stage of sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), a common finfish in eastern USA estuaries, were evaluated using a 96-h toxicity bioassay. Three-week old larvae were exposed to PTX2 concentrations from 50 to 4000 nM, live Dinophysis acuminata culture (strain DAVA01), live cells resuspended in clean medium or culture filtrate. This D. acuminata strain produced mainly intracellular PTX2 (≈ 21 pg cell-1), with much lower levels of OA and dinophysistoxin-1. No mortality or gill damages were observed in larvae exposed to D. acuminata (from 5 to 5500 cells mL-1), resuspended cells and culture filtrate. However, exposure to purified PTX2 at intermediate to high concentrations (from 250 to 4000 nM) resulted in 8 to 100% mortality after 96 h (24-h LC50 of 1231 nM). Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy of fish exposed to intermediate to high PTX2 concentrations revealed important gill damage, including intercellular edema, necrosis and sloughing of gill respiratory epithelia, and damage to the osmoregulatory epithelium, including hypertrophy, proliferation, redistribution and necrosis of chloride cells. Tissue damage in gills is likely caused by the interaction of PTX2 with the actin cytoskeleton of the affected gill epithelia. Overall, the severe gill pathology observed following the PTX2 exposure suggested death was due to loss of respiratory and osmoregulatory functions in C. variegatus larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gaillard
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America; IFREMER, PHYTOX unit, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - D Réveillon
- IFREMER, PHYTOX unit, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - P L Mason
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| | - N Ayache
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| | - M Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| | - J L Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
| | - S Giddings
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Nova Scotia, Halifax B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - P McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Nova Scotia, Halifax B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - V Séchet
- IFREMER, PHYTOX unit, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - H Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR6539 CNRS/UBO/IFREMER/IRD), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané 29280, France
| | - P Hess
- IFREMER, PHYTOX unit, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - W K Vogelbein
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
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Likumahua S, de Boer MK, Krock B, Tatipatta WM, Abdul MS, Buma AGJ. Co-occurrence of pectenotoxins and Dinophysis miles in an Indonesian semi-enclosed bay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114340. [PMID: 36410193 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to unravel the variability of Dinophysis spp. and their alleged toxins in conjunction with environmental drivers in Ambon Bay. Phytoplankton samples, lipophilic toxins and physiochemical water properties were analysed during a 1.5-year period. Three Dinophysis species (D. miles, D. caudata, and D. acuminata) were found in plankton samples, of which D. miles was the most abundant and persistently occurring species. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and its secoacid (PTX2sa) were detected throughout, and PTX2sa levels strongly correlated with D. miles cell abundance. The toxin showed a positive correlation with temperature, which may suggest that D. miles cells contain rather constant PTX2sa during warmer months. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were found to play a major role in regulating cell abundances and toxin levels. This study adds adequate information regarding marine biotoxins and potentially toxic species for future Harmful Algal Bloom management in Ambon and Indonesia at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Likumahua
- Center for Isotope Research-CIO Oceans, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Deep Sea Research, The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru, Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Aquatic Ecosystem of Eastern Indonesia, Pattimura University, Jl. Ir. M. Putuhena, Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia.
| | - M Karin de Boer
- Center for Isotope Research-CIO Oceans, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Beta Science Shop, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Willem M Tatipatta
- Centre for Deep Sea Research, The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru, Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Malik S Abdul
- Centre for Deep Sea Research, The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru, Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Anita G J Buma
- Center for Isotope Research-CIO Oceans, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
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Dzhembekova N, Moncheva S, Slabakova N, Zlateva I, Nagai S, Wietkamp S, Wellkamp M, Tillmann U, Krock B. New Knowledge on Distribution and Abundance of Toxic Microalgal Species and Related Toxins in the Northwestern Black Sea. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:685. [PMID: 36287954 PMCID: PMC9610735 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous potentially toxic plankton species commonly occur in the Black Sea, and phycotoxins have been reported. However, the taxonomy, phycotoxin profiles, and distribution of harmful microalgae in the basin are still understudied. An integrated microscopic (light microscopy) and molecular (18S rRNA gene metabarcoding and qPCR) approach complemented with toxin analysis was applied at 41 stations in the northwestern part of the Black Sea for better taxonomic coverage and toxin profiling in natural populations. The combined dataset included 20 potentially toxic species, some of which (Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, Gonyaulax spinifera, and Karlodinium veneficum) were detected in over 95% of the stations. In parallel, pectenotoxins (PTX-2 as a major toxin) were registered in all samples, and yessotoxins were present at most of the sampling points. PTX-1 and PTX-13, as well as some YTX variants, were recorded for the first time in the basin. A positive correlation was found between the cell abundance of Dinophysis acuta and pectenotoxins, and between Lingulodinium polyedra and Protoceratium reticulatum and yessotoxins. Toxic microalgae and toxin variant abundance and spatial distribution was associated with environmental parameters. Despite the low levels of the identified phycotoxins and their low oral toxicity, chronic toxic exposure could represent an ecosystem and human health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dzhembekova
- Institute of Oceanology “Fridtjof Nansen”—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Snejana Moncheva
- Institute of Oceanology “Fridtjof Nansen”—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Nataliya Slabakova
- Institute of Oceanology “Fridtjof Nansen”—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Ivelina Zlateva
- Institute of Oceanology “Fridtjof Nansen”—Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Technology Institute, Yokohama 236-8648, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Stephan Wietkamp
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, 0471 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Marvin Wellkamp
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, 0471 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, 0471 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Ökologische Chemie, 0471 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Séchet V, Sibat M, Billien G, Carpentier L, Rovillon GA, Raimbault V, Malo F, Gaillard S, Perrière-Rumebe M, Hess P, Chomérat N. Characterization of toxin-producing strains of Dinophysis spp. (Dinophyceae) isolated from French coastal waters, with a particular focus on the D. acuminata-complex. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 107:101974. [PMID: 34456013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis are the most prominent producers of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins which have an impact on public health and on marine aquaculture worldwide. In particular, Dinophysis acuminata has been reported as the major DSP agent in Western Europe. Still, its contribution to DSP events in the regions of the English Channel and the Atlantic coast of France, and the role of the others species of the Dinophysis community in these areas are not as clear. In addition, species identification within the D. acuminata complex has proven difficult due to their highly similar morphological features. In the present study, 30 clonal strains of the dominant Dinophysis species have been isolated from French coasts including the English Channel (3 sites), the Atlantic Ocean (11 sites) and the Mediterranean Sea (6 sites). Morphologically, strains were identified as three species: D. acuta, D. caudata, D. tripos, as well as the D. acuminata-complex. Sequences of the ITS and LSU rDNA regions confirmed these identifications and revealed no genetic difference within the D. acuminata-complex. Using the mitochondrial gene cox1, two groups of strains differing by only one substitution were found in the D. acuminata-complex, but SEM analysis of various strains showed a large range of morphological variations. Based on geographical origin and morphology, strains of the subclade A were ascribed to 'D. acuminata' while those of the subclade B were ascribed to 'D. sacculus'. Nevertheless, the distinction into two separate species remains questionable and was not supported by our genetic data. The considerable variations observed in cultured strains suggest that physiological factors might influence cell contour and bias identification. Analyses of Dinophysis cultures from French coastal waters using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed species-conserved toxin profiles for D. acuta (dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2), okadaic acid (OA), pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2)), D. caudata (PTX2) and D. tripos (PTX2), irrespective of geographical origin (Atlantic Ocean or Mediterranean Sea). Within the D. acuminata-complex, two different toxin profiles were observed: the strains of 'D. acuminata' (subclade A) from the English Channel and the Atlantic Ocean contained only OA while strains of 'D. sacculus' (subclade B) from Mediterranean Sea/Atlantic Ocean contained PTX2 as the dominant toxin, with OA and C9-esters also being present, albeit in lower proportions. The same difference in toxin profiles between 'D. sacculus' and 'D. acuminata' was reported in several studies from Galicia (NW- Spain). This difference in toxin profiles has consequences in terms of public health, and consequently for monitoring programs. While toxin profile could appear as a reliable feature separating 'D. acuminata' from 'D. sacculus' on both French and Spanish coasts, this does not seem consistent with observations on a broader geographical scale for the D. acuminata complex, possibly due to the frequent lack of genetic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gwenael Billien
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Bretagne Occidentale, Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
| | | | | | | | - Florent Malo
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Chomérat
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Bretagne Occidentale, Station de Biologie Marine de Concarneau, 29900 Concarneau, France
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Mudadu AG, Bazzoni AM, Melillo R, Satta CT, Cau S, Congiu V, Soro B, Bazzardi R, Lorenzoni G, Piras G, Bardino N, Vodret B, Virgilio S. New evidence of pectenotoxins in farmed bivalve molluscs from Sardinia (Italy). Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:9281. [PMID: 34268143 PMCID: PMC8256309 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.9281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several planktonic dinoflagellates can produce lipophilic phycotoxins that represent a significant threat to public health as well as to shellfish and fish farming. Poisoning related to some of these toxins is categorised as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. We analysed 975 shellfish samples from Tortoli in the central-eastern region of Sardinia (Italy) from January 2016 to March 2020, to investigate the prevalence of different lipophilic marine biotoxins in mollusc bivalves. The results highlighted the predominant presence of toxins belonging to the okadaic acid group in all samples with toxin concentrations exceeding legal limits, and revealed the new occurrence of pectenotoxins in oysters and clams with a winter seasonality in recent years. The origin of shellfish toxicity was associated with the same Dinophysis species, mainly D. acuminata. Based on both these results and other precedents, monitoring and recording systems are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita Melillo
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
| | - Cecilia T Satta
- University of Sassari.,Regional Agency for Agricultural Research, Olmedo (SS)
| | - Simona Cau
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
| | - Virgilio Congiu
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Security Service of the Region of Sardinia, Lanusei (NU), Italy
| | - Barbara Soro
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
| | | | | | | | - Nadia Bardino
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
| | - Bruna Vodret
- Veterinary Public Health Institute of Sardinia, Sassari
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Durán-Vinet B, Araya-Castro K, Chao TC, Wood SA, Gallardo V, Godoy K, Abanto M. Potential applications of CRISPR/Cas for next-generation biomonitoring of harmful algae blooms: A review. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:102027. [PMID: 33980455 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on harmful algal and cyanobacterial blooms (HABs and CHABs) has risen dramatically due to their increasing global distribution, frequency, and intensity. These blooms jeopardize public health, ecosystem function, sustainability and can have negative economic impacts. Numerous monitoring programs have been established using light microscopy, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS), ELISA, and spectrophotometry to monitor HABs/CHABs outbreaks. Recently, DNA/RNA-based molecular methods have been integrated into these programs to replace or complement traditional methods through analyzing environmental DNA and RNA (eDNA/eRNA) with techniques such as quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), sandwich hybridization assay (SHA), isothermal amplification methods, and microarrays. These have enabled the detection of rare or cryptic species, enhanced sample throughput, and reduced costs and the need for visual taxonomic expertise. However, these methods have limitations, such as the need for high capital investment in equipment or detection uncertainties, including determining whether organisms are viable. In this review, we discuss the potential of newly developed molecular diagnosis technology based on Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas proteins (CRISPR/Cas), which utilizes the prokaryotic adaptative immune systems of bacteria and archaea. Cas12 and Cas13-based platforms can detect both DNA and RNA with attomolar sensitivity within an hour. CRISPR/Cas diagnostic is a rapid, inexpensive, specific, and ultrasensitive technology that, with some further development, will provide many new platforms that can be used for HABs/CHABs biomonitoring and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Durán-Vinet
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile; Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honours) Program, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile.
| | - K Araya-Castro
- Doctoral Program in Science of Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - T C Chao
- Institute of Environmental Change & Society, Department of Biology, University of Regina, Wascana Parkway, 3737 Regina, Canada
| | - S A Wood
- Coastal and Freshwater Group, Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - V Gallardo
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile; Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honours) Program, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - K Godoy
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
| | - M Abanto
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar, 1145 Temuco, Chile
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Bresnan E, Arévalo F, Belin C, Branco MAC, Cembella AD, Clarke D, Correa J, Davidson K, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Lozano RF, Fernández-Tejedor M, Guðfinnsson H, Carbonell DJ, Laza-Martinez A, Lemoine M, Lewis AM, Menéndez LM, Maskrey BH, McKinney A, Pazos Y, Revilla M, Siano R, Silva A, Swan S, Turner AD, Schweibold L, Provoost P, Enevoldsen H. Diversity and regional distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101976. [PMID: 33875184 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The IOC-ICES-PICES Harmful Algal Event Database (HAEDAT) was used to describe the diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of harmful algal events along the Atlantic margin of Europe from 1987 - 2018. The majority of events recorded are caused by Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DSTs). These events are recorded annually over a wide geographic area from southern Spain to northern Scotland and Iceland, and are responsible for annual closures of many shellfish harvesting areas. The dominant causative dinoflagellates, members of the morphospecies 'Dinophysis acuminata complex' and D. acuta, are common in the waters of the majority of countries affected. There are regional differences in the causative species associated with PST events; the coasts of Spain and Portugal with the dinoflagellates Alexandrium minutum and Gymnodinium catenatum, north west France/south west England/south Ireland with A. minutum, and Scotland/Faroe Islands/Iceland with A. catenella. This can influence the duration and spatial scale of PST events as well as the toxicity of shellfish. The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis is the most widespread Domoic Acid (DA) producer, with records coming from Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland and the UK. Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (ASTs) have caused prolonged closures for the scallop fishing industry due to the slow depuration rate of DA. Amendments to EU shellfish hygiene regulations introduced between 2002 and 2005 facilitated end-product testing and sale of adductor muscle. This reduced the impact of ASTs on the scallop fishing industry and thus the number of recorded HAEDAT events. Azaspiracids (AZAs) are the most recent toxin group responsible for events to be characterised in the ICES area. Events associated with AZAs have a discrete distribution with the majority recorded along the west coast of Ireland. Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) has been an emerging issue in the Canary Islands and Madeira since 2004. The majority of aquaculture and wild fish mortality events are associated with blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi and raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo. Such fish killing events occur infrequently yet can cause significant mortalities. Interannual variability was observed in the annual number of HAEDAT areas with events associated with individual shellfish toxin groups. HABs represent a continued risk for the aquaculture industry along the Atlantic margin of Europe and should be accounted for when considering expansion of the industry or operational shifts to offshore areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Scotland Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, U.K..
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Catherine Belin
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Maria A C Branco
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Dave Clarke
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Galway, H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Jorge Correa
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aitor Laza-Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Maud Lemoine
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) VIGIES F-44311, Nantes, France
| | - Adam M Lewis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - Luz Mamán Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de los Recursos Pesqueros, Huelva, Spain
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | - April McKinney
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, U.K
| | - Yolanda Pazos
- Intecmar, Peirao de Vilaxoán, s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Marta Revilla
- AZTI, Marine Research Division, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), E-20110 Pasaia, Spain
| | - Raffaele Siano
- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER), DYNECO F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Alexandra Silva
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), 1749-077 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sarah Swan
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, U.K
| | | | | | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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8
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Gaillard S, Le Goïc N, Malo F, Boulais M, Fabioux C, Zaccagnini L, Carpentier L, Sibat M, Réveillon D, Séchet V, Hess P, Hégaret H. Cultures of Dinophysis sacculus, D. acuminata and pectenotoxin 2 affect gametes and fertilization success of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114840. [PMID: 32570022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) of toxic species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis are a threat to human health as they are mainly responsible for diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in the consumers of contaminated shellfish. Such contamination leads to shellfish farm closures causing major economic and social issues. The direct effects of numerous HAB species have been demonstrated on adult bivalves, whereas the effects on critical early life stages remain relatively unexplored. The present study aimed to determine the in vitro effects of either cultivated strains of D. sacculus and D. acuminata isolated from France or their associated toxins (i.e. okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2)) on the quality of the gametes of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. This was performed by assessing the ROS production and viability of the gametes using flow cytometry, and fertilization success using microscopic counts. Oocytes were more affected than spermatozoa and their mortality and ROS production increased in the presence of D. sacculus and PTX2, respectively. A decrease in fertilization success was observed at concentrations as low as 0.5 cell mL-1 of Dinophysis spp. and 5 nM of PTX2, whereas no effect of OA could be observed. The effect on fertilization success was higher when both gamete types were concomitantly exposed compared to separate exposures, suggesting a synergistic effect. Our results also suggest that the effects could be due to cell-to-cell contact. These results highlight a potential effect of Dinophysis spp. and PTX2 on reproduction and recruitment of the Pacific oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gaillard
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Florent Malo
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Myrina Boulais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Lucas Zaccagnini
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Manoella Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000, Nantes, France.
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
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Likumahua S, de Boer MK, Krock B, Hehakaya S, Imu L, Müller A, Max T, Buma AGJ. Variability of dinoflagellates and their associated toxins in relation with environmental drivers in Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110778. [PMID: 31910525 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to unravel which environmental drivers govern the dynamics of toxic dinoflagellate abundance as well as their associated paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) in Ambon Bay, Eastern Indonesia. Weather, biological and physicochemical parameters were investigated weekly over a 7-month period. Both PSTs and PTX2 were detected at low levels, yet they persisted throughout the research. Meanwhile, DSTs were absent. A strong correlation was found between total particulate PST and Gymnodinium catenatum cell abundance, implying that this species was the main producer of this toxin. PTX2 was positively correlated with Dinophysis miles cell abundance. Vertical mixing, tidal elevation and irradiance attenuation were the main environmental factors that regulated both toxins and cell abundances, while nutrients showed only weak correlations. The present study indicates that dinoflagellate toxins form a potential environmental, economic and health risk in this Eastern Indonesian bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sem Likumahua
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Centre for Deep Sea Research-LIPI, Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia..
| | - M Karin de Boer
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Beta Science Shop, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Salomy Hehakaya
- Centre for Deep Sea Research-LIPI, Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia
| | - La Imu
- Centre for Deep Sea Research-LIPI, Jl. Y. Syaranamual Guru-guru Poka, 97233 Ambon, Indonesia
| | - Annegret Müller
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Thomas Max
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Anita G J Buma
- Department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Blanco J, Arévalo F, Correa J, Moroño Á. Lipophilic Toxins in Galicia (NW Spain) between 2014 and 2017: Incidence on the Main Molluscan Species and Analysis of the Monitoring Efficiency. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E612. [PMID: 31652623 PMCID: PMC6832414 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Galicia is an area with a strong mussel aquaculture industry in addition to other important bivalve mollusc fisheries. Between 2014 and 2017, 18,862 samples were analyzed for EU regulated marine lipophilic toxins. Okadaic acid (OA) was the most prevalent toxin and the only single toxin that produced harvesting closures. Toxin concentrations in raft mussels were generally higher than those recorded in other bivalves, justifying the use of this species as an indicator. The Rías of Pontevedra and Muros were the ones most affected by OA and DTX2 and the Ría of Ares by YTXs. In general, the outer areas of the Rías were more affected by OA and DTX2 than the inner ones. The OA level reached a maximum in spring, while DTX2 was almost entirely restricted to the fall-winter season. YTXs peaked in August-September. The toxins of the OA group were nearly completely esterified in all the bivalves studied except mussels and queen scallops. Risk of intoxication with the current monitoring system is low. In less than 2% of cases did the first detection of OA in an area exceed the regulatory limit. In no case, could any effect on humans be expected. The apparent intoxication and depuration rates were similar and directly related, suggesting that the rates are regulated mainly by oceanographic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- .Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar. Xunta de Galicia. Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- .Centro Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do Mar. Xunta de Galicia. Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Jorge Correa
- .Centro Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do Mar. Xunta de Galicia. Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Moroño
- .Centro Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia (INTECMAR), Consellería do Mar. Xunta de Galicia. Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, 36611 Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain.
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11
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Otero P, Miguéns N, Rodríguez I, Botana LM. LC-MS/MS Analysis of the Emerging Toxin Pinnatoxin-G and High Levels of Esterified OA Group Toxins in Galician Commercial Mussels. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070394. [PMID: 31284457 PMCID: PMC6669594 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of marine harmful algae is increasing worldwide and, therefore, the accumulation of lipophilic marine toxins from harmful phytoplankton represents a food safety threat in the shellfish industry. Galicia, which is a commercially important EU producer of edible bivalve mollusk have been subjected to recurring cases of mussel farm closures, in the last decades. This work aimed to study the toxic profile of commercial mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in order to establish a potential risk when ingested. For this, a total of 41 samples of mussels farmed in 3 Rías (Ares-Sada, Arousa, and Pontevedra) and purchased in 5 local markets were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Chromatograms showed the presence of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2), and the emerging toxins 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-13), and pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G). Quantification of each toxin was determined using their own standard calibration in the range 0.1%–50 ng/mL (R2 > 0.99) and by considering the toxin recovery (62–110%) and the matrix correction (33–211%). Data showed that OA and DTX-2 (especially in the form of esters) are the main risk in Galician mollusks, which was detected in 38 samples (93%) and 3 of them exceeded the legal limit (160 µg/kg), followed by SPX-13 that was detected in 19 samples (46%) in quantities of up to 28.9 µg/kg. Analysis from PTX-2, AZA-2, and PnTX-G showed smaller amounts. Fifteen samples (37%) were positive for PTX-2 (0.7–2.9 µg/kg), 12 samples (29%) for AZA-2 (0.1–1.8 µg/kg), and PnTX-G was detected in 5 mussel samples (12%) (0.4 µg/kg–0.9 µg/kg). This is the first time Galician mollusk was contaminated with PnTX-G. Despite results indicating that this toxin was not a potential risk through the mussel ingestion, it should be considered in the shellfish safety monitoring programs through the LC–MS/MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Otero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Natalia Miguéns
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Inés Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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12
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Díaz PA, Reguera B, Moita T, Bravo I, Ruiz-Villarreal M, Fraga S. Mesoscale Dynamics and Niche Segregation of Two Dinophysis Species in Galician-Portuguese Coastal Waters. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11010037. [PMID: 30646509 PMCID: PMC6357045 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of Dinophysis acuminata occur every year in Galicia (northwest Spain), between spring and autumn. These blooms contaminate shellfish with lipophilic toxins and cause lengthy harvesting bans. They are often followed by short-lived blooms of Dinophysis acuta, associated with northward longshore transport, at the end of the upwelling season. During the summers of 1989 and 1990, dense blooms of D. acuta developed in situ, initially co-occurring with D. acuminata and later with the paralytic shellfish toxin-producer Gymnodinium catenatum. Unexplored data from three cruises carried out before, during, and following autumn blooms (13⁻14, 27⁻28 September and 11⁻12 October) in 1990 showed D. acuta distribution in shelf waters within the 50 m and 130 m isobaths, delimited by the upwelling front. A joint review of monitoring data from Galicia and Portugal provided a mesoscale view of anomalies in SST and other hydroclimatic factors associated with a northward displacement of the center of gravity of D. acuta populations. At the microscale, re-examination of the vertical segregation of cell maxima in the light of current knowledge, improved our understanding of niche differentiation between the two species of Dinophysis. Results here improve local transport models and forecast of Dinophysis events, the main cause of shellfish harvesting bans in the most important mussel production area in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Díaz
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, 557 Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Teresa Moita
- Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
- CCMAR, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-339 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Bravo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Villarreal
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Muelle das Ánimas s/n, 15001 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Santiago Fraga
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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13
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Alcántara-Rubira A, Bárcena-Martínez V, Reyes-Paulino M, Medina-Acaro K, Valiente-Terrones L, Rodríguez-Velásquez A, Estrada-Jiménez R, Flores-Salmón O. First Report of Okadaic Acid and Pectenotoxins in Individual Cells of Dinophysis and in Scallops Argopecten purpuratus from Perú. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10120490. [PMID: 30477142 PMCID: PMC6315675 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10120490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative species of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and toxins in commercially exploited molluscan shellfish species are monitored weekly from four classified shellfish production areas in Perú (three in the north and one in the south). Okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) were detected in hand-picked cells of Dinophysis (D. acuminata-complex and D. caudata) and in scallops (Argopecten purpuratus), the most important commercial bivalve species in Perú. LC-MS analyses revealed two different toxin profiles associated with species of the D. acuminata-complex: (a) one with OA (0.3–8.0 pg cell−1) and PTX2 (1.5–11.1 pg cell−1) and (b) another with only PTX2 which included populations with different toxin cell quota (9.3–9.6 pg cell−1 and 5.8–9.2 pg cell−1). Toxin results suggest the likely presence of two morphotypes of the D. acuminata-complex in the north, and only one of them in the south. Likewise, shellfish toxin analyses revealed the presence of PTX2 in all samples (10.3–34.8 µg kg−1), but OA (7.7–15.2 µg kg−1) only in the northern samples. Toxin levels were below the regulatory limits established for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and PTXs (160 µg OA kg−1) in Perú, in all samples analyzed. This is the first report confirming the presence of OA and PTX in Dinophysis cells and in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Alcántara-Rubira
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Víctor Bárcena-Martínez
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Maribel Reyes-Paulino
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Katherine Medina-Acaro
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | | | | | - Rolando Estrada-Jiménez
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
| | - Omar Flores-Salmón
- Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Orué N° 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru.
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14
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Uchida H, Watanabe R, Matsushima R, Oikawa H, Nagai S, Kamiyama T, Baba K, Miyazono A, Kosaka Y, Kaga S, Matsuyama Y, Suzuki T. Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E457. [PMID: 30404158 PMCID: PMC6266168 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and quantification of okadaic acid (OA)/dinophysistoxin (DTX) analogues and pectenotoxins (PTXs) in Dinophysis samples collected from coastal locations around Japan were evaluated by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. The species identified and analyzed included Dinophysis fortii, D. acuminata, D. mitra (Phalacroma mitra), D. norvegica, D. infundibulus, D. tripos, D. caudata, D. rotundata (Phalacroma rotundatum), and D. rudgei. The dominant toxin found in D. acuminata was PTX2 although some samples contained DTX1 as a minor toxin. D. acuminata specimens isolated from the southwestern regions (Takada and Hiroshima) showed characteristic toxin profiles, with only OA detected in samples collected from Takada. In contrast, both OA and DTX1, in addition to a larger proportion of PTX2, were detected in D. acuminata from Hiroshima. D. fortii showed a toxin profile dominated by PTX2 although this species had higher levels of DTX1 than D. acuminata. OA was detected as a minor toxin in some D. fortii samples collected from Yakumo, Noheji, and Hakata. PTX2 was also the dominant toxin found among other Dinophysis species analyzed, such as D. norvegica, D. tripos, and D. caudata, although some pooled picked cells of these species contained trace levels of OA or DTX1. The results obtained in this study re-confirm that cellular toxin content and profiles are different even among strains of the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Watanabe
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kamiyama
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-17-5, Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan.
| | - Katsuhisa Baba
- Central Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 238, Hamanakacho, Yoichi-cho, Yoichi-gun, Hokkaido 046-8555, Japan.
| | - Akira Miyazono
- Kushiro Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, 4-25, Nakahamacho, Kushiro-city, Hokkaido 085-0027, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kosaka
- Aomori Prefectural Industrial Technology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Hiranai, Higashitsugarugun, Aomori 039-3381, Japan.
| | - Shinnosuke Kaga
- Iwate Fisheries Technology Center, 3-75-3 Hirata, Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0001, Japan.
| | - Yukihiko Matsuyama
- Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 1551-8, Taira-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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15
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Accumulation of Dinophysis Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110453. [PMID: 30400229 PMCID: PMC6266557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several species of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis produce toxins that accumulate in bivalves when they feed on populations of these organisms. The accumulated toxins can lead to intoxication in consumers of the affected bivalves. The risk of intoxication depends on the amount and toxic power of accumulated toxins. In this review, current knowledge on the main processes involved in toxin accumulation were compiled, including the mechanisms and regulation of toxin acquisition, digestion, biotransformation, compartmentalization, and toxin depuration. Finally, accumulation kinetics, some models to describe it, and some implications were also considered.
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16
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Sibat M, García-Portela M, Hess P. First identification of a C9-diol-ester of okadaic acid in Dinophysis acuta from Galician Rías Baixas (NW Spain). Toxicon 2018; 153:19-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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García-Portela M, Reguera B, Sibat M, Altenburger A, Rodríguez F, Hess P. Metabolomic Profiles of Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis acuta Using Non-Targeted High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Effect of Nutritional Status and Prey. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E143. [PMID: 29701702 PMCID: PMC5982093 DOI: 10.3390/md16050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic species of the genus Dinophysis are obligate mixotrophs with temporary plastids (kleptoplastids) that are acquired from the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum, which feeds on cryptophytes of the Teleaulax-Plagioselmis-Geminigera clade. A metabolomic study of the three-species food chain Dinophysis-Mesodinium-Teleaulax was carried out using mass spectrometric analysis of extracts of batch-cultured cells of each level of that food chain. The main goal was to compare the metabolomic expression of Galician strains of Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta that were subjected to different feeding regimes (well-fed and prey-limited) and feeding on two Mesodinium (Spanish and Danish) strains. Both Dinophysis species were able to grow while feeding on both Mesodinium strains, although differences in growth rates were observed. Toxin and metabolomic profiles of the two Dinophysis species were significantly different, and also varied between different feeding regimes and different prey organisms. Furthermore, significantly different metabolomes were expressed by a strain of D. acuminata that was feeding on different strains of the ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. Both species-specific metabolites and those common to D. acuminata and D. acuta were tentatively identified by screening of METLIN and Marine Natural Products Dictionary databases. This first metabolomic study applied to Dinophysis acuminata and D.acuta in culture establishes a basis for the chemical inventory of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Reguera
- IEO, Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
| | - Andreas Altenburger
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- IEO, Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, F-44311 Nantes, France.
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Alarcan J, Biré R, Le Hégarat L, Fessard V. Mixtures of Lipophilic Phycotoxins: Exposure Data and Toxicological Assessment. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E46. [PMID: 29385038 PMCID: PMC5852474 DOI: 10.3390/md16020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic phycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by phytoplanktonic species. They accumulate in filter-feeding shellfish and can cause human intoxication. Regulatory limits have been set for individual toxins, and the toxicological features are well characterized for some of them. However, phycotoxin contamination is often a co-exposure phenomenon, and toxicological data regarding mixtures effects are very scarce. Moreover, the type and occurrence of phycotoxins can greatly vary from one region to another. This review aims at summarizing the knowledge on (i) multi-toxin occurrence by a comprehensive literature review and (ii) the toxicological assessment of mixture effects. A total of 79 publications was selected for co-exposure evaluation, and 44 of them were suitable for toxin ratio calculations. The main toxin mixtures featured okadaic acid in combination with pectenotoxin-2 or yessotoxin. Only a few toxicity studies dealing with co-exposure were published. In vivo studies did not report particular mixture effects, whereas in vitro studies showed synergistic or antagonistic effects. Based on the combinations that are the most reported, further investigations on mixture effects must be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Alarcan
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
| | - Ronel Biré
- Marine Biotoxins Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Ludovic Le Hégarat
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, ANSES, 35300 Fougères, France.
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Bodero M, Bovee TFH, Wang S, Hoogenboom RLAP, Klijnstra MD, Portier L, Hendriksen PJM, Gerssen A. Screening for the presence of lipophilic marine biotoxins in shellfish samples using the neuro-2a bioassay. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:351-365. [PMID: 28884655 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1368720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuro-2a bioassay is considered as one of the most promising cell-based in vitro bioassays for the broad screening of seafood products for the presence of marine biotoxins. The neuro-2a assay has been shown to detect a wide array of toxins like paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs), ciguatoxins, and also lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMBs). However, the neuro-2a assay is rarely used for routine testing of samples due to matrix effects that, for example, lead to false positives when testing for LMBs. As a result there are only limited data on validation and evaluation of its performance on real samples. In the present study, the standard extraction procedure for LMBs was adjusted by introducing an additional clean-up step with n-hexane. Recovery losses due to this extra step were less than 10%. This wash step was a crucial addition in order to eliminate false-positive outcomes due to matrix effects. Next, the applicability of this assay was assessed by testing a broad range of shellfish samples contaminated with various LMBs, including diarrhetic shellfish toxins/poisons (DSPs). For comparison, the samples were also analysed by LC-MS/MS. Standards of all regulated LMBs were tested, including analogues of some of these toxins. The neuro-2a cells showed good sensitivity towards all compounds. Extracts of 87 samples, both blank and contaminated with various toxins, were tested. The neuro-2a outcomes were in line with those of LC-MS/MS analysis and support the applicability of this assay for the screening of samples for LMBs. However, for use in a daily routine setting, the test might be further improved and we discuss several recommended modifications which should be considered before a full validation is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bodero
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands.,b Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Si Wang
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam D Klijnstra
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Liza Portier
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
| | - Arjen Gerssen
- a BU Bioassays and Authenticity, RIKILT Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , the Netherlands
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Jiang T, Liu L, Li Y, Zhang J, Tan Z, Wu H, Jiang T, Lu S. Occurrence of marine algal toxins in oyster and phytoplankton samples in Daya Bay, South China Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:80-88. [PMID: 28535464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and seasonal variations of marine algal toxins in phytoplankton and oyster samples in Daya Bay (DYB), South China Sea were investigated. Two Dinophysis species, namely, D. caudata and D. acuminata complex, were identified as Okadaic acid (OA)/pectenotoxin (PTX) related species. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis demonstrated that 2.04-14.47 pg PTX2 per cell was the predominant toxin in single-cell isolates of D. caudata. D. acuminata was not subjected to toxin analysis. The occurrence of OAs in phytoplankton concentrates of net-haul sample coincided with the presence of D. accuminata complex, suggesting that this species is most likely an OA producer in this sea area. OA, dinophysistoxins-1 (DTX1), PTX2, PTX2sa, gymnodimine (GYM), homoyessotoxin (homoYTX), and domoic acid (DA) demonstrated positive results in net haul samples. To our best knowledge, this paper is the first to report the detection of GYM, DA, and homoYTX in phytoplankton samples in Chinese coastal waters. Among the algal toxins, GYM demonstrated the highest frequency of positive detections in phytoplankton concentrates (13/17). Five compounds of algal toxins, including OA, DTX1, PTX2, PTX2sa, and GYM, were detected in oyster samples. DA and homoYTX were not detected in oysters despite of positive detections for both in the phytoplankton concentrates. However, neither the presence nor absence of DA in oysters can be determined because extraction conditions with 100% methanol used to isolate toxins from oysters (recommended by the EU-Harmonised Standard Operating Procedure, 2015) would likely be unsuitable for this water-soluble toxin. In addition, transformation of DA during the digestion process of oysters may also be involved in the negative detections of this toxin. GYM exhibited the highest frequency of positive results in oysters (14/17). OAs were only detected in the hydrolyzed oyster samples. The detection rates of PTX and PTX2sa in oysters were lower than those in the net haul samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Research Center for Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Research Center for Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tianjiu Jiang
- Research Center for Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Songhui Lu
- Research Center for Harmful Algae & Marine Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Al Muftah A, Selwood AI, Foss AJ, Al-Jabri HMS, Potts M, Yilmaz M. Algal toxins and producers in the marine waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Toxicon 2016; 122:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fabro E, Almandoz GO, Ferrario M, Tillmann U, Cembella A, Krock B. Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 59:31-41. [PMID: 28073504 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis is a cosmopolitan genus of marine dinoflagellates, considered as the major proximal source of diarrheic shellfish toxins and the only producer of pectenotoxins (PTX). From three oceanographic expeditions carried out during autumn, spring and late summer along the Argentine Sea (∼38-56°S), lipophilic phycotoxins were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in size-fractionated plankton samples. Lipophilic toxin profiles were associated with species composition by microscopic analyses of toxigenic phytoplankton. Pectenotoxin-2 and PTX-11 were frequently found together with the presence of Dinophysis acuminata and Dinophysis tripos. By contrast, okadaic acid was rarely detected and only in trace concentrations, and dinophysistoxins were not found. The clear predominance of PTX over other lipophilic toxins in Dinophysis species from the Argentine Sea is in accordance with previous results obtained from north Patagonian Gulfs of the Argentine Sea, and from coastal waters of New Zealand, Chile, Denmark and United States. Dinophysis caudata was rarely found and it was confined to the north of the sampling area. Because of low cell densities, neither D. caudata nor Dinophysis norvegica could be biogeographically related to lipophilic toxins in this study. Nevertheless, the current identification of D. norvegica in the southern Argentine Sea is the first record for the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Given the typical toxigenicity of this species on a global scale, this represents an important finding for future surveillance of plankton-toxin associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fabro
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gastón O Almandoz
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martha Ferrario
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n (B1900FWA), La Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, 1033 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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23
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Algal toxin profiles in Nigerian coastal waters (Gulf of Guinea) using passive sampling and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2016; 114:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Basti L, Uchida H, Matsushima R, Watanabe R, Suzuki T, Yamatogi T, Nagai S. Influence of Temperature on Growth and Production of Pectenotoxin-2 by a Monoclonal Culture of Dinophysis caudata. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7124-37. [PMID: 26633427 PMCID: PMC4699234 DOI: 10.3390/md13127061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of temperature on growth and production of Lipophilic Toxins (LT) by a monoclonal culture of Dinophysis caudata was studied. The cell density of D. caudata increased significantly with increasing temperature, and was the highest under 27, 30, and 32.5 °C. Temperature affected the average specific growth rate (µ) during the exponential growth phase (EG), which increased from 15 °C to 30 °C, and then decreased at 32.5 °C. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed that this strain of D. caudata produced only pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) whose concentration increased significantly with incubation period, except at 32.5 °C. It was significantly different between temperatures ≤18 °C, ≥21 °C, and 32.5 °C. The cellular toxin production (CTP, pg·cell−1·day−1) showed variation with growth phase and temperature, except at 32.5 °C. The average net toxin production (Rtox) was not affected by temperature. During EG, the average specific toxin production rate (µtox) increased significantly with increase in temperature, reaching a peak of 0.66 ± 0.01 day−1 at 30 °C, and then decreased. Over the entire growth span, µtox was significantly correlated to µ, and this correlation was most significant at 27 and 30 °C. During EG, µtox was affected by both temperature and growth. This study shows that temperature affects growth and toxin production of this strain of D. caudata during EG. In addition, a positive correlation was found between toxin production and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Basti
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- National research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Watanabe
- National research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Yamatogi
- Nagasaki Prefectural Institute of Fisheries, 1551-4 Taira, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- National research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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Rodríguez LP, González V, Martínez A, Paz B, Lago J, Cordeiro V, Blanco L, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Occurrence of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish from Galicia (NW of Spain) and synergies among them. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1666-87. [PMID: 25815891 PMCID: PMC4413180 DOI: 10.3390/md13041666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic marine toxins pose a serious threat for consumers and an enormous economic problem for shellfish producers. Synergistic interaction among toxins may play an important role in the toxicity of shellfish and consequently in human intoxications. In order to study the toxic profile of molluscs, sampled during toxic episodes occurring in different locations in Galicia in 2014, shellfish were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the official method for the detection of lipophilic toxins. The performance of this procedure was demonstrated to be fit for purpose and was validated in house following European guidelines. The vast majority of toxins present in shellfish belonged to the okadaic acid (OA) group and some samples from a particular area contained yessotoxin (YTX). Since these toxins occur very often with other lipophilic toxins, we evaluated the potential interactions among them. A human neuroblastoma cell line was used to study the possible synergies of OA with other lipophilic toxins. Results show that combination of OA with dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2) or YTX enhances the toxicity triggered by OA, decreasing cell viability and cell proliferation, depending on the toxin concentration and incubation time. The effects of other lipophilic toxins as 13-desmethyl Spirolide C were also evaluated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Rodríguez
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Virginia González
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Aníbal Martínez
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Paz
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Jorge Lago
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Victoria Cordeiro
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Lucía Blanco
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Juan Manuel Vieites
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
| | - Ana G Cabado
- ANFACO-CECOPESCA, Carretera del Colegio Universitario 16, 36310 Vigo PO, Spain.
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Li A, Sun G, Qiu J, Fan L. Lipophilic shellfish toxins in Dinophysis caudata picked cells and in shellfish from the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:3116-3126. [PMID: 25233922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously that okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) incidents due to consuming cultivated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in coastal cities near the East China Sea in May 2011. Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and its seco acids were also present in these mussels. Causative species of microalgae were not identified because detailed information on the location of the contaminated shellfish was not recorded. In order to explore potential causes for these poisoning events, the lipophilic toxin profiles in picked cells of Dinophysis and in shellfish samples collected from two mariculture zones in the East China Sea were analyzed in the present study. Single-cell isolates (100 cells total for each location) of Dinophysis were collected from the aquaculture zones of Gouqi Island (Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province) and Qingchuan Bay (Ningde City, Fujian Province) in July and September 2013, respectively, for lipophilic toxin profiling. Shellfish samples collected over the course of a year from the Gouqi Island aquaculture zone and mussels (M. galloprovincialis) collected four times from the Qingchuan Bay aquaculture zone were tested for lipophilic toxins by LC-MS/MS. The Dinophysis cells isolated from both sampling sites were identified under the light microscope as Dinophysis caudata. Average quota of PTX2, the predominant toxin in D. caudata isolated from the coastal waters of Gouqi Island and Qingchuan Bay, was 0.58 and 2.8 pg/cell, respectively. Only trace amounts of OA and DTX1 were detected in D. caudata. PTX2, PTX2sa, 7-epi-PTX2sa, OA, and/or DTX1 were found in samples of mussels (M. galloprovincialis and Mytilus coruscus) collected in the Gouqi Island aquaculture zone from the end of May to the beginning of July 2013. PTX2, PTX2sa, and 7-epi-PTX2sa were also detected in oyster (Crassostrea gigas) during that period, but almost no OA and DTX1 were present. Gymnodimine (GYM) was detected in almost all mussel (M. coruscus) samples, with the highest levels occurring in winter. Trace amounts of pectenotoxins (PTXs) and OAs were also found in mussels (M. galloprovincialis) collected from Qingchuan Bay. D. caudata is suggested as an important source of PTXs in shellfish cultivated in the East China Sea. This is the first report of toxin profiles for single-cell isolates of Dinophysis in the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China,
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27
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Harmful algae records in Venice lagoon and in Po River Delta (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:806032. [PMID: 24683360 PMCID: PMC3934586 DOI: 10.1155/2014/806032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed review of harmful algal blooms (HAB) in northern Adriatic Sea lagoons (Po River Delta and Venice lagoon) is presented to provide “updated reference conditions” for future research and monitoring activities. In the study areas, the high mollusc production requires the necessity to identify better methods able to prevent risks for human health and socioeconomical interests. So, an integrated approach for the identification and quantification of algal toxins is presented by combining microscopy techniques with Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-HR-TOF-MS). The method efficiency was first tested on some samples from the mentioned coastal areas, where Dinophysis spp. occurred during summer in the sites directly affected by seawaters. Although cell abundance was always <200 cells/L, the presence of Pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), detected by HPLC-HR-TOF-MS, indicated the potential release of detectable amounts of toxins even at low cell abundance.
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Reguera B, Riobó P, Rodríguez F, Díaz PA, Pizarro G, Paz B, Franco JM, Blanco J. Dinophysis toxins: causative organisms, distribution and fate in shellfish. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:394-461. [PMID: 24447996 PMCID: PMC3917280 DOI: 10.3390/md12010394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several Dinophysis species produce diarrhoetic toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) and pectenotoxins, and cause gastointestinal illness, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), even at low cell densities (<103 cells·L⁻¹). They are the main threat, in terms of days of harvesting bans, to aquaculture in Northern Japan, Chile, and Europe. Toxicity and toxin profiles are very variable, more between strains than species. The distribution of DSP events mirrors that of shellfish production areas that have implemented toxin regulations, otherwise misinterpreted as bacterial or viral contamination. Field observations and laboratory experiments have shown that most of the toxins produced by Dinophysis are released into the medium, raising questions about the ecological role of extracelular toxins and their potential uptake by shellfish. Shellfish contamination results from a complex balance between food selection, adsorption, species-specific enzymatic transformations, and allometric processes. Highest risk areas are those combining Dinophysis strains with high cell content of okadaates, aquaculture with predominance of mytilids (good accumulators of toxins), and consumers who frequently include mussels in their diet. Regions including pectenotoxins in their regulated phycotoxins will suffer from much longer harvesting bans and from disloyal competition with production areas where these toxins have been deregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Reguera
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Pilar Riobó
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Paz
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - José M Franco
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
| | - Juan Blanco
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Oceanographic Centre of Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, Vigo 36390, Spain.
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29
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Evaluation of passive samplers as a monitoring tool for early warning of Dinophysis toxins in shellfish. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3823-45. [PMID: 24152559 PMCID: PMC3826137 DOI: 10.3390/md11103823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From June 2006 to January 2007 passive samplers (solid phase adsorbing toxin tracking, SPATT) were tested as a monitoring tool with weekly monitoring of phytoplankton and toxin content (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS) in picked cells of Dinophysis and plankton concentrates. Successive blooms of Dinophysis acuminata, D. acuta and D. caudata in 2006 caused a long mussel harvesting closure (4.5 months) in the Galician Rías (NW Spain) and a record (up to 9246 ng·g resin-week-1) accumulation of toxins in SPATT discs. Best fit of a toxin accumulation model was between toxin accumulation in SPATT and the product of cell densities by a constant value, for each species of Dinophysis, of toxin content (average) in picked cells. Detection of Dinophysis populations provided earlier warning of oncoming diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) outbreaks than the SPATT, which at times overestimated the expected toxin levels in shellfish because: (i) SPATT accumulated toxins did not include biotransformation and depuration loss terms and (ii) accumulation of toxins not available to mussels continued for weeks after Dinophysis cells were undetectable and mussels were toxin-free. SPATT may be a valuable environmental monitoring and research tool for toxin dynamics, in particular in areas with no aquaculture, but does not provide a practical gain for early warning of DSP outbreaks.
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Edvardsen B, Dittami SM, Groben R, Brubak S, Escalera L, Rodríguez F, Reguera B, Chen J, Medlin LK. Molecular probes and microarrays for the detection of toxic algae in the genera Dinophysis and Phalacroma (Dinophyta). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:6733-6750. [PMID: 23263760 PMCID: PMC3782643 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dinophysis and Phalacroma species containing diarrheic shellfish toxins and pectenotoxins occur in coastal temperate waters all year round and prevent the harvesting of mussels during several months each year in regions in Europe, Chile, Japan, and New Zealand. Toxicity varies among morphologically similar species, and a precise identification is needed for early warning systems. Molecular techniques using ribosomal DNA sequences offer a means to identify and detect precisely the potentially toxic species. We designed molecular probes targeting the 18S rDNA at the family and genus levels for Dinophysis and Phalacroma and at the species level for Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, and Dinophysis norvegica, the most commonly occurring, potentially toxic species of these genera in Western European waters. Dot blot hybridizations with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified rDNA from 17 microalgae were used to demonstrate probe specificity. The probes were modified along with other published fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR probes and tested for a microarray platform within the MIDTAL project ( http://www.midtal.com ). The microarray was applied to field samples from Norway and Spain and compared to microscopic cell counts. These probes may be useful for early warning systems and monitoring and can also be used in population dynamic studies to distinguish species and life cycle stages, such as cysts, and their distribution in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Edvardsen
- Marine Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway,
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Paz B, Riobó P, Franco JM. Preliminary study for rapid determination of phycotoxins in microalgae whole cells using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3627-3639. [PMID: 22095512 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive methods for identification of several phycotoxins produced by microalgae species such as yessotoxins (YTXs) for Protoceratium reticulatum, okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) for Prorocentrum spp. and Dinophysis spp., Palytoxins (PLTXs) for Ostreopsis spp., ciguatoxins (CTXs) for Gambierdiscus spp. or domoic acid (DA) for Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are of great importance to the shellfish and fish industry. In this study, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) was used to detect several phycotoxins in whole cells of some microalgae which are known as toxin producers. To achieve an appropriate MALDI matrix and a sample preparation method, several matrices and solvent mixtures were tested. The most appropriate matrix system for toxin detection was obtained with 10 µg μL(-1) of DHB in 0.1% TFA/ACN (3:7, v/v) by mixing the intact cells with the matrix solution directly on the MALDI target (dried-droplet technique). Toxin detection by this procedure is much faster than current procedures based on solvent extraction and chromatographic separation. This method allowed the rapid detection of main phycotoxins in some dinoflagellate cells of genus Ostreopsis, Prorocentrum, Protoceratium, Gambierdiscus, Dinophysis and diatoms from Pseudo-nitzschia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paz
- Servicio Determinación Estructural, Proteómica y Genómica, Unidad de proteómica, Centro de Apoio Científico e Tecnolóxico á Investigación (CACTI), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Nagai S, Suzuki T, Nishikawa T, Kamiyama T. DIFFERENCES IN THE PRODUCTION AND EXCRETION KINETICS OF OKADAIC ACID, DINOPHYSISTOXIN-1, AND PECTENOTOXIN-2 BETWEEN CULTURES OF DINOPHYSIS ACUMINATA AND DINOPHYSIS FORTII ISOLATED FROM WESTERN JAPAN(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:1326-1337. [PMID: 27020356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We established clonal cultures of Dinophysis acuminata Clap. et Lachm. and D. fortii Pavill. isolated from western Japan and examined toxin production in them, focusing on intracellular production and extracellular excretion. At the end of incubations, the total amounts of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), and okadaic acid (OA) in the D. acuminata cultures reached up to 672.7 ± 14.7 (mean ± SD), 88.1 ± 2.8, and 539.3 ± 39.7 ng · mL(-1) , respectively, and the excreted extracellular amounts were equivalent to 5.1, 79.5, and 79.5% of the total amounts, respectively. Similarly, at the end of incubations, the total amounts of PTX-2, DTX-1, and OA in the D. fortii cultures reached up to 526.6 ± 52.6 (mean ±SD), 4.4 ± 0.4, and 135.9 ± 3.9 ng · mL(-1) , respectively, and the excreted extracellular amounts were equivalent to 1.8, 80.1, and 86.6% of the total amounts, respectively. Further, we tested the availability of cell debris and dissolved organic substances that originated from the ciliate prey Myrionecta rubra for growth and toxin production in D. acuminata. Although no significant growth was observed in D. acuminata in the medium containing the cell debris and organic substances originated from M. rubra, the toxicity was significantly greater than that in the control (P < 0.05-0.001); this finding suggested the availability of organic substances for toxin production. However, toxin productivity was remarkably lower than that of Dinophysis species feeding on living M. rubra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nagai
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanTajima Fisheries Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasumi, Mikata, Hyogo 669-6541, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanTajima Fisheries Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasumi, Mikata, Hyogo 669-6541, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nishikawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanTajima Fisheries Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasumi, Mikata, Hyogo 669-6541, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamiyama
- National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, JapanTajima Fisheries Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Kasumi, Mikata, Hyogo 669-6541, JapanNational Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, 2-17-5 Maruishi, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 739-0452, Japan
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Haraguchi L, Odebrecht C. Dinophysiales (Dinophyceae) no extremo Sul do Brasil (inverno de 2005, verão de 2007). BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032010000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Os dinoflagelados da ordem Dinophysiales representam um grupo morfologicamente diverso e ecologicamente heterogêneo, incluindo espécies autotróficas, mixotróficas e heterotróficas, outras contendo endossimbiontes ou ainda produtoras de ficotoxinas. No presente trabalho, foram identificadas as espécies de Dinophysis, Ornithocercus, Histioneis e Amphisolenia em águas costeira e oceânica na região Sul do Brasil, ao largo do Cabo de Santa Marta Grande, SC e Albardão-Chuí, RS. Arrastos verticais foram realizados com rede de plâncton (20 µm) à bordo do N. O. Atlântico Sul em 33 estações oceanográficas visitadas em agosto/setembro de 2005 (inverno) e fevereiro de 2007 (verão). As amostras de plâncton foram fixadas com formol (4%) e analisadas com o auxílio de microscópio invertido. Ao todo, 43 espécies de Dinophysiales foram identificadas, a maioria com ampla distribuição nas regiões costeira, de plataforma continental e oceânica, como Dinophysis acuminata, D. exigua, D. ovata e Histioneis hyalina no verão de 2007, e D. acuminata, D. caudata, D. fortii e D. schroederi no inverno de 2005. Algumas espécies apresentaram distribuição restrita à região oceânica, sob influência da Corrente do Brasil, como Dinophysis dubia, D. exigua, D. schuetti, Histioneis para, Ornithocercus thumii e O. splendidus no inverno de 2005, e D. similis, D. rapa, H. megalocopa, H. milneri, O. heteroporus e O. splendidus no verão de 2007. Seis espécies potencialmente tóxicas foram encontradas, Dinophysis acuminata, D. caudata, D. fortii, D. mitra, D. tripos e D. rotundata.
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Dominguez HJ, Paz B, Daranas AH, Norte M, Franco JM, Fernández JJ. Dinoflagellate polyether within the yessotoxin, pectenotoxin and okadaic acid toxin groups: Characterization, analysis and human health implications. Toxicon 2010; 56:191-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li Z, Mengmeng G, Shouguo Y, Qingyin W, Zhijun T. Investigation of pectenotoxin profiles in the Yellow Sea (China) using a passive sampling technique. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1263-72. [PMID: 20479977 PMCID: PMC2866485 DOI: 10.3390/md8041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of lipophilic algal toxins. These toxins have been found in algae and shellfish from Japan, New Zealand, Ireland, Norway and Portugal. PTX profiles vary with geographic location of collection site. The aim of the present study was to investigate PTX profiles from the Yellow Sea, China. The sampling location was within an aquatic farm (N36°12.428′, E120°17.826′) near the coast of Qingdao, China, in the Yellow Sea from 28 July to 29 August 2006. PTXs in seawater were determined using a solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) method. PTXs were analyzed by HPLC-MSMS. PTX-2, PTX-2 sec acid (PTX-2 SA) and 7-epi-PTX-2 SA were found in seawater samples. The highest levels of PTXs (107 ng/g of resin PTX-2, 50 ng/g of resin PTX-2 SA plus 7-epi-PTX-2 SA) in seawater were found on 1 August, 2006. From 1 August to 29 August, the levels of PTX-2 and PTX-2 SA decreased. In the same area, the marine algae, Dinophysis acuminata was found in the seawater in the summer months of 2006. This indicated that Dinophysis acuumuta might be the original source of PTXs. PTX-11 and PTX-12a/b were not found in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, No.106 Nanjing Road, 266071 Qingdao, China.
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Pizarro G, Paz B, Franco JM, Suzuki T, Reguera B. First detection of Pectenotoxin-11 and confirmation of OA-D8 diol-ester in Dinophysis acuta from European waters by LC–MS/MS. Toxicon 2008; 52:889-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Takahashi E, Yu Q, Eaglesham G, Connell DW, McBroom J, Costanzo S, Shaw GR. Occurrence and seasonal variations of algal toxins in water, phytoplankton and shellfish from North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2007; 64:429-42. [PMID: 17512582 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of marine microalgae are known to produce toxins that can accumulate in shellfish and when eaten, lead to toxic and potentially fatal reactions in humans. This paper reports on the occurrence and seasonal variations of algal toxins in the waters, phytoplankton and shellfish of Southeast Queensland, Australia. These algal toxins include okadaic acid (OA), domoic acid (DA), gymnodimine (GD), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and pectenotoxin-2-seco acid (PTX-2-SA), which were detected in the sampled shellfish and phytoplankton, via HPLC-MS/MS. Dissolved OA, PTX-2 and GD were also detected in the samples collected from the water column. This was the first occasion that DA and GD have been reported in shellfish, phytoplankton and the water column in Queensland waters. Phytoplankton tows contained both the toxic Dinophysis and Pseudo-nitzschia algae species, and are suspected of being the most likely producers of the OA, PTX-2s and DA found in shellfish of this area. The number of cells, however, did not correlate with the amount of toxins present in either shellfish or phytoplankton. This indicates that toxin production by algae varies with time and the species present and that number of cells alone cannot be used as an indicator for the presence of toxins. The presence of OA and PTX-2s were more frequently seen in the summer, while DA and GD were detected throughout the year and without any obvious seasonal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takahashi
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
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Blanco J, Alvarez G, Uribe E. Identification of pectenotoxins in plankton, filter feeders, and isolated cells of a Dinophysis acuminata with an atypical toxin profile, from Chile. Toxicon 2007; 49:710-6. [PMID: 17189646 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A bloom of Dinophysis acuminata produced, in autumn of 2005, a closure of the scallop harvesting in Bahía Inglesa, in the Chilean III region. Isolated cells of this Dinophysis species were shown to contain 180 pg cell(-1) of pectenotoxin 2 but neither okadaic acid nor any of its analogs or derivatives (at least at a detectable level). Examination of plankton and filter-feeder samples covering an area of ca. 350 km, from the location where the toxicity was recorded to Bahía Tongoy, showed that the unique toxin profile found in the first bloom was widespread over that part of Chile and persisted for months. The analysis were carried out by HPLC-ESI-MS using positive ionization mode, with a detection limit below 2 ng of OA mL(-1) of methanolic extract. This is the first report of the presence of pectenotoxins in the plankton of the Pacific coast of America and in the studied filter feeders. This is also the first report of a Dinophysis species containing pectenotoxins and not any toxin of the okadaic acid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Pedras de Corón s/n, apdo 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
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