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Keller B, Alther B, Jiménez A, Koutroumpa K, Mora-Carrera E, Conti E. Island plants with newly discovered reproductive traits have higher capacity for uniparental reproduction, supporting Baker's law. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11392. [PMID: 38762587 PMCID: PMC11102434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Uniparental reproduction is advantageous when lack of mates limits outcrossing opportunities in plants. Baker's law predicts an enrichment of uniparental reproduction in habitats colonized via long-distance dispersal, such as volcanic islands. To test it, we analyzed reproductive traits at multiple hierarchical levels and compared seed-set after selfing and crossing experiments in both island and mainland populations of Limonium lobatum, a widespread species that Baker assumed to be self-incompatible because it had been described as pollen-stigma dimorphic, i.e., characterized by floral morphs differing in pollen-surface morphology and stigma-papillae shape that are typically self-incompatible. We discovered new types and combinations of pollen and stigma traits hitherto unknown in the literature on pollen-stigma dimorphism and a lack of correspondence between such combinations and pollen compatibility. Contrary to previous reports, we conclude that Limonium lobatum comprises both self-compatible and self-incompatible plants characterized by both known and previously undescribed combinations of reproductive traits. Most importantly, plants with novel combinations are overrepresented on islands, selfed seed-set is higher in islands than the mainland, and insular plants with novel pollen-stigma trait-combinations disproportionally contribute to uniparental reproduction on islands. Our results thus support Baker's law, connecting research on reproductive and island biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Keller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Alther
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ares Jiménez
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantina Koutroumpa
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin (BGBM), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emiliano Mora-Carrera
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wu M, Bian X, Huang B, Du Y, Hu S, Wang Y, Shen J, Wu S. HD-Zip proteins modify floral structures for self-pollination in tomato. Science 2024; 384:124-130. [PMID: 38574141 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cleistogamy is a type of self-pollination that relies on the formation of a stigma-enclosing floral structure. We identify three homeodomain-leucine zipper IV (HD-Zip IV) genes that coordinately promote the formation of interlocking trichomes at the anther margin to unite neighboring anthers, generating a closed anther cone and cleistogamy (flower morphology necessitating strict self-pollination). These HD-Zip IV genes also control style length by regulating the transition from cell division to endoreduplication. The expression of these HD-Zip IV genes and their downstream gene, Style 2.1, was sequentially modified to shape the cleistogamy morphology during tomato evolution and domestication. Our results provide insights into the molecular basis of cleistogamy in modern tomato and suggest targets for improving fruit set and preventing pollen contamination in genetically modified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minliang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinxin Bian
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Benben Huang
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yadi Du
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shourong Hu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingyuan Shen
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Reutemann AV, Honfi AI, Karunarathne P, Eckers F, Hojsgaard DH, Martínez EJ. Comparative analysis of molecular and morphological diversity in two diploid Paspalum species (Poaceae) with contrasting mating systems. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2024; 37:15-32. [PMID: 37566236 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Interspecific comparison of two Paspalum species has demonstrated that mating systems (selfing and outcrossing) contribute to variation (genetically and morphologically) within species through similar but mutually exclusive processes. Mating systems play a key role in the genetic dynamics of populations. Studies show that populations of selfing plants have less genetic diversity than outcrossing plants. Yet, many such studies have ignored morphological diversity. Here, we compared the morphological and molecular diversity patterns in populations of two phylogenetically-related sexual diploids that differ in their mating system: self-sterile Paspalum indecorum and self-fertile P. pumilum. We assessed the morphological variation using 16 morpho-phenological characters and the molecular diversity using three combinations of AFLPs. We compared the morphological and molecular diversity within and among populations in each mating system. Contrary to expectations, selfers showed higher morphological variation within populations, mainly in vegetative and phenological traits, compared to outcrossers. The high morphological variation within populations of selfers led to a low differentiation among populations. At molecular level, selfing populations showed lower levels of genotypic and genetic diversity than outcrossing populations. As expected, selfers showed higher population structure than outcrossers (PhiST = 0.301 and PhiST = 0.108, respectively). Increased homozygous combinations for the same trait/locus enhance morphological variation and reduce molecular variation within populations in selfing P. pumilum. Thus, selfing outcomes are opposite when comparing morphological and molecular variation in P. pumilum. Meanwhile, pollen flow in obligate outcrossing populations of P. indecorum increases within-population molecular variation, but tends to homogenize phenotypes within-population. Pollen flow in obligate outcrossers tends to merge geographically closer populations; but isolation by distance can lead to a weak differentiation among distant populations of P. indecorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verena Reutemann
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE-CONICET-UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (FCA-UNNE), 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Ana I Honfi
- Programa de Estudios Florísticos y Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (PEFyGV, IBS-UNaM-CONICET), 3300, Posadas, Argentina
| | - Piyal Karunarathne
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Albrecht-Von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073, Goettingen, Germany
- Institute for Population Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabiana Eckers
- Programa de Estudios Florísticos y Genética Vegetal, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (PEFyGV, IBS-UNaM-CONICET), 3300, Posadas, Argentina
| | - Diego H Hojsgaard
- Taxonomy and Evolutionary Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eric J Martínez
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (IBONE-CONICET-UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (FCA-UNNE), 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
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Cisternas-Fuentes A, Koski MH. Effective population size mediates the impact of pollination services on pollen limitation. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231519. [PMID: 38196350 PMCID: PMC10777167 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Inadequate pollen receipt limits flowering plant reproduction worldwide. Ecological causes of pollen limitation (PL), like pollinator scarcity and low plant abundance, have been a primary research focus. The genetic diversity of plant populations could impact both quantity and quality components of PL in concert with ecological factors, yet empirical examples are lacking. We evaluated joint effects of ecological factors (flower abundance, pollinator visitation) and genetic effective population size (NE) on PL across 13 populations of the common herb Argentina anserina. We used a histological approach with 5504 styles from 1137 flowers to separate quantity and quality components of PL, and link these to reproductive output. NE and pollinator visitation interacted to shape PL, but NE had stronger direct effects. Effectively smaller populations experienced stronger quantity PL, and controlled crosses in a pollinator-free environment revealed that stigmatic pollen quantity was an intrinsic population-level attribute that increased with NE. Pollinator visitation enhanced pollen quality, but only in effectively larger populations. Quantity and quality PL negatively impacted fruit and seed set, respectively. Results highlight that PL is dictated by plant population genetic diversity in addition to commonly evaluated ecological factors. Efforts to support pollinators will more strongly enhance plant reproduction in genetically diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cisternas-Fuentes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Departamento de botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Matthew H. Koski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Li Y, Mamonova E, Köhler N, van Kleunen M, Stift M. Breakdown of self-incompatibility due to genetic interaction between a specific S-allele and an unlinked modifier. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3420. [PMID: 37296115 PMCID: PMC10256779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of self-incompatibility has frequently been attributed to loss-of-function mutations of alleles at the locus responsible for recognition of self-pollen (i.e. the S-locus). However, other potential causes have rarely been tested. Here, we show that self-compatibility of S1S1-homozygotes in selfing populations of the otherwise self-incompatible Arabidopsis lyrata is not due to S-locus mutation. Between-breeding-system cross-progeny are self-compatible if they combine S1 from the self-compatible cross-partner with recessive S1 from the self-incompatible cross-partner, but self-incompatible with dominant S-alleles. Because S1S1 homozygotes in outcrossing populations are self-incompatible, mutation of S1 cannot explain self-compatibility in S1S1 cross-progeny. This supports the hypothesis that an S1-specific modifier unlinked to the S-locus causes self-compatibility by functionally disrupting S1. Self-compatibility in S19S19 homozygotes may also be caused by an S19-specific modifier, but we cannot rule out a loss-of-function mutation of S19. Taken together, our findings indicate that breakdown of self-incompatibility is possible without disruptive mutations at the S-locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Ekaterina Mamonova
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nadja Köhler
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Marc Stift
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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da Cunha NL, Aizen MA. Pollen production per flower increases with floral display size across animal-pollinated flowering plants. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023:e16180. [PMID: 37243835 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The number of open flowers on a plant (i.e., floral display size) can influence plant fitness by increasing pollinator attraction. However, diminishing marginal fitness returns with increasing floral display are expected as pollinators tend to visit more flowers per plant consecutively. An extended flower visitation sequence increases the fraction of ovules disabled by self-pollination (ovule discounting) and reduces the fraction of a plant's own pollen that is exported to sire seeds in other plants (pollen discounting). Hermaphroditic species with a genetic system that prevents self-fertilization (self-incompatibility) would avoid ovule discounting and its fitness cost, whereas species without such a genetically based barrier would not. Contrarily, pollen discounting would be an unavoidable consequence of a large floral display irrespective of selfing barriers. Nevertheless, the increasing fitness costs of ovule and pollen discounting could be offset by respectively increasing ovule and pollen production per flower. METHODS We compiled data on floral display size and pollen and ovule production per flower for 1241 animal-pollinated, hermaphroditic angiosperm species, including data on the compatibility system for 779 species. We used phylogenetic general linear mixed models to assess the relations of pollen and ovule production to floral display size. RESULTS Our findings provide evidence of increasing pollen production, but not of ovule production, with increasing display size irrespective of compatibility system and even after accounting for potentially confounding effects like flower size and growth form. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative study supports the pollen-discount expectation of an adaptive link between per-flower pollen production and floral display across animal-pollinated angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolay Leme da Cunha
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Adrián Aizen
- Grupo de Ecología de la Polinización, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue-CONICET, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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S-Locus Genotyping in Japanese Plum by High Throughput Sequencing Using a Synthetic S-Loci Reference Sequence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043932. [PMID: 36835346 PMCID: PMC9960950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility in Prunus species is governed by a single locus consisting of two highly multi-allelic and tightly linked genes, one coding for an F-box protein-i.e., SFB in Prunus- controlling the pollen specificity and one coding for an S-RNase gene controlling the pistil specificity. Genotyping the allelic combination in a fruit tree species is an essential procedure both for cross-based breeding and for establishing pollination requirements. Gel-based PCR techniques using primer pairs designed from conserved regions and spanning polymorphic intronic regions are traditionally used for this task. However, with the great advance of massive sequencing techniques and the lowering of sequencing costs, new genotyping-by-sequencing procedures are emerging. The alignment of resequenced individuals to reference genomes, commonly used for polymorphism detection, yields little or no coverage in the S-locus region due to high polymorphism between different alleles within the same species, and cannot be used for this purpose. Using the available sequences of Japanese plum S-loci concatenated in a rosary-like structure as synthetic reference sequence, we describe a procedure to accurately genotype resequenced individuals that allowed the analysis of the S-genotype in 88 Japanese plum cultivars, 74 of them are reported for the first time. In addition to unraveling two new S-alleles from published reference genomes, we identified at least two S-alleles in 74 cultivars. According to their S-allele composition, they were assigned to 22 incompatibility groups, including nine new incompatibility groups reported here for the first time (XXVII-XXXV).
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Cisternas-Fuentes A, Dwyer R, Johnson N, Finnell L, Gilman J, Koski MH. Disentangling the components of pollen limitation in a widespread herb with gametophytic self-incompatibility. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16122. [PMID: 36571452 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Seed production is frequently limited by the receipt of insufficient or low-quality pollen, collectively termed "pollen limitation" (PL). In taxa with gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), incompatible pollen can germinate on stigmas but pollen tubes are arrested in styles. This allows for estimates of pollen performance before, during, and after self-recognition, as well as insight into the factors underlying pollen quality limitation in GSI taxa. METHODS We scored pollen performance following self and outcross pollinations in Argentina anserina to identify the location of self-recognition and establish the relationship between pollen tubes and seed production. We then estimated quantity and quality components of PL from >3300 field-collected styles. We combined our results with other studies to test the prediction that low pollen quality, but not quantity, drives higher PL in self-incompatible (SI) taxa than in self-compatible taxa (SC). RESULTS Self and outcross pollen germinated readily on stigmas, but 96% of germinated self-pollen was arrested during early tube elongation. Reproduction in the field was more limited by pollen quality than by quantity, and pollen failure near the location of self-recognition was a stronger barrier to fertilization than pollen germination. Across 26 taxa, SI species experienced stronger pollen quality, but not quantity, limitation than SC species. CONCLUSIONS Evaluating pollen performance at multiple points within pistils can elucidate potential causes of pollen quality limitation. The receipt of incompatible pollen inhibits fertilization success more than insufficient pollen receipt or poor pollen germination in A. anserina. Likewise, pollen quality limitation drives high overall PL in other SI taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cisternas-Fuentes
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Roslynn Dwyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Nicole Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Lindsay Finnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gilman
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
| | - Matthew H Koski
- Department of Biological Sciences, 132 Long Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29634, USA
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Koski MH. Pollinators exert selection on floral traits in a pollen-limited, narrowly endemic spring ephemeral. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16101. [PMID: 36371765 PMCID: PMC10108127 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Floral traits are frequently under pollinator-mediated selection, especially in taxa subject to strong pollen-limitation, such as those reliant on pollinators. However, antagonists can be agents of selection on floral traits as well. The causes of selection acting on spring ephemerals are understudied though these species can experience particularly strong pollen-limitation. I examined pollinator- and antagonist-mediated selection in a narrowly endemic spring ephemeral, Trillium discolor. METHODS I measured pollen limitation in T. discolor across two years and evaluated its breeding system. I compared selection on floral traits (display height, petal size, petal color, flowering time) between open-pollinated, and pollen-supplemented plants to measure the strength and mode of pollinator-mediated selection. I assessed whether natural levels of antagonism impacted selection on floral traits. RESULTS Trillium discolor was self-incompatible and experienced pollen limitation in both years of the study. Pollinators exerted negative disruptive selection on display height and petals size. In one year, pollinator-mediated selection favored lighter petals but in the second year pollinators favored darker petals. Antagonist damage did not alter selection on floral traits. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that pollinators mediate the strength and mode of selection on floral traits in T. discolor. Interannual variation in the strength, mode, and direction of pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits could be important for maintaining of floral diversity in this system. Observed levels of antagonism were weak agents of selection on floral traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Koski
- Department of Biological SciencesClemson UniversityClemsonSouth Carolina29634USA
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Abrahamczyk S, Kessler M, Roth T, Heer N. Temporal changes in the Swiss flora: implications for flower-visiting insects. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:109. [PMID: 36109688 PMCID: PMC9479241 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-02061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Local floristic diversity has massively decreased during the twentieth century in Central Europe even though in the 1990s diversity began increasing again in several regions. However, little is known whether this increase is equally distributed among plant groups with different reproductive traits.
Methods
Our study is based on data of the Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring Program. In this program, plant species occurrence is recorded since 2001 in 450 regularly distributed 1 km2 study sites. For all 1774 plant species registered in the study, we researched data on flower/pseudanthium type and colour, reproductive system, and groups of flower visitors. We then tested whether temporal changes in species frequency were equally distributed among species with different trait states.
Results
Species richness and functional richness significantly increased in the study sites while functional evenness decreased. The frequency of wind-pollinated species increased more strongly than that of insect-pollinated species. Further, the frequency of species with simple, open insect-pollinated flowers and pseudanthia visited by generalist groups of insects increased slightly more strongly than the frequency of species with complex flowers visited by more specialized groups of flower visitors. Additionally, the frequency of self-compatible species increased significantly more than that of self-incompatible species. Thus, the overall increase in local plant species richness in Switzerland is mostly driven by wind- and generalist insect-pollinated, self-compatible species. In contrast, species with complex flowers, which are essential for specialized groups of flower visitors and species with self-incompatible reproductive systems profited less.
Conclusions
Our study thus emphasizes the need to consider functional traits in the planning and monitoring of conservation activities, and calls for a special focus on plant species with specialized reproductive traits.
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Xu K. The genetic basis of selfing rate evolution. Evolution 2022; 76:883-898. [PMID: 35395695 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of selfing is common in plant populations, but the genetic basis of selfing rate evolution remains unclear. Although the effects of genetic properties on fixation for mating-unrelated alleles have been investigated, loci that modify the selfing rate (selfing modifiers) differ from mating-unrelated loci in several aspects. Using population genetic models, I investigate the genetic basis of selfing rate evolution. For mating-unrelated alleles, selfing promotes fixation only for recessive mutations, but for selfing modifiers, because the selection coefficient depends on the background selfing rate, selfing can promote fixation even for dominant modifiers. For mating-unrelated alleles, the fixation probability from standing variation is independent of dominance and decreases with an increased background selfing rate. However, for selfing modifiers, the fixation probability peaks at an intermediate selfing rate and when alleles are recessive, because a change of its selection coefficient necessarily involves a change of the inbreeding coefficient, because both depend on the level of inbreeding depression. Furthermore, evolution of selfing involving multiple modifier loci is more likely when selfing is controlled by few large-effect rather than many slight-effect modifiers. I discuss how these characteristics of selfing modifiers have implications for the unidirectional transition from outcrossing to selfing and other empirical patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangyi Xu
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Coker Hall, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
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Cisternas‐Fuentes A, Jogesh T, Broadhead GT, Raguso RA, Skogen KA, Fant JB. Evolution of selfing syndrome and its influence on genetic diversity and inbreeding: A range-wide study in Oenothera primiveris. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:789-805. [PMID: 35596689 PMCID: PMC9320852 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE To avoid inbreeding depression, plants have evolved diverse breeding systems to favor outcrossing, such as self-incompatibility. However, changes in biotic and abiotic conditions can result in selective pressures that lead to a breakdown in self-incompatibility. The shift to increased selfing is commonly associated with reduced floral features, lower attractiveness to pollinators, and increased inbreeding. We tested the hypothesis that the loss of self-incompatibility, a shift to self-fertilization (autogamy), and concomitant evolution of the selfing syndrome (reduction in floral traits associated with cross-fertilization) will lead to increased inbreeding and population differentiation in Oenothera primiveris. Across its range, this species exhibits a shift in its breeding system and floral traits from a self-incompatible population with large flowers to self-compatible populations with smaller flowers. METHODS We conducted a breeding system assessment, evaluated floral traits in the field and under controlled conditions, and measured population genetic parameters using RADseq data. RESULTS Our results reveal a bimodal transition to the selfing syndrome from the west to the east of the range of O. primiveris. This shift includes variation in the breeding system and the mating system, a reduction in floral traits (flower diameter, herkogamy, and scent production), a shift to greater autogamy, reduced genetic diversity, and increased inbreeding. CONCLUSIONS The observed variation highlights the importance of range-wide studies to understand breeding system variation and the evolution of the selfing syndrome within populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cisternas‐Fuentes
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60035USA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
- Department of Biological ScienceClemson University132 Long HallClemsonSouth Carolina29631USA
| | - Tania Jogesh
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60035USA
| | - Geoffrey T. Broadhead
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of Florida1881 Natural Area DriveGainesvilleFlorida32611USA
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorCornell UniversityW361 Mudd HallIthacaNew York14853USA
| | - Krissa A. Skogen
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60035USA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
| | - Jeremie B. Fant
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and ActionChicago Botanic Garden1000 Lake Cook RoadGlencoeIllinois60035USA
- Plant Biology and ConservationNorthwestern University2205 Tech DriveEvanstonIllinois60208USA
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13
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Broz AK, Miller CM, Baek YS, Tovar-Méndez A, Acosta-Quezada PG, Riofrío-Cuenca TE, Rusch DB, Bedinger PA. S-RNase Alleles Associated With Self-Compatibility in the Tomato Clade: Structure, Origins, and Expression Plasticity. Front Genet 2021; 12:780793. [PMID: 34938321 PMCID: PMC8685505 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.780793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-incompatibility (SI) system in the Solanaceae is comprised of cytotoxic pistil S-RNases which are countered by S-locus F-box (SLF) resistance factors found in pollen. Under this barrier-resistance architecture, mating system transitions from SI to self-compatibility (SC) typically result from loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding pistil SI factors such as S-RNase. However, the nature of these mutations is often not well characterized. Here we use a combination of S-RNase sequence analysis, transcript profiling, protein expression and reproductive phenotyping to better understand different mechanisms that result in loss of S-RNase function. Our analysis focuses on 12 S-RNase alleles identified in SC species and populations across the tomato clade. In six cases, the reason for gene dysfunction due to mutations is evident. The six other alleles potentially encode functional S-RNase proteins but are typically transcriptionally silenced. We identified three S-RNase alleles which are transcriptionally silenced under some conditions but actively expressed in others. In one case, expression of the S-RNase is associated with SI. In another case, S-RNase expression does not lead to SI, but instead confers a reproductive barrier against pollen tubes from other tomato species. In the third case, expression of S-RNase does not affect self, interspecific or inter-population reproductive barriers. Our results indicate that S-RNase expression is more dynamic than previously thought, and that changes in expression can impact different reproductive barriers within or between natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Broz
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Christopher M Miller
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - You Soon Baek
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | | | | | - Douglas B Rusch
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Patricia A Bedinger
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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14
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De Cauwer I, Vernet P, Billiard S, Godé C, Bourceaux A, Ponitzki C, Saumitou-Laprade P. Widespread coexistence of self-compatible and self-incompatible phenotypes in a diallelic self-incompatibility system in Ligustrum vulgare (Oleaceae). Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 127:384-392. [PMID: 34482370 PMCID: PMC8479060 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakdown of self-incompatibility (SI) in angiosperms is one of the most commonly observed evolutionary transitions. While multiple examples of SI breakdown have been documented in natural populations, there is strikingly little evidence of stable within-population polymorphism with both inbreeding (self-compatible) and outcrossing (self-incompatible) individuals. This absence of breeding system polymorphism corroborates theoretical expectations that predict that in/outbreeding polymorphism is possible only under very restricted conditions. However, theory also predicts that a diallelic sporophytic SI system should facilitate the maintenance of such polymorphism. We tested this prediction by studying the breeding system of Ligustrum vulgare L., an insect-pollinated hermaphroditic species of the Oleaceae family. Using stigma tests with controlled pollination and paternity assignment of open-pollinated progenies, we confirmed the existence of two self-incompatibility groups in this species. We also demonstrated the occurrence of self-compatible individuals in different populations of Western Europe arising from a mutation affecting the functioning of the pollen component of SI. Our results show that the observed low frequency of self-compatible individuals in natural populations is compatible with theoretical predictions only if inbreeding depression is very high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle De Cauwer
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Vernet
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cécile Godé
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Angélique Bourceaux
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Chloé Ponitzki
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Saumitou-Laprade
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 – Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000 Lille, France
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15
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Arceo-Gómez G. Spatial variation in the intensity of interactions via heterospecific pollen transfer may contribute to local and global patterns of plant diversity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:383-394. [PMID: 34226913 PMCID: PMC8414913 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies that aim to understand the processes that generate and organize plant diversity in nature have a long history in ecology. Among these, the study of plant-plant interactions that take place indirectly via pollinator choice and floral visitation has been paramount. Current evidence, however, indicates that plants can interact more directly via heterospecific pollen (HP) transfer and that these interactions are ubiquitous and can have strong fitness effects. The intensity of HP interactions can also vary spatially, with important implications for floral evolution and community assembly. SCOPE Interest in understanding the role of heterospecific pollen transfer in the diversification and organization of plant communities is rapidly rising. The existence of spatial variation in the intensity of species interactions and their role in shaping patterns of diversity is also well recognized. However, after 40 years of research, the importance of spatial variation in HP transfer intensity and effects remains poorly known, and thus we have ignored its potential in shaping patterns of diversity at local and global scales. Here, I develop a conceptual framework and summarize existing evidence for the ecological and evolutionary consequences of spatial variation in HP transfer interactions and outline future directions in this field. CONCLUSIONS The drivers of variation in HP transfer discussed here illustrate the high potential for geographic variation in HP intensity and its effects, as well as in the evolutionary responses to HP receipt. So far, the study of pollinator-mediated plant-plant interactions has been almost entirely dominated by studies of pre-pollination interactions even though their outcomes can be influenced by plant-plant interactions that take place on the stigma. It is hence critical that we fully evaluate the consequences and context-dependency of HP transfer interactions in order to gain a more complete understanding of the role that plant-pollinator interactions play in generating and organizing plant biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Arceo-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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16
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Ramanauskas K, Igić B. RNase-based self-incompatibility in cacti. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2039-2049. [PMID: 34101188 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately one-half of all flowering plants express genetically based physiological mechanisms that prevent self-fertilisation. One such mechanism, termed RNase-based self-incompatibility, employs ribonucleases as the pistil component. Although it is widespread, it has only been characterised in a handful of distantly related families, partly due to the difficulties presented by life history traits of many plants, which complicate genetic research. Many species in the cactus family are known to express self-incompatibility but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We demonstrate the utility of a candidate-based RNA-seq approach, combined with some unusual features of self-incompatibility-causing genes, which we use to uncover the genetic basis of the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, we assembled transcriptomes from Schlumbergera truncata (crab cactus or false Christmas cactus), and interrogated them for tissue-specific expression of candidate genes, structural characteristics, correlation with expressed phenotype(s), and phylogenetic placement. The results were consistent with operation of the RNase-based self-incompatibility mechanism in Cactaceae. The finding yields additional evidence that the ancestor of nearly all eudicots possessed RNase-based self-incompatibility, as well as a clear path to better conservation practices for one of the most charismatic plant families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolis Ramanauskas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Il, 60607, USA
| | - Boris Igić
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Il, 60607, USA
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17
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Harkness A, Brandvain Y. Non-self recognition-based self-incompatibility can alternatively promote or prevent introgression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1630-1643. [PMID: 33533069 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility alleles (S-alleles), which prevent self-fertilisation in plants, have historically been expected to benefit from negative frequency-dependent selection and invade when introduced to a new population through gene flow. However, the most taxonomically widespread form of self-incompatibility, the ribonuclease-based system ancestral to the core eudicots, functions through collaborative non-self recognition, which can affect both short-term patterns of gene flow and the long-term process of S-allele diversification. We analysed a model of S-allele evolution in two populations connected by migration, focussing on comparisons among the fates of S-alleles initially unique to each population and those shared among populations. We found that both shared and unique S-alleles from the population with more unique S-alleles were usually fitter compared with S-alleles from the population with fewer S-alleles. Resident S-alleles often became extinct and were replaced by migrant S-alleles, although this outcome could be averted by pollen limitation or biased migration. Collaborative non-self recognition will usually either result in the whole-sale replacement of S-alleles from one population with those from another or else disfavour introgression of S-alleles altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Harkness
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Yaniv Brandvain
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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18
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Broz AK, Simpson-Van Dam A, Tovar-Méndez A, Hahn MW, McClure B, Bedinger PA. Spread of self-compatibility constrained by an intrapopulation crossing barrier. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:878-891. [PMID: 33864700 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mating system transitions from self-incompatibility (SI) to self-compatibility (SC) are common in plants. In the absence of high levels of inbreeding depression, SC alleles are predicted to spread due to transmission advantage and reproductive assurance. We characterized mating system and pistil-expressed SI factors in 20 populations of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites from the southern half of the species range. We found that a single SI to SC transition is fixed in populations south of the Rio Chillon valley in central Peru. In these populations, SC correlated with the presence of the hab-6 S-haplotype that encodes a low activity S-RNase protein. We identified a single population segregating for SI/SC and hab-6. Intrapopulation crosses showed that hab-6 typically acts in the expected codominant fashion to confer SC. However, we found one specific S-haplotype (hab-10) that consistently rejects pollen of the hab-6 haplotype, and results in SI hab-6/hab-10 heterozygotes. We suggest that the hab-10 haplotype could act as a genetic mechanism to stabilize mixed mating in this population by presenting a disadvantage for the hab-6 haplotype. This barrier may represent a mechanism allowing for the persistence of SI when an SC haplotype appears in or invades a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Broz
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Bruce McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Patricia A Bedinger
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
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19
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Yun SA, Kim SC. Genetic diversity and structure of Saussurea polylepis (Asteraceae) on continental islands of Korea: Implications for conservation strategies and management. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249752. [PMID: 33831066 PMCID: PMC8031399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Saussurea polylepis Nakai is an herbaceous perennial endemic to Korea and is highly restricted to several continental islands in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. Given its very narrow geographical distribution, it is more vulnerable to anthropogenic activities and global climate changes than more widely distributed species. Despite the need for comprehensive genetic information for conservation and management, no such population genetic studies of S. polylepis have been conducted. In this study, genetic diversity and population structure were evaluated for 97 individuals from 5 populations (Gwanmaedo, Gageodo, Hongdo, Heusando, and Uido) using 19 polymorphic microsatellites. The populations were separated by a distance of 20–90 km. We found moderate levels of genetic diversity in S. polylepis (Ho = 0.42, He = 0.43). This may be due to long lifespans, outcrossing, and gene flow, despite its narrow range. High levels of gene flow (Nm = 1.76, mean Fst = 0.09), especially from wind-dispersed seeds, would contribute to low levels of genetic differentiation among populations. However, the small population size and reduced number of individuals in the reproductive phase of S. polylepis can be a major threat leading to inbreeding depression and genetic diversity loss. Bayesian cluster analysis revealed three significant structures at K = 3, consistent with DAPC and UPGMA. It is thought that sea level rise after the last glacial maximum may have acted as a geographical barrier, limiting the gene flow that would lead to distinct population structures. We proposed the Heuksando population, which is the largest island inhabited by S. polylepis, as a source population because of its large population size and high genetic diversity. Four management units (Gwanmaedo, Gageodo, Hongdo-Heuksando, and Uido) were suggested for conservation considering population size, genetic diversity, population structure, unique alleles, and geographical location (e.g., proximity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon A. Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail: ,
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20
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Mariotti R, Pandolfi S, De Cauwer I, Saumitou‐Laprade P, Vernet P, Rossi M, Baglivo F, Baldoni L, Mousavi S. Diallelic self-incompatibility is the main determinant of fertilization patterns in olive orchards. Evol Appl 2021; 14:983-995. [PMID: 33897815 PMCID: PMC8061272 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) in flowering plants potentially represents a major obstacle for sexual reproduction, especially when the number of S-alleles is low. The situation is extreme in the commercially important olive tree, where in vitro pollination assays suggested the existence of a diallelic SI (DSI) system involving only two groups (G1 and G2). Varieties belonging to the same SI group cannot fertilize each other, such that successful fruit production is predicted to require pollination between varieties of different groups. To test this prediction, we explored the extent to which the DSI system determines fertilization patterns under field conditions. One hundred and seventeen olive cultivars were first genotyped using 10 highly polymorphic dinucleotide Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers to ascertain varietal identity. Cultivars were then phenotyped through controlled pollination tests to assign each of them to one of the two SI groups. We then collected and genotyped 1440 open pollinated embryos from five different orchards constituted of seven local cultivars with known group of incompatibility groups. Embryos genotype information were used: (i) to assign embryos to the most likely pollen donor genotype in the neighbourhood using paternity analysis, and (ii) to compare the composition of the pollen cloud genetic among recipient trees in the five sites. The paternity analysis showed that the DSI system is the main determinant of fertilization success under field open pollination conditions: G1 cultivars sired seeds exclusively on G2 cultivars, and reciprocally. No self-fertilization events were observed. Our results demonstrate that DSI is a potent force determining pollination success among varieties within olive orchards used for production. They have the potential to improve management practices by guiding the selection of compatible varieties to avoid planting orchards containing sets of varieties with strongly unbalanced SI groups, as these would lead to suboptimal olive production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martina Rossi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesCNRPerugiaItaly
| | | | | | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesCNRPerugiaItaly
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21
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Benvenuti S, Mazzoncini M. The Biodiversity of Edible Flowers: Discovering New Tastes and New Health Benefits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:569499. [PMID: 33692813 PMCID: PMC7937964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Floriculture and horticulture have always been two parallel and very distinct agronomic realities. Floriculture is concerned with meeting the ornamental needs of our urban ecosystems, while horticulture is based on meeting food requirements. These two activities have now converged toward a food chain where flowers are conceived of as a sort of "new vegetable" and one of the most promising novelties to satisfy the growing need for food innovation both in terms of an organoleptic and nutraceutical profile. This novelty has rapidly evolved, especially following the growing scientific evidence of the human health benefits of flowers used as food. The typically high pigment concentration of the corollas (especially flavonoids and carotenoids), which have evolved to chromatically attract pollinators, indicates a marked nutraceutical activity especially in terms of antioxidant power. In this review, we first attempted to explore which species are most promising and which should be avoided due to real or suspected toxicity problems. The nutraceutical virtues were therefore highlighted trying to focus attention on those "functional phytochemicals" capable of counteracting some specific human pathologies. Furthermore, the organoleptic profile of edible flowers was investigated since this is one of the least known aspects. The cropping systems suitable for their cultivation were therefore hypothesized and finally the criticalities of edible flowers were addressed in terms of shelf life and marketing opportunities.
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22
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Florez-Rueda AM, Scharmann M, Roth M, Städler T. Population Genomics of the "Arcanum" Species Group in Wild Tomatoes: Evidence for Separate Origins of Two Self-Compatible Lineages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:624442. [PMID: 33815438 PMCID: PMC8018279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.624442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Given their diverse mating systems and recent divergence, wild tomatoes (Solanum section Lycopersicon) have become an attractive model system to study ecological divergence, the build-up of reproductive barriers, and the causes and consequences of the breakdown of self-incompatibility. Here we report on a lesser-studied group of species known as the "Arcanum" group, comprising the nominal species Solanum arcanum, Solanum chmielewskii, and Solanum neorickii. The latter two taxa are self-compatible but are thought to self-fertilize at different rates, given their distinct manifestations of the morphological "selfing syndrome." Based on experimental crossings and transcriptome sequencing of a total of 39 different genotypes from as many accessions representing each species' geographic range, we provide compelling evidence for deep genealogical divisions within S. arcanum; only the self-incompatible lineage known as "var. marañón" has close genealogical ties to the two self-compatible species. Moreover, there is evidence under multiple inference schemes for different geographic subsets of S. arcanum var. marañón being closest to S. chmielewskii and S. neorickii, respectively. To broadly characterize the population-genomic consequences of these recent mating-system transitions and their associated speciation events, we fit demographic models indicating strong reductions in effective population size, congruent with reduced nucleotide and S-locus diversity in the two independently derived self-compatible species.
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23
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Suwabe K, Nagasaka K, Windari EA, Hoshiai C, Ota T, Takada M, Kitazumi A, Masuko-Suzuki H, Kagaya Y, Yano K, Tsuchimatsu T, Shimizu KK, Takayama S, Suzuki G, Watanabe M. Double-Locking Mechanism of Self-Compatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana: The Synergistic Effect of Transcriptional Depression and Disruption of Coding Region in the Male Specificity Gene. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:576140. [PMID: 33042191 PMCID: PMC7517786 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.576140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-compatibility in Arabidopsis thaliana represents the relatively recent disruption of ancestral obligate cross pollination, recognized as one of the prevalent evolutionary pathways in flowering plants, as noted by Darwin. Our previous study found that inversion of the male specificity gene (SP11/SCR) disrupted self-incompatibility, which was restored by overexpressing the SCR with the reversed inversion. However, SCR in A. thaliana has other mutations aside from the pivotal inversion, in both promoter and coding regions, with probable effects on transcriptional regulation. To examine the functional consequences of these mutations, we conducted reciprocal introductions of native promoters and downstream sequences from orthologous loci of self-compatible A. thaliana and self-incompatible A. halleri. Use of this inter-species pair enabled us to expand the scope of the analysis to transcriptional regulation and deletion in the intron, in addition to inversion in the native genomic background. Initial analysis revealed that A. thaliana has a significantly lower basal expression level of SCR transcripts in the critical reproductive stage compared to that of A. halleri, suggesting that the promoter was attenuated in inducing transcription in A. thaliana. However, in reciprocal transgenic experiments, this A. thaliana promoter was able to restore partial function if coupled with the functional A. halleri coding sequence, despite extensive alterations due to the self-compatible mode of reproduction in A. thaliana. This represents a synergistic effect of the promoter and the inversion resulting in fixation of self-compatibility, primarily enforced by disruption of SCR. Our findings elucidate the functional and evolutionary context of the historical transition in A. thaliana thus contributing to the understanding of the molecular events leading to development of self-compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Suwabe
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kaori Nagasaka
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | - Takuma Ota
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Maho Takada
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ai Kitazumi
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, TX, United States
| | | | - Yasuaki Kagaya
- Life Science Research Center, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Kihara Institute for Biological Studies, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Seiji Takayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Division of Natural Science, Osaka Kyoiku University, Kashiwara, Japan
| | - Masao Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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24
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Durand E, Chantreau M, Le Veve A, Stetsenko R, Dubin M, Genete M, Llaurens V, Poux C, Roux C, Billiard S, Vekemans X, Castric V. Evolution of self-incompatibility in the Brassicaceae: Lessons from a textbook example of natural selection. Evol Appl 2020; 13:1279-1297. [PMID: 32684959 PMCID: PMC7359833 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a self-recognition genetic system enforcing outcrossing in hermaphroditic flowering plants and results in one of the arguably best understood forms of natural (balancing) selection maintaining genetic variation over long evolutionary times. A rich theoretical and empirical population genetics literature has considerably clarified how the distribution of SI phenotypes translates into fitness differences among individuals by a combination of inbreeding avoidance and rare-allele advantage. At the same time, the molecular mechanisms by which self-pollen is specifically recognized and rejected have been described in exquisite details in several model organisms, such that the genotype-to-phenotype map is also pretty well understood, notably in the Brassicaceae. Here, we review recent advances in these two fronts and illustrate how the joint availability of detailed characterization of genotype-to-phenotype and phenotype-to-fitness maps on a single genetic system (plant self-incompatibility) provides the opportunity to understand the evolutionary process in a unique perspective, bringing novel insight on general questions about the emergence, maintenance, and diversification of a complex genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Audrey Le Veve
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
| | | | - Manu Dubin
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Mathieu Genete
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Violaine Llaurens
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleCNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles CP 5057 rue Cuvier, 75005 ParisFrance
| | - Céline Poux
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Camille Roux
- CNRSUniv. LilleUMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐PaleoF-59000 LilleFrance
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25
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Cuénin N, Flores O, Rivière E, Lebreton G, Reynaud B, Martos F. Great Genetic Diversity but High Selfing Rates and Short-Distance Gene Flow Characterize Populations of a Tree (Foetidia; Lecythidaceae) in the Fragmented Tropical Dry Forest of the Mascarene Islands. J Hered 2020; 110:287-299. [PMID: 30726933 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esy069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the global trend of deforestation and degradation, tropical dry forests in the Mascarenes archipelago on Reunion has undergone harsh reduction and fragmentation within 3 centuries of human occupation. We investigated the genetic diversity, mating system, and gene flow in fragmented populations of the native tree Foetidia mauritiana (Lecythidaceae) on Reunion, using microsatellite genotyping of adults (in- and ex situ) and seed progenies (in situ only). To test genetic isolation between the Mascarene islands, we also genotyped conspecific adults on Mauritius, and trees of Foetidia rodriguesiana on Rodrigues. We found a high genetic diversity among the trees on Reunion, but no population structure (G'ST: 0.039-0.090), and an increase of the fixation index (FIS) from adults to progenies. A subsequent analysis of mating systems from progeny arrays revealed selfing rates >50% in fragmented populations and close to 100% in lone trees. A paternity analysis revealed pollen flow ranging from 15.6 to 296.1 m within fragments. At broader scale, the populations of F. mauritiana on Reunion and Mauritius are genetically differentiated. The morphologically allied taxa F. rodriguesiana and F. mauritiana are clearly isolated. Therefore, this case study shows that genetic diversity may persist after deforestation, especially in long-lived tree species, but the reproductive features may be deeply altered during this process. This would explain the low seed production and the absence of recruitment in F. mauritiana. Restoration programs should take into account these features, as well as the importance that trees ex situ represent in restoring and conserving diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cuénin
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France.,Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Flores
- Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Eric Rivière
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Bernard Reynaud
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France.,Université de La Réunion, UMR PVBMT, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Florent Martos
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), MNHN, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
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26
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Brom T, Castric V, Billiard S. Breakdown of gametophytic self-incompatibility in subdivided populations. Evolution 2020; 74:270-282. [PMID: 31845323 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In many hermaphroditic flowering plants, self-fertilization is prevented by self-incompatibility (SI), often controlled by a single locus, the S-locus. In single isolated populations, the maintenance of SI depends chiefly on inbreeding depression and the number of SI alleles at the S-locus. In subdivided populations, however, population subdivision has complicated effects on both the number of SI alleles and the level of inbreeding depression, rendering the maintenance of SI difficult to predict. Here, we explore the conditions for the invasion of a self-compatible mutant in a structured population. We find that the maintenance of SI is strongly compromised when a population becomes subdivided. We show that this effect is mainly caused by the decrease in the local diversity of SI alleles rather than by a change in the dynamics of inbreeding depression. Strikingly, we also find that the diversity of SI alleles at the whole population level is a poor predictor of the maintenance of SI. We discuss the implications of our results for the interpretation of empirical data on the loss of SI in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brom
- University Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Castric
- University Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- University Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France.,CNRS, UMR 8198, F-59000, Lille, France
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27
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Muñoz-Sanz JV, Zuriaga E, Cruz-García F, McClure B, Romero C. Self-(In)compatibility Systems: Target Traits for Crop-Production, Plant Breeding, and Biotechnology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:195. [PMID: 32265945 PMCID: PMC7098457 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) mechanisms prevent self-fertilization in flowering plants based on specific discrimination between self- and non-self pollen. Since this trait promotes outcrossing and avoids inbreeding it is a widespread mechanism of controlling sexual plant reproduction. Growers and breeders have effectively exploited SI as a tool for manipulating domesticated crops for thousands of years. However, only within the past thirty years have studies begun to elucidate the underlying molecular features of SI. The specific S-determinants and some modifier factors controlling SI have been identified in the sporophytic system exhibited by Brassica species and in the two very distinct gametophytic systems present in Papaveraceae on one side and in Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Plantaginaceae on the other. Molecular level studies have enabled SI to SC transitions (and vice versa) to be intentionally manipulated using marker assisted breeding and targeted approaches based on transgene integration, silencing, and more recently CRISPR knock-out of SI-related factors. These scientific advances have, in turn, provided a solid basis to implement new crop production and plant breeding practices. Applications of self-(in)compatibility include widely differing objectives such as crop yield and quality improvement, marker-assisted breeding through SI genotyping, and development of hybrids for overcoming intra- and interspecific reproductive barriers. Here, we review scientific progress as well as patented applications of SI, and also highlight future prospects including further elucidation of SI systems, deepening our understanding of SI-environment relationships, and new perspectives on plant self/non-self recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Zuriaga
- Centro de Citricultura y Producción Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe Cruz-García
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bruce McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Carlos Romero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)—Universitat Politécnica de València (UPV), Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Romero,
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28
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Li Y, van Kleunen M, Stift M. Sibling competition does not magnify inbreeding depression in North American Arabidopsis lyrata. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 123:723-732. [PMID: 31541202 PMCID: PMC6834581 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of all angiosperms have some form of molecular self-incompatibility to promote outcrossing. If self-incompatibility breaks down, inbreeding depression (δ) is the main barrier to the evolution of self-fertilisation (selfing). If inbreeding depression is lower than 50% (δ < 0.5), the inherent transmission advantage of selfers should theoretically drive the evolution of selfing. However, this does not always happen in practice. For example, despite frequent breakdowns of self-incompatibility in North American Arabidopsis lyrata, selfing has only evolved in few populations. This is surprising given that previous inbreeding-depression estimates were well below the 0.5 threshold. Here, we test whether this could be due to underestimation of true inbreeding depression in competition-free environments. Specifically, we tested whether direct competition between crossed and selfed siblings magnified inbreeding-depression estimates in A. lyrata. We found that this was neither the case for belowground nor for aboveground biomass. For reproductive traits, there was hardly any significant inbreeding depression regardless of competition. Combined with previous findings that drought stress and inducing defence also did not magnify inbreeding depression, our results suggest that the relatively low estimates of inbreeding depression for biomass are indeed realistic estimates of the true inbreeding depression in North American A. lyrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, 318000, Taizhou, China
| | - Marc Stift
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
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29
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Bachmann JA, Tedder A, Laenen B, Fracassetti M, Désamoré A, Lafon-Placette C, Steige KA, Callot C, Marande W, Neuffer B, Bergès H, Köhler C, Castric V, Slotte T. Genetic basis and timing of a major mating system shift in Capsella. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:505-517. [PMID: 31254395 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A crucial step in the transition from outcrossing to self-fertilization is the loss of genetic self-incompatibility (SI). In the Brassicaceae, SI involves the interaction of female and male specificity components, encoded by the genes SRK and SCR at the self-incompatibility locus (S-locus). Theory predicts that S-linked mutations, and especially dominant mutations in SCR, are likely to contribute to loss of SI. However, few studies have investigated the contribution of dominant mutations to loss of SI in wild plant species. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of loss of SI in the self-fertilizing crucifer species Capsella orientalis, by combining genetic mapping, long-read sequencing of complete S-haplotypes, gene expression analyses and controlled crosses. We show that loss of SI in C. orientalis occurred < 2.6 Mya and maps as a dominant trait to the S-locus. We identify a fixed frameshift deletion in the male specificity gene SCR and confirm loss of male SI specificity. We further identify an S-linked small RNA that is predicted to cause dominance of self-compatibility. Our results agree with predictions on the contribution of dominant S-linked mutations to loss of SI, and thus provide new insights into the molecular basis of mating system transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg A Bachmann
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Tedder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Laenen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Fracassetti
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurélie Désamoré
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clément Lafon-Placette
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kim A Steige
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Callot
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - William Marande
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Barbara Neuffer
- Department of Botany, University of Osnabruck, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hélène Bergès
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UPR 1258, Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences & Linnean Center for Plant Biology, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vincent Castric
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Tanja Slotte
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Albrecht MA, Osazuwa-Peters OL, Maschinski J, Bell TJ, Bowles ML, Brumback WE, Duquesnel J, Kunz M, Lange J, McCue KA, McEachern AK, Murray S, Olwell P, Pavlovic NB, Peterson CL, Possley J, Randall JL, Wright SJ. Effects of life history and reproduction on recruitment time lags in reintroductions of rare plants. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2019; 33:601-611. [PMID: 30461065 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reintroductions are important components of conservation and recovery programs for rare plant species, but their long-term success rates are poorly understood. Previous reviews of plant reintroductions focused on short-term (e.g., ≤3 years) survival and flowering of founder individuals rather than on benchmarks of intergenerational persistence, such as seedling recruitment. However, short-term metrics may obscure outcomes because the unique demographic properties of reintroductions, including small size and unstable stage structure, could create lags in population growth. We used time-to-event analysis on a database of unusually well-monitored and long-term (4-28 years) reintroductions of 27 rare plant species to test whether life-history traits and population characteristics of reintroductions create time-lagged responses in seedling recruitment (i.e., recruitment time lags [RTLs]), an important benchmark of success and indicator of persistence in reintroduced populations. Recruitment time lags were highly variable among reintroductions, ranging from <1 to 17 years after installation. Recruitment patterns matched predictions from life-history theory with short-lived species (fast species) exhibiting consistently shorter and less variable RTLs than long-lived species (slow species). Long RTLs occurred in long-lived herbs, especially in grasslands, whereas short RTLs occurred in short-lived subtropical woody plants and annual herbs. Across plant life histories, as reproductive adult abundance increased, RTLs decreased. Highly variable RTLs were observed in species with multiple reintroduction events, suggesting local processes are just as important as life-history strategy in determining reintroduction outcomes. Time lags in restoration outcomes highlight the need to scale success benchmarks in reintroduction monitoring programs with plant life-history strategies and the unique demographic properties of restored populations. Drawing conclusions on the long-term success of plant reintroduction programs is premature given that demographic processes in species with slow life-histories take decades to unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Albrecht
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, U.S.A
| | - Oyomoare L Osazuwa-Peters
- Center for Conservation and Sustainable Development, Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110, U.S.A
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, U.S.A
| | - Joyce Maschinski
- Center for Plant Conservation, San Diego Zoo Global, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA, 92027, U.S.A
| | - Timothy J Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, SCI 292, 9501 South King Drive, Chicago, IL, 60628, U.S.A
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532-1293, U.S.A
| | - Marlin L Bowles
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532-1293, U.S.A
| | - William E Brumback
- New England Wild Flower Society, 180 Hemenway Road, Framingham, MA, 01701, U.S.A
| | - Janice Duquesnel
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Park Service, 77200 Overseas Highway, Islamorada, FL, 33036, U.S.A
| | - Michael Kunz
- North Carolina Botanical Garden, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3375, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, U.S.A
| | - Jimmy Lange
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL, 33156, U.S.A
| | - Kimberlie A McCue
- Research, Conservation, and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 North Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ, 85008, U.S.A
| | - A Kathryn McEachern
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA, 93001, U.S.A
| | - Sheila Murray
- The Arboretum at Flagstaff, 4001 S. Woody Mountain Road, Flagstaff, AZ, 86005, U.S.A
| | - Peggy Olwell
- Division of Fish, Wildlife & Plant Conservation, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1849 C Street NW (LSB-204), Washington, D.C., 20240, U.S.A
| | - Noel B Pavlovic
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, 1574 N 300 E, Chesterton, IN, 46304, U.S.A
| | - Cheryl L Peterson
- Bok Tower Gardens, 1151 Tower Boulevard, Lake Wales, FL, 33853, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer Possley
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL, 33156, U.S.A
| | - John L Randall
- North Carolina Botanical Garden, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3375, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, U.S.A
| | - Samuel J Wright
- Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL, 33156, U.S.A
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31
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Roda F, Hopkins R. Correlated evolution of self and interspecific incompatibility across the range of a Texas wildflower. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:553-564. [PMID: 29992588 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Selection to prevent interspecific mating can cause an increase or a decrease in self-pollination in sympatric populations. Characterizing the geographical variation in self and interspecific incompatibilities within a species can reveal if and how the evolution of self and interspecific mate choice are linked. We used controlled pollinations to characterize the variation in self and interspecific incompatibility across 29 populations of Phlox drummondii. We evaluated seed set from these pollinations and described the developmental timing of variation in pollen-pistil compatibility. There is extensive quantitative variation in self-incompatibility and interspecific-incompatibility with its close congener P. cuspidata. Phlox drummondii populations that co-occur and hybridize with P. cuspidata have significantly higher interspecific incompatibility and self-incompatibility than geographically isolated P. drummondii populations. The strength of self and interspecific incompatibility is significantly correlated among individuals and the strength of both incompatibilities is explained by the success of pollen adhesion to the stigma. The correlated strength of self and interspecific incompatibility across the range of P. drummondii and the concurrent developmental timing of the pollen-pistil interaction, suggests these incompatibilities have an overlapping molecular mechanism. The geographical distribution of variation in incompatibilities indicates that this mechanistic link between incompatibilities may affect the evolution of mate choice in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Roda
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | - Robin Hopkins
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
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32
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Tsuchimatsu T, Goubet PM, Gallina S, Holl AC, Fobis-Loisy I, Bergès H, Marande W, Prat E, Meng D, Long Q, Platzer A, Nordborg M, Vekemans X, Castric V. Patterns of Polymorphism at the Self-Incompatibility Locus in 1,083 Arabidopsis thaliana Genomes. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 34:1878-1889. [PMID: 28379456 PMCID: PMC5850868 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the transition to selfing in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana involved the loss of the self-incompatibility (SI) system, it clearly did not occur due to the fixation of a single inactivating mutation at the locus determining the specificities of SI (the S-locus). At least three groups of divergent haplotypes (haplogroups), corresponding to ancient functional S-alleles, have been maintained at this locus, and extensive functional studies have shown that all three carry distinct inactivating mutations. However, the historical process of loss of SI is not well understood, in particular its relation with the last glaciation. Here, we took advantage of recently published genomic resequencing data in 1,083 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions that we combined with BAC sequencing to obtain polymorphism information for the whole S-locus region at a species-wide scale. The accessions differed by several major rearrangements including large deletions and interhaplogroup recombinations, forming a set of haplogroups that are widely distributed throughout the native range and largely overlap geographically. “Relict” A. thaliana accessions that directly derive from glacial refugia are polymorphic at the S-locus, suggesting that the three haplogroups were already present when glacial refugia from the last Ice Age became isolated. Interhaplogroup recombinant haplotypes were highly frequent, and detailed analysis of recombination breakpoints suggested multiple independent origins. These findings suggest that the complete loss of SI in A. thaliana involved independent self-compatible mutants that arose prior to the last Ice Age, and experienced further rearrangements during postglacial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuchimatsu
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biology, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Sophie Gallina
- Université de Lille CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
| | | | - Isabelle Fobis-Loisy
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ. Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Bergès
- Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, INRA UPR 1258, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - William Marande
- Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, INRA UPR 1258, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Elisa Prat
- Centre National des Ressources Génomiques Végétales, INRA UPR 1258, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dazhe Meng
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Quan Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander Platzer
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Magnus Nordborg
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Xavier Vekemans
- Université de Lille CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Castric
- Université de Lille CNRS, UMR 8198-Evo-Eco-Paleo, Lille, France
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33
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Sutherland BL, Quarles BM, Galloway LF. Intercontinental dispersal and whole-genome duplication contribute to loss of self-incompatibility in a polyploid complex. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:249-256. [PMID: 29578295 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Angiosperm species often shift from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility following population bottlenecks. Across the range of a species, population bottlenecks may result from multiple factors, each of which may affect the geographic distribution and magnitude of mating-system shifts. We describe how intercontinental dispersal and genome duplication facilitate loss of self-incompatibility. METHODS Self and outcross pollinations were performed on plants from 24 populations of the Campanula rotundifolia polyploid complex. Populations spanned the geographic distribution and three dominant cytotypes of the species (diploid, tetraploid, hexaploid). KEY RESULTS Loss of self-incompatibility was associated with both intercontinental dispersal and genome duplication. European plants were largely self-incompatible, whereas North American plants were intermediately to fully self-compatible. Within both European and North American populations, loss of self-incompatibility increased as ploidy increased. Ploidy change and intercontinental dispersal both contributed to loss of self-incompatibility in North America, but range expansion did not affect self-incompatibility within Europe or North America. CONCLUSIONS When species are subject to population bottlenecks arising through multiple factors, each factor can contribute to self-incompatibility loss. In a widespread polyploid complex, the loss of self-incompatibility can be predicted by the cumulative effects of whole-genome duplication and intercontinental dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Sutherland
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4328, USA
| | - Brandie M Quarles
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4328, USA
| | - Laura F Galloway
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4328, USA
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34
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Voillemot M, Rougemont Q, Roux C, Pannell JR. The divergence history of the perennial plant Linaria cavanillesii
confirms a recent loss of self-incompatibility. J Evol Biol 2017; 31:136-147. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Voillemot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore/Sorge; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Q. Rougemont
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS); University of Laval; Québec City Québec Canada
| | - C. Roux
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore/Sorge; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Unité Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP) - UMR 8198; CNRS; Université de Lille Sciences et Technologies; Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France
| | - J. R. Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; Biophore/Sorge; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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Barmentlo SH, Meirmans PG, Luijten SH, Triest L, Oostermeijer JGB. Outbreeding depression and breeding system evolution in small, remnant populations of Primula vulgaris: consequences for genetic rescue. CONSERV GENET 2017; 19:545-554. [PMID: 31007635 PMCID: PMC6448329 DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-1031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Many species suffer from anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. The resulting small and isolated populations are more prone to extinction due to, amongst others, genetic erosion, inbreeding depression and Allee-effects. Genetic rescue can help mitigate such problems, but might result in outbreeding depression. We evaluated offspring fitness after selfing and outcrossing within and among three very small and isolated remnant populations of the heterostylous plant Primula vulgaris. We used greenhouse-grown offspring from these populations to test several fitness components. One population was fixed for the pin-morph, and was outcrossed with another population in the field to obtain seeds. Genetic diversity of parent and offspring populations was studied using microsatellites. Morph and population-specific heterosis, inbreeding and outbreeding depression were observed for fruit and seed set, seed weight and cumulative fitness. Highest fitness was observed in the field-outcrossed F1-population, which also showed outbreeding depression following subsequent between-population (back)crossing. Despite outbreeding depression, fitness was still relatively high. Inbreeding coefficients indicated that the offspring were more inbred than their parent populations. Offspring heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficients correlated with observed fitness. One population is evolving homostyly, showing a thrum morph with an elongated style and high autonomous fruit and seed set. This has important implications for conservation strategies such as genetic rescue, as the mating system will be altered by the introduction of homostyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Henrik Barmentlo
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Van Steenis Building, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick G. Meirmans
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sheila H. Luijten
- Science4Nature,, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig Triest
- Laboratory for Plant Science and Nature Management, Free University Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Gerard B. Oostermeijer
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94062, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Science4Nature,, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Markova DN, Petersen JJ, Yam SE, Corral A, Valle MJ, Li W, Chetelat RT. Evolutionary history of two pollen self-incompatibility factors reveals alternate routes to self-compatibility within Solanum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1904-1919. [PMID: 29212768 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Self-incompatibility (SI) prevents self-fertilization and reduces inbreeding. While SI is common in plants, transitions to self-compatibility (SC) occur frequently. Little is known about the genetic changes and evolutionary steps underlying these shifts. METHODS In the Solanaceae, SI is gametophytic, with specificity determined by S-RNases in the pistil and S-locus F-box proteins (SLFs) in pollen. We examined the role of two pollen factors, Cullin1 (CUL1) and SLF-23, in SI → SC transitions in wild tomato species from the Arcanum species group (Solanum arcanum, S. neorickii, and S. chmielewskii). Pollen compatibility was assessed on tester lines that reject pollen lacking functional SLF-23 or CUL1. Complementation tests, gene sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses were used to characterize both functional and nonfunctional alleles. KEY RESULTS We found evidence for multiple independent SI → SC transitions. In S. arcanum and S. chmielewskii, SC is caused by loss of pistil S-RNase activity, while in S. neorickii SC is associated with expression of a functional SLF-23 that recognizes the S9 type S-RNase expressed in its pistils. Interestingly, we found identical deletion mutations in CUL1 exon 7 of S. chmielewskii as previously seen in S. habrochaites. CONCLUSIONS Mating system transitions in the Arcanum group have occurred via both pistil loss-of-function and pollen gain-of-function SC mutations. Mutations common to S. chmielewskii and S. habrochaites must have arisen in a common ancestor, possibly to the entire tomato clade, then became fixed in different lineages after loss of pistil-side SI function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragomira N Markova
- C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | | | - Sarah E Yam
- C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Adryanna Corral
- C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Matthew J Valle
- C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | | | - Roger T Chetelat
- C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
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Arista M, Berjano R, Viruel J, Ortiz MÁ, Talavera M, Ortiz PL. Uncertain pollination environment promotes the evolution of a stable mixed reproductive system in the self-incompatible Hypochaeris salzmanniana (Asteraceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:447-456. [PMID: 28911017 PMCID: PMC5591423 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims The transition from outcrossing to selfing is a repeated pattern in angiosperm diversification and according to general theory this transition should occur quickly and mixed reproductive systems should be infrequent. However, a large proportion of flowering plants have mixed reproductive systems, even showing inbreeding depression. Recently, several theoretical studies have shown that mixed mating systems can be stable, but empirical studies supporting these assumptions are still scarce. Methods Hypochaeris salzmanniana, an annual species with populations differing in their self-incompatibility expression, was used as a study case to assess the stability of its mixed reproductive system. Here a descriptive study of the pollination environment was combined with measurements of the stability of the self-incompatibility system, outcrossing rate, reproductive assurance and inbreeding depression in four populations for two consecutive years. Key Results The reproductive system of populations exhibited a geographical pattern: the proportion of plants decreased from west to east. Pollinator environment also varied geographically, being less favourable from west to east. The self-incompatibility expression of some populations changed markedly in only one year. After selfing, progeny was mainly self-compatible, while after outcrossing both self-incompatible and self-compatible plants were produced. In general, both reproductive assurance and high inbreeding depression were found in all populations and years. The lowest values of inbreeding depression were found in 2014 in the easternmost populations, which experienced a marked increase in self-compatibility in 2015. Conclusions The mixed reproductive system of H. salzmanniana seems to be an evolutionarily stable strategy, with selfing conferring reproductive assurance when pollinator attendance is low, but strongly limited by inbreeding depression. The fact that the highest frequencies of self-compatible plants appeared in the environments most unfavourable to pollination suggests that these plants are selected in these sites, although high rates of inbreeding depression should impede the complete loss of self-incompatibility. In H. salzmanniana, year-to-year changes in the frequency of self-incompatible individuals are directly derived from the balance between reproductive assurance and inbreeding depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arista
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095. 41080 Sevilla, Spain and
| | - R Berjano
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095. 41080 Sevilla, Spain and
| | - J Viruel
- Aix Marseille Univ., Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie (IMBE, UMR CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université), Station marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - M Á Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095. 41080 Sevilla, Spain and
| | - M Talavera
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095. 41080 Sevilla, Spain and
| | - P L Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Apdo. 1095. 41080 Sevilla, Spain and
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Noyszewski AK, Liu YC, Tamura K, Smith AG. Polymorphism and structure of style-specific arabinogalactan proteins as determinants of pollen tube growth in Nicotiana. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:186. [PMID: 28797243 PMCID: PMC5553597 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollen tube growth and fertilization are key processes in angiosperm sexual reproduction. The transmitting tract (TT) of Nicotiana tabacum controls pollen tube growth in part by secreting pistil extensin-like protein III (PELPIII), transmitting-tract-specific (TTS) protein and 120 kDa glycoprotein (120 K) into the stylar extracellular matrix. The three arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) are referred to as stylar AGPs and are the focus of this research. The transmitting tract regulates pollen tube growth, promoting fertilization or rejecting pollen tubes. RESULTS The N-terminal domain (NTD) of the stylar AGPs is proline rich and polymorphic among Nicotiana spp. The NTD was predicted to be mainly an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), making it a candidate for protein-protein interactions. The NTD is also the location for the majority of the predicted O-glycosylation sites that were variable among Nicotiana spp. The C-terminal domain (CTD) contains an Ole e 1-like domain, that was predicted to form beta-sheets that are similar in position and length among Nicotiana spp. and among stylar AGPs. The TTS protein had the greatest amino acid and predicted O-glycosylation conservation among Nicotiana spp. relative to the PELPIII and 120 K. The PELPIII, TTS and 120 K genes undergo negative selection, with dn/ds ratios of 0.59, 0.29 and 0.38 respectively. The dn/ds ratio for individual species ranged from 0.4 to 0.9 and from 0.1 to 0.8, for PELPIII and TTS genes, respectively. These data indicate that PELPIII and TTS genes are under different selective pressures. A newly discovered AGP gene, Nicotiana tabacum Proline Rich Protein (NtPRP), was found with a similar intron-exon configuration and protein structure resembling other stylar AGPs, particularly TTS. CONCLUSIONS Further studies of the NtPRP gene are necessary to elucidate its biological role. Due to its high similarity to the TTS gene, NtPRP may be involved in pollen tube guidance and growth. In contrast to TTS, both PELPIII and 120 K genes are more diverse indicating a possible role in speciation or mating preference of Nicotiana spp. We hypothesize that the stylar AGPs and NtPRP share a common origin from a single gene that duplicated and diversified into four distinct genes involved in pollen-style interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej K Noyszewski
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 356 Alderman Hall 1970 Folwell Av., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Yi-Cheng Liu
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 356 Alderman Hall 1970 Folwell Av., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Present Address: Arog Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 5420 LBJ Freeway, Suite 410, Dallas, TX, 75240, USA
| | - Koichiro Tamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-ohsawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Alan G Smith
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 356 Alderman Hall 1970 Folwell Av., St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Toräng P, Vikström L, Wunder J, Wötzel S, Coupland G, Ågren J. Evolution of the selfing syndrome: Anther orientation and herkogamy together determine reproductive assurance in a self-compatible plant. Evolution 2017; 71:2206-2218. [PMID: 28722132 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Capacity for autonomous self-fertilization provides reproductive assurance, has evolved repeatedly in the plant kingdom, and typically involves several changes in flower morphology and development (the selfing syndrome). Yet, the relative importance of different traits and trait combinations for efficient selfing and reproductive success in pollinator-poor environments is poorly known. In a series of experiments, we tested the importance of anther-stigma distance and the less studied trait anther orientation for efficiency of selfing in the perennial herb Arabis alpina. Variation in flower morphology among eight self-compatible European populations was correlated with efficiency of self-pollination and with pollen limitation in a common-garden experiment. To examine whether anther-stigma distance and anther orientation are subject to directional and/or correlational selection, and whether this is because these traits affect pollination success, we planted a segregating F2 population at two native field sites. Selection strongly favored a combination of introrse anthers and reduced anther-stigma distance at a site where pollinator activity was low, and supplemental hand-pollination demonstrated that this was largely because of their effect on securing self-pollination. The results suggest that concurrent shifts in more than one trait can be crucial for the evolution of efficient self-pollination and reproductive assurance in pollinator-poor habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Toräng
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Box 408, SE-541 28, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Linus Vikström
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jörg Wunder
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Wötzel
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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Saumitou-Laprade P, Vernet P, Vekemans X, Billiard S, Gallina S, Essalouh L, Mhaïs A, Moukhli A, El Bakkali A, Barcaccia G, Alagna F, Mariotti R, Cultrera NGM, Pandolfi S, Rossi M, Khadari B, Baldoni L. Elucidation of the genetic architecture of self-incompatibility in olive: Evolutionary consequences and perspectives for orchard management. Evol Appl 2017; 10:867-880. [PMID: 29151878 PMCID: PMC5680433 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The olive (Olea europaea L.) is a typical important perennial crop species for which the genetic determination and even functionality of self‐incompatibility (SI) are still largely unresolved. It is still not known whether SI is under gametophytic or sporophytic genetic control, yet fruit production in orchards depends critically on successful ovule fertilization. We studied the genetic determination of SI in olive in light of recent discoveries in other genera of the Oleaceae family. Using intra‐ and interspecific stigma tests on 89 genotypes representative of species‐wide olive diversity and the compatibility/incompatibility reactions of progeny plants from controlled crosses, we confirmed that O. europaea shares the same homomorphic diallelic self‐incompatibility (DSI) system as the one recently identified in Phillyrea angustifolia and Fraxinus ornus. SI is sporophytic in olive. The incompatibility response differs between the two SI groups in terms of how far pollen tubes grow before growth is arrested within stigma tissues. As a consequence of this DSI system, the chance of cross‐incompatibility between pairs of varieties in an orchard is high (50%) and fruit production may be limited by the availability of compatible pollen. The discovery of the DSI system in O. europaea will undoubtedly offer opportunities to optimize fruit production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Saumitou-Laprade
- CNRSUMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Philippe Vernet
- CNRSUMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Xavier Vekemans
- CNRSUMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- CNRSUMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Sophie Gallina
- CNRSUMR 8198 Evo-Eco-Paleo Université de Lille - Sciences et Technologies Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | | | - Ali Mhaïs
- Montpellier SupAgro UMR 1334 AGAP Montpellier France.,INRAUR Amélioration des Plantes Marrakech Morocco.,Laboratoire AgroBiotech L02B005 Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Guéliz University Cadi Ayyad Marrakech Morocco
| | | | - Ahmed El Bakkali
- INRAUR Amélioration des Plantes et Conservation des Ressources Phytogénétiques Meknès Morocco
| | - Gianni Barcaccia
- Laboratory of Genomics and Plant Breeding DAFNAE - University of Padova Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Fiammetta Alagna
- Research Unit for Table Grapes and Wine Growing in Mediterranean Environment CREATuriBA Italy.,CNRInstitute of Biosciences and BioresourcesPerugiaItaly
| | | | | | | | - Martina Rossi
- CNRInstitute of Biosciences and BioresourcesPerugiaItaly
| | - Bouchaïb Khadari
- Montpellier SupAgro UMR 1334 AGAP Montpellier France.,INRA/CBNMed UMR 1334 Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes (AGAP) Montpellier France
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Layman NC, Fernando MTR, Herlihy CR, Busch JW. Costs of selfing prevent the spread of a self‐compatibility mutation that causes reproductive assurance. Evolution 2017; 71:884-897. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Layman
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164
| | - M. Thilina R. Fernando
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Ecology Group Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
| | - Christopher R. Herlihy
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Ecology Group Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro Tennessee 37132
| | - Jeremiah W. Busch
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164
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Broz AK, Randle AM, Sianta SA, Tovar-Méndez A, McClure B, Bedinger PA. Mating system transitions in Solanum habrochaites impact interactions between populations and species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:440-454. [PMID: 27516156 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, transitions in mating system from outcrossing to self-fertilization are common; however, the impact of these transitions on interspecific and interpopulation reproductive barriers is not fully understood. We examined the consequences of mating system transition for reproductive barriers in 19 populations of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites. We identified S. habrochaites populations with self-incompatible (SI), self-compatible (SC) and mixed population (MP) mating systems, and characterized pollen-pistil interactions among S. habrochaites populations and between S. habrochaites and other tomato species. We examined the relationship between mating system, floral morphology, interspecific and interpopulation compatibility and pistil SI factors. We documented five distinct phenotypic groups by combining reproductive behavior with molecular data. Transitions from SI to MP were not associated with weakened interspecific reproductive barriers or loss of known pistil SI factors. However, transitions to SC at the northern range margin were accompanied by loss of S-RNase, smaller flowers, and weakened (or absent) interspecific pollen-pistil barriers. Finally, we identified a subset of SC populations that exhibited a partial interpopulation reproductive barrier with central SI populations. Our results support the hypothesis that shifts in mating system, followed by additional loss-of-function mutations, impact reproductive barriers within and between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Broz
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
| | - April M Randle
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA
| | - Shelley A Sianta
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
| | | | - Bruce McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Patricia A Bedinger
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
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Markova DN, Petersen JJ, Qin X, Short DR, Valle MJ, Tovar-Méndez A, McClure BA, Chetelat RT. Mutations in two pollen self-incompatibility factors in geographically marginal populations of Solanum habrochaites impact mating system transitions and reproductive isolation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1847-1861. [PMID: 27793860 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Self-incompatibility (SI) is a mechanism that prevents inbreeding in many plant species. The mutational breakdown of SI occurs frequently, yet relatively little is known about the evolutionary steps involved in the progressive loss of pistil and pollen SI function. METHODS In Solanaceae, SI is the S-RNase-based gametophytic type. We used SI and SC populations of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites to study natural variation for two pollen SI factors: a Cullin1 (CUL1) protein and an S-locus F-box protein (SLF-23). Pollen compatibility was assessed on an allotriploid tester line encoding an S-RNase recognized by SLF-23. Both pollen factors are required for compatibility on this tester line. Complementation tests and gene sequencing were used to identify mutations in CUL1 or SLF-23. KEY RESULTS We detected loss-of-function mutations in CUL1 and/or SLF-23 in SC populations collected near the northern and southern geographic margins of this taxon's natural range. Nonmarginal SC and all SI accessions expressed mostly functional alleles of these pollen factors. Comparison of the CUL1 sequences identified several shared deletion mutations present in both northern and southern margin SC accessions. CONCLUSIONS Loss-of-function mutations in CUL1 and SLF-23 likely became fixed relatively late during SI to SC transitions, after loss of pistil SI function. Mutations in CUL1 establish unilateral incompatibility with SI populations and strengthen reproductive isolation. Point mutations common to northern and southern SC biotypes likely derive from shared ancestral variants found in more central SI populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragomira N Markova
- C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Jennifer J Petersen
- C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Qin
- C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Daniel R Short
- C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Matthew J Valle
- C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
| | - Alejandro Tovar-Méndez
- Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Bruce A McClure
- Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA
| | - Roger T Chetelat
- C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA
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Helitron-like transposons contributed to the mating system transition from out-crossing to self-fertilizing in polyploid Brassica napus L. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33785. [PMID: 27650318 PMCID: PMC5030654 DOI: 10.1038/srep33785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mating system transition in polyploid Brassica napus (AACC) from out-crossing to selfing is a typical trait to differentiate it from their diploid progenitors. Elucidating the mechanism of mating system transition has profound consequences for understanding the speciation and evolution in B. napus. Functional complementation experiment has shown that the insertion of 3.6 kb into the promoter of self-incompatibility male determining gene, BnSP11-1 leads to its loss of function in B. napus. The inserted fragment was found to be a non-autonomous Helitron transposon. Further analysis showed that the inserted 3.6 kb non-autonomous Helitron transposon was widely distributed in B. napus accessions which contain the S haplotype BnS-1. Through promoter deletion analysis, an enhancer and a putative cis-regulatory element (TTCTA) that were required for spatio-temporal specific expression of BnSP11-1 were identified, and both might be disrupted by the insertion of Helitron transposon. We suggested that the insertion of Helitron transposons in the promoter of BnSP11-1 gene had altered the mating system and might facilitated the speciation of B. napus. Our findings have profound consequences for understanding the self-compatibility in B. napus as well as for the trait variations during evolutionary process of plant polyploidization.
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Fujii S, Kubo KI, Takayama S. Non-self- and self-recognition models in plant self-incompatibility. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16130. [PMID: 27595657 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which flowering plants choose their mating partners have interested researchers for a long time. Recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of non-self-recognition in some plant species have provided new insights into self-incompatibility (SI), the trait used by a wide range of plant species to avoid self-fertilization and promote outcrossing. In this Review, we compare the known SI systems, which can be largely classified into non-self- or self-recognition systems with respect to their molecular mechanisms, their evolutionary histories and their modes of evolution. We review previous controversies on haplotype evolution in the gametophytic SI system of Solanaceae species in light of a recently elucidated non-self-recognition model. In non-self-recognition SI systems, the transition from self-compatibility (SC) to SI may be more common than previously thought. Reversible transition between SI and SC in plants may have contributed to their adaptation to diverse and fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Fujii
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Kubo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Seiji Takayama
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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Sampson JF, Byrne M, Gibson N, Yates C. Limiting inbreeding in disjunct and isolated populations of a woody shrub. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5867-80. [PMID: 27547361 PMCID: PMC4983598 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen movements and mating patterns are key features that influence population genetic structure. When gene flow is low, small populations are prone to increased genetic drift and inbreeding, but naturally disjunct species may have features that reduce inbreeding and contribute to their persistence despite genetic isolation. Using microsatellite loci, we investigated outcrossing levels, family mating parameters, pollen dispersal, and spatial genetic structure in three populations of Hakea oldfieldii, a fire-sensitive shrub with naturally disjunct, isolated populations prone to reduction in size and extinction following fires. We mapped and genotyped a sample of 102 plants from a large population, and all plants from two smaller populations (28 and 20 individuals), and genotyped 158-210 progeny from each population. We found high outcrossing despite the possibility of geitonogamous pollination, small amounts of biparental inbreeding, a limited number of successful pollen parents within populations, and significant correlated paternity. The number of pollen parents for each seed parent was moderate. There was low but significant spatial genetic structure up to 10 m around plants, but the majority of successful pollen came from outside this area including substantial proportions from distant plants within populations. Seed production varied among seven populations investigated but was not correlated with census population size. We suggest there may be a mechanism to prevent self-pollination in H. oldfieldii and that high outcrossing and pollen dispersal within populations would promote genetic diversity among the relatively small amount of seed stored in the canopy. These features of the mating system would contribute to the persistence of genetically isolated populations prone to fluctuations in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Sampson
- Science and Conservation Division Department of Parks and Wildlife Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre Perth Western Australia 6983 Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science and Conservation Division Department of Parks and Wildlife Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre Perth Western Australia 6983 Australia
| | - Neil Gibson
- Science and Conservation Division Department of Parks and Wildlife Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre Perth Western Australia 6983 Australia
| | - Colin Yates
- Science and Conservation Division Department of Parks and Wildlife Locked Bag 104 Bentley Delivery Centre Perth Western Australia 6983 Australia
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Silva JL, Brennan AC, Mejías JA. Population genetics of self-incompatibility in a clade of relict cliff-dwelling plant species. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw029. [PMID: 27154621 PMCID: PMC4940477 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The mating systems of species in small or fragmented populations impact upon their persistence. Small self-incompatible (SI) populations risk losing S allele diversity, responsible for the SI response, by drift thereby limiting mate availability and leading to population decline or SI system breakdown. But populations of relict and/or endemic species have resisted these demographic conditions over long periods suggesting their mating systems have adapted. To address a lack of empirical data on this topic, we studied the SI systems of three relict cliff-dwelling species of Sonchus section Pustulati (Asteraceae): S. masguindalii, S. fragilis and S. pustulatus in the western Mediterranean region. We performed controlled pollinations within and between individuals to measure index of SI (ISI) expression and identify S alleles in multiple population samples. Sonchus masguindalii and S. pustulatus showed strong SI (ISI = 0.6-1.0) compared to S. fragilis (ISI = 0.1-0.7). Just five S alleles were estimated for Spanish S. pustulatus and a moderate 11-15 S alleles for Moroccan S. pustulatus and S. fragilis, respectively. The fact that autonomous fruit set was generally improved by active self-pollination in self-compatible S. fragilis suggests that individuals with weak SI can show a wide range of outcrossing levels dependent on the degree of self or outcross pollen that pollinators bear. We conclude that frequent S allele dominance interactions that mask the incompatibility interactions of recessive S alleles leading to higher mate availability and partial breakdown of SI leading to mixed mating, both contribute to reproductive resilience in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Silva
- Departamento De Biología Vegetal Y Ecología, Universidad De Sevilla, Sevilla, CP 41012, España
| | - Adrian C Brennan
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - José A Mejías
- Departamento De Biología Vegetal Y Ecología, Universidad De Sevilla, Sevilla, CP 41012, España
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Herman AC, Schoen DJ. Recent selection for self-compatibility in a population of Leavenworthia alabamica. Evolution 2016; 70:1212-24. [PMID: 27139712 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of self-compatibility (SC) is the first step in the evolutionary transition in plants from outcrossing enforced by self-incompatibility (SI) to self-fertilization. In the Brassicaceae, SI is controlled by alleles of two tightly linked genes at the S-locus. Despite permitting inbreeding, mutations at the S-locus leading to SC may be selected if they provide reproductive assurance and/or gain a transmission advantage in a population when SC plants self- and outcross. Positive selection can leave a genomic signature in the regions physically linked to the focus of selection when selection has occurred recently. From an SC population of Leavenworthia alabamica with a known nonfunctional mutation at the S-locus, we collected sequence data from a ∼690 Kb region surrounding the S-locus, as well as from regions not linked to the S-locus. To test for recent positive selection acting at the S-locus, we examined polymorphism and the site-frequency spectra. Using forward simulations, we demonstrate that recent selection of the strength expected for SC at a locus formerly under balancing selection can generate patterns similar to those seen in our empirical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Herman
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada. .,Current Address: Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108.
| | - Daniel J Schoen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
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Shimizu KK, Tsuchimatsu T. Evolution of Selfing: Recurrent Patterns in Molecular Adaptation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Selfing has evolved in animals, fungi, and plants, and since Darwin's pioneering study, it is considered one of the most frequent evolutionary trends in flowering plants. Generally, the evolution of selfing is characterized by a loss of self-incompatibility, the selfing syndrome, and changes in genome-wide polymorphism patterns. Recent interdisciplinary studies involving molecular functional experiments, genome-wide data, experimental evolution, and evolutionary ecology using Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, and other species show that the evolution of selfing is not merely a degradation of outcrossing traits but a model for studying the recurrent patterns underlying adaptive molecular evolution. For example, in wild Arabidopsis relatives, self-compatibility evolved from mutations in the male specificity gene, S-LOCUS CYSTEINE-RICH PROTEIN/S-LOCUS PROTEIN 11 (SCR/SP11), rather than the female specificity gene, S-LOCUS RECEPTOR KINASE (SRK), supporting the theoretical prediction of sexual asymmetry. Prevalence of dominant self-compatible mutations is consistent with Haldane's sieve, which acts against recessive adaptive mutations. Time estimates based on genome-wide polymorphisms and self-incompatibility genes generally support the recent origin of selfing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro K. Shimizu
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Tsuchimatsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Pannell JR. Evolution of the mating system in colonizing plants. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2018-37. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Pannell
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Biophore Building 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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