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Assefa M, Girmay G. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms: Immune Responses, Role in TB Pathology, and Potential Treatment. Immunotargets Ther 2024; 13:335-342. [PMID: 38974843 PMCID: PMC11227863 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s455744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem worldwide, and the burden of drug-resistant TB is rapidly increasing. Although there are literatures about the Mtb biofilms, their impact on immune responses has not yet been summarized. This review article provides recent knowledge on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) biofilm-immunity interactions, their importance in pulmonary TB pathology, and immune-based therapy targeting Mtb biofilms. Pellicle/biofilm formation in Mtb contributes to drug resistance, persistence, chronicity, surface attachment, transfer of resistance genes, and modulation of the immune response, including reduced complement activation, changes in the expression of antigenic proteins, enhanced activation of T-lymphocytes, elevated local IFNγ+ T cells, and strong antibody production. The combination of anti-TB drugs and anti-biofilm agents has recently become an effective strategy to improve TB treatment. Additionally, immune-targeted therapy and biofilm-based vaccines are crucial for TB prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Assefa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Girmay
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Reddy DVS, Sofi HS, Roy T, Verma S, Washimkar KR, Raman SK, Singh S, Azmi L, Ray L, Singh J, Mugale MN, Singh AK, Misra A. Macrophage-targeted versus free calcitriol as host-directed adjunct therapy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice is bacteriostatic and mitigates tissue pathology. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 148:102536. [PMID: 38976934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Host-directed therapy (HDT) with vitamin D in tuberculosis (TB) is beneficial only if the subject is deficient in vitamin D. We investigated pulmonary delivery of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (calcitriol) in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We made two kinds of dry powder inhalations (DPI)- soluble particles or poly(lactide) (PLA) particles. We compared treatment outcomes when infected mice were dosed with a DPI alone or as an adjunct to standard oral anti-TB therapy (ATT). Mice infected on Day 0 were treated between Days 28-56 and followed up on Days 57, 71, and 85. Neither DPI significantly reduced Mtb colony forming units (CFU) in the lungs. Combining DPI with ATT did not significantly augment bactericidal activity in the lungs, but CFU were 2-log lower in the spleen. CFU showed a rising trend on stopping treatment, sharper in groups that did not receive calcitriol. Lung morphology and histology improved markedly in animals that received PLA DPI; with or without concomitant ATT. Groups receiving soluble DPI had high mortality. DPI elicited cathelicidin, interleukin (IL)-1 and induced autophagy on days 57, 71, and 85. Macrophage-targeted calcitriol is therefore bacteriostatic, evokes innate microbicidal mechanisms, and mitigates pathology arising from the host response to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Siva Reddy
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | | | - Trisha Roy
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Sonia Verma
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Kaveri R Washimkar
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | | | - Sanjay Singh
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Lubna Azmi
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Lipika Ray
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Jyotsna Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226001, UP, India
| | - Madhav N Mugale
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India
| | - Amit K Singh
- National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, 282004, UP, India
| | - Amit Misra
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, UP, India.
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da Silva CV, Velikkakam T, de Oliveira ECM, Silveira ACA, de Lima Júnior JP, Uombe NPI, da Silva PHR, Borges BC. Cellular dormancy: A widespread phenomenon that perpetuates infectious diseases. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300389. [PMID: 38064123 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Under adverse environmental conditions, microorganisms are able to enter a state of cellular dormancy which consists of cell cycle arrest and interruption of multiplication. This process ensures their perpetuation in the infected host organism and enables the spread of disease. Throughout biological evolution, dormancy allowed microorganisms to persist in a harsh niche until favorable conditions for their reactivation were re-established. Here, we propose to discuss the dormancy of bacteria and protozoa pathogens focusing on the potential mechanisms and components associated with dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio V da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Teresiama Velikkakam
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Elida C M de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Anna C A Silveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Joed P de Lima Júnior
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Nelsa P I Uombe
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Paulo H R da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bruna C Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Hu J, Leng G, Liu X, Cui Z, Wang W, Ma Y, Sha S. Cellulase Promotes Mycobacterial Biofilm Dispersal in Response to a Decrease in the Bacterial Metabolite Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1051. [PMID: 38256125 PMCID: PMC10816823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm dispersal contributes to bacterial spread and disease transmission. However, its exact mechanism, especially that in the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is unclear. In this study, the cellulase activity of the M. tuberculosis Rv0062 protein was characterized, and its effect on mycobacterial biofilm dispersal was analyzed by observation of the structure and components of Rv0062-treated biofilm in vitro. Meanwhile, the metabolite factors that induced cellulase-related biofilm dispersal were also explored with metabolome analysis and further validations. The results showed that Rv0062 protein had a cellulase activity with a similar optimum pH (6.0) and lower optimum temperature (30 °C) compared to the cellulases from other bacteria. It promoted mycobacterial biofilm dispersal by hydrolyzing cellulose, the main component of extracellular polymeric substrates of mycobacterial biofilm. A metabolome analysis revealed that 107 metabolites were significantly altered at different stages of M. smegmatis biofilm development. Among them, a decrease in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) promoted cellulase-related biofilm dispersal, and this effect was realized with the down-regulation of the bacterial signal molecule c-di-GMP. All these findings suggested that cellulase promotes mycobacterial biofilm dispersal and that this process is closely associated with biofilm metabolite alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Junxing Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Guangxian Leng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Xining Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Zailin Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenzhen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
| | - Yufang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
- Department of Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shanshan Sha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.H.); (G.L.); (X.L.); (Z.C.); (W.W.)
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Jung MK, Lee SY, Min EJ, Ko JM. CT Scan Differences of Pulmonary TB According to Presence of Pleural Effusion. Chest 2023; 164:1387-1395. [PMID: 37423294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subpleural micronodules and interlobular septal thickening are common CT scan findings in TB pleural effusion. These CT scan features could help us differentiate between TB pleural effusion and nonTB empyema. RESEARCH QUESTION Does the frequency of subpleural micronodules and interlobular septal thickening correlate with the presence of pleural effusion in patients with pulmonary TB? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS CT scan findings of pulmonary TB, micronodules and their distribution (peribronchovascular, septal, subpleural, centrilobular, and random), large opacity (consolidation/macronodule), cavitation, tree-in-buds, bronchovascular bundle thickening, interlobular septal thickening, lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of pleural effusion. Clinicoradiologic findings of the two groups were then analyzed. We presented Benjamini-Hochberg critical value for multiple testing correction of CT scan findings, with a false discovery rate of 0.05. RESULTS Of a total of 338 consecutive patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB who underwent CT scans, 60 were excluded because of coexisting pulmonary diseases. The frequency of subpleural nodules (47/68, 69% in pulmonary TB with pleural effusion vs 30/210, 14% in pulmonary TB without effusion, P < .001, Benjamini-Hochberg [B-H] critical value = 0.0036) and interlobular septal thickening (55/68, 81% vs 134/210, 64%, P = .009, B-H critical value = 0.0107) was significantly higher in the group of patients with pulmonary TB with pleural effusion than in the group without pleural effusion. In contrast, tree-in-buds (20/68, 29% vs 101/210, 48%, P = .007, B-H critical value = 0.0071) were less frequently seen in patients with pulmonary TB with pleural effusion. INTERPRETATION Subpleural nodules and septal thickening were more common in pulmonary TB patients with pleural effusion than in those without pleural effusion. TB involvement of the lymphatics in the peripheral interstitium could be associated with the development of pleural effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Jung
- Department of Radiology St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Lee
- Department of Radiology St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Min
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Min Ko
- Department of Radiology St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kawka M, Płocińska R, Płociński P, Pawełczyk J, Słomka M, Gatkowska J, Dzitko K, Dziadek B, Dziadek J. The functional response of human monocyte-derived macrophages to serum amyloid A and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238132. [PMID: 37781389 PMCID: PMC10540855 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the course of tuberculosis (TB), the level of major acute phase protein, namely serum amyloid A (hSAA-1), increases up to a hundredfold in the pleural fluids of infected individuals. Tubercle bacilli infecting the human host can be opsonized by hSAA-1, which affects bacterial entry into human macrophages and their intracellular multiplication. Methods We applied global RNA sequencing to evaluate the functional response of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), isolated from healthy blood donors, under elevated hSAA-1 conditions and during infection with nonopsonized and hSAA-1-opsonized Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In the same infection model, we also examined the functional response of mycobacteria to the intracellular environment of macrophages in the presence and absence of hSAA-1. The RNASeq analysis was validated using qPCR. The functional response of MDMs to hSAA-1 and/or tubercle bacilli was also evaluated for selected cytokines at the protein level by applying the Milliplex system. Findings Transcriptomes of MDMs cultured in the presence of hSAA-1 or infected with Mtb showed a high degree of similarity for both upregulated and downregulated genes involved mainly in processes related to cell division and immune response, respectively. Among the most induced genes, across both hSAA-1 and Mtb infection conditions, CXCL8, CCL15, CCL5, IL-1β, and receptors for IL-7 and IL-2 were identified. We also observed the same pattern of upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23, and IL-1) and downregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ, and antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin) in the hSAA-1 treated-MDMs or the phagocytes infected with tubercle bacilli. At this early stage of infection, Mtb genes affected by the inside microenvironment of MDMs are strictly involved in iron scavenging, adaptation to hypoxia, low pH, and increasing levels of CO2. The genes for the synthesis and transport of virulence lipids, but not cholesterol/fatty acid degradation, were also upregulated. Conclusion Elevated serum hSAA-1 levels in tuberculosis enhance the response of host phagocytes to infection, including macrophages that have not yet been in contact with mycobacteria. SAA induces antigen processing and presentation processes by professional phagocytes reversing the inhibition caused by Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Kawka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Płocińska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Pawełczyk
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Słomka
- Biobank Lab, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Gatkowska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dzitko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Bożena Dziadek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Dziadek
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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Perry EK, Tan MW. Bacterial biofilms in the human body: prevalence and impacts on health and disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1237164. [PMID: 37712058 PMCID: PMC10499362 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1237164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms can be found in most environments on our planet, and the human body is no exception. Consisting of microbial cells encased in a matrix of extracellular polymers, biofilms enable bacteria to sequester themselves in favorable niches, while also increasing their ability to resist numerous stresses and survive under hostile circumstances. In recent decades, biofilms have increasingly been recognized as a major contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic infections. However, biofilms also occur in or on certain tissues in healthy individuals, and their constituent species are not restricted to canonical pathogens. In this review, we discuss the evidence for where, when, and what types of biofilms occur in the human body, as well as the diverse ways in which they can impact host health under homeostatic and dysbiotic states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Man-Wah Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Toniolo C, Dhar N, McKinney JD. Uptake-independent killing of macrophages by extracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis aggregates. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113490. [PMID: 36920246 PMCID: PMC10152147 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023113490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is initiated by inhalation of bacteria into lung alveoli, where they are phagocytosed by resident macrophages. Intracellular Mtb replication induces the death of the infected macrophages and the release of bacterial aggregates. Here, we show that these aggregates can evade phagocytosis by killing macrophages in a contact-dependent but uptake-independent manner. We use time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to show that contact with extracellular Mtb aggregates triggers macrophage plasma membrane perturbation, cytosolic calcium accumulation, and pyroptotic cell death. These effects depend on the Mtb ESX-1 secretion system, however, this system alone cannot induce calcium accumulation and macrophage death in the absence of the Mtb surface-exposed lipid phthiocerol dimycocerosate. Unexpectedly, we found that blocking ESX-1-mediated secretion of the EsxA/EsxB virulence factors does not eliminate the uptake-independent killing of macrophages and that the 50-kDa isoform of the ESX-1-secreted protein EspB can mediate killing in the absence of EsxA/EsxB secretion. Treatment with an ESX-1 inhibitor reduces uptake-independent killing of macrophages by Mtb aggregates, suggesting that novel therapies targeting this anti-phagocytic mechanism could prevent the propagation of extracellular bacteria within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Toniolo
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John D McKinney
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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He C, Li B, Gong Z, Huang S, Liu X, Wang J, Xie J, Shi T. Polyphosphate kinase 1 is involved in formation, the morphology and ultramicrostructure of biofilm of Mycobacterium smegmatis and its survivability in macrophage. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14513. [PMID: 36967885 PMCID: PMC10034464 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The most unique characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is persistence in the human host, and the biofilm formation is related to the persistance. Polyphosphate (polyP) kinase 1 (PPK1) is conserved in Mycobacteria and is responsible for polyP synthesis. polyP is a chain molecule linked by high-energy phosphate bonds, which is considered to play a very important role in bacterial persistence. However, the relationship of PPK1 and mycobacterial biofilm formation is still adequately unclear. In current study, ppk1-deficient mutant (MT), ppk1-complemented (CT) and wild-type strains of M. smegmatis mc2 155 were used to investigate the formation, morphology and ultramicrostructure of the biofilm and to analyze the lipid levels and susceptibility to vancomycin antibiotic. And then WT, MT and CT strains were used to infect macrophages and to analyze the expression levels of various inflammatory factors, respectively. We found that PPK1 was required for M. smegmatis polyP production in vivo and polyP deficiency not only attenuated the biofilm formation, but also altered the phenotype and ultramicrostructure of the biofilm and reduced the cell lipid composition (except for C16.1 and C17.1, most of the fatty acid components from C8-C24). Moreover, the ppk1-deficient mutant was also significantly more sensitive to vancomycin which targets the cell wall, and its ability to survive in macrophages was decreased, which was related to the change of the expression level of inflammatory factors in macrophage. This study demonstrates that the PPK1 can affect the biofilm structure through affecting the content of short chain fatty acid and promote intracellular survival of M. smegmatis by altering the expression of inflammatory factors. These findings establish a basis for investigating the role of PPK1 in the persistence of M. tuberculosis, and provide clues for treating latent infection of M. tuberculosis with PPK1 as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailin He
- Medical School of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Bo Li
- Medical School of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Medical School of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
- Institute of Selenium Science and Industry of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Medical School of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
- Institute of Selenium Science and Industry of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Medical School of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Jianping Xie
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- Corresponding author. Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Tingyu Shi
- Medical School of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Enshi, 445000, China
- Institute of Selenium Science and Industry of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China
- Corresponding author. Medical School of Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, 445000, China.
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10
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dormancy: How to Fight a Hidden Danger. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122334. [PMID: 36557586 PMCID: PMC9784227 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both latent and active TB infections are caused by a heterogeneous population of mycobacteria, which includes actively replicating and dormant bacilli in different proportions. Dormancy substantially affects M. tuberculosis drug tolerance and TB clinical management due to a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of bacilli, which leads to the complexity of both the diagnosis and the eradication of bacilli. Most diagnostic approaches to latent infection deal with a subpopulation of active M. tuberculosis, underestimating the contribution of dormant bacilli and leading to limited success in the fight against latent TB. Moreover, active TB appears not only as a primary form of infection but can also develop from latent TB, when resuscitation from dormancy is followed by bacterial multiplication, leading to disease progression. To win against latent infection, the identification of the Achilles' heel of dormant M. tuberculosis is urgently needed. Regulatory mechanisms and metabolic adaptation to growth arrest should be studied using in vitro and in vivo models that adequately imitate latent TB infection in macroorganisms. Understanding the mechanisms underlying M. tuberculosis dormancy and resuscitation may provide clues to help control latent infection, reduce disease severity in patients, and prevent pathogen transmission in the population.
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11
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Rahim MA, Seo H, Kim S, Tajdozian H, Barman I, Lee Y, Lee S, Song HY. In vitro anti-tuberculosis effect of probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 isolated from vaginal microbiota. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8290. [PMID: 35585245 PMCID: PMC9116076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), poses a severe challenge for public health and remains the number one cause of death as a single infectious agent. There are 10 million active cases of TB per year with 1.5 million deaths, and 2-3 billion people are estimated to harbor latent M. tb infection. Moreover, the emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR), extremely-drug-resistant (XDR), and the recent totally drug-resistant (TDR) M. tb is becoming a global issue that has fueled the need to find new drugs different from existing regimens. In these circumstances, probiotics can be a potential choice, so we focused on developing them as an anti-tuberculosis drug candidate. Here, we report the anti-tubercular activities of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PMC203 isolated from the vaginal microbiota of healthy women. PMC203 exhibited a promising intracellular killing effect against both drug-sensitive and resistant M. tb infected murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 without showing any cytotoxicity. Additionally, it also inhibited the growth of M. tb under broth culture medium. PMC203 did not cause weight change or specific clinical symptoms in a 2-week repeated oral administration toxicity test in a guinea pig model. Here, we also found that PMC203 induces autophagy in a dose dependent manner by increasing the signal of well-known autophagy gene markers, suggesting a possible intracellular killing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdur Rahim
- Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Chungnam, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Hoonhee Seo
- Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Sukyung Kim
- Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Hanieh Tajdozian
- Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Chungnam, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Indrajeet Barman
- Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Chungnam, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Youngkyoung Lee
- Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Chungnam, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Saebim Lee
- Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Probiotics Microbiome Convergence Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, Chungnam, Korea. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Chungnam, Korea.
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12
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Chaudhary KR, Puri V, Singh A, Singh C. A review on recent advances in nanomedicines for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.103069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Rodel HE, Ferreira IATM, Ziegler CGK, Ganga Y, Bernstein M, Hwa SH, Nargan K, Lustig G, Kaplan G, Noursadeghi M, Shalek AK, Steyn AJC, Sigal A. Aggregated Mycobacterium tuberculosis Enhances the Inflammatory Response. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:757134. [PMID: 34925266 PMCID: PMC8674758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.757134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacilli readily aggregate. We previously reported that Mtb aggregates lead to phagocyte death and subsequent efficient replication in the dead infected cells. Here, we examined the transcriptional response of human monocyte derived macrophages to phagocytosis of aggregated Mtb relative to phagocytosis of non-aggregated single or multiple bacilli. Infection with aggregated Mtb led to an early upregulation of pro-inflammatory associated genes and enhanced TNFα signaling via the NFκB pathway. These pathways were significantly more upregulated relative to infection with single or multiple non-aggregated bacilli per cell. Phagocytosis of aggregates led to a decreased phagosome acidification on a per bacillus basis and increased phagocyte cell death, which was not observed when Mtb aggregates were heat killed prior to phagocytosis. Mtb aggregates, observed in a granuloma from a patient, were found surrounding a lesion cavity. These observations suggest that TB aggregation may be a mechanism for pathogenesis. They raise the possibility that aggregated Mtb, if spread from individual to individual, could facilitate increased inflammation, Mtb growth, and macrophage cell death, potentially leading to active disease, cell necrosis, and additional cycles of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylton E Rodel
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yashica Ganga
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Shi-Hsia Hwa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gila Lustig
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard, and MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Microbiology, Centres for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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14
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De Maio F, Salustri A, Battah B, Palucci I, Marchionni F, Bellesi S, Palmieri V, Papi M, Kramarska E, Sanguinetti M, Sali M, Berisio R, Delogu G. PE_PGRS3 ensures provision of the vital phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositols by promoting the interaction between M. tuberculosis and host cells. Virulence 2021; 12:868-884. [PMID: 33757409 PMCID: PMC8007152 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1897247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PE_PGRS proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) constitute a large family of complex modular proteins whose role is still unclear. Among those, we have previously shown, using the heterologous expression in Mycobacterium smegmatis, that PE_PGRS3 containing a unique arginine-rich C-terminal domain, promotes adhesion to host cells. In this study, we investigate the role of PE_PGRS3 and its C-terminal domain directly in Mtb using functional deletion mutants. The results obtained here show that PE_PGRS3 is localized on the mycobacterial cell wall and its arginine-rich C-terminal region protrudes from the mycobacterial membrane and mediates Mtb entry into epithelial cells. Most importantly, this positively charged helical domain specifically binds phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols and cardiolipin, whereas it is unable to bind other phospholipids. Interestingly, administration of cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositol but no other phospholipids was able to turn-off expression of pe_pgrs3 activated by phosphate starvation conditions. These findings suggest that PE_PGRS3 has the key role to serve as a bridge between mycobacteria and host cells by interacting with specific host phospholipids and extracting them from host cells, for their direct integration or as a source of phosphate, during phases of TB pathogenesis when Mtb is short of phosphate supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio De Maio
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie – Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salustri
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie – Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Basem Battah
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie – Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Palucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie – Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Marchionni
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellesi
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini, Radioterapia Oncologica ed Ematologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
| | - Eliza Kramarska
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging - CNR-IBB, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie – Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie – Sezione di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging - CNR-IBB, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
- Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
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15
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Orlova EA, Ogarkov OB, Suzdalnitskiy AE, Khromova PA, Sinkov VV, Plotnikov AO, Belkova NL, Zhdanova SN. Analysis of Microbial Diversity in Caseous Necrosis of Tuberculosis Foci. MOLECULAR GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2021; 36:132-138. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416821030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
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16
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Vaccination with BCGΔBCG1419c protects against pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB and is safer than BCG. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12417. [PMID: 34127755 PMCID: PMC8203684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A single intradermal vaccination with an antibiotic-less version of BCGΔBCG1419c given to guinea pigs conferred a significant improvement in outcome following a low dose aerosol exposure to M. tuberculosis compared to that provided by a single dose of BCG Pasteur. BCGΔBCG1419c was more attenuated than BCG in murine macrophages, athymic, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice. In guinea pigs, BCGΔBCG1419c was at least as attenuated as BCG and induced similar dermal reactivity to that of BCG. Vaccination of guinea pigs with BCGΔBCG1419c resulted in increased anti-PPD IgG compared with those receiving BCG. Guinea pigs vaccinated with BCGΔBCG1419c showed a significant reduction of M. tuberculosis replication in lungs and spleens compared with BCG, as well as a significant reduction of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) pathology measured using pathology scores recorded at necropsy. Evaluation of cytokines produced in lungs of infected guinea pigs showed that BCGΔBCG1419c significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-17 compared with BCG-vaccinated animals, with no changes in IL-10. This work demonstrates a significantly improved protection against pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB provided by BCGΔBCG1419c in susceptible guinea pigs together with an increased safety compared with BCG in several models. These results support the continued development of BCGΔBCG1419c as an effective vaccine for TB.
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17
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Ogongo P, Tezera LB, Ardain A, Nhamoyebonde S, Ramsuran D, Singh A, Ng’oepe A, Karim F, Naidoo T, Khan K, Dullabh KJ, Fehlings M, Lee BH, Nardin A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Sette A, Behar SM, Steyn AJ, Madansein R, Kløverpris HN, Elkington PT, Leslie A. Tissue-resident-like CD4+ T cells secreting IL-17 control Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the human lung. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142014. [PMID: 33848273 PMCID: PMC8121523 DOI: 10.1172/jci142014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell immunity is essential for the control of tuberculosis (TB), an important disease of the lung, and is generally studied in humans using peripheral blood cells. Mounting evidence, however, indicates that tissue-resident memory T cells (Trms) are superior at controlling many pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), and can be quite different from those in circulation. Using freshly resected lung tissue, from individuals with active or previous TB, we identified distinct CD4+ and CD8+ Trm-like clusters within TB-diseased lung tissue that were functional and enriched for IL-17-producing cells. M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells producing TNF-α, IL-2, and IL-17 were highly expanded in the lung compared with matched blood samples, in which IL-17+ cells were largely absent. Strikingly, the frequency of M. tuberculosis-specific lung T cells making IL-17, but not other cytokines, inversely correlated with the plasma IL-1β levels, suggesting a potential link with disease severity. Using a human granuloma model, we showed the addition of either exogenous IL-17 or IL-2 enhanced immune control of M. tuberculosis and was associated with increased NO production. Taken together, these data support an important role for M. tuberculosis-specific Trm-like, IL-17-producing cells in the immune control of M. tuberculosis in the human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Liku B. Tezera
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Ardain
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shepherd Nhamoyebonde
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Farina Karim
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taryn Naidoo
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Khadija Khan
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kaylesh J. Dullabh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel M. Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adrie J.C. Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and
- Center for AIDS Research and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul T. Elkington
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis Load in Host Cells and the Antibacterial Activity of Alveolar Macrophages Are Linked and Differentially Regulated in Various Lung Lesions of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073452. [PMID: 33810600 PMCID: PMC8037353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection with the formation of a broad range of abnormal lung lesions within a single patient. Although host-pathogen interactions determine disease outcome, they are poorly understood within individual lesions at different stages of maturation. We compared Mtb load in a tuberculoma wall and the lung tissue distant from tuberculomas in TB patients. These data were combined with an analysis of activation and bactericidal statuses of alveolar macrophages and other cell subtypes examined both in ex vivo culture and on the histological sections obtained from the same lung lesions. The expression of pattern recognition receptors CD14, CD11b, and TLR-2, transcription factors HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and NF-κB p50 and p65, enzymes iNOS and COX-2, reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthesis, and lipid production were detected for various lung lesions, with individual Mtb loads in them. The walls of tuberculomas with insufficient inflammation and excessive fibrosis were identified as being the main niche for Mtb survival (single or as colonies) in non-foamy alveolar macrophages among various lung lesions examined. The identification of factors engaged in the control of Mtb infection and tissue pathology in local lung microenvironments, where host-pathogen relationships take place, is critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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19
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Kiran D, Basaraba RJ. Lactate Metabolism and Signaling in Tuberculosis and Cancer: A Comparative Review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624607. [PMID: 33718271 PMCID: PMC7952876 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) leading to tuberculosis (TB) disease continues to be a major global health challenge. Critical barriers, including but not limited to the development of multi-drug resistance, lack of diagnostic assays that detect patients with latent TB, an effective vaccine that prevents Mtb infection, and infectious and non-infectious comorbidities that complicate active TB, continue to hinder progress toward a TB cure. To complement the ongoing development of new antimicrobial drugs, investigators in the field are exploring the value of host-directed therapies (HDTs). This therapeutic strategy targets the host, rather than Mtb, and is intended to augment host responses to infection such that the host is better equipped to prevent or clear infection and resolve chronic inflammation. Metabolic pathways of immune cells have been identified as promising HDT targets as more metabolites and metabolic pathways have shown to play a role in TB pathogenesis and disease progression. Specifically, this review highlights the potential role of lactate as both an immunomodulatory metabolite and a potentially important signaling molecule during the host response to Mtb infection. While long thought to be an inert end product of primarily glucose metabolism, the cancer research field has discovered the importance of lactate in carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapeutic drug treatment. Herein, we discuss similarities between the TB granuloma and tumor microenvironments in the context of lactate metabolism and identify key metabolic and signaling pathways that have been shown to play a role in tumor progression but have yet to be explored within the context of TB. Ultimately, lactate metabolism and signaling could be viable HDT targets for TB; however, critical additional research is needed to better understand the role of lactate at the host-pathogen interface during Mtb infection before adopting this HDT strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randall J. Basaraba
- Metabolism of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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20
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Allué-Guardia A, García JI, Torrelles JB. Evolution of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains and Their Adaptation to the Human Lung Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:612675. [PMID: 33613483 PMCID: PMC7889510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.612675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, multi (MDR), extensively (XDR), extremely (XXDR) and total (TDR) drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains have emerged as a threat to public health worldwide, stressing the need to develop new tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment strategies. It is estimated that in the next 35 years, drug-resistant TB will kill around 75 million people and cost the global economy $16.7 trillion. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic alone may contribute with the development of 6.3 million new TB cases due to lack of resources and enforced confinement in TB endemic areas. Evolution of drug-resistant M.tb depends on numerous factors, such as bacterial fitness, strain's genetic background and its capacity to adapt to the surrounding environment, as well as host-specific and environmental factors. Whole-genome transcriptomics and genome-wide association studies in recent years have shed some insights into the complexity of M.tb drug resistance and have provided a better understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss M.tb phenotypic and genotypic changes driving resistance, including changes in cell envelope components, as well as recently described intrinsic and extrinsic factors promoting resistance emergence and transmission. We will further explore how drug-resistant M.tb adapts differently than drug-susceptible strains to the lung environment at the cellular level, modulating M.tb-host interactions and disease outcome, and novel next generation sequencing (NGS) strategies to study drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
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21
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Jagatia H, Tsolaki AG. The Role of Complement System and the Immune Response to Tuberculosis Infection. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:84. [PMID: 33498555 PMCID: PMC7909539 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57020084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The complement system orchestrates a multi-faceted immune response to the invading pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Macrophages engulf the mycobacterial bacilli through bacterial cell surface proteins or secrete proteins, which activate the complement pathway. The classical pathway is activated by C1q, which binds to antibody antigen complexes. While the alternative pathway is constitutively active and regulated by properdin, the direct interaction of properdin is capable of complement activation. The lectin-binding pathway is activated in response to bacterial cell surface carbohydrates such as mannose, fucose, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. All three pathways contribute to mounting an immune response for the clearance of mycobacteria. However, the bacilli can reside, persist, and evade clearance by the immune system once inside the macrophages using a number of mechanisms. The immune system can compartmentalise the infection into a granulomatous structure, which contains heterogenous sub-populations of M. tuberculosis. The granuloma consists of many types of immune cells, which aim to clear and contain the infection whilst sacrificing the affected host tissue. The full extent of the involvement of the complement system during infection with M. tuberculosis is not fully understood. Therefore, we reviewed the available literature on M. tuberculosis and other mycobacterial literature to understand the contribution of the complement system during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Jagatia
- Department for Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Anthony G. Tsolaki
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University of London, Uxbridge UB8 3PN, UK;
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22
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Zaharie SD, Franken DJ, van der Kuip M, van Elsland S, de Bakker BS, Hagoort J, Roest SL, van Dam CS, Timmers C, Solomons R, van Toorn R, Kruger M, Marceline van Furth A. The immunological architecture of granulomatous inflammation in central nervous system tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 125:102016. [PMID: 33137697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Of all tuberculosis (TB) cases, 1% affects the central nervous system (CNS), with a mortality rate of up to 60%. Our aim is to fill the 'key gap' in TBM research by analyzing brain specimens in a unique historical cohort of 84 patients, focusing on granuloma formation. We describe three different types: non-necrotizing, necrotizing gummatous, and necrotizing abscess type granuloma. Our hypothesis is that these different types of granuloma are developmental stages of the same pathological process. All types were present in each patient and were mainly localized in the leptomeninges. Intra-parenchymal granulomas were less abundant than the leptomeningeal ones and mainly located close to the cerebrospinal fluid (subpial and subependymal). We found that most of the intraparenchymal granulomas are an extension of leptomeningeal lesions which is the opposite of the classical Rich focus theory. We present a 3D-model to facilitate further understanding of the topographic relation of granulomas with leptomeninges, brain parenchyma and blood vessels. We describe innate and adaptive immune responses during granuloma formation including the cytokine profiles. We emphasize the presence of leptomeningeal B-cell aggregates as tertiary lymphoid structures. Our study forms a basis for further research in neuroinflammation and infectious diseases of the CNS, especially TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan-Dan Zaharie
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa and National Health Laboratory Services, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parrow, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Daniel J Franken
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Sabine van Elsland
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Bernadette S de Bakker
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy & Embryology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam Zuidoost, the Netherlands.
| | - Jaco Hagoort
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy & Embryology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam Zuidoost, the Netherlands.
| | - Sanna L Roest
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Carmen S van Dam
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Carlie Timmers
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Ronald van Toorn
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa.
| | - Mariana Kruger
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa.
| | - A Marceline van Furth
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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la Cruz MAD, Ares MA, Rodríguez-Valverde D, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Flores-Valdez MA, Núñez IDC, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Lira-Chávez J, Rodríguez-Campos J, Bravo-Madrigal J. Transcriptional and Mycolic Acid Profiling in Mycobacterium bovis BCG In Vitro Show an Effect for c-di-GMP and Overlap between Dormancy and Biofilms. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:811-821. [PMID: 32238759 PMCID: PMC9728378 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces mycolic acids which are relevant for persistence, recalcitrance to antibiotics and defiance to host immunity. c-di-GMP is a second messenger involved in transition from planktonic cells to biofilms, whose levels are controlled by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE). The transcriptional regulator dosR, is involved in response to low oxygen, a condition likely happening to a subset of cells within biofilms. Here, we found that in M. bovis BCG, expression of both BCG1416c and BCG1419c genes, which code for a DGC and a PDE, respectively, decreased in both stationary phase and during biofilm production. The kasA, kasB, and fas genes, which are involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis, were induced in biofilm cultures, as was dosR, therefore suggesting an inverse correlation in their expression compared with that of genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism. The relative abundance within trehalose dimycolate (TDM) of α-mycolates decreased during biofilm maturation, with methoxy mycolates increasing over time, and keto species remaining practically stable. Moreover, addition of synthetic c-di-GMP to mid-log phase BCG cultures reduced methoxy mycolates, increased keto species and practically did not affect α-mycolates, showing a differential effect of c-di-GMP on keto- and methoxy-mycolic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel A. Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana Rodríguez-Valverde
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México,Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona Phone: +52-33-33-45-52-00 E-mail:
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México,Corresponding authors Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez Phone: +52-33-33-45-52-00 E-mail:
| | - Iris Denisse Cota Núñez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jonahtan Lira-Chávez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C, Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jorge Bravo-Madrigal
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Pfrommer E, Dreier C, Gabriel G, Dallenga T, Reimer R, Schepanski K, Scherließ R, Schaible UE, Gutsmann T. Enhanced tenacity of mycobacterial aerosols from necrotic neutrophils. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9159. [PMID: 32514121 PMCID: PMC7280268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis is primarily transmitted through air, but little is known about the tenacity of mycobacterium-containing aerosols derived from either suspensions or infected neutrophils. Analysis of mycobacterial aerosol particles generated from bacterial suspensions revealed an average aerodynamic diameter and mass density that may allow distant airborne transmission. The volume and mass of mycobacterial aerosol particles increased with elevated relative humidity. To more closely mimic aerosol formation that occurs in active TB patients, aerosols from mycobacterium-infected neutrophils were analysed. Mycobacterium-infected intact neutrophils showed a smaller particle size distribution and lower viability than free mycobacteria. In contrast, mycobacterium-infected necrotic neutrophils, predominant in M. tuberculosis infection, revealed particle sizes and viability rates similar to those found for free mycobacteria, but in addition, larger aggregates of viable mycobacteria were observed. Therefore, mycobacteria are shielded from environmental stresses in multibacillary aggregates generated from necrotic neutrophils, which allows improved tenacity but emphasizes short distance transmission between close contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pfrommer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, 23845, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
- Leibniz Research Alliance INFECTIONS'21, Borstel, 23845, Germany
| | - C Dreier
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Leibniz Research Alliance INFECTIONS'21, Borstel, 23845, Germany
| | - G Gabriel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
- Leibniz Research Alliance INFECTIONS'21, Borstel, 23845, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
| | - T Dallenga
- Forschungszentrum Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, 23845, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany
| | - R Reimer
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - K Schepanski
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
- Leibniz Research Alliance INFECTIONS'21, Borstel, 23845, Germany
| | - R Scherließ
- Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - U E Schaible
- Forschungszentrum Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, 23845, Germany.
- Leibniz Research Alliance INFECTIONS'21, Borstel, 23845, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel, Germany.
| | - T Gutsmann
- Forschungszentrum Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, 23845, Germany
- Leibniz Research Alliance INFECTIONS'21, Borstel, 23845, Germany
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25
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Urbanowski ME, Ordonez AA, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Jain SK, Bishai WR. Cavitary tuberculosis: the gateway of disease transmission. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:e117-e128. [PMID: 32482293 PMCID: PMC7357333 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a major threat to global health. Cavitation is a dangerous consequence of pulmonary tuberculosis associated with poor outcomes, treatment relapse, higher transmission rates, and development of drug resistance. However, in the antibiotic era, cavities are often identified as the most extreme outcome of treatment failure and are one of the least-studied aspects of tuberculosis. We review the epidemiology, clinical features, and concurrent standards of care for individuals with cavitary tuberculosis. We also discuss developments in the understanding of tuberculosis cavities as dynamic physical and biochemical structures that interface the host response with a unique mycobacterial niche to drive tuberculosis-associated morbidity and transmission. Advances in preclinical models and non-invasive imaging can provide valuable insights into the drivers of cavitation. These insights will guide the development of specific pharmacological interventions to prevent cavitation and improve lung function for individuals with tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Urbanowski
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William R. Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Isolation measures and protection awareness are significant for latent tuberculosis infection: a cross-sectional study based on T-SPOT.TB among health care workers in China. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e120. [PMID: 30868980 PMCID: PMC6518494 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the associated risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) detected by T-SPOT.TB assay among health care workers (HCWs) at different working locations or job categories in China. This cross-sectional study included 934 HCWs who underwent the T-SPOT.TB assay. Demographic and social characteristics of the participants, including age, sex, job categories, department/ward and duration of healthcare service, were recorded. Among 934 HCWs, 267 (28.5867%) were diagnosed as having LTBI with positive T-SPOT.TB assay. HCWs working in inpatient tuberculosis (TB) (odds ratio (OR) 2.917; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.852–4.596; P < 0.001) and respiratory wards (OR 1.840; 95% CI 1.124–3.011; P = 0.015), and with longer duration of healthcare service (OR 1.048; 95% CI 1.016–1.080; P = 0.003) were risk factors for positive T-SPOT.TB result. Furthermore, longer working duration increased the positive rate of T-SPOT.TB results for physicians and nurses, and physicians had higher risks than nurses for the same working duration. Inpatient TB and respiratory wards were high-risk working locations for HCWs with LTBI, and longer duration of healthcare service also increased the risk of LTBI among HCWs. A complete strategy for TB infection control and protection awareness among HCWs should be enhanced.
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27
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Infect and Inject: How Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exploits Its Major Virulence-Associated Type VII Secretion System, ESX-1. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 7. [PMID: 31172908 PMCID: PMC6698389 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0024-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an ancient master of the art of causing human disease. One important weapon within its fully loaded arsenal is the type VII secretion system. M. tuberculosis has five of them: ESAT-6 secretion systems (ESX) 1 to 5. ESX-1 has long been recognized as a major cause of attenuation of the FDA-licensed vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG, but its importance in disease progression and transmission has recently been elucidated in more detail. This review summarizes the recent advances in (i) the understanding of the ESX-1 structure and components, (ii) our knowledge of ESX-1's role in hijacking macrophage function to set a path for infection and dissemination, and (iii) the development of interventions that utilize ESX-1 for diagnosis, drug interventions, host-directed therapies, and vaccines.
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28
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Brackett SM, Cox KE, Barlock SL, Huggins WM, Ackart DF, Bassaraba RJ, Melander RJ, Melander C. Meridianin D analogues possess antibiofilm activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:92-97. [PMID: 33479607 PMCID: PMC7523022 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of bacterial biofilms significantly decreases the efficacy of antibiotic treatments. Herein, we've investigated the antibiofilm properties of the natural product meridianin D and a library of analogues against Mycobacterium smegmatis. As a result, we discovered several analogues that both inhibit and disperse M. smegmatis biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Brackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Karlie E Cox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Samantha L Barlock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - William M Huggins
- Department of Chemistry , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA
| | - David F Ackart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA
| | - Randall J Bassaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO 80523 , USA
| | - Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , IN 46556 , USA .
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Phenotypic Characterization of Rhodococcus equi Biofilm Grown In Vitro and Inhibiting and Dissolving Activity of Azithromycin/Rifampicin Treatment. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040284. [PMID: 31817114 PMCID: PMC6963269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilm has been implicated in a wide range of chronic infections. In spite of the fact that Rhodococcus equi is a recognized cause of chronic disease in animals and humans, few studies have focused on the sessile phenotype of R.equi. The aim of this research was to phenotypically characterize the biofilm development of R. equi and its answerability for hypo-responsiveness to macrolides and rifampicin. Biofilm formation is initiated by bacterial adhesion to the surface. In this work, the ability of R. equi to adhere to the surface of human lung epithelial cells was detected by a fluorometric adhesion test performed on 40 clinical isolates. Subsequently, the capability of R. equi to produce biofilm was investigated by colorimetric, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy analysis, revealing a general slow growth of rhodococcal biofilm and different sessile phenotypes among field isolates, some also including filamented bacteria. Azithromycin treatment produced a higher long-term inhibition and dissolution of R. equi biofilms than rifampicin, while the two antibiotics combined boosted the anti-biofilm effect in a statistically significant manner, although this was not equally effective for all R. equi isolates. Increasing the MIC concentrations of drugs tenfold alone and in combination did not completely eradicate pre-formed R. equi biofilms, while a rifampicin-resistant isolate produced an exceptionally abundant extracellular matrix. These results have strengthened the hypothesis that biofilm production may occur as an antibiotic tolerance system in R. equi, potentially determining persistence and, eventually, chronic infection.
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Gergert VJ, Averbakh MM, Ergeshov AE. [Immunological aspects of tuberculosis pathogenesis]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:90-97. [PMID: 32598618 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.11.000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The morphological aspects of TB pathogenesis are well described in the publications. Much is also known about the main stages of development and formation of specific adaptive immunity. However, from our point of view, not enough attention is being paid to the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of clinically relevant TB abnormalities, as well as various forms of the disease. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the variety of clinical manifestations of any disease associated with the penetration of a foreign agent into the body, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in particular, is due to the collective interaction of the infectious agent and the individual response of the macroorganism to this infectious agent. The mosaic of such interactions usually imposes its own adjustments on the development of different forms of the process, its speed and direction, as well as the outcomes. Certainly, the response of a macroorganism to MTB is an integral part of pathogenesis and consists of many general components including the responses associated with the mechanisms of natural and acquired immunity. Intensity of these reactions depends on the characteristics of an agent (MTB) and a macroorganism. For the development of TB disease, massiveness of TB infection, dose and duration of MTB exposure to the human body, as well as virulence of MTB and the level of body's protection during the exposure play a very important role. TB pathogenesis is somewhat different in primary MTB infection and re - infection. With primary infection, 88-90% of individuals do not have clinical manifestations, and only the tuberculin skin test conversion signals the onset of infection. In some cases, without any use of anti-TB drugs limited abnormalities may result in spontaneous cure with the minimal residual changes in the lungs, intrathoracic lymph nodes and tissues of other organs, often in the form of calcifications and limited areas of fibrosis in more advanced cases. Only 10-12% of newly infected individuals develop TB with severe clinical manifestations requiring TB therapy. The absence of clinical manifestations of primary TB infection can be explained by a high level of natural resistance of the human body to tuberculosis, and sometimes can be an effect of acquired protection due to BCG vaccination. This review attempts to discuss the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis both at the beginning of disease development, and in the process of its various manifestations. Issues of genetically determined resistance or susceptibility to TB are not being covered in detail in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Gergert
- Central TB Research Institute Department of Immunology
| | - M M Averbakh
- Central TB Research Institute Department of Immunology
| | - A E Ergeshov
- Central TB Research Institute Department of Immunology
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31
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Jiang CH, Gan ML, An TT, Yang ZC. Bioassay-guided isolation of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis bioflim inhibitor from Arisaema sinii Krause. Microb Pathog 2019; 126:351-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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De Maio F, Battah B, Palmieri V, Petrone L, Corrente F, Salustri A, Palucci I, Bellesi S, Papi M, Rubino S, Sali M, Goletti D, Sanguinetti M, Manganelli R, De Spirito M, Delogu G. PE_PGRS3 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is specifically expressed at low phosphate concentration, and its arginine-rich C-terminal domain mediates adhesion and persistence in host tissues when expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12952. [PMID: 30192424 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PE_PGRSs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) represent a family of complex and peculiar proteins whose role and function remain elusive. In this study, we investigated PE_PGRS3 and PE_PGRS4, two highly homologous PE_PGRSs encoded by two contiguous genes in the Mtb genome. Using a gene-reporter system in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Ms) and transcriptional analysis in Mtb, we show that PE_PGRS3, but not PE_PGRS4, is specifically expressed under low phosphate concentrations. Interestingly, PE_PGRS3, but not PE_PGRS4, has a unique, arginine-rich C-terminal domain of unknown function. Heterologous expression of PE_PGRS3 in Ms was used to demonstrate cellular localisation of the protein on the mycobacterial surface, where it significantly affects net surface charge. Moreover, expression of full-length PE_PGRS3 enhanced adhesion of Ms to murine macrophages and human epithelial cells and improved bacterial persistence in spleen tissue following infection in mice. Expression of the PE_PGRS3 functional deletion mutant lacking the C-terminal domain in Ms did not enhance adhesion to host cells, showing a phenotype similar to the Ms parental strain. Interestingly, enhanced persistence of Ms expressing PE_PGRS3 did not correlate with increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. These results point to a critical role for the ≈ 80 amino acids long, arginine-rich C-terminal domain of PE_PGRS3 in tuberculosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio De Maio
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Basem Battah
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrente
- Institute of Haematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Salustri
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Palucci
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellesi
- Institute of Haematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco De Spirito
- Institute of Physics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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33
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Pedroza-Roldán C, Flores-Valdez MA. Recent mouse models and vaccine candidates for preventing chronic/latent tuberculosis infection and its reactivation. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3966715. [PMID: 29659820 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major challenge in public health worldwide. Until today, the only widely used and approved vaccine is the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG). This vaccine provides a highly variable level of protection against the active, pulmonary form of tuberculosis, and practically none against the latent form of TB infection. This disparity in protection has been extensively studied, and for this reason, several groups have focused their research on the quest for attenuated vaccines based on M. tuberculosis or on the identification of latency-associated antigens that can be incorporated into modified BCG, or that can be used as adjuvanted subunit vaccines. In order to seek new potential antigens relevant for infection, some researchers have performed experiments with highly sensitive techniques such as transcriptomic and proteomic analyses using sputum samples from humans or by using mouse models resembling several aspects of TB. In this review, we focus on reports of new mouse models or mycobacterial antigens recently tested for developing vaccine candidates against chronic/latent tuberculosis and its reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Pedroza-Roldán
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Prolongación Parres Arias No. 735, Col. Bosques Del Centinela II, CP 45187, Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Refai A, Gritli S, Barbouche MR, Essafi M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulent Factor ESAT-6 Drives Macrophage Differentiation Toward the Pro-inflammatory M1 Phenotype and Subsequently Switches It to the Anti-inflammatory M2 Phenotype. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:327. [PMID: 30283745 PMCID: PMC6157333 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a human infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The success of M.tb as a pathogen relies mainly on its ability to divert the host innate immune responses. One way by which M.tb maintains a persistent infection in a "silent" granuloma is to inhibit inflammation and induce an immunoregulatory phenotype in host macrophages (MΦs). However, M.tb effectors governing the switch of MΦs from the pro-inflammatory M1 to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype remain to be determined. The Early Secreted Antigenic Target 6 kDa or ESAT-6, has been implicated in the virulence and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Here, we investigated roles of ESAT-6 in MΦ differentiation and polarization. We found that treatment of human monocytes with ESAT-6 did not interfere with differentiation of M1 MΦs. However, ESAT-6 promoted differentiation of M0 and M2 MΦs toward the M1 phenotype, as indicated by secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, and induction of a typical M1 transcriptional signature. Interestingly, we found that ESAT-6 switched terminal full activation of M1 polarized MΦs to the M2 phenotype. Indeed, in the pro-inflammatory M1 MΦs, ESAT-6 was able to inhibit IL-12 and TNF-α secretion and stimulate that of IL-10. Moreover, gene expression profiling of these cells showed that ESAT-6 induced downregulation of M1 MΦ cell surface molecules CD80 and CD86, transcription factors IRF5 and c-MAF, cytokines IL-12, IL-10, and IL-6, as well as chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL1. Overall, our findings suggest ESAT-6 as being one of the effectors used by M.tb to induce the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype at the primo-infection; a prerequisite step to promote granuloma formation and subsequently drive the phenotype switch of MΦ polarization from M1 to M2 at a later stage of the infection. Our study improves current knowledge regarding mechanisms of virulence of M.tb and may be helpful to develop novel tools targeting ESAT-6 for a better and more efficient treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Refai
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sami Gritli
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Makram Essafi
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
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Teskey G, Cao R, Islamoglu H, Medina A, Prasad C, Prasad R, Sathananthan A, Fraix M, Subbian S, Zhong L, Venketaraman V. The Synergistic Effects of the Glutathione Precursor, NAC and First-Line Antibiotics in the Granulomatous Response Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2069. [PMID: 30258443 PMCID: PMC6144952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the causative bacterial agent responsible for tuberculosis (TB) continues to afflict millions of people worldwide. Although the human immune system plays a critical role in containing M. tb infection, elimination proves immensely more challenging. Consequently, there has been a worldwide effort to eradicate, and limit the spread of M. tb through the conventional use of first-line antibiotics. Unfortunately, with the emergence of drug resistant and multi-drug resistant strains of M. tb the archetypical antibiotics no longer provide the same ascendancy as they once did. Furthermore, when administered, these first-line antibiotics commonly present severe complications and side effects. The biological antioxidant glutathione (GSH) however, has been demonstrated to have a profound mycobactericidal effect with no reported adverse consequences. Therefore, we examined if N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC), the molecular precursor to GSH, when supplemented in combination with suboptimal levels of standalone first-line antibiotics would be sufficient to completely clear M. tb infection within in vitro derived granulomas from healthy subjects and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Our results revealed that by virtue of immune modulation, the addition of NAC to subprime levels of isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) was indeed capable of inducing complete clearance of M. tb among healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Teskey
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Ruoqiong Cao
- College of life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Hicret Islamoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Albert Medina
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Chaya Prasad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Ramaa Prasad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Airani Sathananthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Marcel Fraix
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Li Zhong
- College of life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- College of life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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Lin LCW, Chattopadhyay S, Lin JC, Hu CMJ. Advances and Opportunities in Nanoparticle- and Nanomaterial-Based Vaccines against Bacterial Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701395. [PMID: 29508547 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the dawn of the postantibiotic era we approach, antibacterial vaccines are becoming increasingly important for managing bacterial infection and reducing the need for antibiotics. Despite the success of vaccination, vaccines remain unavailable for many pressing microbial diseases, including tuberculosis, chlamydia, and staphylococcus infections. Amid continuing research efforts in antibacterial vaccine development, the advancement of nanomaterial engineering has brought forth new opportunities in vaccine designs. With increasing knowledge in antibacterial immunity and immunologic adjuvants, innovative nanoparticles are designed to elicit the appropriate immune responses for effective antimicrobial defense. Rationally designed nanoparticles are demonstrated to overcome delivery barriers to shape the adaptive immunity. This article reviews the advances in nanoparticle- and nanomaterial-based antibacterial vaccines and summarizes the development of nanoparticulate adjuvants for immune potentiation against microbial pathogens. In addition, challenges and progress in ongoing antibacterial vaccine development are discussed to highlight the opportunities for future vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Chien-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Saborni Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Jack Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road Nangang District Taipei 11529 Taiwan
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Hulinova Stromerova N, Faldyna M. Mycobacterium avium complex infection in pigs: A review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 57:62-68. [PMID: 30017080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections in pigs are caused particularly by the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and these infections lead to great economic losses mainly within the countries with high pork meat production. The importance of the MAC infections in humans is rising because of its higher prevalence and also higher mortality rates particularly in advanced countries. In addition, treatment of the MAC infections in humans tends to be complicated because of its increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Several studies across Europe have documented the MAC occurrence in the slaughtered pigs - not only in their lymph nodes and tonsils, which are the most frequent, but also in the diaphragmas, other organs and not least in meat. This is why we need both more specific and more sensitive methods for the MAC infection detection. Different PCR assays were established as well as advanced intravital testing by the gamma interferon release test. On the other hand, tuberculin skin test is still one of the cheapest methods of mycobacterial infections detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Hulinova Stromerova
- State Veterinary Institute Olomouc, Jakoubka ze Stříbra 1, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Adipocyte Model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Reveals Differential Availability of Iron to Bacilli in the Lipid-Rich Caseous Environment. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00041-18. [PMID: 29632245 PMCID: PMC5964510 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00041-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a successful human pathogen, utilizes multiple carbon sources from the host but adapts to a fatty-acid-rich environment in vivo. We sought to delineate the physiologic response of M. tuberculosis to a lipid-rich environment by using differentiated adipocytes as a model system. Global transcriptome profiling based on RNA sequencing was performed for bacilli from infected adipocytes and preadipocytes. Genes involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis were downregulated, while those predicted to be involved in triglyceride biosynthesis were upregulated, in bacilli isolated from adipocytes, indicating reliance on host-derived fatty acids. Transcription factor network analysis indicated suppression of IdeR-regulated genes, suggesting decreased iron uptake by M. tuberculosis in the adipocyte model. This suppression of iron uptake coincided with higher ferritin and iron levels in adipocytes than in preadipocytes. In accord with the role of iron in mediating oxidative stress, we observed upregulation of genes involved in mitigating oxidative stress in M. tuberculosis isolated from adipocytes. We provide evidence that oleic acid, a major host-derived fatty acid, helps reduce the bacterial cytoplasm, thereby providing a safe haven for an M. tuberculosis mutant that is sensitive to iron-mediated oxidative stress. Via an independent mechanism, host ferritin is also able to rescue the growth of this mutant. Our work highlights the inherent synergy between macronutrients and micronutrients of the host environment that converge to provide resilience to the pathogen. This complex synergy afforded by the adipocyte model of infection will aid in the identification of genes required by M. tuberculosis in a caseous host environment.
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Parasa VR, Rose J, Castillo-Diaz LA, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Vega-Domínguez PJ, Lerm M, Flores-Valdez MA. Evaluation of the immunogenic capability of the BCG strains BCGΔBCG1419c and BCGΔBCG1416c in a three-dimensional human lung tissue model. Vaccine 2018; 36:1811-1815. [PMID: 29475763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) still remains as an unmet global threat. The current vaccine is not fully effective and novel alternatives are needed. Here, two vaccine candidate strains derived from BCG carrying deletions in the BCG1416c or BCG1419c genes were analysed for their capacity to modulate the cytokine/chemokine profile and granuloma formation in a human lung tissue model (LTM). We show that the clustering of monocytes, reminiscent of early granuloma formation, in LTMs infected with BCG strains was similar for all of them. However, BCGΔBCG1419c, like M. tuberculosis, was capable of inducing the production of IL-6 in contrast to the other BCG strains. This work suggests that LTM could be a useful ex vivo assay to evaluate the potential immunogenicity of novel TB vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Ramanarao Parasa
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jeronimo Rose
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Luis Alberto Castillo-Diaz
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Perla Jazmín Vega-Domínguez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Av. Normalistas No. 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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40
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Woo M, Wood C, Kwon D, Park KHP, Fejer G, Delorme V. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Innate Responses in a New Model of Lung Alveolar Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:438. [PMID: 29593716 PMCID: PMC5858468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung alveolar macrophages (AMs) are in the first line of immune defense against respiratory pathogens and play key roles in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in humans. Nevertheless, AMs are available only in limited amounts for in vitro studies, which hamper the detailed molecular understanding of host-Mtb interactions in these macrophages. The recent establishment of the self-renewing and primary Max Planck Institute (MPI) cells, functionally very close to lung AMs, opens unique opportunities for in vitro studies of host-pathogen interactions in respiratory diseases. Here, we investigated the suitability of MPI cells as a host cell system for Mtb infection. Bacterial, cellular, and innate immune features of MPI cells infected with Mtb were characterized. Live bacteria were readily internalized and efficiently replicated in MPI cells, similarly to primary murine macrophages and other cell lines. MPI cells were also suitable for the determination of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug activity. The primary innate immune response of MPI cells to live Mtb showed significantly higher and earlier induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1α, and IL-1β, as compared to stimulation with heat-killed (HK) bacteria. MPI cells previously showed a lack of induction of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 to a wide range of stimuli, including HK Mtb. By contrast, we show here that live Mtb is able to induce significant amounts of IL-10 in MPI cells. Autophagy experiments using light chain 3B immunostaining, as well as LysoTracker labeling of acidic vacuoles, demonstrated that MPI cells efficiently control killed Mtb by elimination through phagolysosomes. MPI cells were also able to accumulate lipid droplets in their cytoplasm following exposure to lipoproteins. Collectively, this study establishes the MPI cells as a relevant, versatile host cell model for TB research, allowing a deeper understanding of AMs functions in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Woo
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Connor Wood
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Doyoon Kwon
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Paul Park
- Applied Molecular Virology, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - György Fejer
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Delorme
- Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, South Korea
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Orme IM, Henao-Tamayo MI. Trying to See the Forest through the Trees: Deciphering the Nature of Memory Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:461. [PMID: 29568298 PMCID: PMC5852080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of vaccination against tuberculosis and other diseases is to establish a heightened state of acquired specific resistance in which the memory immune response is capable of mediating an accelerated and magnified expression of protection to the pathogen when this is encountered at a later time. In the earliest studies in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, memory immunity and the cells that express this were definable both in terms of kinetics of emergence, and soon thereafter by the levels of expression of markers including CD44, CD62L, and the chemokine receptor CCR7, allowing the identification of effector memory and central memory T cell subsets. Despite these initial advances in knowledge, more recent information has not revealed more clarity, but instead, has created a morass of complications—complications that, if not resolved, could harm correct vaccine design. Here, we discuss two central issues. The first is that we have always assumed that memory is induced in the same way, and consists of the same T cells, regardless of whether that immunity is generated by BCG vaccination, or by exposure to M. tuberculosis followed by effective chemotherapy. This assumption is almost certainly incorrect. Second, a myriad of additional memory subsets have now been described, such as resident, stem cell-like, tissue specific, among others, but as yet we know nothing about the relative importance of each, or whether if a new vaccine needs to induce all of these, or just some, to be fully effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Marcela I Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Shanley CA, Henao-Tamayo MI, Bipin C, Mugasimangalam R, Verma D, Ordway DJ, Streicher EM, Orme IM. Biology of clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with varying levels of transmission. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 109:123-133. [PMID: 29559116 PMCID: PMC5884417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli from one individual to another is the basis of the disease process. While considerable emphasis has been placed on the role of host mechanisms of resistance in establishing or preventing new infection, far less has been expended on understanding possible factors operative at the bacterial level. In this study we established a panel of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis strains obtained from the Western Cape region of South Africa, each of which had been carefully tracked in terms of their degree of transmission in the community. Each of the panel were used to infect guinea pigs with 15-20 bacilli by aerosol exposure and the course of the infection then determined. Strains with different degrees of transmission could not be distinguished in terms of their capacity to grow in the main target organs of infected animals. However, rather surprisingly, while strains with no evidence of transmission [NOT] in general caused moderate to severe lung damage, this parameter in animals infected with highly transmitted [HT] strains was mostly mild. In terms of TH1 immunity these signals were strongest in these latter animals, as was IL-17 gene expression, whereas minimal signals for regulatory molecules including IL-10 and FoxP3 were seen across the entire panel. In terms of T cell numbers, responses of both CD4 and CD8 were both far faster and far higher in animals infected with the HT strains. At the gene expression level we observed a major three-fold difference [both up and down] between NOT and HT strains, but in terms of proteins of key interest only a few [including PD-L1 and HIF-3] showed major differences between the two groups. Overall, it was apparent that NOT strains were far more inflammatory that HT strains, and appeared to trigger a much larger number of genes, possibly explaining the observed damage to the lungs and progressive pathology. In contrast, the HT strains, while equally virulent, were more immunogenic and developed much stronger T cell responses, while keeping lung damage to a minimum. Hence, in terms of trying to explain the capacity of these strains to cause transmission, these results are clearly paradoxical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Shanley
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marcela I Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Chand Bipin
- Genotypic Technology Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Deepshika Verma
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Diane J Ordway
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Streicher
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Ian M Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Danquah CA, Kakagianni E, Khondkar P, Maitra A, Rahman M, Evangelopoulos D, McHugh TD, Stapleton P, Malkinson J, Bhakta S, Gibbons S. Analogues of Disulfides from Allium stipitatum Demonstrate Potent Anti-tubercular Activities through Drug Efflux Pump and Biofilm Inhibition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1150. [PMID: 29348586 PMCID: PMC5773482 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18948-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfides from Allium stipitatum, commonly known as Persian shallot, were previously reported to possess antibacterial properties. Analogues of these compounds, produced by S-methylthiolation of appropriate thiols using S-methyl methanethiosulfonate, exhibited antimicrobial activity, with one compound inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 17 µM (4 mg L-1) and other compounds inhibiting Escherichia coli and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations ranging between 32-138 µM (8-32 mg L-1). These compounds also displayed moderate inhibitory effects on Klebsiella and Proteus species. Whole-cell phenotypic bioassays such as the spot-culture growth inhibition assay (SPOTi), drug efflux inhibition, biofilm inhibition and cytotoxicity assays were used to evaluate these compounds. Of particular note was their ability to inhibit mycobacterial drug efflux and biofilm formation, while maintaining a high selectivity towards M. tuberculosis H37Rv. These results suggest that methyl disulfides are novel scaffolds which could lead to the development of new drugs against tuberculosis (TB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Danquah
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Eleftheria Kakagianni
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Proma Khondkar
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Arundhati Maitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Mukhlesur Rahman
- Medicine Research Group, School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Water Lane, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | | | - Timothy D McHugh
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, UCL Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Paul Stapleton
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - John Malkinson
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most successful human diseases in our history due in large part to the multitude of virulence factors exhibited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Understanding the pathogenic nuances of this organism in the context of its human host is an ongoing topic of study facilitated by isolating cells from model organisms such as mice and non-human primates. However, M. tuberculosis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen, and disease progression and outcome in these model systems can differ from that of human disease. Current in vitro models of infection include primary macrophages and macrophage-like immortalized cell lines as well as the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cell types. This article will discuss these in vitro model systems in general, what we have learned so far about utilizing them to answer questions about pathogenesis, the potential role of other cell types in innate control of M. tuberculosis infection, and the development of new coculture systems with multiple cell types. As we continue to expand current in vitro systems and institute new ones, the knowledge gained will improve our understanding of not only tuberculosis but all infectious diseases.
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GI-19007, a Novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Based Therapeutic Vaccine against Tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00245-17. [PMID: 29046306 PMCID: PMC5717186 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00245-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As yet, very few vaccine candidates with activity in animals against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection have been tested as therapeutic postexposure vaccines. We recently described two pools of mycobacterial proteins with this activity, and here we describe further studies in which four of these proteins (Rv1738, Rv2032, Rv3130, and Rv3841) were generated as a fusion polypeptide and then delivered in a novel yeast-based platform (Tarmogen) which itself has immunostimulatory properties, including activation of Toll-like receptors. This platform can deliver antigens into both the class I and class II antigen presentation pathways and stimulate strong Th1 and Th17 responses. In mice this fusion vaccine, designated GI-19007, was immunogenic and elicited strong gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) responses; despite this, they displayed minimal prophylactic activity in mice that were subsequently infected with a virulent clinical strain. In contrast, in a therapeutic model in the guinea pig, GI-19007 significantly reduced the lung bacterial load and reduced lung pathology, particularly in terms of secondary lesion development, while significantly improving survival in one-third of these animals. In further studies in which guinea pigs were vaccinated with BCG before challenge, therapeutic vaccination with GI-19007 initially improved survival versus that of animals given BCG alone, although this protective effect was gradually lost at around 400 days after challenge. Given its apparent ability to substantially limit bacterial dissemination within and from the lungs, GI-19007 potentially can be used to limit lung damage as well as facilitating chemotherapeutic regimens in infected individuals.
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Reply to Brennan, “Biofilms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis”. Infect Immun 2017; 85:85/10/e00436-17. [DOI: 10.1128/iai.00436-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
In this article, we have described several cellular pathological effects caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-1. The effects include induction of necrosis, NOD2 signaling, type I interferon production, and autophagy. We then attempted to suggest that these pathological effects are mediated by the cytosolic access of M. tuberculosis-derived materials as a result of the phagosome-disrupting activity of the major ESX-1 substrate ESAT-6. Such activity of ESAT-6 is most likely due to its pore-forming activity at the membrane. The amyloidogenic characteristic of ESAT-6 is reviewed here as a potential mechanism of membrane pore formation. In addition to ESAT-6, the ESX-1 substrate EspB interferes with membrane-mediated innate immune mechanisms such as efferocytosis and autophagy, most likely through its ability to bind phospholipids. Overall, the M. tuberculosis ESX-1 secretion system appears to be a specialized system for the deployment of host membrane-targeting proteins, whose primary function is to interrupt key steps in innate immune mechanisms against pathogens. Inhibitors that block the ESX-1 system or block host factors critical for ESX-1 toxicity have been identified and should represent attractive potential new antituberculosis drugs.
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O'Neill MK, Piligian BF, Olson CD, Woodruff PJ, Swarts BM. Tailoring Trehalose for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. PURE APPL CHEM 2017; 89:1223-1249. [PMID: 29225379 PMCID: PMC5718624 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar whose ability to stabilize biomolecules has brought about its widespread use in biological preservation applications. Trehalose is also an essential metabolite in a number of pathogens, most significantly the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though it is absent in humans and other mammals. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in modifying the structure of trehalose to generate analogues that have applications in biomedical research and biotechnology. Non-degradable trehalose analogues could have a number of advantages as bioprotectants and food additives. Trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors are already useful as research tools and may have future value in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, among other uses. Underlying the advancements made in these areas are novel synthetic methods that facilitate access to and evaluation of trehalose analogues. In this review, we focus on both aspects of the development of this class of molecules. First, we consider the chemical and chemoenzymatic methods that have been used to prepare trehalose analogues and discuss their prospects for synthesis on commercially relevant scales. Second, we describe ongoing efforts to develop and deploy detectable trehalose analogues, trehalose-based inhibitors, and non-digestible trehalose analogues. The current and potential future uses of these compounds are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in understanding and combatting mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara K O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Brent F Piligian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Claire D Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - Peter J Woodruff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME, USA
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the animal models currently used in tuberculosis research, both for understanding the basic science of the disease process and also for practical issues such as testing new vaccine candidates and evaluating the activity of potential new drugs. Animals range in size, from zebrafish to cattle, and in degrees of similarity to the human disease from both an immunological and pathologic perspective. These models have provided a great wealth of information (impossible to obtain simply from observing infected humans), but we emphasize here that one must use care in interpreting or applying this information, and indeed the true art of animal modeling is in deciding what is pertinent information and what might not be. These ideas are discussed in the context of current approaches in vaccine and drug development, including a discussion of certain limitations the field is currently facing in such studies.
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50
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Abstract
This article describes the nature of the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse and guinea pig models of infection. It describes the great wealth of information obtained from the mouse model, reflecting the general availability of immunological reagents, as well as genetic manipulations of the mouse strains themselves. This has led to a good understanding of the nature of the T-cell response to the infection, as well as an appreciation of the complexity of the response involving multiple cytokine- and chemokine-mediated systems. As described here and elsewhere, we have a growing understanding of how multiple CD4-positive T-cell subsets are involved, including regulatory T cells, TH17 cells, as well as the subsequent emergence of effector and central memory T-cell subsets. While, in contrast, our understanding of the host response in the guinea pig model is less advanced, considerable strides have been made in the past decade in terms of defining the basis of the immune response, as well as a better understanding of the immunopathologic process. This model has long been the gold standard for vaccine testing, and more recently is being revisited as a model for testing new drug regimens (bedaquiline being the latest example).
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