1
|
Hasuda AL, Bracarense APFRL. Toxicity of the emerging mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins: A mini-review. Toxicon 2024; 239:107534. [PMID: 38013058 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Beauvericin and enniatins, emerging mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium species, are natural contaminants of cereals and cereal products. These mycotoxins are cyclic hexadepsipeptides with ionophore properties and their toxicity mechanism is related to their ability to transport cations across the cell membrane. Beauvericin and enniatins are cytotoxic, as they decrease cell viability, promote cell cycle arrest, and increase apoptosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species in several cell lines. They also cause changes at the transcriptomic level and have immunomodulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Toxicokinetic results are scarce, and, despite its proven toxic effects in vitro, no regulation or risk assessment has yet been performed due to a lack of in vivo data. This mini-review aims to report the information available in the literature on studies of in vitro and in vivo toxic effects with beauvericin and enniatins, which are mycotoxins of increasing interest to animal and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lopes Hasuda
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Londrina State University, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula F R L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Londrina State University, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hasuda AL, Person E, Khoshal A, Bruel S, Puel S, Oswald IP, Bracarense APFRL, Pinton P. Emerging mycotoxins induce hepatotoxicity in pigs' precision-cut liver slices and HepG2 cells. Toxicon 2023; 231:107195. [PMID: 37315815 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging mycotoxins are currently gaining more attention due to their high frequency of contamination in foods and grains. However, most data available in the literature are in vitro, with few in vivo results that prevent establishing their regulation. Beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs), emodin (EMO), apicidin (API) and aurofusarin (AFN) are emerging mycotoxins frequently found contaminating food and there is growing interest in studying their impact on the liver, a key organ in the metabolization of these components. We used an ex vivo model of precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) to verify morphological and transcriptional changes after acute exposure (4 h) to these mycotoxins. The human liver cell line HepG2 was used for comparison purposes. Most of the emerging mycotoxins were cytotoxic to the cells, except for AFN. In cells, BEA and ENNs were able to increase the expression of genes related to transcription factors, inflammation, and hepatic metabolism. In the explants, only ENN B1 led to significant changes in the morphology and expression of a few genes. Overall, our results demonstrate that BEA, ENNs, and API have the potential to be hepatotoxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lopes Hasuda
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil; TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Elodie Person
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Abdullah Khoshal
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Sandrine Bruel
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Puel
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| | - Ana Paula F R L Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, Londrina, PR, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Philippe Pinton
- TOXALIM (UMR 1331), Institute National de Recherche pour L'Agriculture L'Alimentation et L'Environnement Centre Occitanie-Toulouse, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berntssen MHG, Fjeldal PG, Gavaia PJ, Laizé V, Hamre K, Donald CE, Jakobsen JV, Omdal Å, Søderstrøm S, Lie KK. Dietary beauvericin and enniatin B exposure cause different adverse health effects in farmed Atlantic salmon. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113648. [PMID: 36736876 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of plant ingredients in novel aquafeeds have introduced mycotoxins to the farming of seafood. The emerging enniatin B (ENNB) and beauvericin (BEA) mycotoxins have been found in the novel aquafeeds and farmed fish. Little is known about the potential toxicity of ENNs and BEA in farmed fish and their feed-to-organ transfer. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) pre-smolt (75.3 ± 8.10 g) were fed four graded levels of spiked chemical pure ENNB or BEA feeds for three months, in triplicate tanks. Organismal adverse health end-point assessment included intestinal function (protein digestibility), disturbed hematology (red blood cell formation), bone formation (spinal deformity), overall energy use (feed utilization), and lipid oxidative status (vitamin E). Both dietary BEA and ENNB had a low (<∼0.01%) transfer to organs (kidney > liver > brain > muscle), with a higher transfer for ENNB compared to BEA. BEA caused a growth reduction combined with a decreased protein digestion and feed conversion rate- ENNB caused a stunted growth, unrelated to feed utilization capacity. In addition, ENNB caused anemia while BEA gave an oxidative stress response. Lower bench-mark dose regression assessment showed that high background levels of ENNB in commercial salmon feed could pose a risk for animal health, but not in the case of BEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - P G Fjeldal
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - P J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - V Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - K Hamre
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - C E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - J V Jakobsen
- Cargill Aqua Nutrition Innovation Center, Dirdal, Norway
| | - Å Omdal
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - K K Lie
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Braiki M, Nasreddine K, Benzinou A, Hymery N. Fuzzy Model for the Automatic Recognition of Human Dendritic Cells. J Imaging 2023; 9:jimaging9010013. [PMID: 36662111 PMCID: PMC9866805 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Nowadays, foodborne illness is considered one of the most outgrowing diseases in the world, and studies show that its rate increases sharply each year. Foodborne illness is considered a public health problem which is caused by numerous factors, such as food intoxications, allergies, intolerances, etc. Mycotoxin is one of the food contaminants which is caused by various species of molds (or fungi), which, in turn, causes intoxications that can be chronic or acute. Thus, even low concentrations of Mycotoxin have a severely harmful impact on human health. It is, therefore, necessary to develop an assessment tool for evaluating their impact on the immune response. Recently, researchers have approved a new method of investigation using human dendritic cells, yet the analysis of the geometric properties of these cells is still visual. Moreover, this type of analysis is subjective, time-consuming, and difficult to perform manually. In this paper, we address the automation of this evaluation using image-processing techniques. Methods: Automatic classification approaches of microscopic dendritic cell images are developed to provide a fast and objective evaluation. The first proposed classifier is based on support vector machines (SVM) and Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (FLD) method. The FLD-SVM classifier does not provide satisfactory results due to the significant confusion between the inhibited cells on one hand, and the other two cell types (mature and immature) on the other hand. Then, another strategy was suggested to enhance dendritic cell recognition results that are emitted from microscopic images. This strategy is mainly based on fuzzy logic which allows us to consider the uncertainties and inaccuracies of the given data. Results: These proposed methods are tested on a real dataset consisting of 421 images of microscopic dendritic cells, where the fuzzy classification scheme efficiently improved the classification results by successfully classifying 96.77% of the dendritic cells. Conclusions: The fuzzy classification-based tools provide cell maturity and inhibition rates which help biologists evaluate severe health impacts caused by food contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Braiki
- ENIB, UMR CNRS 6285 LabSTICC, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Kamal Nasreddine
- ENIB, UMR CNRS 6285 LabSTICC, 29238 Brest, France
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Univ Brest, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Écologie Microbienne, 29280 Plouzané, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang X, Ali S, Zhao M, Richter L, Schäfer V, Schliehe-Diecks J, Frank M, Qi J, Larsen PK, Skerra J, Islam H, Wachtmeister T, Alter C, Huang A, Bhatia S, Köhrer K, Kirschning C, Weighardt H, Kalinke U, Kalscheuer R, Uhrberg M, Scheu S. The Mycotoxin Beauvericin Exhibits Immunostimulatory Effects on Dendritic Cells via Activating the TLR4 Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856230. [PMID: 35464417 PMCID: PMC9024221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA), a mycotoxin of the enniatin family produced by various toxigenic fungi, has been attributed multiple biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial functions. However, effects of BEA on dendritic cells remain unknown so far. Here, we identified effects of BEA on murine granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-cultured bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. BEA potently activates BMDCs as signified by elevated IL-12 and CD86 expression. Multiplex immunoassays performed on myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain containing adaptor inducing interferon beta (TRIF) single or double deficient BMDCs indicate that BEA induces inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production in a MyD88/TRIF dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that BEA was not able to induce IL-12 or IFNβ production in Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4)-deficient BMDCs, whereas induction of these cytokines was not compromised in Tlr3/7/9 deficient BMDCs. This suggests that TLR4 might be the functional target of BEA on BMDCs. Consistently, in luciferase reporter assays BEA stimulation significantly promotes NF-κB activation in mTLR4/CD14/MD2 overexpressing but not control HEK-293 cells. RNA-sequencing analyses further confirmed that BEA induces transcriptional changes associated with the TLR4 signaling pathway. Together, these results identify TLR4 as a cellular BEA sensor and define BEA as a potent activator of BMDCs, implying that this compound can be exploited as a promising candidate structure for vaccine adjuvants or cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manman Zhao
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisa Richter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schäfer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Schliehe-Diecks
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marian Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jing Qi
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Larsen
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jennifer Skerra
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heba Islam
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wachtmeister
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Alter
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anfei Huang
- Institute for Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität of Würzburg (JMU), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sanil Bhatia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence - Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefanie Scheu,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ezekiel CN, Abia WA, Braun D, Šarkanj B, Ayeni KI, Oyedele OA, Michael-Chikezie EC, Ezekiel VC, Mark BN, Ahuchaogu CP, Krska R, Sulyok M, Turner PC, Warth B. Mycotoxin exposure biomonitoring in breastfed and non-exclusively breastfed Nigerian children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106996. [PMID: 34991256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multi-specimen, multi-mycotoxin approach involving ultra-sensitive LC-MS/MS analysis of breast milk, complementary food and urine was applied to examine mycotoxin co-exposure in 65 infants, aged 1-18 months, in Ogun state, Nigeria. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in breast milk (4/22 (18%)), while six other classes of mycotoxins were quantified; including dihydrocitrinone (6/22 (27%); range: 14.0-59.7 ng/L) and sterigmatocystin (1/22 (5%); 1.2 ng/L) detected for the first time. Seven distinct classes of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (9/42 (21%); range: 1.0-16.2 µg/kg) and fumonisins (12/42 (29%); range: 7.9-194 µg/kg) contaminated complementary food. Mycotoxins covering seven distinct classes with diverse structures and modes of action were detected in 64/65 (99%) of the urine samples, demonstrating ubiquitous exposure. Two aflatoxin metabolites (AFM1 and AFQ1) and FB1 were detected in 6/65 (9%), 44/65 (68%) and 17/65 (26%) of urine samples, respectively. Mixtures of mycotoxin classes were common, including 22/22 (100%), 14/42 (33%) and 56/65 (86%) samples having 2-6, 2-4, or 2-6 mycotoxins present, for breast milk, complementary food and urine, respectively. Aflatoxin and/or fumonisin was detected in 4/22 (18%), 12/42 (29%) and 46/65 (71%) for breast milk, complimentary foods and urine, respectively. Furthermore, the detection frequency, median concentrations and occurrence of mixtures were typically greater in urine of non-exclusively breastfed compared to exclusively breastfed infants. The study provides novel insights into mycotoxin co-exposures in early-life. Albeit a small sample set, it highlights transition to higher levels of infant mycotoxin exposure as complementary foods are introduced, providing impetus to mitigate during this critical early-life period and encourage breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Department of Food Technology, University North, Center Koprivnica, Trg dr. Zarka Dolinara 1, HR, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel C Michael-Chikezie
- Clifford University, Owerrinta (Ihie Campus), Abia State, Nigeria; Benjamin Carson (Snr.) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Beatrice N Mark
- Department of Community Health, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonso P Ahuchaogu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
[Simultaneous determination of beauvericin and four enniatins in eggs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled with cold-induced liquid-liquid extraction and dispersive solid phase extraction]. Se Pu 2021; 39:1331-1339. [PMID: 34812005 PMCID: PMC9404183 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
新型生物毒素白僵菌素(BEA)和恩镰孢菌素(ENNs)是由镰刀菌种产生的有毒代谢产物,主要污染谷物及其制品,会威胁人类健康,因此受到人们越来越多的关注。该工作建立了冷诱导液液萃取-分散固相萃取净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(CI-LLE-DSPE-UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定鸡蛋中白僵菌素和4种恩镰孢菌素残留的分析方法。以乙腈-水-乙酸(79:20:1, v/v/v)为提取溶剂,采用冷诱导液液萃取与分散固相萃取净化相结合的方法进行样品处理,同时,对影响待测物提取与净化效率的提取溶剂、冷冻萃取温度与时间、净化剂用量等因素和色谱条件进行了优化。样品经20 mL提取液涡旋提取20 min,放入-40 ℃冰箱静置30 min后,取2 mL上层溶液经70 mg C18粉末净化,离心,上清液于40 ℃浓缩至近干,残留物用1 mL 80%(v/v)乙腈水溶液溶解,进样分析。以乙腈与5 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,经ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)分离,采用ESI+电离,在多反应监测模式下采集,白僵菌素采用稳定同位素内标法定量,4种恩镰孢菌素采用基质匹配曲线外标法定量。结果表明,5种待测物在0.1~50.0 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r2)为0.9983~0.9997,该方法的检出限(LOD)为0.05~0.15 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.20~0.50 μg/kg。以阴性鸡蛋样品为基质,在低、中、高3个浓度水平(0.5、5.0、25.0 μg/kg)下进行加标试验考察方法的准确度与精密度,各待测物的平均回收率为81.1%~106%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.27%~9.79%。采用所建立的方法对农村散养鸡蛋与市售鸡蛋进行检测,结果表明,BEA在散养鸡蛋的检出率为30.4%, 4种ENNs均未被检出。该方法灵敏度高,稳定性好,回收率高,定量准确,简单易操作,适用于禽蛋食品中白僵菌素与恩镰孢菌素的同时快速测定。
Collapse
|
8
|
Beauvericin and Enniatins: In Vitro Intestinal Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110686. [PMID: 33138307 PMCID: PMC7693699 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food and feed contamination by emerging mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins is a worldwide health problem and a matter of great concern nowadays, and data on their toxicological behavior are still scarce. As ingestion is the major route of exposure to mycotoxins in food and feed, the gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier encountered by these natural contaminants and the first structure that could be affected by their potential detrimental effects. In order to perform a complete and reliable toxicological evaluation, this fundamental site cannot be disregarded. Several in vitro intestinal models able to recreate the different traits of the intestinal environment have been applied to investigate the various aspects related to the intestinal toxicity of emerging mycotoxins. This review aims to depict an overall and comprehensive representation of the in vitro intestinal effects of beauvericin and enniatins in humans from a species-specific perspective. Moreover, information on the occurrence in food and feed and notions on the regulatory aspects will be provided.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rossi F, Gallo A, Bertuzzi T. Emerging mycotoxins in the food chain. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-190345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pietsch C. Risk assessment for mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds in Europe. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:41-62. [PMID: 31346981 PMCID: PMC6971146 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are difficult to monitor continuously, and a tool to assess the risk would help to judge if there is a particular risk due to the inclusion of certain feed ingredients. For this, the toxin contents of 97 commercial fish feeds have been estimated, and the most prominent toxins in fish feed are calculated to be deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and enniatins. These pose a risk to fish well-being, as can be calculated by the Bayesian models for determining the critical concentrations 5% (CC5) for the different toxins. Besides fishmeal, wheat, soybean products and corn are regularly used as fish feed ingredients. The calculated scenarios show that fish are at high risk of toxin contamination if feed ingredients of low quality are chosen for feed production. Due to this, specific maximum allowable levels for several mycotoxins in fish feeds should be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pietsch
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences (IUNR), Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Grüental, P.O. Box, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Novak B, Rainer V, Sulyok M, Haltrich D, Schatzmayr G, Mayer E. Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E537. [PMID: 31540008 PMCID: PMC6784148 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which at significant concentrations. In our study, 1141 pig feed samples were analyzed for more than 800 secondary fungal metabolites using the same LC-MS/MS method and ranked according to their prevalence. Effects on the viability of the 28 most relevant were tested on an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The most frequently occurring compounds were determined as being cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), moniliformin, and enniatin B, followed by enniatin B1, aurofusarin, culmorin, and enniatin A1. The main mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were found only at ranks 8 and 10. Regarding cytotoxicity, apicidin, gliotoxin, bikaverin, and beauvericin led to lower IC50 values, between 0.52 and 2.43 µM, compared to deoxynivalenol (IC50 = 2.55 µM). Significant cytotoxic effects were also seen for the group of enniatins, which occurred in up to 82.2% of the feed samples. Our study gives an overall insight into the amount of fungal secondary metabolites found in pig feed samples compared to their cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sotnichenko A, Pantsov E, Shinkarev D, Okhanov V. Hydrophobized Reversed-Phase Adsorbent for Protection of Dairy Cattle against Lipophilic Toxins from Diet. Efficiensy in Vitro and in Vivo. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050256. [PMID: 31067794 PMCID: PMC6563209 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The steady growth of inflammatory diseases of the udder in dairy cattle forces us to look for the causes of this phenomenon in the context of growing chemical pollution of the environment and feeds. Within the framework of this concept, an analysis was made of the polarity level of the three toxic impurity groups, which are commonly present in dairy cattle feeds. These impurities are presented by mycotoxins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and persistent organic pollutants (POP). It has been determined that 46% of studied mycotoxins (n = 1500) and 100% of studied polyaromatic hydrocarbons (n = 45) and persistent organic pollutants (n = 55) are lipophilic compounds, prone to bioaccumulation. A comparative evaluation of the sorption capacity of four adsorbents of a different nature and polarity with respect to the simplest PAH, naphthalene and lipophilic estrogenic mycotoxin, zearalenone in vitro has been carried out. The highest efficiency in these experiments was demonstrated by the reversed-phase polyoctylated polysilicate hydrogel (POPSH). The use of POPSH in a herd of lactating cows significantly reduced the transfer of aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor, typical POPs from the “dirty dozen”, to the milk. The relevance of protecting the main functional systems of animals from the damaging effects of lipophilic toxins from feeds using non-polar adsorbents, and the concept of evaluating the effectiveness of various feed adsorbents for dairy cattle by their influence on the somatic cell count in the collected milk are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sotnichenko
- Research and Production Center "Fox & Co" Ltd., 117149, Simferopol Boulevard, 8, 117149 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Evgeny Pantsov
- Research and Production Center "Fox & Co" Ltd., 117149, Simferopol Boulevard, 8, 117149 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitry Shinkarev
- Research and Production Center "Fox & Co" Ltd., 117149, Simferopol Boulevard, 8, 117149 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Victor Okhanov
- Research and Production Center "Fox & Co" Ltd., 117149, Simferopol Boulevard, 8, 117149 Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fraeyman S, Meyer E, Devreese M, Antonissen G, Demeyere K, Haesebrouck F, Croubels S. Comparative in vitro cytotoxicity of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins to porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:566-572. [PMID: 30266312 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emerging Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin (BEA) and enniatin (ENN) A, ENN A1, ENN B and ENN B1 gain increasing interest due to their highly prevalent contamination of cereals and cereal products. After oral intake, the gastro-intestinal tract is the first possible site of interaction. In the present in vitro study, the relative cytotoxicity of these mycotoxins towards proliferating and differentiated intestinal porcine epithelial cells of the jejunum (IPEC-J2) was evaluated using flow cytometric viability analysis. IPEC-J2 cells showed the highest sensitivity to BEA and ENN A. In proliferating cells, incubation for 24h with 10 μM BEA caused complete disruption, while the viability percentage declined to 32% after 24h of incubation with 10 μM ENN A. ENN A1 and ENN B1 were less cytotoxic with 87% and 93% viable cells after 24h of incubation with 10 μM ENN A1 and B1, respectively. ENN B was the least cytotoxic since incubation at concentrations up to 100 μM resulted in 83% viable proliferating cells. The same trend was observed for differentiated cells. The limited in vitro cytotoxic effect of ENN B on intestinal cells corroborates previous in vivo findings in broiler chicken in which dietary ENN B had minimal effect on intestinal morphometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fraeyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Colombo P, Eskola M, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of moniliformin in food and feed. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05082. [PMID: 32625822 PMCID: PMC7009678 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Moniliformin (MON) is a mycotoxin with low molecular weight primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following a request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk of MON to human and animal health related to its presence in food and feed. The limited information available on toxicity and on toxicokinetics in experimental and farm animals indicated haematotoxicity and cardiotoxicity as major adverse health effects of MON. MON causes chromosome aberrations in vitro but no in vivo genotoxicity data and no carcinogenicity data were identified. Due to the limitations in the available toxicity data, human acute or chronic health‐based guidance values (HBGV) could not be established. The margin of exposure (MOE) between the no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level (NOAEL) of 6.0 mg/kg body weight (bw) for cardiotoxicity from a subacute study in rats and the acute upper bound (UB) dietary exposure estimates ranged between 4,000 and 73,000. The MOE between the lowest benchmark dose lower confidence limit (for a 5% response ‐ BMDL05) of 0.20 mg MON/kg bw per day for haematological hazards from a 28‐day study in pigs and the chronic dietary human exposure estimates ranged between 370 and 5,000,000 for chronic dietary exposures. These MOEs indicate a low risk for human health but were associated with high uncertainty. The toxicity data available for poultry, pigs, and mink indicated a low or even negligible risk for these animals from exposure to MON in feed at the estimated exposure levels under current feeding practices. Assuming similar or lower sensitivity as for pigs, the CONTAM Panel considered a low or even negligible risk for the other animal species for which no toxicity data suitable for hazard characterisation were identified. Additional toxicity studies are needed and depending on their outcome, the collection of more occurrence data on MON in food and feed is recommended to enable a comprehensive human risk assessment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Chronic Dietary Intake of Enniatin B in Broiler Chickens Has Low Impact on Intestinal Morphometry and Hepatic Histology, and Shows Limited Transfer to Liver Tissue. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10010045. [PMID: 29346316 PMCID: PMC5793132 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium mycotoxin enniatin B (ENN B) is a so-called emerging mycotoxin frequently contaminating poultry feed. To investigate the impact of chronic ENN B exposure on animal health, broiler chickens were fed either a diet naturally contaminated with ENN B (2352 µg/kg) or a control diet (135 µg/kg) for 2, 7, 14, or 21 days. ENN B concentrations were determined in plasma and liver using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry UHPLC-MS/MS method. Liver was evaluated histologically, and the villus length and crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were measured. Histopathology of the livers did not reveal major abnormalities. Feeding an ENN B-contaminated diet could possibly inhibit the proliferation of enterocytes in the duodenal crypts, but did not affect villus length, crypt depth, or villus length-crypt depth ratio of the jejunum and ileum. ENN B levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the ENN B-fed group and ranged between <25–264 pg/mL and <0.05–0.85 ng/g, respectively. ENN B carry-over rates from feed to liver tissue were 0.005–0.014% and 0.034–0.109% in the ENN B and control group, respectively. Carry-over rates were low and indicated a limited contribution of poultry tissue-derived products to the total dietary ENN B intake for humans. The above results support the opinion of the European Food Safety Authority stating that adverse health effects from ENN B in broiler chickens are unlikely.
Collapse
|
16
|
Brancini GTP, Tonani L, Rangel DEN, Roberts DW, Braga GUL. Species of the Metarhizium anisopliae complex with diverse ecological niches display different susceptibilities to antifungal agents. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:563-569. [PMID: 29801801 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Species of the Metarhizium anisopliae complex are globally ubiquitous soil-inhabiting and predominantly insect-pathogenic fungi. The Metarhizium genus contains species ranging from specialists, such as Metarhizium acridum that only infects acridids, to generalists, such as M. anisopliae, Metarhizium brunneum, and Metarhizium robertsii that infect a broad range of insects and can also colonize plant roots. There is little information available about the susceptibility of Metarhizium species to clinical and non-clinical antifungal agents. We determined the susceptibility of 16 isolates comprising four Metarhizium species with different ecological niches to seven clinical (amphotericin B, ciclopirox olamine, fluconazole, griseofulvin, itraconazole, tebinafine, and voriconazole) and one non-clinical (benomyl) antifungal agents. All isolates of the specialist M. acridum were clearly more susceptible to most antifungals than the isolates of the generalists M. anisopliae sensu lato, M. brunneum, and M. robertsii. All isolates of M. anisopliae, M. brunneum, and M. robertsii were resistant to fluconazole and some were also resistant to amphotericin B. The marked differences in susceptibility between the specialist M. acridum and the generalist Metarhizium species suggest that this characteristic is associated with their different ecological niches, and may assist in devising rational antifungal treatments for the rare cases of mycoses caused by Metarhizium species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme T P Brancini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ludmilla Tonani
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Donald W Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5305, USA
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gruber-Dorninger C, Novak B, Nagl V, Berthiller F. Emerging Mycotoxins: Beyond Traditionally Determined Food Contaminants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7052-7070. [PMID: 27599910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical techniques can determine a multitude of fungal metabolites contaminating food and feed. In addition to known mycotoxins, for which maximum levels in food are enforced, also currently unregulated, so-called "emerging mycotoxins" were shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the relevance of selected emerging mycotoxins to food and feed safety. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as occurrence data are presented for enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, fusaproliferin, fusaric acid, culmorin, butenolide, sterigmatocystin, emodin, mycophenolic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. By far not all of the detected compounds are toxicologically relevant at their naturally occurring levels and are therefore of little or no health concern to consumers. Still, gaps in knowledge have been identified for several compounds. These gaps should be closed by the scientific community in the coming years to allow a proper risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith MC, Madec S, Troadec S, Coton E, Hymery N. Effects of fusariotoxin co-exposure on THP-1 human immune cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:191-205. [PMID: 28822000 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin (T2), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA), and moniliformin (MON) mycotoxins are common food and feed contaminants produced by Fusarium spp. However, while they are usually found to co-occur in a large range of commodities, only few data are available on mycotoxin co-exposure effects and cellular response mechanisms. In this study, the individual and combined toxic effects of these fusariotoxins were evaluated on the THP-1 human immune cell line as major fusariotoxins are mostly potent immunomodulators. In particular, four relevant fusariotoxin mixtures, namely DON-MON, DON-FB1, DON-ZEA, and NIV-T2, were studied using several parameters including cell viability as well as the expression of cell surface markers and the main mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). After 48 h exposure, a reduction of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner was observed for T2, the most cytotoxic mycotoxin, followed by NIV, DON, MON, FB1, and ZEA. Regarding mycotoxin mixtures, they mainly showed antagonism on cell viability reduction. Interestingly, at concentrations inhibiting 50% of cell viability, most viable cells exhibited surface marker loss and thus became potentially non-functional. In addition, during the first 18 h of exposure, the effects of mycotoxin mixtures on early cell apoptosis and necrosis were found to be different from those induced by the toxins alone. At the molecular level, after 1 h exposure of individual and combined mycotoxins, the three main MAPK signaling pathways (p38, SAPK/JNK, and ERK1/2) were activated, highlighting a fast reaction of the exposed cells even at low cytotoxicity levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Caroline Smith
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Stéphanie Madec
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Samuel Troadec
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fraeyman S, Croubels S, Devreese M, Antonissen G. Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria Mycotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity and Toxicokinetics. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070228. [PMID: 28718805 PMCID: PMC5535175 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins gain more and more interest due to their frequent contamination of food and feed, although in vivo toxicity and toxicokinetic data are limited. Whereas the Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin, moniliformin and enniatins particularly contaminate grain and grain-based products, Alternaria mycotoxins are also detected in fruits, vegetables and wines. Although contamination levels are usually low (µg/kg range), higher contamination levels of enniatins and tenuazonic acid may occasionally occur. In vitro studies suggest genotoxic effects of enniatins A, A1 and B1, beauvericin, moniliformin, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altertoxins and stemphyltoxin-III. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest immunomodulating effects of most emerging toxins and a reproductive health hazard of alternariol, beauvericin and enniatin B. More in vivo toxicity data on the individual and combined effects of these contaminants on reproductive and immune system in both humans and animals is needed to update the risk evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority. Taking into account new occurrence data for tenuazonic acid, the complete oral bioavailability, the low total body clearance in pigs and broiler chickens and the limited toxicity data, a health risk cannot be completely excluded. Besides, some less known Alternaria toxins, especially the genotoxic altertoxins and stemphyltoxin III, should be incorporated in risk evaluation as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fraeyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Effect of Fusarium-Derived Metabolites on the Barrier Integrity of Differentiated Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells (IPEC-J2). Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8110345. [PMID: 27869761 PMCID: PMC5127141 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human, animal and plant pathogen Fusarium, which contaminates agricultural commodities worldwide, produces numerous secondary metabolites. An example is the thoroughly-investigated deoxynivalenol (DON), which severely impairs gastrointestinal barrier integrity. However, to date, the toxicological profile of other Fusarium-derived metabolites, such as enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, apicidin, aurofusarin, rubrofusarin, equisetin and bikaverin, are poorly characterized. Thus we examined their effects—as metabolites alone and as metabolites in combination with DON—on the intestinal barrier function of differentiated intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) over 72 h. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured at 24-h intervals, followed by evaluation of cell viability using neutral red (NR) assay. Enniatins A, A1, B and B1, apicidin, aurofusarin and beauvericin significantly reduced TEER. Moniliformin, equisetin, bikaverin and rubrofusarin had no effect on TEER. In the case of apicidin, aurofusarin and beauvericin, TEER reductions were further substantiated by the addition of otherwise no-effect DON concentrations. In all cases, viability was unaffected, confirming that TEER reductions were not due to compromised viability. Considering the prevalence of mycotoxin contamination and the diseases associated with intestinal barrier disruption, consumption of contaminated food or feed may have substantial health implications.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jonsson M, Jestoi M, Anthoni M, Welling A, Loivamaa I, Hallikainen V, Kankainen M, Lysøe E, Koivisto P, Peltonen K. Fusarium mycotoxin enniatin B: Cytotoxic effects and changes in gene expression profile. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 34:309-320. [PMID: 27163883 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin enniatin B, a cyclic hexadepsipeptide produced by the plant pathogen Fusarium, is prevalent in grains and grain-based products in different geographical areas. Although enniatins have not been associated with toxic outbreaks, they have caused toxicity in vitro in several cell lines. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of enniatin B were assessed in relation to cellular energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and the induction of apoptosis in Balb 3T3 and HepG2 cells. The mechanism of toxicity was examined by means of whole genome expression profiling of exposed rat primary hepatocytes. Enniatin B altered cellular energy metabolism and reduced cell proliferation in Balb 3T3 and HepG2 cell lines. Furthermore, the proportion of apoptotic cell populations of Balb 3T3 cells slightly increased. On the other hand, enniatin B caused necrotic cell death in primary hepatocytes. Gene expression studies revealed the alteration of energy metabolism due to effects on mitochondrial organization and function and the assembly of complex I of the electron transport chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Jonsson
- Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marika Jestoi
- Product Safety Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki
| | - Minna Anthoni
- Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annikki Welling
- Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iida Loivamaa
- Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Hallikainen
- The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Unit, P.O. Box 16, FI-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Matti Kankainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Erik Lysøe
- Plant Health and Biotechnology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy, Høyskoleveien 7, NO -1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Pertti Koivisto
- Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Peltonen
- Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes), Opastinsilta 12 B, FI-00521 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Taevernier L, Veryser L, Roche N, Peremans K, Burvenich C, Delesalle C, De Spiegeleer B. Human skin permeation of emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin and enniatins). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2016; 26:277-287. [PMID: 25757886 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, dermal exposure data of cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins are completely absent. There is a lack of understanding about the local skin and systemic kinetics and effects, despite their widespread skin contact and intrinsic hazard. Therefore, we provide a quantitative characterisation of their dermal kinetics. The emerging mycotoxins enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA) were used as model compounds and their transdermal kinetics were quantitatively evaluated, using intact and damaged human skin in an in vitro Franz diffusion cell set-up and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-MS analytics. We demonstrated that all investigated mycotoxins are able to penetrate through the skin. ENN B showed the highest permeation (kp,v=9.44 × 10(-6) cm/h), whereas BEA showed the lowest (kp,v=2.35 × 10(-6) cm/h) and the other ENNs ranging in between. Combining these values with experimentally determined solubility data, Jmax values ranging from 0.02 to 0.35 μg/(cm(2) h) for intact skin and from 0.07 to 1.11 μg/(cm(2) h) for damaged skin were obtained. These were used to determine the daily dermal exposure (DDE) in a worst-case scenario. On the other hand, DDE's for a typical occupational scenario were calculated based on real-life mycotoxin concentrations for the industrial exposure of food-related workers. In the latter case, for contact with intact human skin, DDE's up to 0.0870 ng/(kg BW × day) for ENN A were calculated, whereas for impaired skin barrier this can even rise up to 0.3209 ng/(kg BW × day) for ENN B1. This knowledge is needed for the risk assessment after skin exposure of contaminated food, feed, indoor surfaces and airborne particles with mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Taevernier
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselotte Veryser
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Roche
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Christian Burvenich
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Catherine Delesalle
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Heilos D, Richter L, Süssmuth RD, Heffeter P, Sulyok M, Kenner L, Berger W, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R. Mouse tissue distribution and persistence of the food-born fusariotoxins Enniatin B and Beauvericin. Toxicol Lett 2016; 247:35-44. [PMID: 26892719 PMCID: PMC5850989 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The fusariotoxins Enniatin B (Enn B) and Beauvericin (Bea) have recently aroused interest as food contaminants and as potential anticancer drugs. However, limited data are available about their toxic profile. Aim of this study was to investigate their pharmacological behavior in vivo and their persistence in mice. Therefore, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the distribution of Enn B and Bea in selected tissue samples and biological fluids originating from mice treated intraperitoneally with these cyclohexadepsipeptides. Overall, no toxicological signs during life time or pathological changes were observed. Moreover, both fusariotoxins were found in all tissues and serum but not in urine. Highest amounts were measured in liver and fat demonstrating the moleculeś tendency to bioaccumulate in lipophilic tissues. While for Bea no metabolites could be detected, for Enn B three phase I metabolites (dioxygenated-Enn B, mono- and di-demethylated-Enn B) were found in liver and colon, with dioxygenated-Enn B being most prominent. Consequently, contribution of hepatic as well as intestinal metabolism seems to be involved in the overall metabolism of Enn B. Thus, despite their structural similarity, the metabolism of Enn B and Bea shows distinct discrepancies which might affect long-term effects and tolerability in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Daniela Heilos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lennart Richter
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Währingerstraße 13a, Vienna, Austria,; Institute of Laboratory Animal Pathology, Veterinary University of Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Platform "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rita Dornetshuber-Fleiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center of the Medical University, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Behrens M, Hüwel S, Galla HJ, Humpf HU. Blood-Brain Barrier Effects of the Fusarium Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol, 3 Acetyldeoxynivalenol, and Moniliformin and Their Transfer to the Brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143640. [PMID: 26600019 PMCID: PMC4658139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium fungi frequently contaminate food and feed and have adverse effects on human and animal health. Fusarium mycotoxins exhibit a wide structural and biosynthetic diversity leading to different toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. Several studies investigated the toxicity of mycotoxins, focusing on very specific targets, like the brain. However, it still remains unclear how fast mycotoxins reach the brain and if they impair the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. This study investigated and compared the effects of the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and moniliformin on the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, the transfer properties to the brain were analyzed, which are required for risk assessment, including potential neurotoxic effects. METHODS Primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells were cultivated to study the effects of the examined mycotoxins on the blood-brain barrier in vitro. The barrier integrity was monitored by cellular impedance spectroscopy and 14C radiolabeled sucrose permeability measurements. The distribution of the applied toxins between blood and brain compartments of the cell monolayer was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to calculate transfer rates and permeability coefficients. RESULTS Deoxynivalenol reduced the barrier integrity and caused cytotoxic effects at 10 μM concentrations. Slight alterations of the barrier integrity were also detected for 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. The latter was transferred very quickly across the barrier and additionally cleaved to deoxynivalenol. The transfer of deoxynivalenol and moniliformin was slower, but clearly exceeded the permeability of the negative control. None of the compounds was enriched in one of the compartments, indicating that no efflux transport protein is involved in their transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Behrens
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabine Hüwel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Galla
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Solhaug A, Wisbech C, Christoffersen T, Hult L, Lea T, Eriksen G, Holme J. The mycotoxin alternariol induces DNA damage and modify macrophage phenotype and inflammatory responses. Toxicol Lett 2015; 239:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
26
|
Taevernier L, Veryser L, Vandercruyssen K, D’Hondt M, Vansteelandt S, De Saeger S, De Spiegeleer B. UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of the cyclic depsipeptide mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins in in vitro transdermal experiments. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 100:50-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
27
|
Scientific Opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of beauvericin and enniatins in food and feed. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
28
|
Beauvericin ameliorates experimental colitis by inhibiting activated T cells via downregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83013. [PMID: 24340073 PMCID: PMC3858350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a common, chronic inflammatory bowel condition characterized by remission and relapse. Accumulating evidence indicates that activated T cells play an important role in this disease. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effect of beauvericin, a natural cyclic peptide, on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice, which mimics Crohn's disease. Beauvericin significantly reduced weight loss, diarrhea and mortality, accompanied with notable alleviation of macroscopic and microscopic signs. In addition, this compound decreased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)- γ in a concentration-dependent manner in mice with experimental colitis. These effects of beauvericin are attributed to its inhibition on activated T cells. Flow cytometry and immunoblot assay data showed that beauvericin suppressed T-cell proliferation, activation and IFN-γ-STAT1-T-bet signaling and subsequently led to apoptosis of activated T cells by suppressing Bcl-2 and phosphorylated Bad as well as increasing cleavage of caspase-3, -9, -12 and PARP. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling, which was an upstream regulator of cell activation and survival in activated T cells, contributed to the effect of beauvericin. Overall, these results supported beauvericin as a novel drug candidate for the treatment of colonic inflammation mainly by targeting PI3K/Akt in activated T cells.
Collapse
|