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Rao J, Wang T, Wang K, Qiu F. Integrative analysis of metabolomics and proteomics reveals mechanism of berberrubine-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 488:116992. [PMID: 38843998 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Berberrubine (BRB), a main metabolite of berberine, has stronger hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering activity than its parent form. We previously found that BRB could cause obvious nephrotoxicity, but the molecular mechanism involved remains unknown. In this study, we systematically integrated metabolomics and quantitative proteomics to reveal the potential mechanism of nephrotoxicity caused by BRB. Metabolomic analysis revealed that 103 significant- differentially metabolites were changed. Among the mentioned compounds, significantly upregulated metabolites were observed for phosphorylcholine, sn-glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. The top three enriched KEGG pathways were the mTOR signaling pathway, central carbon metabolism in cancer, and choline metabolism in cancer. ERK1/2 plays key roles in all three metabolic pathways. To further confirm the main signaling pathways involved, a proteomic analysis was conducted to screen for key proteins (such as Mapk1, Mapk14, and Caspase), indicating the potential involvement of cellular growth and apoptosis. Moreover, combined metabolomics and proteomics analyses revealed the participation of ERK1/2 in multiple metabolic pathways. These findings indicated that ERK1/2 regulated the significant- differentially abundant metabolites determined via metabolomics analysis. Notably, through a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and molecular docking, ERK1/2 were revealed to be the direct binding target involved in BRB-induced nephrotoxicity. To summarize, this study sheds light on the understanding of severe nephrotoxicity caused by BRB and provides scientific basis for its safe use and rational development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Tianwang Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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2
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Penalva-Olcina R, Juan C, Fernández-Franzón M, Juan-García A. Involvement of pro-inflammatory mediators and cell cycle disruption in neuronal cells induced by gliotoxin and ochratoxin A after individual and combined exposure. Toxicol Lett 2024; 393:24-32. [PMID: 38244709 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as gliotoxin (GTX) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are secondary metabolites of Aspergillus and Penicillum found in food and feed. Both mycotoxins have shown to exert a detrimental effect on neuronal activity. The following study was carried out to elucidate the mechanisms by which GTX and OTA exert their toxicity. Non-differentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal-like cells were treated with GTX, OTA and their combinations to assess their cytotoxic effect using the MTT assay during 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure. Based on the results of the cytotoxic assays, cell cycle proliferation and immunological mediators were measured by determining the production of IL-6 and TNF-α using flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. The IC50 values obtained were 1.24 and 1.35 µM when SH-SY5Y cells were treated with GTX at 48 h and 72 h, respectively. IC50 values of 8.25, 5.49 and 4.5 µM were obtained for OTA treatment at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, respectively. The SubG0 phase increased in both treatments at 24 and 48 h. On the other hand, IL-6 and TNF-α production was increased in all mycotoxin treatments studied and was more pronounced for [GTX + OTA] after 48 h exposure. The additive and synergistic effect observed by the isobologram analysis between GTX and OTA resulted to a higher cytotoxicity which can be explained by the increased production of IL-6 and TNF-α inflammatory mediators that play an important role in the toxicity mechanism of these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Penalva-Olcina
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Mónica Fernández-Franzón
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain.
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3
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Tsai JF, Wu TS, Huang YT, Lin WJ, Yu FY, Liu BH. Exposure to Mycotoxin Citrinin Promotes Carcinogenic Potential of Human Renal Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19054-19065. [PMID: 37988173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin citrinin (CTN), commonly found in food and health supplements, may induce chromosomal instability. In this study, human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (hRPTECs) that were exposed to CTN (10 and 20 μM) over 3 days exhibited numerical chromosomal aberrations. Short-term (3 days) and long-term (30 days) exposures to CTN significantly promoted mitotic spindle abnormalities, wound healing, cell migration, and anchorage-independent growth in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Short-term exposure to 10 and 20 μM CTN increased the number of migrated cells on day 10 by 1.7 and 1.9 times, respectively. The number of anchorage-independent colonies increased from 2.2 ± 1.3 to 7.8 ± 0.6 after short-term exposure to 20 μM CTN and from 2.0 ± 1.0 to 12.0 ± 1.2 after long-term exposure. The transcriptomic profiles of CTN-treated HEK293 were subjected to over-representative analysis (ORA), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Short-term exposure to CTN promoted the RTK/KRAS/RAF/MAPK cascade, while long-term exposure altered the extracellular matrix organization. Both short- and long-term CTN exposure activated cancer and cell cycle-related signaling pathways. These results demonstrate the carcinogenic potential of CTN in human cells and provide valuable insights into the cancer risk associated with CTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Feng Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Shuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Tzu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
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Kumar LK, Verma SK, Chandel R, Thumar M, Singh D, Onteru SK. Aflatoxin M1 decreases the expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins and influences the intestinal epithelial integrity. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:453-467. [PMID: 37794205 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin that is commonly found as a milk contaminant, and its presence in milk has been linked to cytotoxicity. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute cytotoxic effects of AFM1 on intestinal Caco-2 cells. Initially, we checked the morphology and viability of Caco-2 cells after treatment with different concentrations of AFM1 (5 ng/L, 50 ng/L, 250 ng/L, 500 ng/L, 1000 ng/L, and 2000 ng/L) for different time intervals (6 h, 12 h, and 24 h). It was found that AFM1 did not show any effect on cell morphology, but 10% decrease in viability above 1000 ng/L after 12 h. Furthermore, DCFDA assay showed increased ROS production after 6 h treatments. qPCR analysis showed an increased expression of epithelial-specific cytoskeleton marker genes, Cytokeratin, Villin, Vimentin, and JAM-1, and a decreased expression of tight junction protein genes, Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1. Similarly, we found an increased expression of Cyp1a1 transcript with an increasing AFM1 concentration and incubation time. This gene expression analysis showed AFM1 can cause disruption of tight junctions between intestinal cells, which was further confirmed by a transwell experiment. In conclusion, consumption of AFM1-contaminated milk does not show any effect on cells morphology and viability but decreases the expression of intestinal barrier transcripts that may lead to the disruption of intestinal barrier function and leaky gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lal Krishan Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Surya Kant Verma
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Rajeev Chandel
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Meet Thumar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001.
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Malir F, Pickova D, Toman J, Grosse Y, Ostry V. Hazard characterisation for significant mycotoxins in food. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:81-93. [PMID: 36930431 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
This review updates the current status of activities related to hazard characterisation for mycotoxins, with special reference to regulatory work accomplished within the European Union. Because the relevant information on these topics is widely scattered in the scientific literature, this review intends to provide a condensed overview on the most pertinent aspects. Human health risk assessment is a procedure to estimate the nature and potential for harmful effects of mycotoxins on human health due to exposure to them via contaminated food. This assessment involves hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation. Mycotoxins covered in this review are aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, cyclopiazonic acid, citrinin, trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2, and HT-2 toxins), fumonisins, zearalenone, patulin, and ergot alkaloids. For mycotoxins with clear genotoxic/carcinogenic properties, the focus is on the margin of exposure approach. One of its goals is to document predictive characterisation of the human hazard, based on studies in animals using conditions of low exposure. For the other, non-genotoxic toxins, individual 'no adverse effect levels' have been established, but structural analogues or modified forms may still complicate assessment. During the process of hazard characterisation, each identified effect is assessed for human relevance. The estimation of a 'safe dose' is the hazard characterisation endpoint. The final aim of all of these activities is to establish a system, which is able to minimise and control the risk for the consumer from mycotoxins in food. Ongoing research on mycotoxins constantly comes up with new findings, which may have to be implemented into this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- The IARC Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research On Cancer (retired), Lyon, France
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health, Palackeho 3a, 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
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Ráduly Z, Szabó A, Mézes M, Balatoni I, Price RG, Dockrell ME, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. New perspectives in application of kidney biomarkers in mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity, with a particular focus on domestic pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1085818. [PMID: 37125184 PMCID: PMC10140568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1085818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gradual spread of Aspergilli worldwide is adding to the global shortage of food and is affecting its safe consumption. Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. Although the kidney functions as the major excretory system in mammals, monitoring and screening for mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity is only now a developmental area in the field of livestock feed toxicology. Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. However, this requires selective and sensitive analytical methods (e.g., HPLC-MS/MS), which are time consuming and expensive. The toxicokinetic of mycotoxin metabolites is becoming better understood. Several kidney biomarkers are used successfully in drug development, however cost-efficient, and reliable kidney biomarkers are urgently needed for monitoring farm animals for early signs of kidney disease. β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research, while kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as effective markers to identify mycotoxin induced nephropathy. Pigs are exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal-based diet and are particularly susceptible to Aspergillus mycotoxins. In addition to commonly used diagnostic markers for nephrotoxicity including plasma creatinine, NAG, KIM-1 and NGAL can be used in pigs. In this review, the currently available techniques are summarized, which are used for screening mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity in farm animals. Possible approaches are considered, which could be used to detect mycotoxin induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Physiology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Ráduly,
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | - Robert G. Price
- Department of Nutrition, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Dockrell
- SWT Institute of Renal Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George’s University, London, United Kingdom
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Subchronic exposure of individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin selectively affects the expression of rat renal organic cation transporters. Mycotoxin Res 2022; 38:61-70. [PMID: 35028911 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-022-00450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) are nephrotoxins found co-occurring in various human/animal food/feed and recognized as a health threat. However, most studies investigate individual effects and neglect their combined nephrotoxic effects in mammals. Previous studies have indicated that organic anion/cation transporters (OATs/OCTs) localized in renal proximal tubules mediate the transport of OTA and CIT. Still, little is known about the in vivo effects of individual/combined OTA and CIT on protein localization/expression of OCTs, physiologically/pharmacologically important renal transporters. Here, we used Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy to study the effects of subchronic (21-day) exposure to individual/combined OTA (0.125 and 0.250 mg kg-1 b.w.) and CIT (20 mg kg-1 b.w.) on protein localization/expression of organic cation transporters (rOct1/Slc22a1 and rOct2/Slc22a2) in kidneys of Wistar rats. Since the antioxidant resveratrol (RSV) has shown measurable protective effects against OTA- and CIT-related oxidative stress toxicity in vitro, we investigated the effects of an OTA + CIT + RSV combination on rOct1/2 localization/expression in the same model. Individual OTA induced a dose-dependent decrease of rOct1 but not rOct2 protein expression, whereas their localization pattern remained unchanged. Individual CIT did not affect the renal rOct1/2 protein localization/expression. Combined OTA + CIT exposure induced a significant decrease of rOct1 protein expression by an OTA250 dose, whereas oral co-administration of OTA + CIT + RSV resulted in a significant decrease of rOct1/2 protein expression. Thus, we revealed an OTA-related selective effect on the rOct1/2 protein expression and a non-specific adverse effect of RSV in the OTA + CIT + RSV combination on the renal organic cation transport system in rat.
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Pal S, Singh N, Dev I, Sharma V, Jagdale PR, Ayanur A, Ansari KM. TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway plays a crucial role in patulin-induced pro-fibrotic changes in rat kidney via modulation of slug and snail expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115819. [PMID: 34896196 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin that contaminates a variety of food and foodstuffs. Earlier in vitro and in vivo findings have indicated that kidney is one of the target organs for PAT-induced toxicity. However, no study has evaluated the chronic effects of PAT exposure at environmentally relevant doses or elucidated the detailed mechanism(s) involved. Here, using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches, we delineated the mechanism/s involved in pro-fibrotic changes in the kidney after low-dose chronic exposure to PAT. We found that non-toxic concentrations (50 nM and 100 nM) of PAT to normal rat kidney cells (NRK52E) caused a higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (mainly hydroxyl (•OH), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and hypochlorite radical (ClO-). PAT exposure caused the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and its downstream c-Jun/Fos signaling pathways. Moreover, our chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis suggested that c-Jun/Fos binds to the promoter region of Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and possibly induces its expression. Results showed that PAT-induced TGF-β1 further activates the TGF-β1/smad signaling pathways. Higher activation of slug and snail transcription factors further modulates the regulation of pro-fibrotic molecules. Similarly, in vivo results showed that PAT exposure to rats through gavage at 25 and 100 μg/kg b. wt had higher levels of kidney injury/toxicity markers namely vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), kidney Injury Molecule-1 (Kim-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (Timp-1), and clusterin (CLU). Additionally, histopathological analysis indicated significant alterations in renal tubules and glomeruli along with collagen deposition in PAT-treated rat kidneys. Overall, our data provide evidence of the involvement of ROS mediated MAPKs and TGF-β1/smad pathways in PAT-induced pro-fibrotic changes in the kidney via modulation of slug and snail expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pal
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indra Dev
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Sharma
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Ramji Jagdale
- Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjaneya Ayanur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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9
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Urinary Biomarkers of Mycotoxin Induced Nephrotoxicity-Current Status and Expected Future Trends. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120848. [PMID: 34941686 PMCID: PMC8708607 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensifying world-wide spread of mycotoxigenic fungal species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed and the human food chain. Growing evidence shows the deleterious toxicological effects of mycotoxins from infants to adults, while large population-based screening programs are often missing to identify affected individuals. The kidney functions as the major excretory system, which makes it particularly vulnerable to nephrotoxic injury. However, few studies have attempted to screen for kidney injury biomarkers in large, mycotoxin-exposed populations. As a result, there is an urgent need to screen them with sensitive biomarkers for potential nephrotoxicity. Although a plethora of biomarkers have been tested to estimate the harmful effects of a wide spectrum of toxicants, β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are currently the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research. Nevertheless, kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as useful and informative markers to reveal mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity. In this opinion article we consider the nephrotoxic effects of mycotoxins, the biomarkers available to detect and quantify the kidney injuries caused by them, and to recommend biomarkers to screen mycotoxin-exposed populations for renal damage.
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Csenki Z, Garai E, Faisal Z, Csepregi R, Garai K, Sipos DK, Szabó I, Kőszegi T, Czéh Á, Czömpöly T, Kvell K, Poór M. The individual and combined effects of ochratoxin A with citrinin and their metabolites (ochratoxin B, ochratoxin C, and dihydrocitrinone) on 2D/3D cell cultures, and zebrafish embryo models. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112674. [PMID: 34800554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A and citrinin are nephrotoxic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and/or Monascus species. The combined effects of ochratoxin A and citrinin have been examined in more studies; however, only limited data are available regarding the co-exposure to their metabolites. In this investigation, the individual toxic effects of ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, ochratoxin C, citrinin, and dihydrocitrinone were tested as well as the combinations of ochratoxin A with the latter mycotoxins were examined on 2D and 3D cell cultures, and on zebrafish embryos. Our results demonstrate that even subtoxic concentrations of certain mycotoxins can increase the toxic impact of ochratoxin A. In addition, typically additive effects or synergism were observed as the combined effects of mycotoxins tested. These observations highlight that different cell lines (e.g. MDBK vs. MDCK), cell cultures (e.g. 2D vs. 3D), and models (e.g. in vitro vs. in vivo) can show different (sometimes opposite) impacts. Mycotoxin combinations considerably increased miR-731 levels in zebrafish embryos, which is an early marker of the toxicity on kidney development. These results underline that the co-exposure to mycotoxins (and/or mycotoxin metabolites) should be seriously considered, since even the barely toxic mycotoxins (or metabolites) in combinations can cause significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Csenki
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Edina Garai
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zelma Faisal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rita Csepregi
- Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Garai
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Kánainé Sipos
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Lab-on-a-Chip Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság út 13, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Árpád Czéh
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Soft Flow Ltd., Ürögi fasor 2/a, H-7634, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Czömpöly
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Soft Flow Ltd., Ürögi fasor 2/a, H-7634, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Kvell
- Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary; Food Biotechnology Research Group, János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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11
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Narváez A, Izzo L, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ritieni A. Citrinin Dietary Exposure Assessment Approach through Human Biomonitoring High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Data. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6330-6338. [PMID: 34060319 PMCID: PMC9131448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) is a scarcely studied mycotoxin within foodstuffs, so the biomonitoring of this toxin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) in biological samples represents the main alternative to estimate the exposure. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of CIT and DH-CIT in 300 urine samples from Italian individuals in order to assess the exposure. Quantification was performed through an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS)-based methodology. CIT was quantified in 47% of samples (n = 300) up to 4.0 ng/mg Crea (mean = 0.29 ng/mg Crea), whereas DH-CIT was quantified in 21% of samples up to 2.5 ng/mg Crea (mean = 0.39 ng/mg Crea). Considering different age groups, average exposure ranged from 8% to 40% of the provisional tolerable daily intake, whereas four individuals surpassed the limits suggested by the European Food Safety Authority. These results revealed non-negligible exposure levels to CIT, encouraging further investigation in foodstuffs monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Narváez
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luana Izzo
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, València 46100, Spain
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, Naples 80131, Italy
- UNESCO
Chair on Health Education and Sustainable Development, “Federico II” University, Naples 80131, Italy
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12
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Porter AL. Toxicology issues related to the COVID–19 outbreak. TOXICOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND MULTI-SYSTEM HEALTH IMPACTS FROM EXPOSURE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8342276 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85215-9.00017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In viral pandemics, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19), the impact of real-life exposures to multiple toxic stressors that increase immune system dysfunction is followed by the main pandemic-associated virus (SARS–CoV–2, for COVID–19) exploiting the dysfunctional immune system to trigger a chain of events ultimately leading to the pandemic (COVID–19). Thus pandemics have two main components: virology (focused on the virus) and toxicology (focused on the toxic stressors). The present chapter will focus mainly on the immune system toxicology component. It identifies the factors shown most frequently to increase immune system dysfunction, and then addresses vaccine toxicology in detail. The chapter concludes by reviewing two types of treatments: immune-augmenting and immune-strengthening. The immune-augmenting approaches are virology-centric (e.g., quarantine, face masks, repurposed antiviral treatments, vaccines, etc.), and the immune-strengthening approaches are toxicology-centric (e.g., eliminating the factors that contribute to immune system dysfunction, and adding factors that increase immune system health).
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13
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Meerpoel C, Vidal A, Andjelkovic M, De Boevre M, Tangni EK, Huybrechts B, Devreese M, Croubels S, De Saeger S. Dietary exposure assessment and risk characterization of citrinin and ochratoxin A in Belgium. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111914. [PMID: 33307117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. To ensure public health, it is imperative to characterize the risks related to these toxins. The present study aims to conduct a dietary exposure assessment of citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the Belgian population using consumption data of a variety of foodstuffs. A total of 367 food samples from different food categories were collected in Belgian supermarkets and analysed for CIT and OTA using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Daily CIT and OTA exposure to the Belgian population was calculated based on the analytical results and food consumption data in three age categories (3-9, 10-17 and 18-64 years), obtained from a national food consumption survey. Furthermore, a risk characterization was performed for CIT, in which no intake values exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 200 ng kg-1 bw day-1, indicating no health risk. However, a CIT intake level of 187 ng kg-1 bw day-1 was detected for children in the age category of 3-9 years in the worst case scenario for rice, indicating that rice consumption could contain a potential health hazard for young children. For OTA, a potential health risk was detected in several food categories (biscuits, croissants, rice, flour, meat imitates, herbs and spices) in the higher percentiles (P99) or at maximum found concentrations when calculating the margin of exposure (MoE) for neoplastic effects. An attempt to perform a cumulative health risk assessment for both toxins was done. Although a high number of uncertainties is involved, combined margin of exposure (MoET) values indicated a potential health risk related to the combined exposure to CIT and OTA. For the first time, our study demonstrated the potential health risks of CIT and OTA after individual and combined exposure, in particular related to rice consumption. Moreover, further research is recommended concerning multiple mycotoxin exposure in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Meerpoel
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Arnau Vidal
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel K Tangni
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Bart Huybrechts
- SCIENSANO, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Ghent University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; University of Johannesburg, Faculty of Science, Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa.
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14
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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15
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Babich R, Ulrich JC, Ekanayake EMDV, Massarsky A, De Silva PMCS, Manage PM, Jackson BP, Ferguson PL, Di Giulio RT, Drummond IA, Jayasundara N. Kidney developmental effects of metal-herbicide mixtures: Implications for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106019. [PMID: 32818823 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is an emerging global concern affecting several agricultural communities in the Americas and South Asia. Environmental contaminants such as heavy metals (e.g., Cd, As, Pb, and V) and organic pesticides (e.g., glyphosate) in the drinking water have been hypothesized to play a role in childhood onset and progression of this disease. However, a comprehensive analysis of chemical contaminants in the drinking water and effects of these compounds and their mixtures on kidney development and function remains unknown. Here, we conducted targeted and non-targeted chemical analyses of sediment and drinking water in CKDu affected regions in Sri Lanka, one of the most affected countries. Using zebrafish Danio rerio, a toxicology and kidney disease model, we then examined kidney developmental effects of exposure to (i) environmentally derived samples from CKDu endemic and non-endemic regions and (ii) Cd, As, V, Pb, and glyphosate as individual compounds and in mixtures. We found that drinking water is contaminated with various organic chemicals including nephrotoxic compounds as well as heavy metals, but at levels considered safe for drinking. Histological studies and gene expression analyses examining markers of kidney development (pax2a) and kidney injury (kim1) showed novel metal and glyphosate-metal mixture specific effects on kidney development. Mitochondrial dysfunction is directly linked to kidney failure, and examination of mixture specific mitochondrial toxicity showed altered mitochondrial function following treatment with environmental samples from endemic regions. Collectively, we show that metals in drinking water, even at safe levels, can impede kidney development at an early age, potentiating increased susceptibility to other agrochemicals such as glyphosate. Drinking water contaminant effects on mitochondria can further contribute to progression of kidney dysfunction and our mitochondrial assay may help identify regions at risk of CKDu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Babich
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
| | - Jake C Ulrich
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Andrey Massarsky
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Cardno ChemRisk, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656, USA
| | | | - Pathmalal M Manage
- Centre for Water Quality and Algae Research, Department of Zoology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Iain A Drummond
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Nishad Jayasundara
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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16
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Porter AL, Hernández AF, Abdollahi M, Aschner M, Tsatsakis A. The under-reported role of toxic substance exposures in the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111687. [PMID: 32805343 PMCID: PMC7426727 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and previous pandemics have been viewed almost exclusively as virology problems, with toxicology problems mostly being ignored. This perspective is not supported by the evolution of COVID-19, where the impact of real-life exposures to multiple toxic stressors degrading the immune system is followed by the SARS-CoV-2 virus exploiting the degraded immune system to trigger a chain of events ultimately leading to COVID-19. This immune system degradation from multiple toxic stressors (chemical, physical, biological, psychosocial stressors) means that attribution of serious consequences from COVID-19 should be made to the virus-toxic stressors nexus, not to any of the nexus constituents in isolation. The leading toxic stressors (identified in this study as contributing to COVID-19) are pervasive, contributing to myriad chronic diseases as well as immune system degradation. They increase the likelihood for comorbidities and mortality associated with COVID-19. For the short-term, tactical/reactive virology-focused treatments are of higher priority than strategic/proactive toxicology-focused treatments, although both could be implemented in parallel to reinforce each other. However, for long-term pandemic prevention, toxicology-based approaches should be given higher priority than virology-based approaches. Since current COVID-19 treatments globally ignore the toxicology component almost completely, only limited benefits can be expected from these treatments. Toxicology contributions to COVID-19 are mostly ignored relative to virology contributions. Exposure to myriad toxic substances degrades the immune system, whose resulting dysfunction is then exploited by SARS-CoV-2 to result in COVID-19. Attribution of serious consequences from COVID-19 should be made to the virus-toxic stressors combination nexus, not to any of the nexus constituents in isolation. Effective treatments need to address toxicology and virology interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Kostoff
- Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, USA.
| | | | - Alan L Porter
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA; Search Technology, Peachtree Corners, GA, USA
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Health Sciences Technological Park, Granada, Spain
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Toxicolgy and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
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17
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Karaica D, Micek V, Rašić D, Peraica M, Šegvić Klarić M, Breljak D. Subchronic exposure to individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin affects the expression of rat renal organic anion transporters. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:339-352. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Kostoff RN, Aschner M, Goumenou M, Tsatsakis A. Setting safer exposure limits for toxic substance combinations. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 140:111346. [PMID: 32334109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toxic stimuli (stressors) exposure limits are typically based on single toxic stimuli experiments, but are presently used for both toxic stimuli in isolation and in combination with other toxic stimuli (simultaneous co-exposure or exposures separated in time). In the combination case, typically less of each constituent of the combination is required to cause damage compared to the amount determined from single stressor experiments. Thus, exposure limits based on single toxic stimulus experiments are inadequate for setting limits for stressor combinations. This article presents a recommended simplified approach to improving regulatory exposure limits for toxic stimuli combinations, and a more expansive and expensive alternative to the recommended simplified approach. The recommended approach will partially compensate for the enhanced adverse effects of toxic stimuli combinations relative to adverse effects of toxic stimuli in isolation. The approach covers myriad categories of toxic stimuli reflective of real-life exposures due to lifestyle, iatrogenic, biotoxin, occupational/environmental, and psychosocial/socioeconomic conditions. The proposed approach 1) assumes that all potential toxic stimuli to which an individual might be exposed have the same mechanisms/modes of action on biological mechanisms, and are, thus, indistinguishable by the impacted organism; 2) normalizes the myriad stimuli by converting the doses of toxic stimuli exposures to the respective toxicity reference values (TRV) fractions; 3) sums all the TRVs fractions from these toxic stimuli exposures; and 4) divides all the single substance TRVs by the sum of fractions. While it is an additive approach conceptually, it differs from other additive approaches in the breadth of its inter-category coverage, in order to reflect true inter-category real-life simulation. The newly posited approach does not account for hormetic, antagonistic, or synergistic effects of toxic stimuli in combination. It does not adjust for 1) low-dose toxicants with adverse effects that have been under-reported, or 2) exposure limits like the Occupational Safety and Health Administration - Permissible Exposure Limits (OSHA PELs) that are orders of magnitude above levels shown by published single toxic stimuli studies to have caused adverse effects. Practical considerations for the application of this approach are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Kostoff
- Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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19
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Taszkun I, Tomaszewska E, Dobrowolski P, Żmuda A, Sitkowski W, Muszyński S. Evaluation of Collagen and Elastin Content in Skin of Multiparous Minks Receiving Feed Contaminated with Deoxynivalenol (DON, Vomitoxin) with or without Bentonite Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121081. [PMID: 31817218 PMCID: PMC6940999 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The presence of mycotoxins in products intended for consumption is harmful to the health of both people and animals. One of the most abundant mycotoxins in mink’s feed, often contaminating cereal grains, is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi Fusarium spp. deoxynivalenol (DON). The aim of the study was to investigate whether and how the long-term supply of this mycotoxin in feed influences the skin of adult female minks. An additional objective was to assess the effects of the bentonite additive to feed contaminated by DON, which has the ability to reduce the impact of mycotoxins. The scrapes of the skin were collected from animals after euthanasia and before pelting. After preparing histological slides, samples were examined microscopically. The thickness of the epidermis and dermis was investigated and the presence of elastin and collagen. These parameters determine the quality of the fur skins and economic aspect of this animal husbandry. The results showed that DON causes a decrease in the presence of total collagen and absence of immature collagen, thus reducing the elasticity and flexibility of the skin. The addition the bentonite to feed stimulates the production of collagen, restoring the proper relationship between the tested parameters in mink’s skin. Abstract Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is considered one of the most dangerous mycotoxins contaminating cereal products for food and feed. One of the protective methods against the adverse effect of DON on mink health is to use a component such as bentonite as a feed supplement to allow toxins absorption. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of DON, administered alone or with bentonite, on the histological structure of the skin and the content of collagen and elastin. A multiparous minks from control group (not exposed to DON) and a study groups receiving fed with DON-containing wheat for seven months: I: at a concentration of 1.1 mg/kg of feed, II: at a concentration of 3.7 mg/kg, III: DON at a concentration of 3.7 mg/kg and bentonite at a concentration of 0.5 kg/1000 kg of feed (0.05%) and IV: DON at a concentration of 3.7 mg/kg and bentonite at a concentration 2 kg/1000 kg (0.2%). After performing euthanasia and before pelting, skin samples of 2 cm in diameter were drawn from the multiparous minks from the lateral surface of the right anterior limb. Our obtained results clearly indicate that DON administered for a period of seven months at a dose of 1.1 mg/kg significantly changes the thickness of skin of a multiparous mink. It causes an increase in the percentage of elastin from 5.9% to 9.4% and a decrease in immature collagen, which results in a change in the collagen/elastin ratio from 10/1 to 5/1. A dose of 3.7 mg/kg DON in feed without or with 0.05% bentonite causes the absence of immature collagen in the dermis, but the addition of 0.2% bentonite in the feed reveals the presence of immature collagen and increase the percentage of the elastin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Taszkun
- Sub-Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka St. 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-528-46-11
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Żmuda
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka St. 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Wiesław Sitkowski
- Sub-Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Veterinary Dermatology, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka St. 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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20
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Sadiq FA, Yan B, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. Lactic Acid Bacteria as Antifungal and Anti-Mycotoxigenic Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1403-1436. [PMID: 33336904 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungal contamination of food and animal feed, especially by mycotoxigenic fungi, is not only a global food quality concern for food manufacturers, but it also poses serious health concerns because of the production of a variety of mycotoxins, some of which present considerable food safety challenges. In today's mega-scale food and feed productions, which involve a number of processing steps and the use of a variety of ingredients, fungal contamination is regarded as unavoidable, even good manufacturing practices are followed. Chemical preservatives, to some extent, are successful in retarding microbial growth and achieving considerably longer shelf-life. However, the increasing demand for clean label products requires manufacturers to find natural alternatives to replace chemically derived ingredients to guarantee the clean label. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), with the status generally recognized as safe (GRAS), are apprehended as an apt choice to be used as natural preservatives in food and animal feed to control fungal growth and subsequent mycotoxin production. LAB species produce a vast spectrum of antifungal metabolites to inhibit fungal growth; and also have the capacity to adsorb, degrade, or detoxify fungal mycotoxins including ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and Fusarium toxins. The potential of many LAB species to circumvent spoilage associated with fungi has been exploited in a variety of human food and animal feed stuff. This review provides the most recent updates on the ability of LAB to serve as antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic agents. In addition, some recent trends of the use of LAB as biopreservative agents against fungal growth and mycotoxin production are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Bowen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan Univ., Wuxi, 214122, China
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21
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Silva AS, Brites C, Pouca AV, Barbosa J, Freitas A. UHPLC-ToF-MS method for determination of multi-mycotoxins in maize: Development and validation. Curr Res Food Sci 2019; 1:1-7. [PMID: 32914099 PMCID: PMC7473352 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography combined with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC–ToF-MS) method has been developed for determination of nine mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), toxin T2 (T2) and fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) in maize. The method included a two-step extraction with acetonitrile 80% (v/v). After optimization, the analytical method was validated. The different concentrations tested take in account the Maximum Levels (ML) for maize (Commission Regulation EC no. 1881/2006) and good results for repeatability (%RSDr ≤ 15.4%), reproducibility (%RSDR ≤ 15.9%) and recovery (77.8–110.4%, except for AFG2 at 2 μg/kg which presented a recovery of 73.4%) were achieved. These met the performance criteria imposed by Commission Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006. The method was applied to twenty-two samples from Portuguese producers of maize. Fumonisins were the most frequently detected mycotoxins, but the levels do not exceed those imposed by European legislation. A UHPLC–ToF-MS method was developed for determination of nine mycotoxins in maize. Validation of the method was performed taking in account the EU maximum legal limits for maize. Good results for repeatability, reproducibility and recovery were achieved. The method was applied to 22 samples from Portuguese producers of maize. Fumonisins were the most frequently detected mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sanches Silva
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
- Corresponding author. National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal.
| | - Carla Brites
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- GREEN-IT, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Vila Pouca
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/ LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/ LAQV, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Omotayo OP, Omotayo AO, Babalola OO, Mwanza M. Comparative study of aflatoxin contamination of winter and summer ginger from the North West Province of South Africa. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:489-495. [PMID: 31194138 PMCID: PMC6554596 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in staple food can have adverse effect that result in ill health and associated socio-economic losses. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain fungi and can be found in staple food plants such as ginger. Ginger is a renowned medicinal plant that is extensively used for cooking and healing. However, this medicinal plant is with little information about its possible mycotoxins contamination. This study determined the occurrence and prevalence of Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2 and Ochratoxin A contamination in raw ginger sold around Mahikeng, North West Province, South Africa. Samples were collected purposively from various retailers over winter and summer. The analytical procedure optimized was based on immunoaffinity column cleanup (IAC), followed by High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence (HPLC-FLC) detection. ELISA was also used for mycotoxin screening. On HPLC, the limits of detection and quantification for the four Aflatoxins were 3.9 × 10-7-1.4 × 10 -3 and 1.3 × 10-6 - 4.7 × 10-3 for samples collected in winter, and 3.7 × 10-7- 1.4 × 10-3, LOQ 1.2 × 10-6 - 4.6 × 10-3 for the summer samples. The average recoveries at three spiking levels ranged from 62 to 91% for the summer samples and 70-93% for those collected in winter. A linearity was observed for the analytes whose correlation coefficients were within the range of 0.9995 and 1.000 for the winter samples and 0.9995 and 1.000 for those collected in summer. The results showed that the contamination levels, especially for samples collected in summer were greater than the legally permissible limits. The t-test analysis shows that the mean and standard deviation of the four types of Aflatoxins considered were higher in summer than in winter. The findings of the study indicated that ginger, as for all agricultural commodities, are prone to mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadara Pelumi Omotayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olusola Omotayo
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Mulunda Mwanza
- Food Security and Safety Niche, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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23
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Wenderoth M, Garganese F, Schmidt‐Heydt M, Soukup ST, Ippolito A, Sanzani SM, Fischer R. Alternariol as virulence and colonization factor of
Alternaria alternata
during plant infection. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:131-146. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wenderoth
- Department of Microbiology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) – South Campus Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 4D‐76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Francesca Garganese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Via Amendola 165/A70126 Bari Italy
| | - Markus Schmidt‐Heydt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables Max Rubner‐Institut Haid‐und‐Neu‐Str. 976131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sebastian Tobias Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables Max Rubner‐Institut Haid‐und‐Neu‐Str. 976131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Antonio Ippolito
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Via Amendola 165/A70126 Bari Italy
| | - Simona Marianna Sanzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Via Amendola 165/A70126 Bari Italy
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) – South Campus Fritz‐Haber‐Weg 4D‐76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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24
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Review: Biotechnology of mycotoxins detoxification using microorganisms and enzymes. Toxicon 2019; 160:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Molecular signatures of cytotoxic effects in human embryonic kidney 293 cells treated with single and mixture of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:374-384. [PMID: 30428381 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) are important mycotoxins, which often coexist in food and feed stuff. In this study, individual and combinative cytotoxicity of OTA and CTN were tested in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells via MTT assay, and synergistic cytotoxic effects were found following co-treatment with OTA and CTN, manifested by significant accumulation of HEK293 cells in S and G2/M stages. Transcriptomic and sRNA sequencing were performed to explore molecular signatures mediating individual or combinative cytotoxicity. A total of 378 miRNAs were identified, among which 66 miRNAs targeting thousands of genes were differentially expressed in response to different treatments, and 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were regulated by either individual or combinative treatments. Correlations between two representative miRNAs (hsa-miR-1-3p and hsa-miR-122-5p), and their target genes, programmed cell death 10 (PDCD10) and cyclin G1 (CCNG1), associated with apoptotic signaling and cell cycle were analyzed by luciferase assay system. Further, their expression patterns were validated by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis, suggesting that both miRNA-target interactions might account for the mycotoxin-induced cell death. Taken together, these findings provide molecular evidences for synergistic cytotoxic effects of exposure to single and mixture of OTA and CTN in HEK293 cells.
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26
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Kostoff RN, Goumenou M, Tsatsakis A. The role of toxic stimuli combinations in determining safe exposure limits. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:1169-1172. [PMID: 30627517 PMCID: PMC6320263 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This editorial addresses the effects of toxic stimuli combinations on determination of safe Exposure Limits. Examination of thousands of Medline abstracts showed typically that combinations of toxic stimuli can produce damage even when the exposure level of each member of the combination is less than the lowest exposure level of the member that produced damage when tested in isolation. The synergy of the toxic stimuli in combination means less of each component stimulus is required to cause damage compared to exposure levels when tested in isolation. This Editorial concludes there is no reason to believe today that the Exposure Limits on potentially toxic stimuli that have been set by the regulatory agencies are fully protective against serious adverse health effects in all real life exposure scenarios. The conclusion is applicable to essentially all potential contributing factors to disease amenable to Exposure Limits, including not only chemicals but other types of exposures such as radiofrequency radiation (RFR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Kostoff
- Research Affiliate, School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA, 20155, United States.,Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marina Goumenou
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science & Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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