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Poddar A, Ahmady F, Prithviraj P, Luwor RB, Shukla R, Polash SA, Li H, Ramakrishna S, Kannourakis G, Jayachandran A. Advances in CRISPR/Cas systems-based cell and gene therapy. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 208:161-183. [PMID: 39266181 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Cell and gene therapy are innovative biomedical strategies aimed at addressing diseases at their genetic origins. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) systems have become a groundbreaking tool in cell and gene therapy, offering unprecedented precision and versatility in genome editing. This chapter explores the role of CRISPR in gene editing, tracing its historical development and discussing biomolecular formats such as plasmid, RNA, and protein-based approaches. Next, we discuss CRISPR delivery methods, including viral and non-viral vectors, followed by examining the various engineered CRISPR variants for their potential in gene therapy. Finally, we outline emerging clinical applications, highlighting the advancements in CRISPR for breakthrough medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Poddar
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia; RMIT University, VIC, Australia
| | - Farah Ahmady
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia
| | - Prashanth Prithviraj
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney B Luwor
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Huagene Institute, Kecheng Science and Technology Park, Pukou, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia
| | - Aparna Jayachandran
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, VIC, Australia; Federation University, VIC, Australia.
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Feng Q, Li Q, Zhou H, Wang Z, Lin C, Jiang Z, Liu T, Wang D. CRISPR technology in human diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e672. [PMID: 39081515 PMCID: PMC11286548 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is a growing gene engineering technique that allows accurate editing of a broad spectrum of gene-regulated diseases to achieve curative treatment and also has the potential to be used as an adjunct to the conventional treatment of diseases. Gene editing technology, mainly based on clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein systems, which is capable of generating genetic modifications in somatic cells, provides a promising new strategy for gene therapy for a wide range of human diseases. Currently, gene editing technology shows great application prospects in a variety of human diseases, not only in therapeutic potential but also in the construction of animal models of human diseases. This paper describes the application of gene editing technology in hematological diseases, solid tumors, immune disorders, ophthalmological diseases, and metabolic diseases; focuses on the therapeutic strategies of gene editing technology in sickle cell disease; provides an overview of the role of gene editing technology in the construction of animal models of human diseases; and discusses the limitations of gene editing technology in the treatment of diseases, which is intended to provide an important reference for the applications of gene editing technology in the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Research and Development CentreBaicheng Medical CollegeBaichengChina
| | - Qirong Li
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Hengzong Zhou
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhan Wang
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and TechnologyJilin Business and Technology CollegeChangchunChina
| | - Ziping Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Tianjia Liu
- Research and Development CentreBaicheng Medical CollegeBaichengChina
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal CenterCollege of Animal ScienceJilin UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Hand and Foot SurgeryThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Youssry I, Ayad N. Sickle cell disease: combination new therapies vs. CRISPR-Cas9 potential and challenges - review article. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:2613-2619. [PMID: 37867187 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In 2022, sickle cell disease (SCD) continues to affect the lives of millions of people, being one of the most frequently inherited blood disorders worldwide. Recently, several new therapies have been FDA approved for the treatment of SCD. The complexity of the pathophysiology of sickling has given opportunity to the evolution of several modalities of therapies. Nonetheless, the potential for complementary targeting of HbS polymerization, vasocclusion, and other inflammatory pathways remains controversial. None of these drugs can be considered a single curative line of treatment. With the advancement of CRISPR/Cas9 technology, autologous transplant of gene-edited hematopoietic stem cells could possibly provide a cure for most patients with SCD. The advantage of this approach over the conventional stem cell transplantation is that it decreases the need for immuno-suppressive drugs and the risk of graft-versus-host disease. In addition, recent technological advances can reduce the off-target effects, but long-term monitoring is needed to ensure the reliability of these methods in the clinical setting. This review explores the efficacy and safety of combination therapies and contrasting this alternative with the challenges that exist with sickle cell gene therapy using CRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilham Youssry
- Pediatric Hematology and BMT Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nardeen Ayad
- Pediatric Hematology and BMT Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Irfan M, Majeed H, Iftikhar T, Ravi PK. A review on molecular scissoring with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae105. [PMID: 39006883 PMCID: PMC11240166 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Genome editing is a technology to make specific changes in the DNA of a cell or an organism. It has significantly altered the landscape of life sciences, facilitating the establishment of exceedingly customized genetic modifications. Among various genome editing technologies, the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a specific endonuclease induces a double stranded DNA break and enabling modifications to the genome, has surfaced as a formidable and adaptable instrument. Its significance cannot be overstated, as it not only allows for the manipulation of genomes in model organisms but also holds great potential for revolutionary advances in medicine, particularly in treating genetic diseases. This review paper explores the remarkable journey of CRISPR/Cas9, its natural function, mechanisms, and transformative impact on genome editing and finally the use of artificial intelligence and other intelligent manufacturing tools used. The introduction provides the background on genome editing, emphasizing the emergence and significance of CRISPR/Cas9. Subsequent sections comprehensively elucidate its natural function, disease modeling, agriculture, and biotechnology, address therapeutic applications, and ongoing clinical trials while also discussing prospects and ethical implications. We summarized the key findings, indicating that CRISPR/Cas9 has empowered the creation of disease-specific animal models. This provides invaluable insights into pathogenic mechanisms and opens new avenues for drug discovery, reaffirming the transformative impact of CRISPR/Cas9 on genome editing. Finally we discussed the importance of continued research and collaboration for comprehensive utilization of the inherent capabilities of this molecular precision tool in shaping forthcoming advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Tehreema Iftikhar
- Applied Botany Lab, Department of Botany, Government College University, 54000, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Pritam Kumar Ravi
- Computer Applications Department, Ganesh Lal Agarwal College, Nilamber-Pitamber University, Jharkhand, 822101, India
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Rizvi I, Solipuram D, Kaur N, Komel A, Batool S, Wang J. The enigma of sickle cell hepatopathy: Pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and therapy. Br J Haematol 2024. [PMID: 38978231 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common genetic disorders in the world predominantly affecting economically disadvantaged populations. There is a notable discrepancy between the growing adult SCD population and available diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for SCD. Sickle cell hepatopathy (SCH) is an all-inclusive term to describe the acute and chronic liver manifestations of SCD. The pathophysiology of SCH follows no defined pattern or sequence that poses challenges to clinicians and researchers alike. Evidence is lacking for this underreported disease at various levels from diagnostic to therapeutic options. This paper reviews the basic pathophysiology, clinical features, biochemical and radiological findings of various SCH manifestations and outlines the management of each condition. Old and new therapy options in SCD including hydroxyurea, red blood cell exchange transfusion, ursodeoxycholic acid, voxelotor, l-glutamine and crizanlizumab have been reviewed to investigate the role of these options in treating SCH. The role of liver transplant, haematopoietic stem cell transplant and gene therapy in SCH patients have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insia Rizvi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Divya Solipuram
- Internal Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York, USA
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Internal Medicine, North Alabama Medical Center, Florence, Alabama, USA
| | - Aqsa Komel
- Internal Medicine, Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saba Batool
- Internal Medicine, Carle Health Methodist Hospital, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Raghuraman A, Lawrence R, Shetty R, Avanthika C, Jhaveri S, Pichardo BV, Mujakari A. Role of gene therapy in sickle cell disease. Dis Mon 2024; 70:101689. [PMID: 38326171 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy is an emerging treatment for sickle cell disease that works by replacing a defective gene with a healthy gene, allowing the body to produce normal red blood cells. This form of treatment has shown promising results in clinical trials, and is a promising alternative to traditional treatments. Gene therapy involves introducing a healthy gene into the body to replace a defective gene. The new gene can be delivered using a viral vector, which is a modified virus that carries the gene. The vector, carrying the healthy gene, is injected into the bloodstream. The healthy gene then enters the patient's cells and begins to produce normal hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. METHODOLOGY We conducted an all-language literature search on Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Google Scholar until December 2022. The following search strings and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms were used: "Sickle Cell," "Gene Therapy" and "Stem Cell Transplantation". We explored the literature on Sickle Cell Disease for its epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, the role of various treatment modalities and the risk-benefit ratio of gene therapy over conventional stem cell transplant. RESULTS Gene therapy can reduce or eliminate painful episodes, prevent organ damage, and raise the quality of life for those living with the disease. Additionally, gene therapy may reduce the need for blood transfusions and other traditional treatments. Gene therapy has the potential to improve the lives of those living with sickle cell disease, as well as reduce the burden of the disease on society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Lawrence
- Richmond Gabriel University, College of Medicine, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, United States
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Banda A, Impomeni O, Singh A, Baloch AR, Hu W, Jaijyan DK. Precision in Action: The Role of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas in Gene Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:636. [PMID: 38932365 PMCID: PMC11209408 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-associated enzyme-CAS holds great promise for treating many uncured human diseases and illnesses by precisely correcting harmful point mutations and disrupting disease-causing genes. The recent Food and Drug Association (FDA) approval of the first CRISPR-based gene therapy for sickle cell anemia marks the beginning of a new era in gene editing. However, delivering CRISPR specifically into diseased cells in vivo is a significant challenge and an area of intense research. The identification of new CRISPR/Cas variants, particularly ultra-compact CAS systems with robust gene editing activities, paves the way for the low-capacity delivery vectors to be used in gene therapies. CRISPR/Cas technology has evolved beyond editing DNA to cover a wide spectrum of functionalities, including RNA targeting, disease diagnosis, transcriptional/epigenetic regulation, chromatin imaging, high-throughput screening, and new disease modeling. CRISPR/Cas can be used to engineer B-cells to produce potent antibodies for more effective vaccines and enhance CAR T-cells for the more precise and efficient targeting of tumor cells. However, CRISPR/Cas technology has challenges, including off-target effects, toxicity, immune responses, and inadequate tissue-specific delivery. Overcoming these challenges necessitates the development of a more effective and specific CRISPR/Cas delivery system. This entails strategically utilizing specific gRNAs in conjunction with robust CRISPR/Cas variants to mitigate off-target effects. This review seeks to delve into the intricacies of the CRISPR/Cas mechanism, explore progress in gene therapies, evaluate gene delivery systems, highlight limitations, outline necessary precautions, and scrutinize the ethical considerations associated with its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Banda
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Olivia Impomeni
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Aparana Singh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala 799046, India;
| | - Abdul Rasheed Baloch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
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Atimango AO, Wesana J, Kalule SW, Verbeke W, De Steur H. Genome editing in food and agriculture: from regulations to consumer perspectives. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103127. [PMID: 38564970 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genome editing (GE) has emerged as a technology that could revolutionize food and agricultural production. While its advent has evoked enthusiasm for a more sustainable food system, there exists heterogeneity in regulations and public opinions regarding the technology. This review discusses evidence on the implications of government regulations on GE, and perceptions of genome-edited (GEd) food and related regulations. The review highlights consumers' positive attitude and preference for GEd foods when compared with genetically modified foods, despite the limited awareness and knowledge of GE technology. While policy changes might trigger debates, providing tailored benefits, information to consumers could further improve their attitude toward GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice O Atimango
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Rural Development and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Joshua Wesana
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, Kasindikwa Village, Lake Saaka, Fort-Portal, Uganda
| | - Stephen W Kalule
- Department of Rural Development and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Wim Verbeke
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans De Steur
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Barak M, Hu C, Matthews A, Fortenberry YM. Current and Future Therapeutics for Treating Patients with Sickle Cell Disease. Cells 2024; 13:848. [PMID: 38786070 PMCID: PMC11120250 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic blood disorder in the United States, with over 100,000 people suffering from this debilitating disease. SCD is caused by abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) variants that interfere with normal red blood cell (RBC) function. Research on SCD has led to the development and approval of several new SCD therapies in recent years. The recent FDA-approved novel gene therapies are potentially curative, giving patients an additional option besides a hematopoietic bone marrow transplant. Despite the promise of existing therapies, questions remain regarding their long-term pharmacological effects on adults and children. These questions, along with the exorbitant cost of the new gene therapies, justify additional research into more effective therapeutic options. Continual research in this field focuses on not only developing cheaper, more effective cures/treatments but also investigating the physiological effects of the current therapies on SCD patients, particularly on the brain and kidneys. In this article, we undertake a comprehensive review of ongoing clinical trials with completion dates in 2024 or later. Our exploration provides insights into the landscape of current therapeutics and emerging novel therapies designed to combat and potentially eradicate SCD, including the latest FDA-approved gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yolanda M. Fortenberry
- Biology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (M.B.); (C.H.); (A.M.)
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Munung NS, Nnodu OE, Moru PO, Kalu AA, Impouma B, Treadwell MJ, Wonkam A. Looking ahead: ethical and social challenges of somatic gene therapy for sickle cell disease in Africa. Gene Ther 2024; 31:202-208. [PMID: 38012299 PMCID: PMC11090833 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Somatic gene therapy will be one of the most exciting practices of genetic medicine in Africa and is primed to offer a "new life" for persons living with sickle cell disease (SCD). Recently, successful gene therapy trials for SCD in the USA have sparked a ray of hope within the SCD community in Africa. However, the high cost, estimated to exceed 1.5 million USD, continues to be a major concern for many stakeholders. While affordability is a key global health equity consideration, it is equally important to reflect on other ethical, legal and social issues (ELSIs) that may impact the responsible implementation of gene therapy for SCD in Africa. These include informed consent comprehension, risk of therapeutic misestimation and optimistic bias; priorities for SCD therapy trials; dearth of ethical and regulatory oversight for gene therapy in many African countries; identifying a favourable risk-benefit ratio; criteria for the selection of trial participants; decisional conflict in consent; standards of care; bounded justice; and genetic tourism. Given these ELSIs, we suggest that researchers, pharma, funders, global health agencies, ethics committees, science councils and SCD patient support/advocacy groups should work together to co-develop: (1) patient-centric governance for gene therapy in Africa, (2) public engagement and education materials, and (3) decision making toolkits for trial participants. It is also critical to establish harmonised ethical and regulatory frameworks for gene therapy in Africa, and for global health agencies to accelerate access to basic care for SCD in Africa, while simultaneously strengthening capacity for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nchangwi Syntia Munung
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Obiageli E Nnodu
- Centre of Excellence for Sickle Cell Disease Research and Training (CESRTA), University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Patrick Ohiani Moru
- Centre of Excellence for Sickle Cell Disease Research and Training (CESRTA), University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Akpaka A Kalu
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Benido Impouma
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Marsha J Treadwell
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, University of California San Francisco, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- McKusick-Nathans Institute & Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Mboowa G, Sserwadda I, Kanyerezi S, Tukwasibwe S, Kidenya B. The dawn of a cure for sickle cell disease through CRISPR-based treatment: A critical test of equity in public health genomics. Ann Hum Genet 2024. [PMID: 38517013 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Equity in access to genomic technologies, resources, and products remains a great challenge. This was evident especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic when the majority of lower middle-income countries were unable to achieve at least 10% population vaccination coverage during initial COVID-19 vaccine rollouts, despite the rapid development of those vaccines. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited monogenic red blood cell disorder that affects hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen through the body. Globally, the African continent carries the highest burden of SCD with at least 240,000 children born each year with the disease. SCD has evolved from a treatable to a curable disease. Recently, the UK medical regulator approved its cure through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based treatment, whereas the US Food and Drug Administration has equally approved two SCD gene therapies. This presents a remarkable opportunity to demonstrate equity in public health genomics. This CRISPR-based treatment is expensive and therefore, a need for an ambitious action to ensure that they are affordable and accessible where they are needed most and stand to save millions of lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Mboowa
- The African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ivan Sserwadda
- The African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Kanyerezi
- The African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data-Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Tukwasibwe
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- School of Medicine, Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Uganda
| | - Benson Kidenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
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12
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Luo Z, Chen Y. Unlocking Delivery Strategies for mRNA Therapeutics. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2024; 19:126-129. [PMID: 37287306 DOI: 10.2174/1574892818666230607093231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
mRNA emerged as an attractive therapy modality with the development of mRNA structure engineering techniques and delivery platforms. mRNA therapeutics, applied for vaccine therapy, protein replacement therapy, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-based therapy, has shown huge potential in treating a wide range of diseases, such as cancer and rare genetic diseases, with successful and exciting preclinical and clinical progress. In mRNA therapeutics, a potent delivery system is key to the success of its application for disease treatment. Herein, different types of mRNA delivery strategies, including nanoparticles produced from lipid or polymer materials, virus-based platforms, and exosome-based platforms, are mainly focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Luo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Yangchao Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Tyumentseva M, Tyumentsev A, Akimkin V. CRISPR/Cas9 Landscape: Current State and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16077. [PMID: 38003266 PMCID: PMC10671331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 is a unique genome editing tool that can be easily used in a wide range of applications, including functional genomics, transcriptomics, epigenetics, biotechnology, plant engineering, livestock breeding, gene therapy, diagnostics, and so on. This review is focused on the current CRISPR/Cas9 landscape, e.g., on Cas9 variants with improved properties, on Cas9-derived and fusion proteins, on Cas9 delivery methods, on pre-existing immunity against CRISPR/Cas9 proteins, anti-CRISPR proteins, and their possible roles in CRISPR/Cas9 function improvement. Moreover, this review presents a detailed outline of CRISPR/Cas9-based diagnostics and therapeutic approaches. Finally, the review addresses the future expansion of genome editors' toolbox with Cas9 orthologs and other CRISPR/Cas proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tyumentseva
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Novogireevskaya Str., 3a, 111123 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.); (V.A.)
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Ceglie G, Lecis M, Canciani G, Algeri M, Frati G. Genome editing for sickle cell disease: still time to correct? Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1249275. [PMID: 38027257 PMCID: PMC10652763 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1249275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited blood disorder, due to a single point mutation in the β-globin gene (HBB) leading to multisystemic manifestations and it affects millions of people worldwide. The monogenic nature of the disease and the availability of autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) make this disorder an ideal candidate for gene modification strategies. Notably, significant advances in the field of gene therapy and genome editing that took place in the last decade enabled the possibility to develop several strategies for the treatment of SCD. These curative approaches were firstly based on the correction of disease-causing mutations holding the promise for a specific, effective and safe option for patients. Specifically, gene-editing approaches exploiting the homology directed repair pathway were investigated, but soon their limited efficacy in quiescent HSC has curbed their wider development. On the other hand, a number of studies on globin gene regulation, led to the development of several genome editing strategies based on the reactivation of the fetal γ-globin gene (HBG) by nuclease-mediated targeting of HBG-repressor elements. Although the efficiency of these strategies seems to be confirmed in preclinical and clinical studies, very little is known about the long-term consequences of these modifications. Moreover, the potential genotoxicity of these nuclease-based strategies must be taken into account, especially when associated with high targeting rates. The recent introduction of nuclease-free genome editing technologies brought along the potential for safer strategies for SCD gene correction, which may also harbor significant advantages over HBG-reactivating ones. In this Review, we discuss the recent advances in genome editing strategies for the correction of SCD-causing mutations trying to recapitulate the promising strategies currently available and their relative strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ceglie
- Cell and Gene Therapy for Hematological Disorders Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Lecis
- Cell and Gene Therapy for Hematological Disorders Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Unit, Modena University Hospital, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Canciani
- Cell and Gene Therapy for Hematological Disorders Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
- Residency School of Pediatrics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Algeri
- Cell and Gene Therapy for Hematological Disorders Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Cell and Gene Therapy for Hematological Disorders Unit, Department of Oncology-Hematology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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15
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Kuriri FA. Hope on the Horizon: New and Future Therapies for Sickle Cell Disease. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5692. [PMID: 37685759 PMCID: PMC10488840 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of conventional, new, and future treatment options for sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic disorder affecting the production of hemoglobin. Current treatments include hydroxyurea, a conventional SCD treatment that increases the levels of fetal hemoglobin, and new treatments such as voxelotor, a recently approved SCD treatment that selectively binds hemoglobin, preventing formation of sickled red blood cells. In addition to discussing the mechanisms of action of current SCD treatments, potential side effects are also discussed, highlighting the need for new treatments that can address the limitations of current treatments and improve the quality of life for people with SCD. Future treatments, such as gene therapy, are also explored as promising treatment options for SCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd A Kuriri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Riyadh 15572, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Stampone E, Bencivenga D, Capellupo MC, Roberti D, Tartaglione I, Perrotta S, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. Genome editing and cancer therapy: handling the hypoxia-responsive pathway as a promising strategy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:220. [PMID: 37477829 PMCID: PMC10361942 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The precise characterization of oxygen-sensing pathways and the identification of pO2-regulated gene expression are both issues of critical importance. The O2-sensing system plays crucial roles in almost all the pivotal human processes, including the stem cell specification, the growth and development of tissues (such as embryogenesis), the modulation of intermediate metabolism (including the shift of the glucose metabolism from oxidative to anaerobic ATP production and vice versa), and the control of blood pressure. The solid cancer microenvironment is characterized by low oxygen levels and by the consequent activation of the hypoxia response that, in turn, allows a complex adaptive response characterized mainly by neoangiogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. Recently, incredible advances in molecular genetic methodologies allowed the genome editing with high efficiency and, above all, the precise identification of target cells/tissues. These new possibilities and the knowledge of the mechanisms of adaptation to hypoxia suggest the effective development of new therapeutic approaches based on the manipulation, targeting, and exploitation of the oxygen-sensor system molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Stampone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Luigi De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Debora Bencivenga
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Luigi De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Capellupo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Luigi De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Roberti
- Department of the Woman, the Child and of the General and Specialty Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Luigi De Crecchio, 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Tartaglione
- Department of the Woman, the Child and of the General and Specialty Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Luigi De Crecchio, 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Silverio Perrotta
- Department of the Woman, the Child and of the General and Specialty Surgery, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Luigi De Crecchio, 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvio Della Ragione
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Luigi De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Adriana Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Via Luigi De Crecchio, 7, 80138, Naples, Italy.
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17
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Cheng Y, Wang H, Li M. The promise of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in diabetes mellitus therapy: How gene editing is revolutionizing diabetes research and treatment. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108524. [PMID: 37295292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia caused by an abnormality in insulin secretion or action. Millions of people across the world are affected by diabetes mellitus which has serious implications for their health. Over the past few decades, diabetes has become a major cause of mortality and morbidity across the world due to its rapid prevalence. Treatment for diabetes that focuses on insulin secretion and sensitization can lead to unwanted side effects and/or poor compliance, as well as treatment failure. A promising way to treat diabetes is through gene-editing technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9). However, issues such as efficiency and off-target effects have hindered the use of these technologies. In this review, we summarize what we know today about CRISPR/Cas9 technology's therapeutic potential for treating diabetes. We discuss how different strategies are employed, including cell-based therapies (such as stem cells and brown adipocytes), targeting critical genes involved in diabetes pathogenesis, and discussing the challenges and limitations associated with this technology. A novel and powerful treatment approach to diabetes and other diseases can be found with CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and further research should be carried out in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, China.
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18
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Cordovil K. Glutamine and sickle cell disease in Brazilian scenario. THE NORTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 7:43-51. [DOI: 10.51745/najfnr.7.15.43-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cordovil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Postgraduate Epidemiology Program in Public Health, Leopoldo Bulhões street, 1480 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Addison AP, McGinnis J, Ortiz-Guzman J, Tantry EK, Patel DM, Belfort BDW, Srivastava S, Romero JM, Arenkiel BR, Curry DJ. Molecular Neurosurgery: Introduction to Gene Therapy and Clinical Applications. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1760292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTo date, more than 100 clinical trials have used sequence-based therapies to address diseases of the pediatric central nervous system. The first targeted pathologies share common features: the diseases are severe; they are due (mostly) to single variants; the variants are well characterized within the genome; and the interventions are technically feasible. Interventions range from intramuscular and intravenous injection to intrathecal and intraparenchymal infusions. Whether the therapeutic sequence consists of RNA or DNA, and whether the sequence is delivered via simple oligonucleotide, nanoparticle, or viral vector depends on the disease and the involved cell type(s) of the nervous system. While only one active trial targets an epilepsy disorder—Dravet syndrome—experiences with aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, spinal muscular atrophy, and others have taught us several lessons that will undoubtedly apply to the future of gene therapy for epilepsies. Epilepsies, with their diverse underlying mechanisms, will have unique aspects that may influence gene therapy strategies, such as targeting the epileptic zone or nodes in affected circuits, or alternatively finding ways to target nearly every neuron in the brain. This article focuses on the current state of gene therapy and includes its history and premise, the strategy and delivery vehicles most commonly used, and details viral vectors, current trials, and considerations for the future of pediatric intracranial gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P. Addison
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - J.P. McGinnis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Joshua Ortiz-Guzman
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Evelyne K. Tantry
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Dhruv M. Patel
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin D. W. Belfort
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Snigdha Srivastava
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Juan M. Romero
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Arenkiel
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Daniel J. Curry
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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20
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Ahmadi SE, Soleymani M, Shahriyary F, Amirzargar MR, Ofoghi M, Fattahi MD, Safa M. Viral vectors and extracellular vesicles: innate delivery systems utilized in CRISPR/Cas-mediated cancer therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41417-023-00597-z. [PMID: 36854897 PMCID: PMC9971689 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing-based therapeutic strategies grant the power to override cell machinery and alter faulty genes contributing to disease development like cancer. Nowadays, the principal tool for gene editing is the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system. In order to bring this gene-editing system from the bench to the bedside, a significant hurdle remains, and that is the delivery of CRISPR/Cas to various target cells in vivo and in vitro. The CRISPR-Cas system can be delivered into mammalian cells using various strategies; among all, we have reviewed recent research around two natural gene delivery systems that have been proven to be compatible with human cells. Herein, we have discussed the advantages and limitations of viral vectors, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in delivering the CRISPR/Cas system for cancer therapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Soleymani
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Shahriyary
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Amirzargar
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahya Ofoghi
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Tehran Hospital of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411600.2Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Davood Fattahi
- grid.411600.2Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Suwito BE, Adji AS, Widjaja JS, Angel SCS, Al Hajiri AZZ, Salamy NFW, Choirotussanijjah C. A Review of CRISPR Cas9 for SCA: Treatment Strategies and Could Target β-globin Gene and BCL11A Gene using CRISPR Cas9 Prevent the Patient from Sickle Cell Anemia? Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2023.11435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary globin chain condition that leads to hemolysis and persistent organ damage. Chronic hemolytic anemia, severe acute and chronic pain, and end-organ destruction occur throughout the lifespan of sickle cell anemia. SCD is associated with a higher risk of mortality. Genome editing with CRISPR-associated regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) have therapeutic potential for sickle cell anemia thala.
AIM: This research aimed to see if using CRISPR/Cas9 to target β-globin gene is an effective therapeutic and if it has a long-term effect on Sickle Cell Anemia.
METHODS: The method used in this study summarizes the article by looking for keywords that have been determined in the title and abstract. The authors used official guidelines from Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Journal Molecular Biology to select full-text articles published within the last decade, prioritizing searches within the past 10 years.
RESULTS: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in clinical trials contributes to α-globin gene deletion correcting β-thalassemia through balanced α- and β-globin ratios and inhibiting disease progression.
CONCLUSION: HBB and BCL11A targeting by CRISPR/Cas9 deletion effectively inactivate BCL11A, a repressor of fetal hemoglobin production. However, further research is needed to determine its side effects and safety.
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22
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Challenges and opportunities in shared care for international patients treated with cellular therapy for nonmalignant disease. Curr Opin Hematol 2023; 30:22-27. [PMID: 36539362 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As cellular therapies gradually become the mainstay of treatment for several nonmalignant diseases, there appears to be varied accessibility to these therapies globally. Despite considerable burden of nonmalignant conditions, such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia in populations of low-middle-income countries, the utilization of cellular therapies remain sparse because of lack of resources. Globally, the frequency of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) has increased disproportionately in countries with higher gross national income (GNI) per capita, governmental healthcare expenditures, and a high human development index. This leads to a large subset of international patients seeking care in the United States. This review summarizes the unique set of challenges that often arise when offering sophisticated therapies such as HSCT to international patients constituting of cross-cultural, logistical, financial, and medical challenges and the opportunities that are available to bridge the gap.
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23
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Eckrich MJ, Frangoul H. Gene Editing for Sickle Cell Disease and Transfusion Dependent Thalassemias- A cure within reach. Semin Hematol 2022; 60:3-9. [PMID: 37080708 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with significant morbidity and shortened life expectancy. Similarly, patients with transfusion dependent beta thalassemia (TdT) require life-long transfusion therapy, chelation therapy and significant organ dysfunction. Allogeneic transplantation from a matched family donor provided the only curative option for patients with SCD and TdT. Unfortunately, less than 20% of patients have a fully matched related donor and results using unrelated donor transplant were associated with high rate of complications. Ex vivo gene therapy through globin gene addition has been investigated extensively and recent encouraging preliminary data resulted in regulatory approval in patients with TdT. Recent improvements in our understanding of the molecular pathways controlling erythropoiesis and globin switching from fetal hemoglobin to adult hemoglobin offer a new and exciting therapeutic options. Rapid and substantial advances in genome editing tools using CRISPR/Cas9, have raised the possibility of genetic editing and correction in patient derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We will review results of gene editing approach that can induce fetal hemoglobin production in patients with SCD and TdT.
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24
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CRISPR-Cas9 Technology for the Creation of Biological Avatars Capable of Modeling and Treating Pathologies: From Discovery to the Latest Improvements. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223615. [PMID: 36429042 PMCID: PMC9688409 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a spectacular moment for genetics to evolve in genome editing, which encompasses the precise alteration of the cellular DNA sequences within various species. One of the most fascinating genome-editing technologies currently available is Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and its associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), which have integrated deeply into the research field within a short period due to its effectiveness. It became a standard tool utilized in a broad spectrum of biological and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, reliable disease models are required to improve the quality of healthcare. CRISPR-Cas9 has the potential to diversify our knowledge in genetics by generating cellular models, which can mimic various human diseases to better understand the disease consequences and develop new treatments. Precision in genome editing offered by CRISPR-Cas9 is now paving the way for gene therapy to expand in clinical trials to treat several genetic diseases in a wide range of species. This review article will discuss genome-editing tools: CRISPR-Cas9, Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), and Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs). It will also encompass the importance of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in generating cellular disease models for novel therapeutics, its applications in gene therapy, and challenges with novel strategies to enhance its specificity.
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25
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Madhi ZS, Shallan MA, Almaamuri AM, Alhussainy AA, AL- Salih SSS, Raheem AK, Alwan HJ, Jalil AT. Lipids and lipid derivatives for delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Huang C, Li Q, Li J. Site-specific genome editing in treatment of inherited diseases: possibility, progress, and perspectives. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:471-500. [PMID: 37724161 PMCID: PMC10388762 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in genome editing enable permanent changes of DNA sequences in a site-specific manner, providing promising approaches for treating human genetic disorders caused by gene mutations. Recently, genome editing has been applied and achieved significant progress in treating inherited genetic disorders that remain incurable by conventional therapy. Here, we present a review of various programmable genome editing systems with their principles, advantages, and limitations. We introduce their recent applications for treating inherited diseases in the clinic, including sickle cell disease (SCD), β-thalassemia, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH), etc. We also discuss the paradigm of ex vivo and in vivo editing and highlight the promise of somatic editing and the challenge of germline editing. Finally, we propose future directions in delivery, cutting, and repairing to improve the scope of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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27
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Comprehensive assessment of miniature CRISPR-Cas12f nucleases for gene disruption. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5623. [PMID: 36153319 PMCID: PMC9509373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBecause of their small size, the recently developed CRISPR-Cas12f nucleases can be effectively packaged into adeno-associated viruses for gene therapy. However, a systematic evaluation of the editing outcomes of CRISPR-Cas12f is lacking. In this study, we apply a high-throughput sequencing method to comprehensively assess the editing efficiency, specificity, and safety of four Cas12f proteins in parallel with that of Cas9 and two Cas12a proteins at multiple genomic sites. Cas12f nucleases achieve robust cleavage at most of the tested sites and mainly produce deletional fragments. In contrast, Cas9 and Cas12a show relatively higher editing efficiency at the vast majority of the tested sites. However, the off-target hotspots identified in the Cas9- and Cas12a-edited cells are negligibly detected in the Cas12f-edited cells. Moreover, compared to Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases, Cas12f nucleases reduce the levels of chromosomal translocations, large deletions, and integrated vectors by 2- to 3-fold. Therefore, our findings confirm the editing capacity of Cas12f and reveal the ability of this nuclease family to preserve genome integrity during genome editing.
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28
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Khurana A, Sayed N, Singh V, Khurana I, Allawadhi P, Rawat PS, Navik U, Pasumarthi SK, Bharani KK, Weiskirchen R. A comprehensive overview of CRISPR/Cas 9 technology and application thereof in drug discovery. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1674-1698. [PMID: 36128934 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-Cas technology possesses revolutionary potential to positively affect various domains of drug discovery. It has initiated a rise in the area of genetic engineering and its advantages range from classical science to translational medicine. These genome editing systems have given a new dimension to our capabilities to alter, detect and annotate specified gene sequences. Moreover, the ease, robustness and adaptability of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology have led to its extensive utilization in research areas in such a short period of time. The applications include the development of model cell lines, understanding disease mechanisms, discovering disease targets, developing transgenic animals and plants, and transcriptional modulation. Further, the technology is rapidly growing; hence, an overlook of progressive success is crucial. This review presents the current status of the CRISPR-Cas technology in a tailor-made format from its discovery to several advancements for drug discovery alongwith future trends associated with possibilities and hurdles including ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khurana
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Pharmacy, Pravara Rural Education Society's (P.R.E.S.'s) College of Pharmacy, Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women's University, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishakha Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Isha Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pushkar Singh Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Cordovil K, Crivelli M, Calixto Lima L, S. Barbosa F, Fleury M. Predictive Equations Overestimated the Rest Energy Expenditure by Indirect Calorimetry in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease. THE NORTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2022; 6:94-106. [DOI: 10.51745/najfnr.6.14.94-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Background: Traditionally, hypermetabolism is described in sickle cell disease (SCD). Despite this, few studies have compared rest energy expenditure (REE) with estimated by predictive equations (EEE) in the assessment of adults with SCD. Aims: To compare REE values determined by indirect calorimetry (IC) with that EEE in adults with SCD. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was performed with 46 individuals over 34 years old in the treatment from two reference centers for SCD located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and IC were used to assess BC and REE, respectively. Blood levels were measured to assess hemolytic and protein markers. Pearson’s correlation test was used in the univariate correlation. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman analysis were used in the comparison between EEE and IC. P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Most participants were from the female sex, Hb SS genotype (80.4%) and with black color (52.2%). The mean age was 50 years old. Weight (r= 0.469; p=0,001), LM (r = 0.631; p=0.000), BMC (r = 0.508; p=0.000) and CRP(r=0.319; p = 0.002) correlated positively with the REE. There was no linear correlation between makers of hemolysis with REE. The REE was overestimated in the EEE when compared to IC (p<0.001). Conclusions: The prediction equations developed for healthy populations are not accurate enough to determine the energy requirements and more studies are needed to better understand how REE role in middle-aged and elderly adults with SCD.
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30
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Asmamaw Mengstie M. Viral Vectors for the in Vivo Delivery of CRISPR Components: Advances and Challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:895713. [PMID: 35646852 PMCID: PMC9133430 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.895713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) and its accompanying protein (Cas9) are now the most effective, efficient, and precise genome editing techniques. Two essential components of the CRISPR/Cas9 system are guide RNA (gRNA) and CRISPR-associated (Cas9) proteins. Choosing and implementing safe and effective delivery systems in the therapeutic application of CRISPR/Cas9 has proven to be a significant problem. For in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, viral vectors are the natural specialists. Due to their higher delivery effectiveness than other delivery methods, vectors such as adenoviral vectors (AdVs), adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), and lentivirus vectors (LVs) are now commonly employed as delivery methods. This review thoroughly examined recent achievements in using a variety of viral vectors as a means of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery, as well as the benefits and limitations of each viral vector. Future thoughts for overcoming the current restrictions and adapting the technology are also discussed.
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31
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Rasul MF, Hussen BM, Salihi A, Ismael BS, Jalal PJ, Zanichelli A, Jamali E, Baniahmad A, Ghafouri-Fard S, Basiri A, Taheri M. Strategies to overcome the main challenges of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 as a replacement for cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:64. [PMID: 35241090 PMCID: PMC8892709 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9) shows the opportunity to treat a diverse array of untreated various genetic and complicated disorders. Therapeutic genome editing processes that target disease-causing genes or mutant genes have been greatly accelerated in recent years as a consequence of improvements in sequence-specific nuclease technology. However, the therapeutic promise of genome editing has yet to be explored entirely, many challenges persist that increase the risk of further mutations. Here, we highlighted the main challenges facing CRISPR/Cas9-based treatments and proposed strategies to overcome these limitations, for further enhancing this revolutionary novel therapeutics to improve long-term treatment outcome human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan region, Erbil, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Abbas Salihi
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq.,Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Bnar Saleh Ismael
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Paywast Jamal Jalal
- Biology Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Anna Zanichelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Elena Jamali
- Department of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Basiri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Chandrasekaran AP, Karapurkar JK, Chung HY, Ramakrishna S. The role of the CRISPR-Cas system in cancer drug development: Mechanisms of action and therapy. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100468. [PMID: 35157790 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent emergence of gene editing using Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated system (Cas) tools and advances in genomics and proteomics has revolutionized drug discovery and personalized medicine. PURPOSE AND SCOPE The CRISPR-Cas system has enabled gene and cell-based therapies, screening for novel drug targets, a new generation of disease models, elucidation of drug resistance mechanisms, and drug efficacy testing. Here, we summarized recent investigations and strategies involved in cancer-related drug discovery using the CRISPR-Cas system. CONCLUSION CRISPR-Cas-mediated gene editing has shown great potential in the development of next generation drugs for treatment of Mendelian disorders and various cancer types. In this review, we focused on the impact of the CRISPR-Cas system in drug discovery and its application to biomarker identification and validation, high-end target genes, and breakthrough anticancer cell therapies. We also highlighted the role of CRISPR-Cas in precision disease modeling and functional drug screening. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hee Yong Chung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
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Liu W, Li L, Jiang J, Wu M, Lin P. Applications and challenges of CRISPR-Cas gene-editing to disease treatment in clinics. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:179-191. [PMID: 34541453 PMCID: PMC8444435 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated systems (Cas) are efficient tools for targeting specific genes for laboratory research, agricultural engineering, biotechnology, and human disease treatment. Cas9, by far the most extensively used gene-editing nuclease, has shown great promise for the treatment of hereditary diseases, viral infection, cancers, and so on. Recent reports have revealed that some other types of CRISPR-Cas systems may also have surprising potential to join the fray as gene-editing tools for various applications. Despite the rapid progress in basic research and clinical tests, some underlying problems present continuous, significant challenges, such as editing efficiency, relative difficulty in delivery, off-target effects, immunogenicity, etc. This article summarizes the applications of CRISPR-Cas from bench to bedside and highlights the current obstacles that may limit the usage of CRISPR-Cas systems as gene-editing toolkits in precision medicine and offer some viewpoints that may help to tackle these challenges and facilitate technical development. CRISPR-Cas systems, as a powerful gene-editing approach, will offer great hopes in clinical treatments for many individuals with currently incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Liu
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Luoxi Li
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202–9037, USA
| | - Ping Lin
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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