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de Lima TM, da Silva SF, Sánchez-Vilas J, Júnior WLS, Mayer JLS, Ribeiro RV, Pinheiro F. Phenotypic plasticity rather than ecotypic differentiation explains the broad realized niche of a Neotropical orchid species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 38958955 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Local adaptation is common in plant species, and knowing whether a population is locally adapted has fundamental and applied relevance. However, local adaptation in tropical plants remains largely less studied, and covering this gap is not simple since reciprocal transplantation - the gold standard for detecting local adaptation - is not feasible for most species. Here, we combined genetic, climatic and phenotypic data to investigate ecotypic differentiation, an important aspect of local adaptation, in coastal and inland populations of the orchid Epidendrum fulgens Brongn., a long-lived tropical plant for which reciprocal transplantation would not be feasible. We used nine microsatellite markers to estimate genetic divergence between inland and coastal populations. Moreover, occurrence data and climate data were used to test for differences in the realized niche of those populations. Finally, we assessed saturated water content, leaf specific area, height, and stomatal density in common garden and in situ to investigate the effects of ecotypic differentiation and plasticity on the phenotype. Coastal and inland groups' niches do not overlap, the former occupying a wetter and warmer area. However, this differentiation does not seem to be driven by ecotypic differentiation since there was no positive correlation between genetic structure and climate dissimilarity. Moreover, specific leaf area and leaf saturated water content, which are important phenotypic traits related to soil fertility and drought stress, were rather plastic. We conclude that ecotypic differentiation is absent, since phenotypic plasticity is an important mechanism explaining the niche broadness of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M de Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - S F da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - J Sánchez-Vilas
- Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - W L S Júnior
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - J L S Mayer
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - R V Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - F Pinheiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Anghelescu NE, Balogh L, Balogh M, Kigyossy N, Georgescu MI, Petra SA, Toma F, Peticila AG. Gymnadenia winkeliana-A New Orchid Species to Romanian Flora. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1363. [PMID: 38794434 PMCID: PMC11125076 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel species, Gymnadenia winkeliana, has been identified in the Bucegi Natural Park ROSCI0013, located in the Southern Carpathians of Central Romania. Two moderately sized populations of Gymnadenia winkeliana, totalling 120-140 individuals, were discovered inhabiting the alpine grasslands of the park, situated 2.000 m above sea level. To describe this newly found population as comprehensively as possible, 44 vegetative and floral organs/organ parts were directly studied and measured from living plants. Special attention was focused on the characteristics that proved to have taxonomic significance, particularly those involving distinctive details in the morphology of the leaves, perianth, labellum and gynostemium. A total of 223 characteristics were analysed encompassing the morphology of every organ of the plant, cytology and breeding system. Furthermore, comprehensive taxonomic treatment and description, accompanied by colour photographs illustrating the holotype, are provided. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of the University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest (USAMVB Herbarium barcode: 40102, NEA); Gymnadenia winkeliana, a (micro)endemic species, is characterized as a putative allogamous, facultatively apomict that significantly differs from other Gymnadenia R.Br. species found in Romania. Notably, it distinguishes itself through its smaller habitus (reaching heights of up to 8-10 cm), its two-coloured, rounded/hemispherical inflorescence displaying a gradient of pink hues in an acropetal fashion (ranging from whitish-pink at the base to vivid-pink at the topmost flowers), and its limited distribution in high-altitude areas, encompassing approximately 8-10 km2 in the central area of the Bucegi Natural Park. This species has been under observation since 2005, with observed population numbers showing a significant increase over time, from ca. 50-55 (counted at the time of its discovery) to 120-140 individuals (counted in June 2023). Additionally, comprehensive information regarding the habitat, ecology, phenology and IUCN conservation assessments of Gymnadenia winkeliana are provided, including maps illustrating its distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora E. Anghelescu
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lori Balogh
- Association “Comori de pe Valea Prahovei”, 106100 Sinaia, Romania
| | - Mihaela Balogh
- Association “Comori de pe Valea Prahovei”, 106100 Sinaia, Romania
| | | | - Mihaela I. Georgescu
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorina A. Petra
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Toma
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian G. Peticila
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Marasti Blvd, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania
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Xu Q, Yang Z, Jia Y, Wang R, Zhang Q, Gai R, Wu Y, Yang Q, He G, Wu JH, Ming F. PeNAC67-PeKAN2-PeSCL23 and B-class MADS-box transcription factors synergistically regulate the specialization process from petal to lip in Phalaenopsis equestris. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2024; 4:15. [PMID: 38649966 PMCID: PMC11036780 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-023-00079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The molecular basis of orchid flower development involves a specific regulatory program in which MADS-box transcription factors play a central role. The recent 'perianth code' model hypothesizes that two types of higher-order heterotetrameric complexes, namely SP complex and L complex, play pivotal roles in the orchid perianth organ formation. Therefore, we explored their roles and searched for other components of the regulatory network.Through the combined analysis for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing and RNA sequencing of the lip-like petal and lip from Phalaenopsis equestris var.trilip, transcription factor-(TF) genes involved in lip development were revealed. PeNAC67 encoding a NAC-type TF and PeSCL23 encoding a GRAS-type TF were differentially expressed between the lip-like petal and the lip. PeNAC67 interacted with and stabilized PeMADS3, which positively regulated the development of lip-like petal to lip. PeSCL23 and PeNAC67 competitively bound with PeKAN2 and positively regulated the development of lip-like petal to petal by affecting the level of PeMADS3. PeKAN2 as an important TF that interacts with PeMADS3 and PeMADS9 can promote lip development. These results extend the 'perianth code' model and shed light on the complex regulation of orchid flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Xu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yupeng Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Ruonan Gai
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yiding Wu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qingyong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoren He
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Ju Hua Wu
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Feng Ming
- Development Centre of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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Wróblewska A, Ostrowiecka B, Kotowicz J, Jermakowicz E, Tałałaj I, Szefer P. What are the drivers of female success in food-deceptive orchids? Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11233. [PMID: 38646005 PMCID: PMC11026981 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A large suite of floral signals, and environmental and biotic characteristics influence the behavior of pollinators, affecting the female success of food-deceptive orchids. In this study, we examined the many factors shaping the reproductive output of three orchid taxa: Dactylorhiza majalis, D. incarnata var. incarnata, and D. fuchsii. We applied a statistical model to correlate female success (number of fruit sets) with individual characteristics (plant and inflorescence height, number of flowers, and spur length), number of pollinaria removed, flowering time, and density of floral units of co-flowering rewarding plants. Our findings suggested that the broad spectrum of variations in Dactylorhiza's morphological traits, floral display, and flowering phenology within different environmental contexts has a significant impact on their reproductive success. The number of fruits increased with an increase in the number of pollinaria removed in the studied Dactylorhiza taxa. In contrast, a higher number of flowers per inflorescence and higher inflorescences in relation to individual height always decreased fruit set. We observed that low number of co-flowering rewarding plants in populations could affect the Dactylorhiza reproductive output as magnets and competitor plants. The synchronization of flowering, or lack thereof, between Dactylorhiza and rewarding plants can limit reproductive success. This demonstrates that the food deception strategy is multidirectional, and reproductive output can vary considerably both spatially and temporally within the context of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Wróblewska
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of BialystokBiałystokPoland
| | | | | | | | | | - Piotr Szefer
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of EntomologyCzech Academy of SciencesČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
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5
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Wei X, Yuan M, Zheng BQ, Zhou L, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification and characterization of TCP gene family in Dendrobium nobile and their role in perianth development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1352119. [PMID: 38375086 PMCID: PMC10875090 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1352119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
TCP is a widely distributed, essential plant transcription factor that regulates plant growth and development. An in-depth study of TCP genes in Dendrobium nobile, a crucial parent in genetic breeding and an excellent model material to explore perianth development in Dendrobium, has not been conducted. We identified 23 DnTCP genes unevenly distributed across 19 chromosomes and classified them as Class I PCF (12 members), Class II: CIN (10 members), and CYC/TB1 (1 member) based on the conserved domain and phylogenetic analysis. Most DnTCPs in the same subclade had similar gene and motif structures. Segmental duplication was the predominant duplication event for TCP genes, and no tandem duplication was observed. Seven genes in the CIN subclade had potential miR319 and -159 target sites. Cis-acting element analysis showed that most DnTCP genes contained many developmental stress-, light-, and phytohormone-responsive elements in their promoter regions. Distinct expression patterns were observed among the 23 DnTCP genes, suggesting that these genes have diverse regulatory roles at different stages of perianth development or in different organs. For instance, DnTCP4 and DnTCP18 play a role in early perianth development, and DnTCP5 and DnTCP10 are significantly expressed during late perianth development. DnTCP17, 20, 21, and 22 are the most likely to be involved in perianth and leaf development. DnTCP11 was significantly expressed in the gynandrium. Specially, MADS-specific binding sites were present in most DnTCP genes putative promoters, and two Class I DnTCPs were in the nucleus and interacted with each other or with the MADS-box. The interactions between TCP and the MADS-box have been described for the first time in orchids, which broadens our understanding of the regulatory network of TCP involved in perianth development in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding; Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Suetsugu K, Hirota SK, Shitara T, Ishida K, Nakato N, Hayakawa H, Suyama Y. The absence of bumblebees on an oceanic island blurs the species boundary of two closely related orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1321-1333. [PMID: 37847353 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic islands offer valuable natural laboratories for studying evolution. The Izu Islands, with their recent geological origin, provide an exceptional opportunity to explore the initial evolution on oceanic islands. Another noteworthy aspect is the absence of bumblebee species on most Izu Islands. We used ecological, morphological, and molecular data to investigate the impact of bumblebee absence on the evolution of two closely related orchid species, Goodyera henryi and Goodyera similis, focusing on Kozu Island, the Izu Islands. Our investigation revealed that while G. henryi exclusively relies on a bumblebee species for pollination on the mainland, G. similis is pollinated by scoliid wasps on both the mainland and the island. Intriguingly, all specimens initially categorized as G. henryi on Kozu Island are hybrids of G. henryi and G. similis, leading to the absence of pure G. henryi distribution on the island. These hybrids are pollinated by the scoliid wasp species that also pollinates G. similis on the island. The absence of bumblebees might result in sporadic and inefficient pollination of G. henryi by scoliid wasps, consequently promoting hybrid proliferation on the island. Our findings suggest that the absence of bumblebees can blur plant species boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shun K Hirota
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
- Botanical Gardens, Osaka Metropolitan University, 2000 Kisaichi, Katano City, Osaka, 576-0004, Japan
| | - Takuto Shitara
- Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1833-81 Todori-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 193-0843, Japan
| | | | - Narumi Nakato
- Narahashi 1-363, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo, 207-0031, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayakawa
- Museum of Natural and Environmental History, Shizuoka, 5762 Oya, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8017, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan
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Tian L, An M, Wu M, Liu F, Zhang Y. Habitat ecological characteristics and soil fungal community structure of Paphiopedilum subgenus Brachypetalum Hallier (Orchidaceae) plants in Southwest China. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2227365. [PMID: 37377110 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2227365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Species of the subgenus Brachypetalum are the most primitive, most ornamental and most threatened group in the Orchid. This study revealed the ecological characteristics, soil nutrient characteristics and soil fungal community structure of habitats of the subgenus Brachypetalum in Southwest China. Lays a foundation for research on the wild populations and conservation Brachypetalum. The results showed that species of the subgenus Brachypetalum preferred a cool and humid environment, grew in scattered or aggregated form in narrow negative terrain, mainly in humic soil. The soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activity indexes of the habitats were significantly different among different species, and the soil properties of different distribution points of the same species also varied greatly. There were significant differences in the soil fungal community structure among the habitats of different species. Basidiomycetes and ascomycetes were the main fungi in habitats of subgenus Brachypetalum species, and their relative abundance varied among different species. The functional groups of soil fungi were mainly symbiotic fungi and saprophytic fungi. LEfSe analysis found that there were different numbers and species of biomarkers in the habitats of subgenus Brachypetalum species, indicating that the habitat preference characteristics of each species in subgenus Brachypetalum were reflected in the fungal community. It was found that environmental factors had an impact on the changes in soil fungal communities in the habitats of subgenus Brachypetalum species, with climatic factors having the highest explanation rate (20.96%). Soil properties were significantly positively or negatively correlated with a variety of dominant soil fungal groups. Conclusions: The results of this study lay the foundation for the study of the habitat characteristics of wild populations of subgenus Brachypetalum and provides data to support in situ and ex situ conservation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Forestry College of Guizhou University, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Research Center of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingtai An
- Forestry College of Guizhou University, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Research Center of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Moxu Wu
- Forestry College of Guizhou University, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Research Center of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Forestry College of Guizhou University, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Research Center of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Forestry College of Guizhou University, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Research Center of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Ma X, Ju S, Lin H, Huang H, Huang J, Peng D, Ming R, Lan S, Liu ZJ. Sex-Related Gene Network Revealed by Transcriptome Differentiation of Bisexual and Unisexual Flowers of Orchid Cymbidium tortisepalum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16627. [PMID: 38068950 PMCID: PMC10706266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on orchid reproductive strategies, the genetic studies of sex differentiation in the orchid family are still lacking. In this study, we compared three sexual phenotypes of Cymbidium tortisepalum bisexual flowers as well as female and male unisexual mutants. Through comparative transcriptomes, we analyzed the sex-biased differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and gene co-expression networks of sex organs (gynostemium and ovary) among them, identified the candidate genes of sex differentiation, and validated their expression by qRT-PCR. The C. tortisepalum unisexual mutants with degenerated phenotypes were compared to the bisexual plants with respect to both the flower organs and plant morphologies. Totally, 12,145, 10,789, and 14,447 genes were uniquely expressed in the female, male, and hermaphrodite sex organs, respectively. A total of 4291 sex-biased DEGs were detected among them, with 871, 2867, and 1937 DEGs in the comparisons of bisexual vs. female, bisexual vs. male, and male vs. female flowers, respectively. Two co-expressed network modules, with 81 and 419 genes were tightly correlated with female sexual traits, while two others with 265 and 135 genes were highly correlated with male sexual traits. Two female-biased hub genes (CtSDR3b and CtSDR3b-like) nested in the female modules, the homologs of maize sex determinant tasselseed2, may control the feminization of C. tortisepalum. At the same time, two male-biased hub genes (CtYAB2 and CtYAB5) nested in the male modules, the homologs of grape sex determinant VviYABBY3, may control the androphany of C. tortisepalum. This study discovered the molecular regulation networks and proposed a model for orchid sex differentiation, therefore providing for the first time the genetic basis for the sex separation in the orchid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Ma
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Song Ju
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Han Lin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huaxing Huang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Donghui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ray Ming
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, School of Future Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3707, USA
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Orchid Conservation and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Qiu L, Jacquemyn H, Burgess KS, Zhang LG, Zhou YD, Yang BY, Tan SL. Contrasting range changes of terrestrial orchids under future climate change in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165128. [PMID: 37364836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has impacted the distribution and abundance of numerous plant and animal species during the last century. Orchidaceae is one of the largest yet most threatened families of flowering plants. However, how the geographical distribution of orchids will respond to climate change is largely unknown. Habenaria and Calanthe are among the largest terrestrial orchid genera in China and around the world. In this paper, we modeled the potential distribution of eight Habenaria species and ten Calanthe species in China under the near-current period (1970-2000) and the future period (2081-2100) to test the following two hypotheses: 1) narrow-ranged species are more vulnerable to climate change than wide-ranged species; 2) niche overlap between species is positively correlated with their phylogenetic relatedness. Our results showed that most Habenaria species will expand their ranges, although the climatic space at the southern edge will be lost for most Habenaria species. In contrast, most Calanthe species will shrink their ranges dramatically. Contrasting range changes between Habenaria and Calanthe species may be explained by their differences in climate-adaptive traits such as underground storage organs and evergreen/deciduous habits. Habenaria species are predicted to generally shift northwards and to higher elevations in the future, while Calanthe species are predicted to shift westwards and to higher elevations. The mean niche overlap among Calanthe species was higher than that of Habenaria species. No significant relationship between niche overlap and phylogenetic distance was detected for both Habenaria and Calanthe species. Species range changes in the future was also not correlated with their near current range sizes for both Habenaria and Calanthe. The results of this study suggest that the current conservation status of both Habenaria and Calanthe species should be adjusted. Our study highlights the importance of considering climate-adaptive traits in understanding the responses of orchid taxa to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin S Burgess
- Department of Biology, College of Letters & Sciences, Columbus State University, University System of Georgia, Columbus, GA 31907-5645, USA
| | - Li-Guo Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecosystem Change and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-Dong Zhou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bo-Yun Yang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shao-Lin Tan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, Jiangxi, China.
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10
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Turco A, Albano A, Medagli P, Wagensommer RP, D’Emerico S. Comparative Cytogenetic of the 36-Chromosomes Genera of Orchidinae Subtribe (Orchidaceae) in the Mediterranean Region: A Summary and New Data. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2798. [PMID: 37570952 PMCID: PMC10421308 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the current knowledge on the cytogenetics of four genera, which are all composed of 36 chromosomes, within the Orchidinae subtribe (Orchidaceae). Previous classical studies have revealed differences in karyomorphology among these genera, indicating genomic diversity. The current study includes an analysis of the current knowledge with an update of the karyotype of 47 species with 36 chromosomes from the genera Anacamptis, Serapias, Himantoglossum, and Ophrys. The study discusses comparisons of karyotypes among these genera that used traditional techniques as well as karyotype asymmetry relationships with various asymmetry indices. Additionally, the study reports new findings on polyploidy in Anacamptis pyramidalis and Serapias lingua, which were observed through karyotype and meiotic metaphase analyses in EMC. Moreover, the study detected B chromosomes for the first time in A. papilionacea and A. palustris. The article also describes the use of fluorescent in situ hybridization in some specimens of A. papilionacea and A. collina to locate different sites of the 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA and 5S rDNA ribosomal complexes on chromosomes. The information derived from these cytogenetic analyses was used to refine the classification of these orchids and identify evolutionary relationships among different species and genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Turco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.T.); (A.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Antonella Albano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.T.); (A.A.); (P.M.)
| | - Pietro Medagli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.T.); (A.A.); (P.M.)
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11
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Capó M, Borràs J, Perelló-Suau S, Rita J, Cursach J. Phenotype-fitness relationships and pollen-transfer efficiency of five orchid species with different pollination strategies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023:e16198. [PMID: 37342959 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Deceptive pollination, a fascinating mechanism that independently originated in several plant families for benefiting from pollinators without providing any reward, is particularly widespread among orchids. Pollination efficiency is crucial in orchids due to the aggregated pollen in a pollinarium, which facilitates pollen transfer and promotes cross-pollination as pollinators leave after being deceived. METHODS In this study, we compiled data on reproductive ecology from five orchid species with different pollination strategies: three deceptive-strategy species (shelter imitation, food deception, sexual deception), one nectar-rewarding species, and one shelter-imitation but spontaneously selfing species. We aimed to compare the reproductive success (female fitness: fruit set; male fitness: pollinarium removal) and pollination efficiency of species representing these strategies. We also investigated pollen limitation and inbreeding depression among the pollination strategies. RESULTS Male and female fitness were strongly correlated in all species but the spontaneously selfing species, which had high fruit set and low pollinarium removal. As expected, pollination efficiency was highest for the rewarding species and the sexually deceptive species. Rewarding species had no pollen limitation but did have high cumulative inbreeding depression; deceptive species had high pollen limitation and moderate inbreeding depression; and spontaneously selfing species did not have pollen limitation or inbreeding depression. CONCLUSIONS Pollinator response to deception is critical to maintain reproductive success and avoid inbreeding in orchid species with non-rewarding pollination strategies. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the trade-offs associated with different pollination strategies in orchids and highlight the importance of pollination efficiency in orchids due to the pollinarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Capó
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S.I. Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joshua Borràs
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Sebastià Perelló-Suau
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Juan Rita
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Joana Cursach
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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12
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Deng X, Hu C, Xie C, Lu A, Luo Y, Peng T, Huang W. Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveal the Role of Metabolites and Genes in Modulating Flower Color of Paphiopedilum micranthum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2058. [PMID: 37653975 PMCID: PMC10220555 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Food-deceptive flowers primarily use visual signals (such as color) to mimic model plants and deceive insects into achieving pollination. Paphiopedilum micranthum is a food-deceptive orchid that has a pink labellum and two purple petals with a yellow base and has been proven to be pollinated by bumblebees. However, the chemical and molecular bases of the floral color are not well understood. We conducted targeted metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analysis to determine the color signal and its genetic basis in P. micranthum. We found that both anthocyanins and carotenoids contribute significantly to the formation of floral color that determines the color signal. Higher concentrations of anthocyanins (cyanidin and peonidin) and carotenoids (primarily lutein and zeaxanthin) were detected in the petal compared to the labellum. The upregulation of structural genes of CHS, F3'H, DFR and ANS on the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in petals was identified, as well as three genes of LCYE, BCH, and CCD4 on the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, we discovered that three R2R3-MYBs and one bHLH transcription factors were co-expressed with the expression of different genes. These genes and transcription factors may be responsible for the spatial color difference of P. micranthum. Our study emphasizes that the color of this food-deceptive orchids is achieved through specific genes and transcription factors associated with the pigment biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.H.); (C.X.); (A.L.)
| | - Chao Hu
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.H.); (C.X.); (A.L.)
| | - Chengzhi Xie
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.H.); (C.X.); (A.L.)
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Aixian Lu
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.H.); (C.X.); (A.L.)
| | - Yibo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tao Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Weichang Huang
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.H.); (C.X.); (A.L.)
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13
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Kellenberger RT, Ponraj U, Delahaie B, Fattorini R, Balk J, Lopez-Gomollon S, Müller KH, Ellis AG, Glover BJ. Multiple gene co-options underlie the rapid evolution of sexually deceptive flowers in Gorteria diffusa. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1502-1512.e8. [PMID: 36963385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Gene co-option, the redeployment of an existing gene in an unrelated developmental context, is an important mechanism underlying the evolution of morphological novelty. In most cases described to date, novel traits emerged by co-option of a single gene or genetic network. Here, we show that the integration of multiple co-opted genetic elements facilitated the rapid evolution of complex petal spots that mimic female bee-fly pollinators in the sexually deceptive South African daisy Gorteria diffusa. First, co-option of iron homeostasis genes altered petal spot pigmentation, producing a color similar to that of female pollinators. Second, co-option of the root hair gene GdEXPA7 enabled the formation of enlarged papillate petal epidermal cells, eliciting copulation responses from male flies. Third, co-option of the miR156-GdSPL1 transcription factor module altered petal spot placement, resulting in better mimicry of female flies resting on the flower. The three genetic elements were likely co-opted sequentially, and strength of sexual deception in different G. diffusa floral forms strongly correlates with the presence of the three corresponding morphological alterations. Our findings suggest that gene co-options can combine in a modular fashion, enabling rapid evolution of novel complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman T Kellenberger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Udhaya Ponraj
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Boris Delahaie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; CIRAD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier 34398, France; UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 4JT, UK
| | - Sara Lopez-Gomollon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Allan G Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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14
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Zhang Z, Li J, Suddee S, Bouamanivong S, Averyanov LV, Gale SW. Exploring island syndromes: Variable matrix permeability in Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Orchidaceae), a specialist lithophyte of tropical Asian inselbergs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1097113. [PMID: 36890904 PMCID: PMC9986494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1097113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plants confined to island-like habitats are hypothesised to possess a suite of functional traits that promote on-spot persistence and recruitment, but this may come at the cost of broad-based colonising potential. Ecological functions that define this island syndrome are expected to generate a characteristic genetic signature. Here we examine genetic structuring in the orchid Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, a specialist lithophyte of tropical Asian inselbergs, both at the scale of individual outcrops and across much of its range in Indochina and on Hainan Island, to infer patterns of gene flow in the context of an exploration of island syndrome traits. METHODS We sampled 323 individuals occurring in 20 populations on 15 widely scattered inselbergs, and quantified genetic diversity, isolation-by-distance and genetic structuring using 14 microsatellite markers. To incorporate a temporal dimension, we inferred historical demography and estimated direction of gene flow using Bayesian approaches. RESULTS We uncovered high genotypic diversity, high heterozygosity and low rates of inbreeding, as well as strong evidence for the occurrence of two genetic clusters, one comprising the populations of Hainan Island and the other those of mainland Indochina. Connectivity was greater within, rather than between the two clusters, with the former unequivocally supported as ancestral. DISCUSSION Despite a strong capacity for on-spot persistence conferred by clonality, incomplete self-sterility and an ability to utilize multiple magnet species for pollination, our data reveal that P. pulcherrima also possesses traits that promote landscape-scale gene flow, including deceptive pollination and wind-borne seed dispersal, generating an ecological profile that neither fully conforms to, nor fully contradicts, a putative island syndrome. A terrestrial matrix is shown to be significantly more permeable than open water, with the direction of historic gene flow indicating that island populations can serve as refugia for postglacial colonisation of continental landmasses by effective dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jihong Li
- Flora Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Somran Suddee
- Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsanith Bouamanivong
- Biotechnology and Ecology Institute, Ministry of Science and Technology, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Leonid V. Averyanov
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stephan W. Gale
- Flora Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Zheng BQ, Li XQ, Wang Y. New Insights into the Mechanism of Spatiotemporal Scent Accumulation in Orchid Flowers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:304. [PMID: 36679016 PMCID: PMC9866394 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Orchid flowers have a unique structure that consists of three sepals and three petals, with one of the petals forming the labellum (lip) that can be differentiated into the hypochile and epichile. In orchids, the emission of floral scent is specific and spatially complex. Little is understood about the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of the differing scent emissions between the parts of orchid flowers. Here, we investigated this in the Cattleya hybrid KOVA, and our study showed that monoterpenes, including linalool and geraniol, are the main components responsible for the KOVA floral scent. The KOVA flower was scentless to the human nose before it reached full bloom, potentially because the 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthases (RcDXSs) and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthases (RcHDSs) that biosynthesize monoterpenes were highly expressed in flowers only when it reached full flowering. Additionally, the spatial expression profile of the monoterpene synthases (RcMTPSs), which were highly expressed in the basal region of the lip (hypochile), contributed to the highest monoterpene emissions from this part of the flower. This might have caused the hypochile to be more fragrant than the other parts of the flower. These findings enrich our understanding of the difference in scents between different flower parts in plants and provide information to breed novel orchid cultivars with special floral scents.
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16
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Diversity in the Orchid Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge from Sardinia (Italy). DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14121125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are produced by plants to address a variety of physiological and ecological tasks (among others, stress resistance, and pollinator attraction). Genetics is a key factor in determining plants’ VOCs content and emission, nevertheless, environment strongly influences VOCs profiles in plants. Orchids are a widespread group of plants that colonize diverse environments and rely on complex and refined pollination mechanisms to reproduce. Orchids VOCs are rarely studied and discussed in relation to growing conditions. In the present study, we compare the volatile profiles of inflorescences of Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge sampled in six ecologically diverse populations on Sardinia Island (Italy). The essential oils obtained by steam distillation were characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. A total of 79 compounds were detected, belonging to the chemical classes of saturated hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, ketones, unsaturated hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated terpenes, terpenes, acids, and aldehydes. Multivariate statistics separated H. robertianum populations based on their chemical profiles. Differences were positively linked to the distance separating populations and reflected climatological features of the sampling sites. Interestingly, our results differed from those available in the literature, pointing out the high variability of VOCs profiles in this food-deceptive orchid.
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17
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Valoroso MC, Lucibelli F, Aceto S. Orchid NAC Transcription Factors: A Focused Analysis of CUPULIFORMIS Genes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122293. [PMID: 36553560 PMCID: PMC9777940 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant transcription factors are involved in different developmental pathways. NAC transcription factors (No Apical Meristem, Arabidopsis thaliana Activating Factor, Cup-shaped Cotyledon) act in various processes, e.g., plant organ formation, response to stress, and defense mechanisms. In Antirrhinum majus, the NAC transcription factor CUPULIFORMIS (CUP) plays a role in determining organ boundaries and lip formation, and the CUP homologs of Arabidopsis and Petunia are involved in flower organ formation. Orchidaceae is one of the most species-rich families of angiosperms, known for its extraordinary diversification of flower morphology. We conducted a transcriptome and genome-wide analysis of orchid NACs, focusing on the No Apical Meristem (NAM) subfamily and CUP genes. To check whether the CUP homologs could be involved in the perianth formation of orchids, we performed an expression analysis on the flower organs of the orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite at different developmental stages. The expression patterns of the CUP genes of P. aphrodite suggest their possible role in flower development and symmetry establishment. In addition, as observed in other species, the orchid CUP1 and CUP2 genes seem to be regulated by the microRNA, miR164. Our results represent a preliminary study of NAC transcription factors in orchids to understand the role of these genes during orchid flower formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Valoroso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.V.); (S.A.)
| | - Francesca Lucibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.V.); (S.A.)
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18
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Artuso S, Gamisch A, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Comes HP. Evidence for an evo-devo-derived hypothesis on three-dimensional flower shape modularity in a tropical orchid clade. Evolution 2022; 76:2587-2604. [PMID: 36128635 PMCID: PMC9828045 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Covarying suites of phenotypic traits, or modules, are increasingly recognized to promote morphological evolution. However, information on how modularity influences flower diversity is rare and lacking for Orchidaceae. Here, we combine high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scanning with three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test various hypotheses about three-dimensional patterns of flower evolutionary modularity in Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids and examine rates and modes of module evolution. Based on the four evolutionary modules identified (i.e., sepals, lateral petals, labellum + column-foot, and column-part), our data support the hypothesis that both genetic-developmental and functional adaptive factors shaped evolutionary flower trait covariation in these tropical orchids. In line with "evo-devo" studies, we also find that the labellum evolved independently from the rest of the petal whorl. Finally, we show that modules evolved with different rates, and either in a neutral fashion (only column-part) or under selective constraints, as likely imposed by pollinators. Overall, this study supports current views that modular units can enhance the range and rate of morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Artuso
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
| | - Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
| | - Yannick M. Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaVienna1030Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaVienna1030Austria
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
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González JA, Bernardos S, Amich F. Plant Conservation vs. Folk Traditions: The Case of Ophrys scolopax Cav. (Orchidaceae) in Central Western Spain. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111566. [PMID: 36358267 PMCID: PMC9687785 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In central western Spain, the bee orchid Ophrys scolopax Cav. is limited to a few localities of the Arribes del Duero Natural Park, reaching the municipality of Villarino de los Aires (Salamanca) to the north. Due to its restricted distribution, this plant is hardly known in this territory, with the exception of this village, where it is very popular. Although most of its inhabitants are unaware of various aspects of the biology of this orchid, for example its pollination strategy, the place where the only local population grows is well-known: the Teso de San Cristóbal ("St. Christopher's Hill"), a place of ancient pagan rituals Christianised through the construction of a hermitage. The villagers also know that its flowering period coincides with the Easter celebration, and they have traditionally looked for and collected it there during Easter Monday. This ritual has evolved over time based on the needs and interests of the community. From a religious celebration aimed at blessing the fields, it became a game among young men to obtain prestige within the community, and from the end of the 20th century to the present, it has become a festival to revitalise cultural identity. In this article, we analyse how the aforementioned traditional practices affected this orchid species in the recent past, and we describe the educational actions (conferences, workshops, courses, etc.) carried out during the last ten years so that, while maintaining the cultural practices of the village, its population should be respected and conserved at the same time.
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Zhang D, Zhao XW, Li YY, Ke SJ, Yin WL, Lan S, Liu ZJ. Advances and prospects of orchid research and industrialization. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac220. [PMID: 36479582 PMCID: PMC9720451 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is one of the largest, most diverse families in angiosperms with significant ecological and economical values. Orchids have long fascinated scientists by their complex life histories, exquisite floral morphology and pollination syndromes that exhibit exclusive specializations, more than any other plants on Earth. These intrinsic factors together with human influences also make it a keystone group in biodiversity conservation. The advent of sequencing technologies and transgenic techniques represents a quantum leap in orchid research, enabling molecular approaches to be employed to resolve the historically interesting puzzles in orchid basic and applied biology. To date, 16 different orchid genomes covering four subfamilies (Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Epidendroideae, and Orchidoideae) have been released. These genome projects have given rise to massive data that greatly empowers the studies pertaining to key innovations and evolutionary mechanisms for the breadth of orchid species. The extensive exploration of transcriptomics, comparative genomics, and recent advances in gene engineering have linked important traits of orchids with a multiplicity of gene families and their regulating networks, providing great potential for genetic enhancement and improvement. In this review, we summarize the progress and achievement in fundamental research and industrialized application of orchids with a particular focus on molecular tools, and make future prospects of orchid molecular breeding and post-genomic research, providing a comprehensive assemblage of state of the art knowledge in orchid research and industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xue-Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ke
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei-Lun Yin
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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21
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Hu H, Wei Y, Wang W, Suonan J, Wang S, Chen Z, Guan J, Deng Y. Richness and distribution of endangered orchid species under different climate scenarios on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:948189. [PMID: 36160966 PMCID: PMC9490128 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.948189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the potential influences of climate change on the richness and distribution is essential for the protection of endangered species. Most orchid species are narrowly distributed in specific habitats and are very vulnerable to habitat disturbance, especially for endangered orchid species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In this study, we simulated the potential influences of climate change on the richness and distribution of 17 endangered orchid species on the QTP using the MaxEnt model based on the shared socioeconomic pathways scenarios (SSPs) in the 2050s and 2070s. The results showed that aspect, annual precipitation, elevation, mean temperature of driest quarter, topsoil pH (H2O), and topsoil sand fraction had a large influence on the potential distribution of endangered orchid species on the QTP. The area of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under the current climate scenario was 14,462 km2 (accounting for 0.56% of QTP), and it was mostly distributed in the southeastern part of QTP. The area of orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under SSP370 in the 2070s was the smallest (9,370 km2: only accounting for 0.36% of QTP). The largest area of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 was 45,394 km2 (accounting for 1.77% of QTP) under SSP585 in the 2070s. The total potential distribution area of 17 orchid species richness all increased from the 2050s to the 2070s under SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585. The orchid species richness basically declined with the increasing elevation under current and future climate scenarios. The mean elevation of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 under different climate scenarios was between 3,267 and 3,463 m. The mean elevation of potential distribution for orchid species richness ranging from 6 to 11 decreased from SSP126 (3,457 m) to SSP585 (3,267 m) in the 2070s. Based on these findings, future conservation plans should be concentrated on the selection of protected areas in the southeastern part of QTP to protect the endangered orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Hu
- College of Geosciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanqiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Formation Mechanism and Comprehensive Utilization in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Xining, China
| | - Ji Suonan
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Shixiong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Jinhong Guan
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
| | - Yanfang Deng
- Qinghai Service and Guarantee Center of Qilian Mountains National Park, Xining, China
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22
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Zhang HP, Tao ZB, Trunschke J, Shrestha M, Scaccabarozzi D, Wang H, Ren ZX. Reproductive Isolation Among Three Nocturnal Moth-Pollinated Sympatric Habenaria Species (Orchidaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:908852. [PMID: 35812980 PMCID: PMC9257206 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Comparison and quantification of multiple pre- and post-pollination barriers to interspecific hybridization are important to understand the factors promoting reproductive isolation. Such isolating factors have been studied recently in many flowering plant species which seek after the general roles and relative strengths of different pre- and post-pollination barriers. In this study, we quantified six isolating factors (ecogeographic isolation, phenological isolation, pollinator isolation, pollinia-pistil interactions, fruit production, and seed development) that could possibly be acting as reproductive barriers at different stages among three sympatric Habenaria species (H. limprichtii, H. davidii, and H. delavayi). These three species overlap geographically but occupy different microhabitats varying in soil water content. They were isolated through pollinator interactions both ethologically (pollinator preference) and mechanically (pollinia attachment site), but to a variable degree for different species pairs. Interspecific crosses between H. limprichtii and H. davidii result in high fruit set, and embryo development suggested weak post-pollination barriers, whereas bidirectional crosses of H. delavayi with either of the other two species fail to produce fruits. Our results revealed that pollinators were the most important isolating barrier including both ethological and mechanical mechanisms, to maintain the boundaries among these three sympatric Habenaria species. Our study also highlights the importance of a combination of pre-and post-pollination barriers for species co-existence in Orchidaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Judith Trunschke
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
| | - Mani Shrestha
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Daniela Scaccabarozzi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, China
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Lijiang Forest Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, China
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23
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Suetsugu K, Abe Y, Asai T, Matsumoto S, Hasegawa M. Specialized petal with conspicuously fringed margin influences reproductive success in Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae). Ecology 2022; 103:e3781. [PMID: 35718748 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Abe
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Asai
- Himeji Tegarayama Botanical Garden, 93 Tegara, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuji Matsumoto
- Himeji Tegarayama Botanical Garden, 93 Tegara, Himeji City, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hasegawa
- Osaka Museum of Natural History, Nagai Park 1-23, Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Brzosko E, Frąckiel K, Jermakowicz E, Mirski P, Ostrowiecka B, Tałałaj I. Pollen transfer and patterns of reproductive success in pure and mixed populations of nectariferous Platanthera bifolia and P. chlorantha (Orchidaceae). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13362. [PMID: 35722265 PMCID: PMC9202541 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant species evolution is driven by many factors that have different roles in space and time. Using different field and laboratory methods, we studied reproductive patterns and their determinants in pure and mixed P. bifolia and P. chlorantha populations in different habitats. We also considered the probability of hybridisation between these two species and the role of intra-population processes in maintaining species integrity. Generally, we found a high level of reproductive success in both Platantherans. In both species, male (MRS) and female (FRS) reproductive success depended on floral display, and male reproductive success additionally on population structure. The flower traits were only weakly related to reproductive success. Moths' assemblages varied spatially and temporally, and their diversity and numbers were correlated with MRS in the year, when their abundance was markedly lower. Analysis of patterns of pollen transfer showed that pollen was transported up to 25 m (average 8.2 ± 4.83 m) and showed gene exchange between these two Platanthera species. The germination level of both species was significantly lower than seed viability, although P. bifolia seed germinated with higher frequency than P. chlorantha seeds. We noted differences in viability and germination of seeds developed as an effect of experimental interspecies crossings and those developed from natural pollination. The presence of intermediate ecotypes together with observations of spontaneous interspecies crosses in the field and viability of seeds produced in interspecies crossing suggest that both pre- and postzygotic reproductive barriers are not complete and do not prevent hybrid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzosko
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Podlasie, Poland
| | | | - Edyta Jermakowicz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Podlasie, Poland
| | - Paweł Mirski
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Podlasie, Poland
| | - Beata Ostrowiecka
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Podlasie, Poland
| | - Izabela Tałałaj
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Podlasie, Poland
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25
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Robustelli della Cuna FS, Cortis P, Esposito F, De Agostini A, Sottani C, Sanna C. Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Four Sympatric Orchids in NW-Italy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060826. [PMID: 35336708 PMCID: PMC8948801 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is a flowering plant family worldwide distributed known for producing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which can act as olfactory signals for pollinators. Despite the importance of VOCs in the different reproductive strategies, in the literature there are only a few publications on the characterization of orchids' volatile profiles. In this study, the essential oils from fresh inflorescences of sympatric orchids Anacamptis morio, Himantoglossum robertianum, Ophrys sphegodes and Orchis purpurea, naturally growing in Piedmont (Italy) were isolated by steam distillation and characterized by GC/FID and GC/MS. A number of compounds were identified, with a peculiar distribution in the species: alcohols (range 16.93-50.60%), from which p-cresol (range 12.75-38.10%) was the most representative compound; saturated hydrocarbons (range 5.81-59.29%), represented by pentacosane (range 2.22-40.17%) and tricosane (range 0.78-27.48%); long-chain monounsaturated hydrocarbons (range 0.29-5.20%) represented by 9-pentacosene, 11-tricosene, and 1-heneicosene. The structure of positional isomers in linear alkenes was elucidated by derivatization with dimethyl disulfide and MS fragmentation patterns. Coumarin (68.84%) was the dominant compound in O. purpurea and was detected in lower concentrations (range 0.21-0.26%) in the other taxa. These volatile compounds may represent a particular feature of these plant species and play an essential role in pollinator interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Saverio Robustelli della Cuna
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Casimiro Mondino National Neurological Institute, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cortis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (A.D.A.); (C.S.)
| | - Fabiana Esposito
- Agroecology Lab, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Antonio De Agostini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (A.D.A.); (C.S.)
| | - Cristina Sottani
- Environmental Research Center, ICS MAUGERI SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy; (A.D.A.); (C.S.)
- Co. S. Me. Se—Consorzio per lo Studio dei Metaboliti Secondari, Via Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
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26
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Lee SR, Choi TY, Jung SY. Genetic Diversity on a Rare Terrestrial Orchid, Habenaria linearifolia in South Korea: Implications for Conservation Offered by Genome-Wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:772621. [PMID: 35283866 PMCID: PMC8907889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.772621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring intraspecific diversity offers invaluable insights on conservation practices as the variation is the product of species evolution. Accordingly, the role of population genetic diversity has drawn great attention over the last century responding to the biodiversity loss induced by a series of anthropogenic changes. Orchids are one of the most diverse, yet ironically most rapidly disappearing plant groups due to the specialized habitat preferences. Thus, population-level genetic diversity studies may offer a powerful tool for orchid conservation programs. Using the 3 restriction site-associated DNA (3RAD) approach, 2,734 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were isolated. With the 2,734 SNPs, we investigated genetic diversity and population structure on 72 individuals of Habenaria linearifolia and Habenaria cruciformis in South Korea. Overall, the genetic diversity was well maintained in South Korean Habenaria, but high F ST values were estimated suggesting large population diversification with limited gene flow. Bayesian assignment analysis revealed a morphologically cryptic diversity pattern in Jeju Island populations, which might serve as an evolutionarily significant unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Rang Lee
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Choi
- Department of Biology Education, College of Education, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Su-Young Jung
- Division of Forest Biodiversity and Herbarium, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
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27
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Rarity up in the mountain: Ecological niche modeling, phenology, and reproductive biology of the most commercialized Masdevallia species. J Nat Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Zheng CC, Luo YB, Jiao RF, Gao XF, Xu B. Cypripedium lichiangense (Orchidaceae) mimics a humus-rich oviposition site to attract its female pollinator, Ferdinandea cuprea (Syrphidae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:145-156. [PMID: 34490731 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most species in the genus Cypripedium (Cypripedioideae) produce trap flowers, making it a model lineage to study deceptive pollination. Floral attractants in most species studied appear to target bee species of different sizes. However, more recent publications report fly pollination in some subalpine species, suggesting novel suites of adaptive floral traits. Cypripedium lichiangense (section Trigonopedia) is an endangered subalpine species endemic to the Hengduan Mountains, China. We observed and analysed its floral traits, pollinators and breeding systems over 2 years in situ and in the lab. Cypripedium lichiangense was visited by females of Ferdinandea cuprea (Syrphidae). The pollinia were carried dorsally on the fly thoraces. The eggs of this fly were frequently found in the saccate labellum and on other floral organs, suggesting brood-site mimesis. The orchid is self-compatible, but cross-pollination produces more viable embryos. We propose a new mode of floral mimesis, humus-rich oviposition site mimicry, for C. lichiangense. Compared with the mimesis of aphid colonies attracting syrphid pollinators (subfamily Syrphinae), whose larvae are entomophagic, as reported in some Paphiopedilum species (Cypripedioideae), pollination by deceit in C. lichiangense represents a distinct and separate mode of exploitation of another saprophagic (or phytophagic) larvae syrphid lineage in the subfamily Eristalinae and appears to indicate diversity of pollination strategies in Section Trigonopedia of Cypripedium. However, this new brood-site mimesis seems to be less attractive to pollinators. As a possible adaptation to the weak attracted pollination strategy, this plant species has a long flowering period and extended lifespan of individual flowers to ensure reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y B Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R F Jiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - B Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Klepikova AV, Kasianov AS, Ezhova MA, Penin AA, Logacheva MD. Transcriptome atlas of Phalaenopsis equestris. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12600. [PMID: 34966594 PMCID: PMC8667740 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast diversity of Orchidaceae together with sophisticated adaptations to pollinators and other unique features make this family an attractive model for evolutionary and functional studies. The sequenced genome of Phalaenopsis equestris facilitates Orchidaceae research. Here, we present an RNA-seq-based transcriptome map of P. equestris that covers 19 organs of the plant, including leaves, roots, floral organs and the shoot apical meristem. We demonstrated the high quality of the data and showed the similarity of the P. equestris transcriptome map with the gene expression atlases of other plants. The transcriptome map can be easily accessed through our database Transcriptome Variation Analysis (TraVA) for visualizing gene expression profiles. As an example of the application, we analyzed the expression of Phalaenopsis “orphan” genes–those that do not have recognizable similarity with the genes of other plants. We found that approximately half of these genes were not expressed; the ones that were expressed were predominantly expressed in reproductive structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Klepikova
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem S Kasianov
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Margarita A Ezhova
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Penin
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria D Logacheva
- Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Brzosko E, Bajguz A, Burzyńska J, Chmur M. Nectar Chemistry or Flower Morphology-What Is More Important for the Reproductive Success of Generalist Orchid Epipactis palustris in Natural and Anthropogenic Populations? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12164. [PMID: 34830045 PMCID: PMC8618778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the level of reproductive success (RS) in natural and anthropogenic populations of generalist orchid Epipactis palustris and its dependence on flower structure and nectar composition, i.e., amino acids and sugars. We found that both pollinaria removal and female reproductive success were high and similar in all populations, despite differences in flower traits and nectar chemistry. Flower structures were weakly correlated with parameters of RS. Nectar traits were more important in shaping RS; although, we noted differentiated selection on nectar components in distinct populations. Individuals in natural populations produced nectar with a larger amount of sugars and amino acids. The sucrose to (fructose and glucose) ratio in natural populations was close to 1, while in anthropogenic ones, a clear domination of fructose and glucose was noted. Our results indicate that the flower traits and nectar composition of E. palustris reflect its generalist character and meet the requirements of a wide range of pollinators, differing according to body sizes, mouth apparatus, and dietary needs. Simultaneously, differentiation of nectar chemistry suggests a variation of pollinator assemblages in particular populations or domination of their some groups. To our knowledge, a comparison of nectar chemistry between natural and anthropogenic populations of orchids is reported for the first time in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzosko
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (J.B.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (J.B.); (M.C.)
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31
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Brzosko E, Mirski P. Floral Nectar Chemistry in Orchids: A Short Review and Meta-Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2315. [PMID: 34834677 PMCID: PMC8620889 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Nectar is one of the most important flower traits, shaping plant-pollinator interactions and reproductive success. Despite Orchidaceae including numerous nectariferous species, nectar chemistry in this family has been infrequently studied. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compile data about nectar attributes in different orchid species. The scarcity of data restricted analyses to sugar concentration and composition. Our results suggest that the most important factor shaping nectar traits in orchids is the pollinator type, although we also found differentiation of nectar traits according to geographical regions. In spurred orchids, the length of the spur impacted nectar traits. We recommend the development of studies on nectar chemistry in orchids, including a wider range of species (both in taxonomic and geographical contexts), as well as extending the analyses to other nectar components (such as amino acids and secondary metabolites). The nectar biome would be also worth investigating, since it could affect the chemical composition of nectar. This will enrich the understanding of the mechanisms of plants-pollinators interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Brzosko
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Mirski
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
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32
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Artuso S, Gamisch A, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Comes HP. Evidence for selectively constrained 3D flower shape evolution in a Late Miocene clade of Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:853-867. [PMID: 34309843 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Questions concerning the evolution of complex biological structures are central to the field of evolutionary biology. Yet, still little information is known about the modes and temporal dynamics of three-dimensional (3D) flower shape evolution across the history of clades. Here, we combined high-resolution X-ray computed tomography with 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test models of whole-flower shape evolution in the orchid family, using an early Late Miocene clade (c. 50 spp.) of Malagasy Bulbophyllum as model system. Based on landmark data of 38 species, our high-dimensional model fitting decisively rejects a purely neutral mode of evolution, suggesting instead that flower shapes evolved towards a primary adaptive optimum. Only a small number of recently evolved species/lineages attained alternative shape optima, resulting in an increased rate of phenotypic evolution. Our findings provide evidence of constrained 3D flower shape evolution in a small-sized clade of tropical orchids, resulting in low rates of phenotypic evolution and uncoupled trait-diversification rates. We hypothesise that this deep imprint of evolutionary constraint on highly complex floral structures might reflect long-term (directional and/or stabilizing) selection exerted by the group's main pollinators (flies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Artuso
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Yannick M Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
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Zhou Z, Shi R, Zhang Y, Xing X, Jin X. Orchid conservation in China from 2000 to 2020: Achievements and perspectives. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:343-349. [PMID: 34816060 PMCID: PMC8591184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years. We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China. We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation, especially of orchid conservation, which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China. There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China, including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years. The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened, 132 species were treated as data-deficient, and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct. Approximately 1100 species (ca. 65%) are protected in national nature reserves, and another ~66 species in provincial nature reserves. About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens. The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions. The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera, such as Bletilla, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, and Dendrobium. Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year. Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Ronghong Shi
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Botanical Garden, Wofosi Rd, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IBCAS), Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, PR China
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Pollination in the Rainforest: Scarce Visitors and Low Effective Pollinators Limit the Fruiting Success of Tropical Orchids. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100856. [PMID: 34680625 PMCID: PMC8538420 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A single plant might be visited by many flower visitors but not all might act as pollinators. Legitimate pollinators might also differ considerably in their efficiency, limiting pollination success. Unsuitable climatic conditions such as rain also affect pollinator activity. However, in the evergreen rainforest there is no prolonged dry season and flowering occurs usually under rain. Here, we explore the dependence on pollinators and the efficiency of flower visitors for the fruiting success of 10 Andean rainforest orchids. All species were self-compatible but strictly pollinator-dependent. Overall, we found low levels of fruit set in control flowers while experimental geitonogamous and cross-pollinations increased fruit set, revealing extensive pollination limitation in all populations. Seed viability dropped considerably after self and geitonogamous pollinations suggesting the possibility of early-acting inbreeding depression. Even though we monitored flower visitors on an extensive survey, few visitors were seen in these species and even fewer acted as legitimate pollinators. Thus, even though orchid pollination might be extremely diversified, these results show that few visitors are pollinating these species, explaining the low levels of fruit set recorded in the area studied.
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Hsiao YY, Fu CH, Ho SY, Li CI, Chen YY, Wu WL, Wang JS, Zhang DY, Hu WQ, Yu X, Sun WH, Zhou Z, Liu KW, Huang L, Lan SR, Chen HH, Wu WS, Liu ZJ, Tsai WC. OrchidBase 4.0: a database for orchid genomics and molecular biology. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:371. [PMID: 34384382 PMCID: PMC8359044 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Orchid family is the largest families of the monocotyledons and an economically important ornamental plant worldwide. Given the pivotal role of this plant to humans, botanical researchers and breeding communities should have access to valuable genomic and transcriptomic information of this plant. Previously, we established OrchidBase, which contains expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from different tissues and developmental stages of Phalaenopsis as well as biotic and abiotic stress-treated Phalaenopsis. The database includes floral transcriptomic sequences from 10 orchid species across all the five subfamilies of Orchidaceae. DESCRIPTION Recently, the whole-genome sequences of Apostasia shenzhenica, Dendrobium catenatum, and Phalaenopsis equestris were de novo assembled and analyzed. These datasets were used to develop OrchidBase 4.0, including genomic and transcriptomic data for these three orchid species. OrchidBase 4.0 offers information for gene annotation, gene expression with fragments per kilobase of transcript per millions mapped reads (FPKM), KEGG pathways and BLAST search. In addition, assembled genome sequences and location of genes and miRNAs could be visualized by the genome browser. The online resources in OrchidBase 4.0 can be accessed by browsing or using BLAST. Users can also download the assembled scaffold sequences and the predicted gene and protein sequences of these three orchid species. CONCLUSIONS OrchidBase 4.0 is the first database that contain the whole-genome sequences and annotations of multiple orchid species. OrchidBase 4.0 is available at http://orchidbase.itps.ncku.edu.tw/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiung Fu
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Sau-Yee Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Chung-I Li
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - You-Yi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lin Wu
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Jeen-Shing Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Di-Yang Zhang
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Wen-Qi Hu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xia Yu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Wei-Hong Sun
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Zhuang Zhou
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005 China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Laiqiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Wei-Sheng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Lab of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005 China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering (iBHE), Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, 512005 China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101 Taiwan
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Berisha N, Rizani KL, Kadriaj B, Millaku F. Notes on the distribution, ecology, associated vegetation and conservation status of Gymnadenia (Orchidaceae) in Kosovo. ITALIAN BOTANIST 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/italianbotanist.12.65699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Four species of Gymnadenia are native to Kosovo: G. conopsea, G. frivaldii, G. nigra, and G. odoratissima. In this study, field expedition data, phytosociological relevés, herbarium specimens along with extensive literature sources were used to analyse vegetation and ecological characteristics, habitat types, distributional patterns as well as provide notes on conservation. Gymnadenia conopsea is distributed throughout the country, from lowlands to the alpine belt. It was recorded in various plant communities. Gymnadenia frivaldii grows in the alpine zone of mountains, close to streams and in wet meadows. Its relevés belong to the class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae. This species is classified as “Near Threatened” (NT) in Kosovo. Gymnadenia nigra grows in subalpine and alpine grassland on preferably calcareous substrate. It has been found in almost all mountains reaching >2000 m a.s.l., and occurs in different plant communities belonging to the class: Elyno-Seslerietea. Gymnadenia odoratissima was recorded from one locality only in Kosovo, on the massif of Maja e Zezë, Sharri Mts. It was growing in degraded beech forest and meadows on silicate bedrock. Its floristically diverse relevés associate with the class: Mulgedio-Aconitetea. Of the four studied species, G. frivaldii deserves more conservation attention because of its fragile populations.
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Bersweden L, Viruel J, Schatz B, Harland J, Gargiulo R, Cowan RS, Calevo J, Juan A, Clarkson JJ, Leitch AR, Fay MF. Microsatellites and petal morphology reveal new patterns of admixture in Orchis hybrid zones. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1388-1404. [PMID: 34418070 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The genetic structure of hybrid zones provides insight into the potential for gene flow to occur between plant taxa. Four closely related European orchid species (Orchis anthropophora, O. militaris, O. purpurea, and O. simia) hybridize when they co-occur. We aimed to characterize patterns of hybridization in O. militaris-O. purpurea, O. purpurea-O. simia, and O. anthropophora-O. simia hybrid zones using molecular and morphological data. METHODS We used 11 newly isolated nuclear microsatellites to genotype 695 individuals collected from seven hybrid zones and six allopatric parental populations in France. Geometric morphometric analysis was conducted using 15 labellum landmarks to capture the main aspects of petal shape. RESULTS Backcrossing was asymmetric toward O. militaris in multiple O. militaris-O. purpurea hybrid zones. Hybrids in O. purpurea-O. simia and O. anthropophora-O. simia hybrid zones were largely limited to F1 and F2 generations, but further admixture had occurred. These patterns were reflected in labellum geometric morphometric data, which correlated strongly with nuclear microsatellite data in all three species combinations. CONCLUSIONS The coexistence of parental and admixed individuals in these Orchis hybrid zones implies they are likely to be tension zones being maintained by a balance between gene flow into the hybrid zone and selection acting against admixed individuals. The pattern of admixture in the three species combinations suggests intrinsic selection acting on the hybrids is weaker in more closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Bersweden
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Juan Viruel
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Bertrand Schatz
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Joanna Harland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Robyn S Cowan
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Jacopo Calevo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10125, Italy
| | - Ana Juan
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, University of Alicante, San Vicente, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | | | - Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Michael F Fay
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Niu Z, Zhu F, Fan Y, Li C, Zhang B, Zhu S, Hou Z, Wang M, Yang J, Xue Q, Liu W, Ding X. The chromosome-level reference genome assembly for Dendrobium officinale and its utility of functional genomics research and molecular breeding study. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2080-2092. [PMID: 34386340 PMCID: PMC8343110 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale, an important medicinal plant of the genus Dendrobium in Orchidaceae family, has been used as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for nearly thousands of years. Here, we report the first chromosome-level reference genome of D. officinale, based on PacBio long-reads, Illumina short-reads and Hi-C data. The high-quality assembled genome is 1.23 Gb long, with contig N50 of 1.44 Mb. A total of 93.53% genome sequences were assembled into 19 pseudochromosomes with a super scaffold N50 of 63.07 Mb. Through comparative genomic analysis, we explored the expanded gene families of D. officinale, and also their impact on environmental adaptation and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. We further performed detailed transcriptional analysis of D. officinale, and identified the candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of three main active ingredients, including polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids. In addition, the MODIFYING WALL LIGNIN-1 (MWL1) gene, which inferred from Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) based on the resequencing date from D. officinale and five related species and their morphologic features, may contribute to the plant production (yield of stems) of D. officinale. Therefore, the high-quality reference genome reported in this study could benefits functional genomics research and molecular breeding of D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoyu Ding
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 25 85891605.
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Lucibelli F, Valoroso MC, Theißen G, Nolden S, Mondragon-Palomino M, Aceto S. Extending the Toolkit for Beauty: Differential Co-Expression of DROOPING LEAF-Like and Class B MADS-Box Genes during Phalaenopsis Flower Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137025. [PMID: 34209912 PMCID: PMC8268020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of orchid flower development is accomplished through a specific regulatory program in which the class B MADS-box AP3/DEF genes play a central role. In particular, the differential expression of four class B AP3/DEF genes is responsible for specification of organ identities in the orchid perianth. Other MADS-box genes (AGL6 and SEP-like) enrich the molecular program underpinning the orchid perianth development, resulting in the expansion of the original “orchid code” in an even more complex gene regulatory network. To identify candidates that could interact with the AP3/DEF genes in orchids, we conducted an in silico differential expression analysis in wild-type and peloric Phalaenopsis. The results suggest that a YABBY DL-like gene could be involved in the molecular program leading to the development of the orchid perianth, particularly the labellum. Two YABBY DL/CRC homologs are present in the genome of Phalaenopsis equestris, PeDL1 and PeDL2, and both express two alternative isoforms. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that both genes are expressed in column and ovary. In addition, PeDL2 is more strongly expressed the labellum than in the other tepals of wild-type flowers. This pattern is similar to that of the AP3/DEF genes PeMADS3/4 and opposite to that of PeMADS2/5. In peloric mutant Phalaenopsis, where labellum-like structures substitute the lateral inner tepals, PeDL2 is expressed at similar levels of the PeMADS2-5 genes, suggesting the involvement of PeDL2 in the development of the labellum, together with the PeMADS2-PeMADS5 genes. Although the yeast two-hybrid analysis did not reveal the ability of PeDL2 to bind the PeMADS2-PeMADS5 proteins directly, the existence of regulatory interactions is suggested by the presence of CArG-boxes and other MADS-box transcription factor binding sites within the putative promoter of the orchid DL2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lucibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (F.L.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Maria Carmen Valoroso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (F.L.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Günter Theißen
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (G.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Susanne Nolden
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (G.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Mariana Mondragon-Palomino
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.M.-P.); (S.A.)
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (F.L.); (M.C.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.-P.); (S.A.)
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An J, Kim PB, Park HB, Kim S, Park HJ, Lee CW, Lee BD, Kim NY, Hwang JE. Effects of Different Growth Media on In Vitro Seedling Development of an Endangered Orchid Species Sedirea japonica. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061193. [PMID: 34208181 PMCID: PMC8230817 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sedirea japonica is becoming endangered, and even extinct, due to habitat destruction and illegal collection, and the development of an optimized artificial propagation system is necessary for its conservation and reintroduction. Thus, the effects of plant growth medium strength (Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Hyponex media) and the addition of activated charcoal (AC) and organic supplements on seedling growth of S. japonica were investigated through in vitro seed culture. The results showed that seedling growth was higher in half-strength (1/2) media than in full-strength media. After the addition of AC, the highest leaf area (2.14 cm2) was recorded in the seedlings grown in 1/2 Hyponex medium, and after the addition of organic supplements, root development increased regardless of the media type. Among the sixteen suitable media tested at later seedling growth stages, 1/2 MS medium with the addition of 0.6 g·L−1 AC, 30 g·L−1 banana homogenate and 10 g·L−1 apple homogenate was generally effective in fresh weight (6.13 g) and root length (9.59 cm). We demonstrated which organic supplements are preferred for in vitro growth of seedlings developed from S. japonica protocorms by asymbiotic seed culture, which can be used for mass production and conservation of this rare epiphytic orchid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiae An
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
- Department of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Pyoung Beom Kim
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Hyeong Bin Park
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Seongjun Kim
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Hwan Joon Park
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Byoung-Doo Lee
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Nam Young Kim
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
| | - Jung Eun Hwang
- Division of Restoration Research, Research Center for Endangered Species, National Institute of Ecology, Yeongyang 36531, Korea; (J.A.); (P.B.K.); (H.B.P.); (S.K.); (H.J.P.); (C.W.L.); (B.-D.L.); (N.Y.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-054-680-7283; Fax: +82-054-680-7299
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Zhang W, Gao J. A comparative study on the reproductive success of two rewarding Habenaria species (Orchidaceae) occurring in roadside verge habitats. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:187. [PMID: 33874891 PMCID: PMC8054408 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02968-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most orchid species have been shown to be severely pollination limited, and the factors affecting reproductive success have been widely studied. However, the factors determining the reproductive success vary from species to species. Habenaria species typically produce nectar but exhibit variable fruit set and reproductive success among species. Here, we investigated the influence of the flowering plant density, inflorescence size, breeding system, and pollinator behaviour on the reproductive success of two rewarding Habenaria species. RESULTS Our observations indicated that Habenaria limprichtii and H. petelotii co-occur in roadside verge habitats and present overlapping flowering periods. Both species were pollination limited, although H. limprichtii produced more fruits than H. petelotii under natural conditions during the 3-year investigation. H. petelotii individuals formed distinct patches along roadsides, while nearly all H. limprichtii individuals clustered together. The bigger floral display and higher nectar sugar concentration in H. limprichtii resulted in increased attraction and visits from pollinators. Three species of effective moths pollinated for H. limprichtii, while Thinopteryx delectans (Geometridae) was the exclusive pollinator of H. petelotii. The percentage of viable seeds was significantly lower for hand geitonogamy than for hand cross-pollination in both species. However, H. limprichtii may often be geitonogamously pollinated based on the behaviours of the pollinators and viable embryo assessment. CONCLUSIONS In anthropogenic interference habitats, the behaviours and abundance of pollinators influence the fruit set of the two studied species. The different pollinator assemblages in H. limprichtii can alleviate pollinator specificity and ensure reproductive success, whereas the more viable embryos of natural fruit seeds in H. petelotii suggested reducing geitonogamy by pollinators in the field. Our results indicate that a quantity-quality trade-off must occur between species with different breeding strategies so that they can fully exploit the existing given resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliu Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiangyun Gao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China.
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China.
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Gholami S, Vafaee Y, Nazari F, Ghorbani A. Exploring genetic variations in threatened medicinal orchids using start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and marker-association with seed morphometric traits. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:769-785. [PMID: 33967461 PMCID: PMC8055808 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to study the genetic diversity and population structure of eight Iranian terrestrial orchid species, including Anacamptis coriophora (L.) R. M. Bateman, Pridgeon and M. W. Chase, Dactylorhiza umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski, Himantoglossum affine (Boiss.) Schltr., Orchis collina Banks and Solander, Orchis mascula (L.) L., Orchis simia Lam., Ophrys schulzei Bornm. and Fleischm., and Ophrys straussii H. Fleischm. and Bornm. using start target codon markers (SCoT) and finding markers associated with seed morphometric traits. A total of 254 reproducible SCoT fragments were generated, of which 248 fragments were polymorphic (average polymorphism of 96.18%). The SCoT markers showed a narrow range of polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from 0.397 for S9 primer to 0.499 for S11 and S20 primers. Based on the population analysis results, the Orchis simia accessions collected from Paveh region (Os.P) represented the lowest observed number of alleles (Na) (1.13) and effective number of alleles (Ne) (1.09). At the same time, the highest Na (1.29) and Ne (1.18) values were obtained in O. schulzei collected from Javanrood (Oyst.JA). Shannon's information index (I) was ranged from 0.03 for D. umbrosa accessions collected from Marivan (Du.M population) to 0.263 for Ha.Ja population (H. affine accessions collected from Javanrood). The UPGMA dendrogram obtained with the Jaccard similarity coefficient (r = 0.97295) divided 97 studied terrestrial orchid accessions into eight groups mainly based on species type and geographical origin. Based on the Bayesian statistical index, the highest probability of the data was achieved when accessions were divided into eight groups (K = 8). Multiple association analysis (MRA) revealed significant associations between some of SCoT bands with seed morphometric traits. Our findings can be useful for germplasm characterization, conservation, and improvement of Iranian terrestrial orchid species. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00978-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Gholami
- Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yavar Vafaee
- Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Breeding and Development Research Institute, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Farzad Nazari
- Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abdolbaset Ghorbani
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
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Hedrén M, Birkedal S, de Boer H, Ghorbani A, Gravendeel B, Hansson S, Svensson Å, Zarre S. Asymmetric contributions of seed and pollen to gene dispersal in the marsh orchid Dactylorhiza umbrosa in Asia Minor. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1791-1805. [PMID: 33587812 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orchids differ from other plants in their extremely small and partly air-filled seeds that can be transported long distances by wind. Seed dispersal in orchids is expected to contribute strongly to overall gene flow, and orchids generally express low levels of genetic differentiation between populations and low pollen to seed flow ratios. However, studies in orchids distributed in northern Europe have often found a poor geographic structuring of genetic variation. Here, we studied geographic differentiation in the marsh orchid Dactylorhiza umbrosa, which is widely distributed in upland regions from Asia Minor to Central Asia. These areas were less affected by Pleistocene ice ages than northern Europe and the orchid should have been able to survive the last ice age in local refugia. In the plastid genome, which is dispersed by seeds, populations at close distance were clearly divergent, but the differentiation still increased with geographic distance, and a significant phylogeographic structure had developed. In the nuclear genome, which is dispersed by both seeds and pollen, populations showed an even stronger correlation between genetic and geographic distance, but average levels of differentiation were lower than in the plastid genome, and no phylogeographic structure was evident. Combining plastid and nuclear data, we found that the ratio of pollen to seed dispersal (mp/ms) decreases with physical distance. Comparison with orchids that grow in parts of Europe that were glaciated during the last ice suggests that a balanced structure of genetic diversity develops only slowly in many terrestrial orchids, despite efficient seed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Hedrén
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Hugo de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Åke Svensson
- Department of Dermatology, Malmö University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shahin Zarre
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Luo H, Xiao H, Liang Y, Liu N, Turner C, Tan S, Chen X, Xiong D, Yang B. Batesian mimicry in the nonrewarding saprophytic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2524-2534. [PMID: 33767819 PMCID: PMC7981215 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Batesian mimicry, a type of deceptive pollination, is a complicated strategy used by nonrewarding plants to attract pollinators, but some hypotheses concerning this have not been systematically verified. In order to show in detail a case of Batesian mimicry on saprophytic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii, the ecological relationship between Danxiaorchis yangii, Lysimachia alfredi and Dufourea spp. was explored. Lysimachia alfredi could provide a reward to Dufourea sp., whereas Danxiaorchis yangii not. The floral morphology and geographical distribution of these two plants were highly overlapping, and the fruit set rate of Danxiaorchis yangii was significantly positively correlated with the number of nearby L. alfredi individuals. In a glass cylinder experiment, Danxiaorchis yangii and L. alfredi attracted Dufourea spp. through visual signals, but the insect could not distinguish between flowers of the two plants before landing on flowers. The ultraviolet reflection spectra of flowers between the two plant species were highly similar. In the hexagonal color models constructed according to the visual characteristics of bees, the flower color signals of these two plant species highly overlap, indicating that the visual signals of the flowers of the two plants to the pollinator were greatly similar. All of these results provided evidence that Danxiaorchis yangii simulated the visual signals of L. alfredi through Batesian mimicry, thereby deceptively attracting Dufourea spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huolin Luo
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Hanwen Xiao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Yuelong Liang
- Jiangxi Jiulianshan National Nature ReserveGanzhouChina
| | - Nannan Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Cassidy Turner
- College of Health SolutionsArizona State UniversityScottsdaleAZUSA
| | - Shaolin Tan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Xinghui Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Dongjin Xiong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Boyun Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life ScienceNanchang UniversityNanchangChina
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45
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Chen XH, Tan SL, Liang YL, Huang L, Xiao HW, Luo HL, Xiong DJ, Yang BY, Ren ZX. The pollination of Habenaria rhodocheila (Orchidaceae) in South China: When butterflies take sides. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2849-2861. [PMID: 33767841 PMCID: PMC7981216 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Habenaria is one of the largest terrestrial genera in the family Orchidaceae. Most field studies on Habenaria species with greenish-white and nocturnal scented flowers are pollinated by nocturnal hawkmoths and settling moths. However, H. rhodocheila presents reddish flowers lacking a detectable scent and fails to fit the moth pollination syndrome. We investigated the pollinators, breeding system, and functional traits of H. rhodocheila in South China and found that two diurnal swallowtail butterflies Papilio helenus and Papilio nephelus (Papilionidae) were the effective pollinators. When butterflies foraged for nectar in the spur, the pollinia became attached between the palpi. A triangular projected median rostellar lobe was found at the entrance (sinus) of the spur of H. rhodocheila. This lobe divided the spur opening into two entrances forcing butterflies to enter their proboscides through the left or right side. When the projection of median rostellar lobe was removed, the site of pollinium attachment changed to the eyes of the butterflies, leading to a higher rate of pollinium removal but lower rate of pollinium deposition. Our quartz glass cylinder choice experiment suggested that visual rather than olfactory cues provided the major stimuli for butterflies to locate these flowers. Hand pollination experiments suggested this species was self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. However, the proportion of seeds with large embryos produced in self-pollinated fruits was significantly lower than in cross-pollinated fruits, indicating a significant inbreeding depression. Unlike many other orchid species, fruit set was higher than rates of pollinium removal, indicating a high level of pollination efficiency in a species with friable pollinia. Shifts from moth to butterfly pollination in the genus Habenaria parallel other orchid lineages providing insights into the potential for pollinator-mediated floral trait selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hui Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Shao-Lin Tan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Yue-Long Liang
- Jiulianshan National Natural Reserve Administration Bureau Ganzhou China
| | - Lang Huang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Han-Wen Xiao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Huo-Lin Luo
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Dong-Jin Xiong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Bo-Yun Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources School of Life Sciences Nanchang University Nanchang China
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
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46
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Shi JJ, Westeen EP, Rabosky DL. A test for rate-coupling of trophic and cranial evolutionary dynamics in New World bats. Evolution 2021; 75:861-875. [PMID: 33565084 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Morphological evolution is often assumed to be causally related to underlying patterns of ecological trait evolution. However, few studies have directly tested whether evolutionary dynamics of-and major shifts in-ecological resource use are coupled with morphological shifts that may facilitate trophic innovation. Using diet and multivariate cranial (microCT) data, we tested whether rates of trophic and cranial evolution are coupled in the radiation of New World bats. We developed a generalizable information-theoretic method for describing evolutionary rate heterogeneity across large candidate sets of multirate evolutionary models, without relying on a single best-fitting model. We found considerable variation in trophic evolutionary dynamics, in sharp contrast to a largely homogeneous cranial evolutionary process. This dichotomy is surprising given established functional associations between overall skull morphology and trophic ecology. We suggest that assigning discrete trophic states may underestimate trophic generalism and opportunism, and that this radiation could be characterized by labile crania and a homogeneous dynamic of generally high morphological rates. Overall, we discuss how trophic classifications could substantively impact our interpretation of how these dynamics covary in adaptive radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff J Shi
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.,Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Erin P Westeen
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Daniel L Rabosky
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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47
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How Are the Flower Structure and Nectar Composition of the Generalistic Orchid Neottia ovata Adapted to a Wide Range of Pollinators? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042214. [PMID: 33672302 PMCID: PMC7926835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pollinator interactions significantly influence reproductive success (RS) and drive the evolution of pollination syndromes. In the context of RS, mainly the role of flower morphology is touched. The importance of nectar properties is less studied, despite its significance in pollination effectiveness. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test selection on flower morphology and nectar chemistry in the generalistic orchid Neottia ovata. In 2019–2020, we measured three floral displays and six flower traits, pollinaria removal (PR), female reproductive success (FRS), and determined the soil properties. The sugars and amino acids (AAs) were analyzed using the HPLC method. Data were analyzed using multiple statistical methods (boxplots, ternary plot, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, and PCA). Variation of flower structure and nectar chemistry and their weak correlation with RS confirms the generalistic character of N. ovata. In particular populations, different traits were under selection. PR was high and similar in all populations in both years, while FRS was lower and varied among populations. Nectar was dominated by glucose, fructose, and included 28 AAs (Ala and Glu have the highest content). Sugars and AAs influenced mainly FRS. Among soil parameters, carbon and carbon:nitrogen ratio seems to be the most important in shaping flower structure and nectar chemistry.
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48
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Peakall R, Wong DCJ, Phillips RD, Ruibal M, Eyles R, Rodriguez-Delgado C, Linde CC. A multitiered sequence capture strategy spanning broad evolutionary scales: Application for phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies of orchids. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:1118-1140. [PMID: 33453072 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With over 25,000 species, the drivers of diversity in the Orchidaceae remain to be fully understood. Here, we outline a multitiered sequence capture strategy aimed at capturing hundreds of loci to enable phylogenetic resolution from subtribe to subspecific levels in orchids of the tribe Diurideae. For the probe design, we mined subsets of 18 transcriptomes, to give five target sequence sets aimed at the tribe (Sets 1 & 2), subtribe (Set 3), and within subtribe levels (Sets 4 & 5). Analysis included alternative de novo and reference-guided assembly, before target sequence extraction, annotation and alignment, and application of a homology-aware k-mer block phylogenomic approach, prior to maximum likelihood and coalescence-based phylogenetic inference. Our evaluation considered 87 taxa in two test data sets: 67 samples spanning the tribe, and 72 samples involving 24 closely related Caladenia species. The tiered design achieved high target loci recovery (>89%), with the median number of recovered loci in Sets 1-5 as follows: 212, 219, 816, 1024, and 1009, respectively. Interestingly, as a first test of the homologous k-mer approach for targeted sequence capture data, our study revealed its potential for enabling robust phylogenetic species tree inferences. Specifically, we found matching, and in one case improved phylogenetic resolution within species complexes, compared to conventional phylogenetic analysis involving target gene extraction. Our findings indicate that a customized multitiered sequence capture strategy, in combination with promising yet underutilized phylogenomic approaches, will be effective for groups where interspecific divergence is recent, but information on deeper phylogenetic relationships is also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ryan D Phillips
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Monica Ruibal
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rodney Eyles
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Claudia Rodriguez-Delgado
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Celeste C Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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49
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Bateman RM, Rudall PJ, Murphy ARM, Cowan RS, Devey DS, Peréz-Escobar OA. Whole plastomes are not enough: phylogenomic and morphometric exploration at multiple demographic levels of the bee orchid clade Ophrys sect. Sphegodes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:654-681. [PMID: 33449086 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastid sequences have long dominated phylogeny reconstruction at all time depths, predicated on a usually untested assumption that they accurately represent the evolutionary histories of phenotypically circumscribed species. We combined detailed in situ morphometrics (124 plants) and whole-plastome sequencing through genome skimming (71 plants) in order to better understand species-level diversity and speciation in arguably the most challenging monophyletic group within the taxonomically controversial, pseudo-copulatory bee orchid genus Ophrys. Using trees and ordinations, we interpreted the data at four nested demographic levels-macrospecies, mesospecies, microspecies, and local population-seeking the optimal level for bona fide species. Neither morphological nor molecular discontinuities are evident at any level below macrospecies, the observed overlap among taxa suggesting that both mesospecies and microspecies reflect arbitrary division of a continuum of variation. Plastomes represent geographic location more strongly than taxonomic assignment and correlate poorly with morphology, suggesting widespread plastid capture and possibly post-glacial expansion from multiple southern refugia. As they are rarely directly involved in the speciation process, plastomes depend on extinction of intermediate lineages to provide phylogenetic signal and so cannot adequately document evolutionary radiations. The popular 'ethological' evolutionary model recognizes as numerous 'ecological species' (microspecies) lineages perceived as actively diverging as a result of density-dependent selection on very few features that immediately dictate extreme pollinator specificity. However, it is assumed rather than demonstrated that the many microspecies are genuinely diverging. We conversely envisage a complex four-dimensional reticulate network of lineages, generated locally and transiently through a wide spectrum of mechanisms, but each unlikely to maintain an independent evolutionary trajectory long enough to genuinely speciate by escaping ongoing gene flow. The frequent but localized microevolution that characterizes the Ophrys sphegodes complex is often convergent and rarely leads to macroevolution. Choosing between the contrasting 'discontinuity' and 'ethology' models will require next-generation sequencing of nuclear genomes plus ordination of corresponding morphometric matrices, seeking the crucial distinction between retained ancestral polymorphism-consistent with lineage divergence-and polymorphisms reflecting gene flow through 'hybridization'-more consistent with lineage convergence.
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50
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Capó M, Borràs J, Perelló-Suau S, Rita J, Cursach J. Ecological factors affecting the fitness of the threatened orchid Anacamptis robusta (Orchidaceae): Habitat disturbance, interactions with a co-flowering rewarding orchid and hybridization events. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:121-129. [PMID: 32896978 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The food-deceptive species Anacamptis robusta is threatened in the Balearic Islands, and its habitat has recently been transformed through human disturbance. This study investigated how human disturbance affects the reproductive output of A. robusta and how its fitness is affected by competition with rewarding relatives, fungal infections and hybridization processes. To evaluate the impact of habitat loss on plant fitness, data on reproductive measures were obtained in two well-conserved subpopulations and the unique disturbed subpopulation. Photo-trapping cameras were installed to determine the floral visitation rate. All flowering individuals in 2019 were georeferenced using differential GPS to examine the influence of geospatial patterns on the reproductive success of A. robusta. In addition, hand-pollination treatments were performed to evaluate the hybridization between A. coriophora and A. robusta and the origin of A. × albuferensis. The human-disturbed subpopulation of A. robusta had a lower fruit set success than the subpopulations in well-conserved areas. The presence of A. coriophora is negatively affecting the reproductive output of A. robusta. Moreover, A. robusta can only act as the pollen donor during hybridization. The complexity of the ecological system, which is enhanced by the strong pollinator dependence of the threatened species, must be considered when making conservation decisions. Although human disturbance directly affects plant population stability, other ecological issues must be considered, such as pollinator interaction, interspecific competition for pollinators, fungal infection and hybridization events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Capó
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - J Borràs
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - S Perelló-Suau
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - J Rita
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - J Cursach
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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