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Lee SY, Roh E, Kim SG, Kong HG. Competition for nutrient niches within the apple blossom microbiota antagonizes the initiation of fire blight infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39031531 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the plant microbiota composition are intimately associated with the health of the plant, but factors controlling the microbial community in flowers are poorly understood. In this study, we used apple flowers and fire blight as a model system to investigate the effects of floral microbiota and microbial competition on disease development and suppression. To compare changes in microbial flora with the RNA expression patterns of plants, the flower samples were collected in three different flowering stages (Bud, Popcorn, and Full-bloom). Using advanced sequencing technology, we analyzed the data and conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate our findings. Our results show that the Erwinia amylovora use arabinogalactan, which is secreted on the flowers, for early colonization of apple flowers. Pantoea agglomerans was more competitive for arabinogalactan than E. amylovora. Additionally, P. agglomerans suppressed the expression of virulence factors of E. amylovora by using arabinose, which is a major component of arabinogalactan, which induces virulence gene expression. The present data provide new insights into developing control strategies for diverse plant diseases, including fire blight, by highlighting the importance of nutrients in disease development or suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeup Lee
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
| | - Eunjung Roh
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, 16227, Korea
| | - Hyun Gi Kong
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
- College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, 28644, Korea
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2
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Tan L, Cheng J, Zhang L, Backe J, Urbanowicz B, Heiss C, Azadi P. Pectic-AGP is a major form of Arabidopsis AGPs. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121838. [PMID: 38368088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
As a key component in cell walls of numerous organisms ranging from green algae to higher plants, AGPs play principal roles in many biological processes such as cell-cell adhesion and regulating Ca2+ signaling pathway as a Ca2+-capacitor. Consistently, AGP structures vary from species to species and from tissue to tissue. To understand the functions of AGPs, it is vital to know their structural differences relative to their location in the plant. Thus, AGPs were purified from different Arabidopsis tissues. Analyses of these AGPs demonstrated that the AGPs comprised covalently linked pectin and AGP, referred to as pectic-AGPs. Importantly, these pectic-AGPs were glycosylated with a remarkable variety of polysaccharides including homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan-I, and type II arabinogalactan at different ratios and lengths. This result not only suggests that pectic-AGP is a major form of Arabidopsis AGPs, but also supports AGPs serve as crosslinkers covalently connecting pectins with structures tailored for tissue-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Jielun Cheng
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Liang Zhang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Jason Backe
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Breeanna Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
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3
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Zhao C, Onyino J, Gao X. Current Advances in the Functional Diversity and Mechanisms Underlying Endophyte-Plant Interactions. Microorganisms 2024; 12:779. [PMID: 38674723 PMCID: PMC11052469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant phenotype is a complex entity largely controlled by the genotype and various environmental factors. Importantly, co-evolution has allowed plants to coexist with the biotic factors in their surroundings. Recently, plant endophytes as an external plant phenotype, forming part of the complex plethora of the plant microbial assemblage, have gained immense attention from plant scientists. Functionally, endophytes impact the plant in many ways, including increasing nutrient availability, enhancing the ability of plants to cope with both abiotic and biotic stress, and enhancing the accumulation of important plant secondary metabolites. The current state of research has been devoted to evaluating the phenotypic impacts of endophytes on host plants, including their direct influence on plant metabolite accumulation and stress response. However, there is a knowledge gap in how genetic factors influence the interaction of endophytes with host plants, pathogens, and other plant microbial communities, eventually controlling the extended microbial plant phenotype. This review will summarize how host genetic factors can impact the abundance and functional diversity of the endophytic microbial community, how endophytes influence host gene expression, and the host-endophyte-pathogen disease triangle. This information will provide novel insights into how breeders could specifically target the plant-endophyte extended phenotype for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (J.O.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Johnmark Onyino
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (J.O.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiquan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (C.Z.); (J.O.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing 210095, China
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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4
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Sena L, Mica E, Valè G, Vaccino P, Pecchioni N. Exploring the potential of endophyte-plant interactions for improving crop sustainable yields in a changing climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349401. [PMID: 38571718 PMCID: PMC10988515 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Climate change poses a major threat to global food security, significantly reducing crop yields as cause of abiotic stresses, and for boosting the spread of new and old pathogens and pests. Sustainable crop management as a route to mitigation poses the challenge of recruiting an array of solutions and tools for the new aims. Among these, the deployment of positive interactions between the micro-biotic components of agroecosystems and plants can play a highly significant role, as part of the agro-ecological revolution. Endophytic microorganisms have emerged as a promising solution to tackle this challenge. Among these, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and endophytic bacteria and fungi have demonstrated their potential to alleviate abiotic stresses such as drought and heat stress, as well as the impacts of biotic stresses. They can enhance crop yields in a sustainable way also by other mechanisms, such as improving the nutrient uptake, or by direct effects on plant physiology. In this review we summarize and update on the main types of endophytes, we highlight several studies that demonstrate their efficacy in improving sustainable yields and explore possible avenues for implementing crop-microbiota interactions. The mechanisms underlying these interactions are highly complex and require a comprehensive understanding. For this reason, omic technologies such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have been employed to unravel, by a higher level of information, the complex network of interactions between plants and microorganisms. Therefore, we also discuss the various omic approaches and techniques that have been used so far to study plant-endophyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Sena
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Sede Agraria, UNIMORE - Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, CREA – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Erica Mica
- Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, UPO – Università del Piemonte Orientale, Complesso San Giuseppe, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Giampiero Valè
- Dipartimento per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, UPO – Università del Piemonte Orientale, Complesso San Giuseppe, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vaccino
- Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, CREA – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Sede Agraria, UNIMORE - Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, CREA – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Vercelli, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, CREA – Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Foggia, Italy
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Tsyganova AV, Seliverstova EV, Tsyganov VE. Comparison of the Formation of Plant-Microbial Interface in Pisum sativum L. and Medicago truncatula Gaertn. Nitrogen-Fixing Nodules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13850. [PMID: 37762151 PMCID: PMC10531038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Different components of the symbiotic interface play an important role in providing positional information during rhizobial infection and nodule development: successive changes in cell morphology correspond to subsequent changes in the molecular architecture of the apoplast and the associated surface structures. The localisation and distribution of pectins, xyloglucans, and cell wall proteins in symbiotic nodules of Pisum sativum and Medicago truncatula were studied using immunofluorescence and immunogold analysis in wild-type and ineffective mutant nodules. As a result, the ontogenetic changes in the symbiotic interface in the nodules of both species were described. Some differences in the patterns of distribution of cell wall polysaccharides and proteins between wild-type and mutant nodules can be explained by the activation of defence reaction or premature senescence in mutants. The absence of fucosylated xyloglucan in the cell walls in the P. sativum nodules, as well as its predominant accumulation in the cell walls of uninfected cells in the M. truncatula nodules, and the presence of the rhamnogalacturonan I (unbranched) backbone in meristematic cells in P. sativum can be attributed to the most striking species-specific features of the symbiotic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Tsyganova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (E.V.S.); (V.E.T.)
| | - Elena V. Seliverstova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (E.V.S.); (V.E.T.)
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Viktor E. Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg 196608, Russia; (E.V.S.); (V.E.T.)
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Šípošová K, Labancová E, Hačkuličová D, Kollárová K, Vivodová Z. The changes in the maize root cell walls after exogenous application of auxin in the presence of cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:87102-87117. [PMID: 37418187 PMCID: PMC10406670 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a transition metal and hazardous pollutant that has many toxic effects on plants. This heavy metal poses a health risk for both humans and animals. The cell wall is the first structure of a plant cell that is in contact with Cd; therefore, it can change its composition and/or ratio of wall components accordingly. This paper investigates the changes in the anatomy and cell wall architecture of maize (Zea mays L.) roots grown for 10 days in the presence of auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Cd. The application of IBA in the concentration 10-9 M delayed the development of apoplastic barriers, decreased the content of lignin in the cell wall, increased the content of Ca2+ and phenols, and influenced the composition of monosaccharides in polysaccharide fractions when compared to the Cd treatment. Application of IBA improved the Cd2+ fixation to the cell wall and increased the endogenous concentration of auxin depleted by Cd treatment. The proposed scheme from obtained results may explain the possible mechanisms of the exogenously applied IBA and its effects on the changes in the binding of Cd2+ within the cell wall, and on the stimulation of growth that resulted in the amelioration of Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristína Šípošová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Labancová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Diana Hačkuličová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karin Kollárová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Vivodová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Vicré M, Lionetti V. Editorial: Plant cell wall in pathogenesis, parasitism and symbiosis, Volume II. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1230438. [PMID: 37409282 PMCID: PMC10319148 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1230438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maïté Vicré
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV UR 4358, Rouen, France
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca per le Scienze applicate alla Protezione dell’Ambiente e dei Beni Culturali (CIABC), Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
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8
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Chambard M, Albert B, Cadiou M, Auby S, Profizi C, Boulogne I. Living yeast-based biostimulants: different genes for the same results? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1171564. [PMID: 37404542 PMCID: PMC10315835 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1171564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, many products are available in the plant biostimulants market. Among them, living yeast-based biostimulants are also commercialized. Given the living aspect of these last products, the reproducibility of their effects should be investigated to ensure end-users' confidence. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of a living yeast-based biostimulant between two different soybean cultures. These two cultures named C1 and C2 were conducted on the same variety and soil but in different locations and dates until the VC developmental stage (unifoliate leaves unrolled), with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (control and Bs condition) and with and without biostimulant coating seed treatment. The foliar transcriptomic analysis done first showed a high gene expression difference between the two cultures. Despite this first result, a secondary analysis seemed to show that this biostimulant led to a similar pathway enhancement in plants and with common genes even if the expressed genes were different between the two cultures. The pathways which seem to be reproducibly impacted by this living yeast-based biostimulant are abiotic stress tolerance and cell wall/carbohydrate synthesis. Impacting these pathways may protect the plant from abiotic stresses and maintain a higher level of sugars in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chambard
- Univ Rouen Normandie, GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Sarah Auby
- Agrauxine by Lesaffre, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Univ Rouen Normandie, GLYCOMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, IRIB, Rouen, France
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Tan L, Xu J, Held M, Lamport DTA, Kieliszewski M. Arabinogalactan Structures of Repetitive Serine-Hydroxyproline Glycomodule Expressed by Arabidopsis Cell Suspension Cultures. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1036. [PMID: 36903897 PMCID: PMC10005752 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily. They are heavily glycosylated with arabinogalactans, which are usually composed of a β-1,3-linked galactan backbone with 6-O-linked galactosyl, oligo-1,6-galactosyl, or 1,6-galactan side chains that are further decorated with arabinosyl, glucuronosyl, rhamnosyl, and/or fucosyl residues. Here, our work with Hyp-O-polysaccharides isolated from (Ser-Hyp)32-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion glycoproteins overexpressed in transgenic Arabidopsis suspension culture is consistent with the common structural features of AGPs isolated from tobacco. In addition, this work confirms the presence of β-1,6-linkage on the galactan backbone identified previously in AGP fusion glycoproteins expressed in tobacco suspension culture. Furthermore, the AGPs expressed in Arabidopsis suspension culture lack terminal-rhamnosyl residues and have a much lower level of glucuronosylation compared with those expressed in tobacco suspension culture. These differences not only suggest the presence of distinct glycosyl transferases for AGP glycosylation in the two systems, but also indicate the existence of minimum AG structures for type II AG functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Marcia Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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10
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Fortier M, Lemaitre V, Gaudry A, Pawlak B, Driouich A, Follet-Gueye ML, Vicré M. A fine-tuned defense at the pea root caps: Involvement of border cells and arabinogalactan proteins against soilborne diseases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1132132. [PMID: 36844081 PMCID: PMC9947496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to cope with a myriad of soilborne pathogens that affect crop production and food security. The complex interactions between the root system and microorganisms are determinant for the whole plant health. However, the knowledge regarding root defense responses is limited as compared to the aerial parts of the plant. Immune responses in roots appear to be tissue-specific suggesting a compartmentalization of defense mechanisms in these organs. The root cap releases cells termed root "associated cap-derived cells" (AC-DCs) or "border cells" embedded in a thick mucilage layer forming the root extracellular trap (RET) dedicated to root protection against soilborne pathogens. Pea (Pisum sativum) is the plant model used to characterize the composition of the RET and to unravel its function in root defense. The objective of this paper is to review modes of action of the RET from pea against diverse pathogens with a special focus on root rot disease caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, one of the most widely occurring and large-scale pea crop diseases. The RET, at the interface between the soil and the root, is enriched in antimicrobial compounds including defense-related proteins, secondary metabolites, and glycan-containing molecules. More especially arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), a family of plant extracellular proteoglycans belonging to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins were found to be particularly present in pea border cells and mucilage. Herein, we discuss the role of RET and AGPs in the interaction between roots and microorganisms and future potential developments for pea crop protection.
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11
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Su C, Zhang G, Rodriguez-Franco M, Hinnenberg R, Wietschorke J, Liang P, Yang W, Uhler L, Li X, Ott T. Transcellular progression of infection threads in Medicago truncatula roots is associated with locally confined cell wall modifications. Curr Biol 2023; 33:533-542.e5. [PMID: 36657449 PMCID: PMC9937034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The root nodule symbiosis with its global impact on nitrogen fertilization of soils is characterized by an intracellular colonization of legume roots by rhizobia. Although the symbionts are initially taken up by morphologically adapted root hairs, rhizobia persistently progress within a membrane-confined infection thread through several root cortical and later nodular cell layers. Throughout this transcellular passaging, rhizobia have to repeatedly pass host plasma membranes and cell walls. Here, we investigated this essential process and describe the concerted action of one of the symbiosis-specific pectin methyl esterases (SyPME1) and the nodulation pectate lyase (NPL) at the infection thread and transcellular passage sites. Their coordinated function mediates spatially confined pectin alterations in the cell-cell interface that result in the establishment of an apoplastic compartment where bacteria are temporarily released into and taken up from the subjacent cell. This process allows successful intracellular progression of infection threads through the entire root cortical tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Rosula Hinnenberg
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Wietschorke
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pengbo Liang
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Rhizobium Research Center, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Leonard Uhler
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS - Centre of Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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12
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Okawa R, Hayashi Y, Yamashita Y, Matsubayashi Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M. Arabinogalactan protein polysaccharide chains are required for normal biogenesis of plasmodesmata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:493-503. [PMID: 36511822 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a plant-specific family of extracellular proteoglycans characterized by large and complex galactose-rich polysaccharide chains. Functional elucidation of AGPs, however, has been hindered by the high degree of redundancy of AGP genes. To uncover as yet unexplored roles of AGPs in Arabidopsis, a mutant of Hyp O-galactosyltransferase (HPGT), a critical enzyme that catalyzes the common initial step of Hyp-linked arabinogalactan chain biosynthesis, was used. Here we show, using the hpgt1,2,3 triple mutant, that a reduction in functional AGPs leads to a stomatal patterning defect in which two or more stomata are clustered together. This defect is attributed to increased and dysregulated symplastic transport following changes in plasmodesmata structure, such that highly permeable complex branched plasmodesmata with cavities in branching parts increased in the mutant. We also found that the hpgt1,2,3 mutation causes a reduction of cellulose in the cell wall and accumulation of pectin, which controls cell wall porosity. Our results highlight the importance of AGPs in the correct biogenesis of plasmodesmata, possibly acting through the regulation of cell wall properties surrounding the plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Okawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamashita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Oota M, Toyoda S, Kotake T, Wada N, Hashiguchi M, Akashi R, Ishikawa H, Favery B, Tsai AYL, Sawa S. Rhamnogalacturonan-I as a nematode chemoattractant from Lotus corniculatus L. super-growing root culture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1008725. [PMID: 36777533 PMCID: PMC9908596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The soil houses a tremendous amount of micro-organisms, many of which are plant parasites and pathogens by feeding off plant roots for sustenance. Such root pathogens and parasites often rely on plant-secreted signaling molecules in the rhizosphere as host guidance cues. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a chemoattractant of plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita, RKN). METHODS The Super-growing Root (SR) culture, consisting of excised roots from the legume species Lotus corniculatus L., was found to strongly attract infective RKN juveniles and actively secrete chemoattractants into the liquid culture media. The chemo-attractant in the culture media supernatant was purified using hydrophobicity and anion exchange chromatography, and found to be enriched in carbohydrates. RESULTS Monosaccharide analyses suggest the chemo-attractant contains a wide array of sugars, but is enriched in arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid. This purified chemoattractant was shown to contain pectin, specifically anti-rhamnogalacturonan-I and anti-arabinogalactan protein epitopes but not anti-homogalacturonan epitopes. More importantly, the arabinose and galactose sidechain groups were found to be essential for RKN-attracting activities. This chemo-attractant appears to be specific to M. incognita, as it wasn't effective in attracting other Meloidogyne species nor Caenorhabditis elegans. DISCUSSION This is the first report to identify the nematode attractant purified from root exudate of L corniculatus L. Our findings re-enforce pectic carbohydrates as important chemicals mediating micro-organism chemotaxis in the soil, and also highlight the unexpected utilities of the SR culture system in root pathogen research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Oota
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Syuuto Toyoda
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Wada
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Akashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hayato Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bruno Favery
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l’environnement (INRAE), Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Allen Yi-Lun Tsai
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- International Research Center for Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Kulik J, Zdunek A. Review: structure and modifications of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36670377 PMCID: PMC9854139 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to provide general information on the molecular structure and synthesis of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in association to their physiological significance. Assessment of genetic modifications of the activity of enzymes involved in the AGP biosynthesis is an efficient tool to study AGP functions. Thus, P4H (prolyl 4 hydroxylase) mutants, GLCAT (β-glucuronosyltransferase) mutants, and GH43 (glycoside hydrolase family 43) mutants have been described. We focused on the overview of AGPs modifications observed at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Inhibition of the hydroxylation process results in an increase in the intensity of cell divisions and thus, has an impact on root system length and leaf area. In turn, overexpression of P4H genes stimulates the density of root hairs. A mutation in GLCAT genes responsible for the transfer of glucuronic acid to the AGP molecule revealed that the reduction of GlcA in AGP disrupts the substantial assembly of the primary cell wall. Furthermore, silencing of genes encoding GH43, which has the ability to hydrolyze the AGP glycan by removing incorrectly synthesized β-1,3-galactans, induces changes in the abundance of other cell wall constituents, which finally leads to root growth defects. This information provides insight into AGPs as a crucial players in the structural interactions present in the plant extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Joanna Kulik
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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15
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Leszczuk A, Zając A, Cybulska J, Stefaniuk D, Zdunek A. Working towards arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) from fruit: carbohydrate composition and impact on fungal growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:600. [PMID: 36539686 PMCID: PMC9764746 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are extracellular matrix constituents involved in plant response to fungal infection. The aim of the current study was to investigate the antifungal effect of AGPs ex situ and to determine the structural features of AGPs that may have an influence on this activity. The features of AGPs isolated from fruit were investigated with molecular tools based on specific monoclonal antibodies recognizing carbohydrate AGP epitopes. The Antifungal (well-diffusion) Susceptibility Test and the Agar Invasion Test were used to assess the impact of AGPs on Penicillium notatum culture. RESULTS The results definitely ruled out the influence of AGPs on fungal growth. The immunochemical analyses revealed that AGPs consist mainly of carbohydrate chains composed of β-linked glucuronosyl residues recognized by LM2 and GlcA-β(1 → 3)-GalA-α(1 → 2) Rha recognized by JIM13, which do not have the same functional properties outside the plant cell in in vitro experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS The action of a single cell wall component does not elicit any influence ex situ. The extensive accumulation of glycan chains of AGPs in infected tissue as a result of a complex mechanism occurring in the cell wall emphasizes the importance of dependencies between particular components of the extracellular matrix in response to fungal attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adrian Zając
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dawid Stefaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-400 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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16
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Czyż KB, Taylor CM, Kawaliło M, Koczyk G. Gain or Loss? Evidence for Legume Predisposition to Symbiotic Interactions with Rhizobia via Loss of Pathogen-Resistance-Related Gene Families. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416003. [PMID: 36555644 PMCID: PMC9783688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodulation is a hallmark yet non-universal characteristic of legumes. It is unknown whether the mechanisms underlying nitrogen-fixing symbioses evolved within legumes and the broader nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC) repeatedly de novo or based on common ancestral pathways. Ten new transcriptomes representing members from the Cercidoideae and Caesalpinioideae subfamilies were supplemented with published omics data from 65 angiosperms, to investigate how gene content correlates with nodulation capacity within Fabaceae and the NFC. Orthogroup analysis categorized annotated genes into 64150 orthogroups, of which 19 were significantly differentially represented between nodulating versus non-nodulating NFC species and were most commonly absent in nodulating taxa. The distribution of six over-represented orthogroups within Viridiplantae representatives suggested that genomic evolution events causing gene family expansions, including whole-genome duplications (WGDs), were unlikely to have facilitated the development of stable symbioses within Fabaceae as a whole. Instead, an absence of representation of 13 orthogroups indicated that losses of genes involved in trichome development, defense and wounding responses were strongly associated with rhizobial symbiosis in legumes. This finding provides novel evidence of a lineage-specific predisposition for the evolution and/or stabilization of nodulation in Fabaceae, in which a loss of pathogen resistance genes may have allowed for stable mutualistic interactions with rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna B. Czyż
- Biometry and Bioinformatics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Science, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Candy M. Taylor
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michał Kawaliło
- Biometry and Bioinformatics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Science, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Koczyk
- Biometry and Bioinformatics Team, Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Science, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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17
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Galloway AF, Akhtar J, Burak E, Marcus SE, Field KJ, Dodd IC, Knox P. Altered properties and structures of root exudate polysaccharides in a root hairless mutant of barley. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1214-1227. [PMID: 35876808 PMCID: PMC9516773 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates and rhizosheaths of attached soil are important features of growing roots. To elucidate factors involved in rhizosheath formation, wild-type (WT) barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Pallas) and a root hairless mutant, bald root barley (brb), were investigated with a combination of physiological, biochemical, and immunochemical assays. When grown in soil, WT barley roots bound ∼5-fold more soil than brb per unit root length. High molecular weight (HMW) polysaccharide exudates of brb roots had less soil-binding capacity than those of WT root exudates. Carbohydrate and glycan monoclonal antibody analyses of HMW polysaccharide exudates indicated differing glycan profiles. Relative to WT plants, root exudates of brb had reduced signals for arabinogalactan-protein (AGP), extensin, and heteroxylan epitopes. In contrast, the root exudate of 2-week-old brb plants contained ∼25-fold more detectable xyloglucan epitope relative to WT. Root system immunoprints confirmed the higher levels of release of the xyloglucan epitope from brb root apices and root axes relative to WT. Epitope detection with anion-exchange chromatography indicated that the increased detection of xyloglucan in brb exudates was due to enhanced abundance of a neutral polymer. Conversely, brb root exudates contained decreased amounts of an acidic polymer, with soil-binding properties, containing the xyloglucan epitope and glycoprotein and heteroxylan epitopes relative to WT. We, therefore, propose that, in addition to physically structuring soil particles, root hairs facilitate rhizosheath formation by releasing a soil-binding polysaccharide complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Galloway
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jumana Akhtar
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Emma Burak
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Susan E Marcus
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katie J Field
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ian C Dodd
- Author for correspondence: (I.C.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Paul Knox
- Author for correspondence: (I.C.D.); (P.K.)
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18
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Salvi P, Mahawar H, Agarrwal R, Kajal, Gautam V, Deshmukh R. Advancement in the molecular perspective of plant-endophytic interaction to mitigate drought stress in plants. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981355. [PMID: 36118190 PMCID: PMC9478035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Change in global climate has started to show its effect in the form of extremes of temperatures and water scarcity which is bound to impact adversely the global food security in near future. In the current review we discuss the impact of drought on plants and highlight the ability of endophytes, microbes that inhabit the plants asymptomatically, to confer stress tolerance to their host. For this we first describe the symbiotic association between plant and the endophytes and then focus on the molecular and physiological strategies/mechanisms adopted by these endophytes to confer stress tolerance. These include root alteration, osmotic adjustment, ROS scavenging, detoxification, production of phytohormones, and promoting plant growth under adverse conditions. The review further elaborates on how omics-based techniques have advanced our understanding of molecular basis of endophyte mediated drought tolerance of host plant. Detailed analysis of whole genome sequences of endophytes followed by comparative genomics facilitates in identification of genes involved in endophyte-host interaction while functional genomics further unveils the microbial targets that can be exploited for enhancing the stress tolerance of the host. Thus, an amalgamation of endophytes with other sustainable agricultural practices seems to be an appeasing approach to produce climate-resilient crops.
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19
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Plant-Endophyte Interaction during Biotic Stress Management. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172203. [PMID: 36079585 PMCID: PMC9459794 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants interact with diverse microbial communities and share complex relationships with each other. The intimate association between microbes and their host mutually benefit each other and provide stability against various biotic and abiotic stresses to plants. Endophytes are heterogeneous groups of microbes that live inside the host tissue without showing any apparent sign of infection. However, their functional attributes such as nutrient acquisition, phytohormone modulation, synthesis of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant enzymes of endophytes are similar to the other rhizospheric microorganisms. Nevertheless, their higher colonization efficacy and stability against abiotic stress make them superior to other microorganisms. In recent studies, the potential role of endophytes in bioprospecting has been broadly reported. However, the molecular aspect of host–endophyte interactions is still unclear. In this study, we have briefly discussed the endophyte biology, colonization efficacy and diversity pattern of endophytes. In addition, it also summarizes the molecular aspect of plant–endophyte interaction in biotic stress management.
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20
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Elicitation of Roots and AC-DC with PEP-13 Peptide Shows Differential Defense Responses in Multi-Omics. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162605. [PMID: 36010682 PMCID: PMC9406913 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The root extracellular trap (RET) has emerged as a specialized compartment consisting of root AC-DC and mucilage. However, the RET’s contribution to plant defense is still poorly understood. While the roles of polysaccharides and glycoproteins secreted by root AC-DC have started to be elucidated, how the low-molecular-weight exudates of the RET contribute to root defense is poorly known. In order to better understand the RET and its defense response, the transcriptomes, proteomes and metabolomes of roots, root AC-DC and mucilage of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr, var. Castetis) upon elicitation with the peptide PEP-13 were investigated. This peptide is derived from the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae. In this study, the root and the RET responses to elicitation were dissected and sequenced using transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic approaches. The major finding is increased synthesis and secretion of specialized metabolites upon induced defense activation following PEP-13 peptide elicitation. This study provides novel findings related to the pivotal role of the root extracellular trap in root defense.
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21
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Tarchevsky IA, Egorova AM. Participation of Proline in Plant Adaptation to Stress Factors and Its Application in Agrobiotechnology (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Upadhyay SK, Srivastava AK, Rajput VD, Chauhan PK, Bhojiya AA, Jain D, Chaubey G, Dwivedi P, Sharma B, Minkina T. Root Exudates: Mechanistic Insight of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Crop Production. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:916488. [PMID: 35910633 PMCID: PMC9329127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.916488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The breaking silence between the plant roots and microorganisms in the rhizosphere affects plant growth and physiology by impacting biochemical, molecular, nutritional, and edaphic factors. The components of the root exudates are associated with the microbial population, notably, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The information accessible to date demonstrates that PGPR is specific to the plant's roots. However, inadequate information is accessible for developing bio-inoculation/bio-fertilizers for the crop in concern, with satisfactory results at the field level. There is a need to explore the perfect candidate PGPR to meet the need for plant growth and yield. The functions of PGPR and their chemotaxis mobility toward the plant root are triggered by the cluster of genes induced by the components of root exudates. Some reports have indicated the benefit of root exudates in plant growth and productivity, yet a methodical examination of rhizosecretion and its consequences in phytoremediation have not been made. In the light of the afore-mentioned facts, in the present review, the mechanistic insight and recent updates on the specific PGPR recruitment to improve crop production at the field level are methodically addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K. Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | | | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Prabhat K. Chauhan
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India
| | - Ali Asger Bhojiya
- Department of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, India
| | - Devendra Jain
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, India
| | - Gyaneshwer Chaubey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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23
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Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126578. [PMID: 35743022 PMCID: PMC9223364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a family of glycoproteins that are widely present in plants. AGPs are mostly composed of a protein backbone decorated with complex carbohydrate side chains and are usually anchored to the plasma membrane or secreted extracellularly. A trickle of compelling biochemical and genetic evidence has demonstrated that AGPs make exciting candidates for a multitude of vital activities related to plant growth and development. However, because of the diversity of AGPs, functional redundancy of AGP family members, and blunt-force research tools, the precise functions of AGPs and their mechanisms of action remain elusive. In this review, we put together the current knowledge about the characteristics, classification, and identification of AGPs and make a summary of the biological functions of AGPs in multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. In addition, we especially discuss deeply the potential mechanisms for AGP action in different biological processes via their impacts on cellulose synthesis and deposition based on previous studies. Particularly, five hypothetical models that may explain the AGP involvement in cellulose synthesis and deposition during plant cell wall biogenesis are proposed. AGPs open a new avenue for understanding cellulose synthesis and deposition in plants.
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Přerovská T, Jindřichová B, Henke S, Yvin JC, Ferrieres V, Burketová L, Lipovová P, Nguema-Ona E. Arabinogalactan Protein-Like Proteins From Ulva lactuca Activate Immune Responses and Plant Resistance in an Oilseed Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893858. [PMID: 35668790 PMCID: PMC9164130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds isolated from macroalgae are promising, ecofriendly, and multifunctional bioinoculants, which have been tested and used in agriculture. Ulvans, for instance, one of the major polysaccharides present in Ulva spp. cell walls, have been tested for their plant growth-promoting properties as well as their ability to activate plant immune defense, on a large variety of crops. Recently, we have characterized for the first time an arabinogalactan protein-like (AGP-like) from Ulva lactuca, which exhibits several features associated to land plant AGPs. In land plant, AGPs were shown to play a role in several plant biological functions, including cell morphogenesis, reproduction, and plant-microbe interactions. Thus, isolated AGP-like proteins may be good candidates for either the plant growth-promoting properties or the activation of plant immune defense. Here, we have isolated an AGP-like enriched fraction from Ulva lactuca and we have evaluated its ability to (i) protect oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cotyledons against Leptosphaeria maculans, and (ii) its ability to activate immune responses. Preventive application of the Ulva AGP-like enriched fraction on oilseed rape, followed by cotyledon inoculation with the fungal hemibiotroph L. maculans, resulted in a major reduction of infection propagation. The noticed reduction correlated with an accumulation of H2O2 in treated cotyledons and with the activation of SA and ET signaling pathways in oilseed rape cotyledons. In parallel, an ulvan was also isolated from Ulva lactuca. Preventive application of ulvan also enhanced plant resistance against L. maculans. Surprisingly, reduction of infection severity was only observed at high concentration of ulvan. Here, no such significant changes in gene expression and H2O2 production were observed. Together, this study indicates that U. lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins exhibit promising elicitor activity and that plant eliciting properties of Ulva extract, might result not only from an ulvan-originated eliciting activities, but also AGP-like originated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Barbora Jindřichová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
| | - Vincent Ferrieres
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
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25
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Wang L, Rengel Z, Zhang K, Jin K, Lyu Y, Zhang L, Cheng L, Zhang F, Shen J. Ensuring future food security and resource sustainability: insights into the rhizosphere. iScience 2022; 25:104168. [PMID: 35434553 PMCID: PMC9010633 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding the world’s growing population requires continuously increasing crop yields with less fertilizers and agrochemicals on limited land. Focusing on plant belowground traits, especially root-soil-microbe interactions, holds a great promise for overcoming this challenge. The belowground root-soil-microbe interactions are complex and involve a range of physical, chemical, and biological processes that influence nutrient-use efficiency, plant growth and health. Understanding, predicting, and manipulating these rhizosphere processes will enable us to harness the relevant interactions to improve plant productivity and nutrient-use efficiency. Here, we review the recent progress and challenges in root-soil-microbe interactions. We also highlight how root-soil-microbe interactions could be manipulated to ensure food security and resource sustainability in a changing global climate, with an emphasis on reducing our dependence on fertilizers and agrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Wang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zed Rengel
- Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kemo Jin
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Lyu
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Ivo Ganchev. Role of Multispecies Biofilms with a Dominance of Bacillus subtilis in the Rhizosphere. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021150061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Pfeifer L, Utermöhlen J, Happ K, Permann C, Holzinger A, von Schwartzenberg K, Classen B. Search for evolutionary roots of land plant arabinogalactan-proteins in charophytes: presence of a rhamnogalactan-protein in Spirogyra pratensis (Zygnematophyceae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:568-584. [PMID: 34767672 PMCID: PMC7612518 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Charophyte green algae (CGA) are assigned to be the closest relatives of land plants and therefore enlighten processes in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. For the transition from water to land, plants needed significant physiological and structural changes, as well as with regard to cell wall composition. Sequential extraction of cell walls of Nitellopsis obtusa (Charophyceae) and Spirogyra pratensis (Zygnematophyceae) offered a comparative overview on cell wall composition of late branching CGA. Because arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are considered common for all land plant cell walls, we were interested in whether these special glycoproteins are present in CGA. Therefore, we investigated both species with regard to characteristic features of AGPs. In the cell wall of Nitellopsis, no hydroxyproline was present and no AGP was precipitable with the β-glucosyl Yariv's reagent (βGlcY). By contrast, βGlcY precipitation of the water-soluble cell wall fraction of Spirogyra yielded a glycoprotein fraction rich in hydroxyproline, indicating the presence of AGPs. Putative AGPs in the cell walls of non-conjugating Spirogyra filaments, especially in the area of transverse walls, were detected by staining with βGlcY. Labelling increased strongly in generative growth stages, especially during zygospore development. Investigations of the fine structure of the glycan part of βGlcY-precipitated molecules revealed that the galactan backbone resembled that of AGPs with 1,3- 1,6- and 1,3,6-linked Galp moieties. Araf was present only in small amounts and the terminating sugars consisted predominantly of pyranosidic terminal and 1,3-linked rhamnose residues. We introduce the term 'rhamnogalactan-protein' for this special AGP-modification present in S. pratensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jon Utermöhlen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Kathrin Happ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Charlotte Permann
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Classen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
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28
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Wilmowicz E, Kućko A, Alché JDD, Czeszewska-Rosiak G, Florkiewicz AB, Kapusta M, Karwaszewski J. Remodeling of Cell Wall Components in Root Nodules and Flower Abscission Zone under Drought in Yellow Lupine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031680. [PMID: 35163603 PMCID: PMC8836056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently showed that yellow lupine is highly sensitive to soil water deficits since this stressor disrupts nodule structure and functioning, and at the same time triggers flower separation through abscission zone (AZ) activation in the upper part of the plant. Both processes require specific transformations including cell wall remodeling. However, knowledge about the involvement of particular cell wall elements in nodulation and abscission in agronomically important, nitrogen-fixing crops, especially under stressful conditions, is still scarce. Here, we used immuno-fluorescence techniques to visualize dynamic changes in cell wall compounds taking place in the root nodules and flower AZ of Lupinus luteus following drought. The reaction of nodules and the flower AZ to drought includes the upregulation of extensins, galactans, arabinans, xylogalacturonan, and xyloglucans. Additionally, modifications in the localization of high- and low-methylated homogalacturonans and arabinogalactan proteins were detected in nodules. Collectively, we determined for the first time the drought-associated modification of cell wall components responsible for their remodeling in root nodules and the flower AZ of L. luteus. The involvement of these particular molecules and their possible interaction in response to stress is also deeply discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(56)-611-44-61
| | - Agata Kućko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Juan De Dios Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, E-18008 Granada, Spain;
| | - Grażyna Czeszewska-Rosiak
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Bogumiła Florkiewicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kapusta
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59 Street, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Karwaszewski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (G.C.-R.); (A.B.F.); (J.K.)
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29
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Sujkowska-Rybkowska M, Rusaczonek A, Kochańska-Jeziorska A. Exploring apoplast reorganization in the nodules of Lotus corniculatus L. growing on old Zn-Pb calamine wastes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153561. [PMID: 34801776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation are important factors that determine legume growth. A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effects of Zn-Pb contamination on nodule apoplast (cell walls and intercellular spaces) of bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) that spontaneously colonized old calamine wastes. The plants were grown in pots filled with sterile calamine substrate (M, metal treated) or expanded clay (NM, untreated) and inoculated with calamine-derived Lotus-nodulating Bradyrhizobium liaoningense. Apoplast reorganization in the nodules was examined using specific dyes for cellulose, pectin and lignin detection, and immuno-histochemical techniques based on monoclonal antibodies against xyloglucan (Lm25), pectins (Jim5 and Jim7), and structural proteins (arabinogalactan protein - Lm14 and extensin - Jim12). Microscopic analysis of metal-treated nodules revealed changes in the apoplast structure and composition of nodule cortex tissues and infected cells. Wall thickening was accompanied by intensified deposition of cellulose, xyloglucan, esterified pectin, arabinogalactan protein and extensin. The metal presence redirected also lignin and suberin deposition in the walls of the nodule cortex tissues. Our results showed reorganization of the apoplast of cortex tissues and infected cells of Lotus nodules under Zn-Pb presence. These changes in the apoplast structure and composition may have created actual barriers for the toxic ions. For this reason, they can be regarded as an element of legume defense strategy against metal stress that enables effective functioning of L. corniculatus-rhizobia symbiosis on Zn-Pb polluted calamine tailings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Sujkowska-Rybkowska
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Building 37, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Rusaczonek
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Building 37, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Arletta Kochańska-Jeziorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Building 37, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
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30
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Mariette A, Kang HS, Heazlewood JL, Persson S, Ebert B, Lampugnani ER. Not Just a Simple Sugar: Arabinose Metabolism and Function in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1791-1812. [PMID: 34129041 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These intricate wall structures are mostly made up of different sugars connected through specific glycosidic linkages but also contain many glycosylated proteins. A key plant sugar that is present throughout the plantae, even before the divergence of the land plant lineage, but is not found in animals, is l-arabinose (l-Ara). Here, we summarize and discuss the processes and proteins involved in l-Ara de novo synthesis, l-Ara interconversion, and the assembly and recycling of l-Ara-containing cell wall polymers and proteins. We also discuss the biological function of l-Ara in a context-focused manner, mainly addressing cell wall-related functions that are conferred by the basic physical properties of arabinose-containing polymers/compounds. In this article we explore these processes with the goal of directing future research efforts to the many exciting yet unanswered questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Mariette
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Hee Sung Kang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
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31
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Huang H, Miao Y, Zhang Y, Huang L, Cao J, Lin S. Comprehensive Analysis of Arabinogalactan Protein-Encoding Genes Reveals the Involvement of Three BrFLA Genes in Pollen Germination in Brassica rapa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313142. [PMID: 34884948 PMCID: PMC8658186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a superfamily of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that are massively glycosylated, widely implicated in plant growth and development. No comprehensive analysis of the AGP gene family has been performed in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis). Here, we identified a total of 293 putative AGP-encoding genes in B. rapa, including 25 classical AGPs, three lysine-rich AGPs, 30 AG-peptides, 36 fasciclin-like AGPs (FLAs), 59 phytocyanin-like AGPs, 33 xylogen-like AGPs, 102 other chimeric AGPs, two non-classical AGPs and three AGP/extensin hybrids. Their protein structures, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal location and gene duplication status were comprehensively analyzed. Based on RNA sequencing data, we found that 73 AGP genes were differentially expressed in the floral buds of the sterile and fertile plants at least at one developmental stage in B. rapa, suggesting a potential role of AGPs in male reproductive development. We further characterized BrFLA2, BrFLA28 and BrFLA32, three FLA members especially expressed in anthers, pollen grains and pollen tubes. BrFLA2, BrFLA28 and BrFLA32 are indispensable for the proper timing of pollen germination under high relative humidity. Our study greatly extends the repertoire of AGPs in B. rapa and reveals a role for three members of the FLA subfamily in pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yingjing Miao
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.L.)
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32
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Laloum Y, Gangneux C, Gügi B, Lanoue A, Munsch T, Blum A, Gauthier A, Trinsoutrot-Gattin I, Boulogne I, Vicré M, Driouich A, Laval K, Follet-Gueye ML. Faba bean root exudates alter pea root colonization by the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches at early stages of infection. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111032. [PMID: 34620436 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces euteiches is an oomycete pathogen that causes the pea root rot. We investigated the potential role of early belowground defense in pea (susceptible plant) and faba bean (tolerant plant) at three days after inoculation. Pea and faba bean were inoculated with A. euteiches zoospores. Root colonization was examined. Root exudates from pea and faba bean were harvested and their impact on A. euteiches development were assessed by using in vitro assays. A. euteiches root colonization and the influence of the oomycete inoculation on specialized metabolites patterns and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) concentration of root exudates were also determined. In faba bean root, A. euteiches colonization was very low as compared with that of pea. Whereas infected pea root exudates have a positive chemotaxis index (CI) on zoospores, faba bean exudate CI was negative suggesting a repellent effect. While furanoacetylenic compounds were only detected in faba bean exudates, AGP concentration was specifically increased in pea.This work showed that early in the course of infection, host susceptibility to A. euteiches is involved via a plant-species specific root exudation opening new perspectives in pea root rot disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohana Laloum
- AGHYLE research unit, UP 2018.C101, UniLaSalle Rouen 3 rue du tronquet CS 40118, 76134, Mont Saint Aignan, France; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Gangneux
- AGHYLE research unit, UP 2018.C101, UniLaSalle Rouen 3 rue du tronquet CS 40118, 76134, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Arnaud Lanoue
- Université de Tours, EA 2106 «Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales», UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Av. Monge, F37200, Tours, France
| | - Thibaut Munsch
- Université de Tours, EA 2106 «Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales», UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Av. Monge, F37200, Tours, France
| | - Adrien Blum
- AGHYLE research unit, UP 2018.C101, UniLaSalle Rouen 3 rue du tronquet CS 40118, 76134, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- AGHYLE research unit, UP 2018.C101, UniLaSalle Rouen 3 rue du tronquet CS 40118, 76134, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Isabelle Trinsoutrot-Gattin
- AGHYLE research unit, UP 2018.C101, UniLaSalle Rouen 3 rue du tronquet CS 40118, 76134, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Karine Laval
- AGHYLE research unit, UP 2018.C101, UniLaSalle Rouen 3 rue du tronquet CS 40118, 76134, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Glyco-MEV, EA4358, SFR NORVEGE FED 4277, I2C Carnot, IRIB, 76000, Rouen, France.
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33
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Driouich A, Gaudry A, Pawlak B, Moore JP. Root cap-derived cells and mucilage: a protective network at the root tip. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1179-1185. [PMID: 34196784 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root cap-derived cells and mucilage provide the first line of defense of the plant against soil microbial pathogens. These cells form a mucilaginous root extracellular trap (RET), which also harbors a range of molecules including exDNA and defensive peptides and proteins much like the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) of mammalians. Plant RETs resemble mucus structures found in mammalian systems and are rich in arabinogalactan proteins that have similarities to highly glycosylated human mucins. Human mucus and mucins regulate the intestinal flora microbiome through recruiting certain species of microbes and it is plausible that the arabinogalactan protein-rich mucilage found in plant roots fulfills a similar function by attracting specific microbes to the rhizosphere. The role of RETs in root defense functioning is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeddine Driouich
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire Glycobiologie Et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA 4358, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000, Rouen, France.
- UNIROUEN, Fédération de Recherche, Normandie Université, Normandie Végétal-FED 4277, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Alexia Gaudry
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire Glycobiologie Et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA 4358, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000, Rouen, France
- UNIROUEN, Fédération de Recherche, Normandie Université, Normandie Végétal-FED 4277, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Barbara Pawlak
- UNIROUEN, Normandie Université, Laboratoire Glycobiologie Et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA 4358, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000, Rouen, France
- UNIROUEN, Fédération de Recherche, Normandie Université, Normandie Végétal-FED 4277, Université de Rouen Normandie, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of AgriSciences, South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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34
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Jones CY, Engelhardt I, Patko D, Dupuy L, Holden N, Willats WGT. High-resolution 3D mapping of rhizosphere glycan patterning using molecular probes in a transparent soil system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:100059. [PMID: 34557617 PMCID: PMC8445887 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rhizospheres are microecological zones at the interface of roots and soils. Interactions between bacteria and roots are critical for maintaining plant and soil health but are difficult to study because of constraints inherent in working with underground systems. We have developed an in-situ rhizosphere imaging system based on transparent soils and molecular probes that can be imaged using confocal microscopy. We observed spatial patterning of polysaccharides along roots and on cells deposited into the rhizosphere and also co-localised fluorescently tagged soil bacteria. These studies provide insight into the complex glycan landscape of rhizospheres and suggest a means by which root / rhizobacteria interactions can be non-disruptively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Y Jones
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Devonshire Building, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ilonka Engelhardt
- Neiker, Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, Derio, Spain
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Daniel Patko
- Neiker, Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, Derio, Spain
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Lionel Dupuy
- Neiker, Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, Derio, Spain
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nicola Holden
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Devonshire Building, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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Villa-Rivera MG, Cano-Camacho H, López-Romero E, Zavala-Páramo MG. The Role of Arabinogalactan Type II Degradation in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730543. [PMID: 34512607 PMCID: PMC8424115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactans (AGs) are structural polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. A small proportion of the AGs are associated with hemicellulose and pectin. Furthermore, AGs are associated with proteins forming the so-called arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which can be found in the plant cell wall or attached through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor to the plasma membrane. AGPs are a family of highly glycosylated proteins grouped with cell wall proteins rich in hydroxyproline. These glycoproteins have important and diverse functions in plants, such as growth, cellular differentiation, signaling, and microbe-plant interactions, and several reports suggest that carbohydrate components are crucial for AGP functions. In beneficial plant-microbe interactions, AGPs attract symbiotic species of fungi or bacteria, promote the development of infectious structures and the colonization of root tips, and furthermore, these interactions can activate plant defense mechanisms. On the other hand, plants secrete and accumulate AGPs at infection sites, creating cross-links with pectin. As part of the plant cell wall degradation machinery, beneficial and pathogenic fungi and bacteria can produce the enzymes necessary for the complete depolymerization of AGs including endo-β-(1,3), β-(1,4) and β-(1,6)-galactanases, β-(1,3/1,6) galactanases, α-L-arabinofuranosidases, β-L-arabinopyranosidases, and β-D-glucuronidases. These hydrolytic enzymes are secreted during plant-pathogen interactions and could have implications for the function of AGPs. It has been proposed that AGPs could prevent infection by pathogenic microorganisms because their degradation products generated by hydrolytic enzymes of pathogens function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) eliciting the plant defense response. In this review, we describe the structure and function of AGs and AGPs as components of the plant cell wall. Additionally, we describe the set of enzymes secreted by microorganisms to degrade AGs from AGPs and its possible implication for plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Zavala-Páramo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
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The Arabinogalactan Protein Family of Centaurium erythraea Rafn. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091870. [PMID: 34579403 PMCID: PMC8471777 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Centaurium erythraea (centaury) is a medicinal plant with exceptional developmental plasticity in vitro and vigorous, often spontaneous, regeneration via shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, during which arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) play an important role. AGPs are highly glycosylated proteins belonging to the super family of O-glycosylated plant cell surface hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). HRGPs/AGPs are intrinsically disordered and not well conserved, making their homology-based mining ineffective. We have applied a recently developed pipeline for HRGP/AGP mining, ragp, which is based on machine learning prediction of proline hydroxylation, to identify HRGP sequences in centaury transcriptome and to classify them into motif and amino acid bias (MAAB) classes. AGP sequences with low AG glycomotif representation were also identified. Six members of each of the three AGP subclasses, fasciclin-like AGPs, receptor kinase-like AGPs and AG peptides, were selected for phylogenetic and expression analyses. The expression of these 18 genes was recorded over 48 h following leaf mechanical wounding, as well as in 16 tissue samples representing plants from nature, plants cultivated in vitro, and developmental stages during shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. None of the selected genes were upregulated during both wounding recovery and regeneration. Possible functions of AGPs with the most interesting expression profiles are discussed.
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Přerovská T, Pavlů A, Hancharyk D, Rodionova A, Vavříková A, Spiwok V. Structural Basis of the Function of Yariv Reagent-An Important Tool to Study Arabinogalactan Proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:682858. [PMID: 34179088 PMCID: PMC8230119 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.682858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins are very abundant, heavily glycosylated plant cell wall proteins. They are intensively studied because of their crucial role in plant development as well as their function in plant defence. Research of these biomacromolecules is complicated by the lack of tools for their analysis and characterisation due to their extreme heterogeneity. One of the few available tools for detection, isolation, characterisation, and functional studies of arabinogalactan proteins is Yariv reagents. Yariv reagent is a synthetic aromatic glycoconjugate originally prepared as an antigen for immunization. Later, it was found that this compound can precipitate arabinogalactan proteins, namely, their ß-D-(1→3)-galactan structures. Even though this compound has been intensively used for decades, the structural basis of arabinogalactan protein precipitation by Yariv is not known. Multiple biophysical studies have been published, but none of them attempted to elucidate the three-dimensional structure of the Yariv-galactan complex. Here we use a series of molecular dynamics simulations of systems containing one or multiple molecules of ß-D-galactosyl Yariv reagent with or without oligo ß-D-(1→3)-galactan to predict the structure of the complex. According to our model of Yariv-galactan complexes, Yariv reagent forms stacked oligomers stabilized by π-π and CH/π interactions. These oligomers may contain irregularities. Galactan structures crosslink these Yariv oligomers. The results were compared with studies in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Pavlů
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dzianis Hancharyk
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Rodionova
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anna Vavříková
- Department of Informatics and Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
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Miao Y, Cao J, Huang L, Yu Y, Lin S. FLA14 is required for pollen development and preventing premature pollen germination under high humidity in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:254. [PMID: 34082704 PMCID: PMC8173729 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important subfamily of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), fasciclin-like AGPs (FLAs) contribute to various aspects of growth, development and adaptation, yet their function remains largely elusive. Despite the diversity of FLAs, only two members, Arabidopsis FLA3 and rice MTR1, are reported to be involved in sexual reproduction. In this study, another Arabidopsis FLA-encoding gene, FLA14, was identified, and its role was investigated. RESULTS Arabidopsis FLA14 was found to be a pollen grain-specific gene. Expression results from fusion with green fluorescent protein showed that FLA14 was localized along the cell membrane and in Hechtian strands. A loss-of-function mutant of FLA14 showed no discernible defects during male gametogenesis, but precocious pollen germination occurred inside the mature anthers under high moisture conditions. Overexpression of FLA14 caused 39.2% abnormal pollen grains with a shrunken and withered appearance, leading to largely reduced fertility with short mature siliques and lower seed set. Cytological and ultramicroscopic observation showed that ectopic expression of FLA14 caused disruption at the uninucleate stage, resulting in either collapsed pollen with absent intine or pollen of normal appearance but with a thickened intine. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest a role for FLA14 in pollen development and preventing premature pollen germination inside the anthers under high relative humidity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjing Miao
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youjian Yu
- College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, China
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
- Biomedical Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051050. [PMID: 33946779 PMCID: PMC8146911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular infection thread initiated in a root hair cell is a unique structure associated with Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It is characterized by inverted tip growth of the plant cell wall, resulting in a tunnel that allows invasion of host cells by bacteria during the formation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule. Regulation of the plant-microbial interface is essential for infection thread growth. This involves targeted deposition of the cell wall and extracellular matrix and tight control of cell wall remodeling. This review describes the potential role of different actors such as transcription factors, receptors, and enzymes in the rearrangement of the plant-microbial interface and control of polar infection thread growth. It also focuses on the composition of the main polymers of the infection thread wall and matrix and the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the development of the infection thread. Mutant analysis has helped to gain insight into the development of host defense reactions. The available data raise many new questions about the structure, function, and development of infection threads.
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Gao Y, Yin X, Jiang H, Hansen J, Jørgensen B, Moore JP, Fu P, Wu W, Yang B, Ye W, Song S, Lu J. Comprehensive Leaf Cell Wall Analysis Using Carbohydrate Microarrays Reveals Polysaccharide-Level Variation between Vitis Species with Differing Resistance to Downy Mildew. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091379. [PMID: 33922615 PMCID: PMC8122933 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall acts as one of the first barriers of the plant against various biotic stressors. Previous studies have shown that alterations in wall polysaccharides may influence crop disease resistance. In the grapevine family, several native species (e.g., Chinese wild grapevine) show a naturally higher resistance to microbial pathogens than cultivated species (e.g., Vitis vinifera), and this trait could be inherited through breeding. Despite the importance of the cell wall in plant immunity, there are currently no comprehensive cell wall profiles of grapevine leaves displaying differing resistance phenotypes, due to the complex nature of the cell wall and the limitations of analytical techniques available. In this study, the cutting-edge comprehensive carbohydrate microarray technology was applied to profile uninfected leaves of the susceptible cultivar (Vitis vinifera cv. “Cabernet Sauvignon”), a resistant cultivar (Vitis amurensis cv. “Shuanghong”) and a hybrid offspring cross displaying moderate resistance. The microarray approach uses monoclonal antibodies, which recognize polysaccharides epitopes, and found that epitope abundances of highly esterified homogalacturonan (HG), xyloglucan (with XXXG motif), (galacto)(gluco)mannan and arabinogalactan protein (AGP) appeared to be positively correlated with the high resistance of Vitis amurensis cv. “Shuanghong” to mildew. The quantification work by gas chromatography did not reveal any significant differences for the monosaccharide constituents, suggesting that polysaccharide structural alterations may contribute more crucially to the resistance observed; this is again supported by the contact infrared spectroscopy of cell wall residues, revealing chemical functional group changes (e.g., esterification of pectin). The identification of certain wall polysaccharides that showed alterations could be further correlated with resistance to mildew. Data from the use of the hybrid material in this study have preliminarily suggested that these traits could be inherited and may be applied as potential structural biomarkers in future breeding work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.G.); (H.J.); (P.F.); (W.W.); (B.Y.); (W.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiangjing Yin
- Forestry and Pomology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China;
- Shanghai Key Lab of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.G.); (H.J.); (P.F.); (W.W.); (B.Y.); (W.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Jeanett Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (J.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (J.H.); (B.J.)
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Peining Fu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.G.); (H.J.); (P.F.); (W.W.); (B.Y.); (W.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.G.); (H.J.); (P.F.); (W.W.); (B.Y.); (W.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Bohan Yang
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.G.); (H.J.); (P.F.); (W.W.); (B.Y.); (W.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.G.); (H.J.); (P.F.); (W.W.); (B.Y.); (W.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.G.); (H.J.); (P.F.); (W.W.); (B.Y.); (W.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.G.); (H.J.); (P.F.); (W.W.); (B.Y.); (W.Y.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Dudeja SS, Suneja-Madan P, Paul M, Maheswari R, Kothe E. Bacterial endophytes: Molecular interactions with their hosts. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:475-505. [PMID: 33834549 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth promotion has been found associated with plants on the surface (epiphytic), inside (endophytic), or close to the plant roots (rhizospheric). Endophytic bacteria mainly have been researched for their beneficial activities in terms of nutrient availability, plant growth hormones, and control of soil-borne and systemic pathogens. Molecular communications leading to these interactions between plants and endophytic bacteria are now being unrevealed using multidisciplinary approaches with advanced techniques such as metagenomics, metaproteomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteogenomic, microRNAs, microarray, chips as well as the comparison of complete genome sequences. More than 400 genes in both the genomes of host plant and bacterial endophyte are up- or downregulated for the establishment of endophytism and plant growth-promoting activity. The involvement of more than 20 genes for endophytism, about 50 genes for direct plant growth promotion, about 25 genes for biocontrol activity, and about 10 genes for mitigation of different stresses has been identified in various bacterial endophytes. This review summarizes the progress that has been made in recent years by these modern techniques and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjit S Dudeja
- Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Pooja Suneja-Madan
- Department of Microbiology, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Minakshi Paul
- Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Rajat Maheswari
- Department of Microbiology, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Erika Kothe
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty for Biosciences, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
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Balasubramanian VK, Dampanaboina L, Cobos CJ, Yuan N, Xin Z, Mendu V. Induced secretion system mutation alters rhizosphere bacterial composition in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. PLANTA 2021; 253:33. [PMID: 33459875 PMCID: PMC7813745 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel inducible secretion system mutation in Sorghum named Red root has been identified. The mutant plant root exudes pigmented compounds that enriches Actinobacteria in its rhizosphere compared to BTx623. Favorable plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere positively influence plant growth and stress tolerance. Sorghum bicolor, a staple biomass and food crop, has been shown to selectively recruit Gram-positive bacteria (Actinobacteria) in its rhizosphere under drought conditions to enhance stress tolerance. However, the genetic/biochemical mechanism underlying the selective enrichment of specific microbial phyla in the sorghum rhizosphere is poorly known due to the lack of available mutants with altered root secretion systems. Using a subset of sorghum ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant lines, we have isolated a novel Red root (RR) mutant with an increased accumulation and secretion of phenolic compounds in roots. Genetic analysis showed that RR is a single dominant mutation. We further investigated the effect of root-specific phenolic compounds on rhizosphere microbiome composition under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. The microbiome diversity analysis of the RR rhizosphere showed that Actinobacteria were enriched significantly under the well-watered condition but showed no significant change under the water-deficit condition. BTx623 rhizosphere showed a significant increase in Actinobacteria under the water-deficit condition. Overall, the rhizosphere of RR genotype retained a higher bacterial diversity and richness relative to the rhizosphere of BTx623, especially under water-deficit condition. Therefore, the RR mutant provides an excellent genetic resource for rhizosphere-microbiome interaction studies as well as to develop drought-tolerant lines. Identification of the RR gene and the molecular mechanism through which the mutant selectively enriches microbial populations in the rhizosphere will be useful in designing strategies for improving sorghum productivity and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | | | - Christopher Joseph Cobos
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | - Ning Yuan
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
| | | | - Venugopal Mendu
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA
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Hromadová D, Soukup A, Tylová E. Arabinogalactan Proteins in Plant Roots - An Update on Possible Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674010. [PMID: 34079573 PMCID: PMC8165308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Responsiveness to environmental conditions and developmental plasticity of root systems are crucial determinants of plant fitness. These processes are interconnected at a cellular level with cell wall properties and cell surface signaling, which involve arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) as essential components. AGPs are cell-wall localized glycoproteins, often GPI-anchored, which participate in root functions at many levels. They are involved in cell expansion and differentiation, regulation of root growth, interactions with other organisms, and environmental response. Due to the complexity of cell wall functional and regulatory networks, and despite the large amount of experimental data, the exact molecular mechanisms of AGP-action are still largely unknown. This dynamically evolving field of root biology is summarized in the present review.
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Silva J, Ferraz R, Dupree P, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Three Decades of Advances in Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610377. [PMID: 33384708 PMCID: PMC7769824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a large, complex, and highly diverse class of heavily glycosylated proteins that belong to the family of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Approximately 90% of the molecules consist of arabinogalactan polysaccharides, which are composed of arabinose and galactose as major sugars and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. About half of the AGP family members contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, which allows for an association with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The mysterious AGP family has captivated the attention of plant biologists for several decades. This diverse family of glycoproteins is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many algae, where they play fundamental roles in growth and development processes. The journey of AGP biosynthesis begins with the assembly of amino acids into peptide chains of proteins. An N-terminal signal peptide directs AGPs toward the endoplasmic reticulum, where proline hydroxylation occurs and a GPI anchor may be added. GPI-anchored AGPs, as well as unanchored AGPs, are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where extensive glycosylation occurs by the action of a variety glycosyltransferase enzymes. Following glycosylation, AGPs are transported by secretory vesicles to the cell wall or to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (in the case of GPI-anchored AGPs). GPI-anchored proteins can be released from the plasma membrane into the cell wall by phospholipases. In this review, we present an overview of the accumulated knowledge on AGP biosynthesis over the past three decades. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of AGPs as the sugar moiety is essential to their function. Recent genetics and genomics approaches have significantly contributed to a broader knowledge of AGP biosynthesis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in the decades ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Basińska-Barczak A, Błaszczyk L, Szentner K. Plant Cell Wall Changes in Common Wheat Roots as a Result of Their Interaction with Beneficial Fungi of Trichoderma. Cells 2020; 9:E2319. [PMID: 33086614 PMCID: PMC7603241 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls play an important role in shaping the defense strategies of plants. This research demonstrates the influence of two differentiators: the lifestyle and properties of the Trichoderma species on cell wall changes in common wheat seedlings. The methodologies used in this investigation include microscopy observations and immunodetection. In this study was shown that the plant cell wall was altered due to its interaction with Trichoderma. The accumulation of lignins and reorganization of pectin were observed. The immunocytochemistry indicated that low methyl-esterified pectins appeared in intercellular spaces. Moreover, it was found that the arabinogalactan protein epitope JIM14 can play a role in the interaction of wheat roots with both the tested Trichoderma strains. Nevertheless, we postulate that modifications, such as the appearance of lignins, rearrangement of low methyl-esterified pectins, and arabinogalactan proteins due to the interaction with Trichoderma show that tested strains can be potentially used in wheat seedlings protection to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Basińska-Barczak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Lidia Błaszczyk
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Kinga Szentner
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
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Dubey A, Malla MA, Kumar A, Dayanandan S, Khan ML. Plants endophytes: unveiling hidden agenda for bioprospecting toward sustainable agriculture. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1210-1231. [PMID: 32862700 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1808584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic microbes are present in nearly all of the plant species known to date but how they enter and flourish inside a host plant and display multiple benefits like plant growth promotion (PGP), biodegradation, and stress alleviation are still unexplored. Until now, the majority of the research has been conducted assuming that the host-endophyte interaction is analogous to the PGP microbes, although, studies related to the mechanisms of their infection, colonization as well as conferring important traits to the plants are limited. It would be fascinating to explore the role of these endophytic microbes in host gene expression, metabolism, and the modulation of phenotypic traits, under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In this review, we critically focused on the following areas: (i) endophytic lifestyle and the mechanism of their entry into plant tissues, (ii) how endophytes modulate the immune system of plants and affect the genotypic and phenotypic expression of host plants under abiotic and biotic stress condition, and (iii) the role of omics and other integrated genomic approaches in unraveling complex host-endophyte signaling crosstalk. Furthermore, we discussed their role in phytoremediation of heavy metal stress and whole genomic analysis based on an understanding of different metabolic pathways these endophytes utilize to combat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Dubey
- Department of Botany, Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Muneer Ahmad Malla
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Botany, Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
| | - Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India.,Biology Department, Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad Latif Khan
- Department of Botany, Metagenomics and Secretomics Research Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
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Liang R, You L, Dong F, Zhao X, Zhao J. Identification of Hydroxyproline-Containing Proteins and Hydroxylation of Proline Residues in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1207. [PMID: 32849749 PMCID: PMC7427127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydroxyproline-containing proteins (HCPs) among secretory and vacuolar proteins play important roles in growth and development of higher plants. Many hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), including Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), extensins (EXTs), and proline-rich proteins (PRPs), are identified as HCPs by bioinformatics approaches. The experimental evidence for validation of novel proline hydroxylation sites is vital for understanding their functional roles. In this study, the 62 HCPs containing 114 hydroxyproline (O, Hyp) residues were identified, and it was found that hydroxylation of proline residues in the HCPs could either constitute attachment sites for glycans or have other biological function in rice. The glycomodules of AO, OA, OG, VO, LO, and OE were abundant in the 62 HCPs. Further analysis showed that the 22 of 62 HCPs contained both signal peptides and transmembrane domains, and the 19 HCPs only contained transmembrane domains, while 21 HCPs contained neither. This study indicated the feasibility of mass spectrometry-based proteomics combined with bioinformatics approaches for the large-scale characterization of Hyp sites from complex protein digest mixtures. Furthermore, the expression of AGPs in rice was detected by using β-GlcY reagent and JIM13 antibody. The results displayed that the AGPs were widely distributed in different tissues and organs of rice, especially expressed highly in lateral root, pollen and embryo. In conclusion, our study revealed that the HCPs and Hyp residues in rice were ubiquitous and that these Hyps could be candidates for linking to glycans, which laid the foundation for further studying the functions of HCPs and hydroxylation of proline residues in rice.
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Weiller F, Gerber L, Trygg J, Fangel JU, Willats WG, Driouich A, Vivier MA, Moore JP. Overexpression of VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 in Tobacco Screened Using Glycan Microarrays Reveals Cell Wall Reorganisation in the Absence of Fungal Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E388. [PMID: 32679889 PMCID: PMC7565493 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of Vitis vinifera polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 1 (VviPGIP1) in Nicotiana tabacum has been linked to modifications at the cell wall level. Previous investigations have shown an upregulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway and reorganisation of arabinoxyloglucan composition. This suggests cell wall tightening occurs, which may be linked to defence priming responses. The present study used a screening approach to test four VviPGIP1 and four NtCAD14 overexpressing transgenic lines for cell wall alterations. Overexpressing the tobacco-derived cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (NtCAD14) gene is known to increase lignin biosynthesis and deposition. These lines, particularly PGIP1 expressing plants, have been shown to lead to a decrease in susceptibility towards grey rot fungus Botrytis cinerea. In this study the aim was to investigate the cell wall modulations that occurred prior to infection, which should highlight potential priming phenomena and phenotypes. Leaf lignin composition and relative concentration of constituent monolignols were evaluated using pyrolysis gas chromatography. Significant concentrations of lignin were deposited in the stems but not the leaves of NtCAD14 overexpressing plants. Furthermore, no significant changes in monolignol composition were found between transgenic and wild type plants. The polysaccharide modifications were quantified using gas chromatography (GC-MS) of constituent monosaccharides. The major leaf polysaccharide and cell wall protein components were evaluated using comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP). The most significant changes appeared at the polysaccharide and protein level. The pectin fraction of the transgenic lines had subtle variations in patterning for methylesterification epitopes for both VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 transgenic lines versus wild type. Pectin esterification levels have been linked to pathogen defence in the past. The most marked changes occurred in glycoprotein abundance for both the VviPGIP1 and NtCAD14 lines. Epitopes for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and extensins were notably altered in transgenic NtCAD14 tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Weiller
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (F.W.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Lorenz Gerber
- Department of Plant Sciences, Swedish Agricultural University, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Johan Trygg
- Computational Life Science Cluster, Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, 901 87 Umea, Sweden;
| | - Jonatan U. Fangel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - William G.T. Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (GlycoMEV), University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France;
| | - Melané A. Vivier
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (F.W.); (M.A.V.)
| | - John P. Moore
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; (F.W.); (M.A.V.)
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Gucchait A, Shit P, Misra AK. Synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide of Azospirillum doebereinerae type strain GSF71 T using linear and one-pot iterative glycosylations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1700-1705. [PMID: 32733613 PMCID: PMC7372237 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward synthetic strategy was developed for the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the O-specific polysaccharide of Azospirillum doebereinerae type strain GSF71T in a very good yield adopting sequential glycosylation followed by removal of the p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) group in the same pot. Further, the synthetic strategy was modified by carrying out three stereoselective iterative glycosylations followed by in situ removal of the PMB group in one pot. The stereochemical outcome of the newly formed glycosidic linkages was excellent using thioglycoside derivatives as glycosyl donors and a combination of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) and perchloric acid supported on silica (HClO4-SiO2) as the glycosyl activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin Gucchait
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Pradip Shit
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- Bose Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
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Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins are a diverse group of cell wall-associated proteoglycans. While structural and molecular genetic analyses have contributed to the emerging improved understanding of the wide-range of biological processes in which AGPs are implicated; the ability to detect, localize, and quantify them is fundamentally important. This chapter describes three methods: histological staining, radial gel diffusion, and colorimetric quantification, each of which utilize the ability of Yariv reagent to bind to AGPs.
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