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Balmanno A, Falconer JR, Ravuri HG, Mills PC. Strategies to Improve the Transdermal Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:675. [PMID: 38794337 PMCID: PMC11124993 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The transdermal delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has the potential to overcome some of the major disadvantages relating to oral NSAID usage, such as gastrointestinal adverse events and compliance. However, the poor solubility of many of the newer NSAIDs creates challenges in incorporating the drugs into formulations suitable for application to skin and may limit transdermal permeation, particularly if the goal is therapeutic systemic drug concentrations. This review is an overview of the various strategies used to increase the solubility of poorly soluble NSAIDs and enhance their permeation through skin, such as the modification of the vehicle, the modification of or bypassing the barrier function of the skin, and using advanced nano-sized formulations. Furthermore, the simple yet highly versatile microemulsion system has been found to be a cost-effective and highly successful technology to deliver poorly water-soluble NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - James R. Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Dutton Park Campus, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Halley G. Ravuri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
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Broda M, Yelle DJ, Serwańska-Leja K. Biodegradable Polymers in Veterinary Medicine-A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:883. [PMID: 38398635 PMCID: PMC10892962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, tremendous progress has been made in the development of biodegradable polymeric materials for various industrial applications, including human and veterinary medicine. They are promising alternatives to commonly used non-degradable polymers to combat the global plastic waste crisis. Among biodegradable polymers used, or potentially applicable to, veterinary medicine are natural polysaccharides, such as chitin, chitosan, and cellulose as well as various polyesters, including poly(ε-caprolactone), polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), and polyhydroxyalkanoates produced by bacteria. They can be used as implants, drug carriers, or biomaterials in tissue engineering and wound management. Their use in veterinary practice depends on their biocompatibility, inertness to living tissue, mechanical resistance, and sorption characteristics. They must be designed specifically to fit their purpose, whether it be: (1) facilitating new tissue growth and allowing for controlled interactions with living cells or cell-growth factors, (2) having mechanical properties that address functionality when applied as implants, or (3) having controlled degradability to deliver drugs to their targeted location when applied as drug-delivery vehicles. This paper aims to present recent developments in the research on biodegradable polymers in veterinary medicine and highlight the challenges and future perspectives in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Broda
- Department of Wood Science and Thermal Techniques, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Daniel J. Yelle
- Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
| | - Katarzyna Serwańska-Leja
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
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Salimi A, Mohammad Soleymani H, Mohammad Soleymani S. Altered Skin Permeation of Finasteride Using Clove Oil, Urea, and Lyophilized Powder of Grape Seed Extract. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:96-103. [PMID: 36721808 PMCID: PMC9871283 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Finasteride is a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor used to treat hair loss and acne. The skin permeation of finasteride is one of the main challenges associated with dermal drug delivery. One way to overcome the skin barrier is to use penetration enhancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of some penetration enhancers on finasteride permeability on the skin, as well as the effect of pretreatment time on their efficacy. Methods: In order to determine the effect of penetration enhancers on the skin permeability of finasteride, the skin was exposed to clove oil, urea, and lyophilized powder of grape seed extract (LPGSE) at different pretreatment times (2, 4 h), and then the permeability parameters were determined by passing the drug through the skin. Results: The results of this study showed that clove oil, urea, and LPGSE increased the transfer of finasteride from the skin. The highest rate of permeation was observed with clove oil (4 h), and the least permeability was observed with urea (4 h). Conclusion: Increasing the pretreatment time with clove oil and LPGSE increases the permeability of finasteride. Meanwhile, the increase in pretreatment time with urea reduces the penetration of finasteride from the skin due to reversible effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anayatollah Salimi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Mohammad Soleymani
- Petroleum Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammad Soleymani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Saeed Mohammad Soleymani,
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Mills PC, Owens JG, Reinbold JB, McGowan M, Ellenbergner C, Woldeyohannes S, Satake N. A novel transdermal ketoprofen formulation for analgesia in cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:530-542. [PMID: 36057922 PMCID: PMC9826033 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ketoprofen is registered in many countries for injectable administration in cattle. Because it is soluble in a wide range of excipients, development of a novel transdermal (TD) ketoprofen formulation was pursued to provide a convenient and pain-free route of administration in cattle. One hundred and six excipient combinations were screened using in vitro techniques (Franz diffusion cells), with a 20%(w/v) ketoprofen formulation dissolved in a combination of 45%:45%(v/v) ethanol and isopropyl myristate (IPM) and 10%(v/v) eucalyptus oil achieving maximal penetration of ketoprofen through bovine skin. A bioavailability study was then conducted using a randomized cross-over design (n = 12), including IV, IM (both 3 mg/kg) and TD (10 mg/kg) ketoprofen formulations administered with a one-week washout period between administrations. The IV and IM formulation pharmacokinetic results were as expected. The CMAX , Tmax and AUC0-Last were significantly higher (arithmetic mean ± SD) after TD administration (20.0 ± 6.5 μg/ml, 115 ± 17 min and 3940 ± 1324 μg*min/ml, respectively), compared to IM (11.0 ± 4.0 μg/ml, 74 ± 43 min and 2376 ± 738 μg*min/ml, respectively), although there were no significant differences for T½β . However, dose corrected values CMAX and AUCinf were significantly higher for IM compared to TD. The arithmetic mean bioavailability (F) of the transdermal formulation was 50%. The plasma concentration of the TD formulation at a dose of 10 mg/kg was similar to the IM formulation at 3 mg/kg by 30 min post-dosing with an arithmetic mean ± SD of 7.97 ± 4.38 vs. 8.02 ± 3.55 μg/ml, respectively. The TD formulation was generally well tolerated by cattle, although some local irritation along the site of application was noted after 12 h of exposure during the bioavailability study. Results indicate that this novel TD formulation provides a substantial improvement in administration convenience, may improve animal welfare and end-user safety through needle-free administration, and achieves similar plasma pharmacokinetics to the IM product when administered at 10 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Mills
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGattonAustralia
| | | | | | - Michael McGowan
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGattonAustralia
| | | | | | - Nana Satake
- School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of QueenslandGattonAustralia
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Ravuri HG, Satake N, Balmanno A, Skinner J, Kempster S, Mills PC. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Novel Transdermal Ketoprofen Formulation in Healthy Dogs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030646. [PMID: 35336020 PMCID: PMC8953954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs undergo various surgical procedures such as castration, ovariohysterectomy, and other orthopedic procedures, which are known to cause inflammation and pain. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very effective analgesics for alleviating postoperative pain in veterinary medicine. Ketoprofen is currently approved in Australia and the United States for treating different painful conditions in dogs. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters of ketoprofen after intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) administration in healthy dogs. A novel transdermal ketoprofen (TDK) formulation containing 20% ketoprofen, dissolved in a combination of 45:45% isopropanol and Transcutol, along with 10% eucalyptus oil, was developed and evaluated for in vitro dermal permeation using Franz diffusion cells. A crossover study was then conducted to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of the formulation in six dogs following IV ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) and TDK (10 mg/kg) administration. A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-M/MS) method was used to measure plasma concentrations of ketoprofen over time, and a non-compartmental analysis determined the pharmacokinetic parameters. The mean terminal elimination half-life (T½ h), AUC0-t (µg·h/mL), and mean residence time (MRT, h) between IV and TDK groups were 4.69 ± 1.33 and 25.77 ± 22.15 h, 15.75 ± 7.72 and 8.13 ± 4.28 µg·h/mL, and 4.86 ± 1.81 and 41.63 ± 32.33 h, respectively. The calculated bioavailability (F%) was ~7%, with a lag time of 30 min to achieve effective plasma concentrations after the application of TDK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley Gora Ravuri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Nana Satake
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Alexandra Balmanno
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Jazmine Skinner
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Samantha Kempster
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Paul C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Slovak JE, Costa AP. A pilot study of transdermal gabapentin in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1981-1987. [PMID: 34060655 PMCID: PMC8295683 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical use of gabapentin has increased; transdermal delivery in cats is incompletely studied. Objective To evaluate if gabapentin permeates feline skin in vitro and in vivo and to determine if pain scores improve after administration. Animals In vitro: cadaver skin from 6 cats; phase 1: 8 young, healthy client‐owned cats; phase 2: 15 client‐owned geriatric cats. Methods In vitro, gabapentin applied every q12h to ear or cervical skin in diffusion cells. Samples collected at 0, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hours after application. Phase 1: Cats assigned to 1 of 4 groups: 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg applied q8h for 5 days to either ear or cervical skin. Serum samples collected predose, and after 1 and 5 days. Phase 2: 10 mg/kg applied q8h for 5 days. Two validated pain scores recorded predose, and after days 1, 5, and 8. Serum samples collected predose, and after days 1 and 5. Samples were frozen at −80°C for concentration analysis utilizing a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography mass‐spectrometry method. Results Gabapentin was identified in all samples. Significant differences in gabapentin concentrations were observed from day 1 to day 5 (P < .02) and in pain scores from predose to day 5 (P < .05) and day 1 to day 5 (P < .05). No differences in pain scores were observed from predose to day 8 (P = .3). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Gabapentin in a transdermal base penetrates feline skin in vitro, is absorbed systemically in cats, and may help decrease pain scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana P Costa
- VCA Veterinary Referral & Emergency Center of Westbury, Westbury, New York, USA
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A Novel Transdermal Ketoprofen Formulation Provides Effective Analgesia to Calves Undergoing Amputation Dehorning. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122442. [PMID: 33419294 PMCID: PMC7766652 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A transdermal formulation of ketoprofen was developed to provide effective analgesia in cattle undergoing surgical husbandry procedures. Topical administration would reduce the requirement for veterinary presence and be easy to apply to unhandled animals, improving compliance. The transdermal formulation was at least as effective as a commercially available intramuscular formulation in providing analgesia in cattle following dehorning. Efficacy was assessed using plasma cortisol concentrations, bodyweight (BW) gain and behavioural changes. Plasma ketoprofen concentrations were measured in the plasma approximately 20 min after application and peaked at 2 h, suggesting that transdermal ketoprofen had a rapid onset and would provide suitable analgesia if applied when cattle have been penned prior to the procedure being undertaken. Abstract There is a critical need to ensure that all cattle undergoing surgical husbandry procedures are provided effective pain relief. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most commonly used, and typically are administered by intramuscular (IM) injection. However, administration of NSAIDs via this route to large numbers of cattle which are handled only once or twice a year, typical of many rangeland beef production systems, presents significant occupational health and safety and mis-administration risks. To address this, a novel transdermal (TD) formulation of ketoprofen was developed, and its efficacy assessed in a study of 36 Holstein–Friesian calves which were assigned to a placebo (n = 10), a TD ketoprofen (n = 10), an IM ketoprofen (n = 10) and sham dehorned group (n = 6). TD ketoprofen significantly reduced plasma cortisol concentrations between 1 to 4 h after dehorning compared to placebo treated calves, with concentrations at 2 and 4 h being very similar to those for sham dehorned calves. The expected log count of positively associated pain variables (ear flick, tail wag, ruminating, head shake, lying down, grooming and neck extending) in the TD group was reduced by 42%, compared to placebo calves, with an overall significant (p < 0.05) treatment effect. The IM group exhibited similar responses and both TD and IM cattle had a higher BW gain at 2 and 5 (p < 0.05) weeks post-dehorning, compared to placebo. This study has shown that TD administered ketoprofen was at least as effective as IM to control pain associated with dehorning and facilitates the administration of analgesic drugs prior to the surgical husbandry procedures being performed.
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Machado M, Dantas IL, Galvão JG, Lima AD, Gonsalves JKMDC, Almeida EDP, de Araujo GRS, Leal LB, Sarmento VHV, Nunes RS, Lira AAM. Microemulsion systems to enhance the transdermal permeation of ivermectin in dogs: A preliminary in vitro study. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:31-38. [PMID: 32920349 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the influence of the phase behavior of microemulsions in the transdermal administration ("spot-on") of ivermectin, an antiparasitic drug widely used in the treatment of endoparasites and ectoparasites in dogs. In this regard, pseudoternary phase diagrams composed of water (aqueous phase), isopropyl myristate (oil phase), tween 80 (surfactant) and labrasol (cosurfactant) were obtained in a different surfactant: cosurfactant (S:CS) ratios. S:CS in 1:3 ratio presented a larger region of microemulsion formation and three microemulsions were selected from it and characterized. Subsequently, in vitro permeation and retention studies were conducted using canine skin as membrane. SAXS, rheology and conductivity data were employed to confirm the phase behavior of the microemulsions (w/o, bicontinuous or o/w). The cutaneous permeation and retention tests showed that the w/o microemulsion, followed by bicontinuous microemulsion, resulted in a higher amount of drug permeated through canine skin, suggesting better transdermal permeation. On the other hand, o/w microemulsion resulted in a higher amount of drug accumulated into the skin, suggesting better topical activity. Thus, it can be concluded that phase behavior of microemulsions influenced the drug permeation in the canine skin differently from other animal models. Microemulsions, especially w/o and bicontinuous, can be promising vehicles regarding the transdermal delivery of ivermectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Machado
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, Sao Cristovao-, SE, Brazil
| | - Isabella Lima Dantas
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, Sao Cristovao-, SE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gouveia Galvão
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, Sao Cristovao-, SE, Brazil
| | - Alyne Dantas Lima
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, Sao Cristovao-, SE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leila Bastos Leal
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento Farmacêutico e Cosmético, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50739-520, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Rogéria Souza Nunes
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, Sao Cristovao-, SE, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia Moreira Lira
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, Sao Cristovao-, SE, Brazil.
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Parhi R, Mandru A. Enhancement of skin permeability with thermal ablation techniques: concept to commercial products. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:817-841. [PMID: 32696221 PMCID: PMC7372979 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the skin is considered as a protective barrier which acts as a highly impermeable region of the human body. But in recent times, it is recognized as a specialized organ that aids in the delivery of a wide range of drug molecules into the skin (intradermal drug delivery) and across the skin into systemic circulation (transdermal drug delivery, TDD). The bioavailability of a drug administered transdermally can be improved by several penetration enhancement techniques, which are broadly classified into chemical and physical techniques. Application of mentioned techniques together with efforts of various scientific and innovative companies had made TDD a multibillion dollar market and an average of 2.6 new transdermal drugs are being approved each year. Out of various techniques, the thermal ablation techniques involving chemicals, heating elements, lasers, and radiofrequency (RF) are proved to be more effective in terms of delivering the drug across the skin by disrupting the stratum corneum (SC). The reason behind it is that the thermal ablation technique resulted in improved bioavailability, quick treatment and fast recovery of the SC, and more importantly it does not cause any damage to underlying dermis layer. This review article mainly discussed about various thermal ablation techniques with commercial products and patents in each classes, and their safety aspects. This review also briefly presented anatomy of the skin, penetration pathways across the skin, and different generations of TDD. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Parhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.
| | - Aishwarya Mandru
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Deemed to be University, Gandhi Nagar Campus, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530045, India
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Barnes Heller HL, Trepanier LA, Robertson M, Mei C. Prospective crossover clinical trial comparing transdermal with oral phenobarbital administration in epileptic cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:1181-1187. [PMID: 30688552 PMCID: PMC10814278 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18823577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare serum phenobarbital concentrations, adverse events and client satisfaction during 14 weeks of transdermal vs oral phenobarbital administration to epileptic cats. METHODS This was a prospective, fixed-order, crossover pilot study. Nine client-owned cats with presumptive or diagnosed idiopathic epilepsy were enrolled. Oral phenobarbital (PO-PB) was administered for weeks 1-14 (median starting dosage of 3.8 mg/kg [2.0-5.4 mg/kg/day] q12h); transdermal phenobarbital (TD-PB) was administered for weeks 14-28 (median starting dosage 18.8 mg/kg/day [17.6-24.0 mg/kg/day] q12h). Serum phenobarbital concentrations (S-PB) were measured at weeks 2, 14, 16 and 28. Client satisfaction questionnaires and biochemistry were evaluated at 14 and 28 weeks. RESULTS Median S-PB concentrations during oral administration were 21 µg/ml (observed range 11-40 µg/ml) at week 2 and 22 µg/ml (8-35 µg/ml) at week 14, and at the higher TD dosage were 18 µg/ml (0-42 µg/ml) at week 16 and 17 µg/ml (7-50 µg/ml) at week 28. Phenobarbital concentrations were significantly correlated with PO dosage at week 2 (r = 0.75, P = 0.03) but not at weeks 16 and 28. Significantly more dose adjustments were needed during the TD phase (P = 0.03), but 6/9 owners (67%) still preferred TD to PO administration. Adverse effects were mild and comparable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Therapeutic S-PB concentrations were achievable in some cats using TD-PB at 18 mg/kg/day q12h. Poor correlation between TD dosage and S-PB concentrations was observed and more dosage adjustments were required during TD administration. These findings necessitate close therapeutic drug monitoring if TD-PB is prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Barnes Heller
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren A Trepanier
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michelle Robertson
- UW Veterinary Care Pharmacy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chaoqun Mei
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Bauhammer I, Sacha M, Haltner E. Establishment of an in vitro model of cultured viable human, porcine and canine skin and comparison of different media supplements. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7811. [PMID: 31592353 PMCID: PMC6778665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery provides several advantages over conventional drug administration, such as the avoidance of first-pass metabolism and better patient compliance. In vitro research can abbreviate and facilitate the pharmaceutical development considerably compared to in vivo research as drug screening and clinical studies can be reduced. These advantages led to the development of corresponding skin models. Viable skin models are more useful than non-viable ones, due to the influence of skin metabolism on the results. While most in vitro studies concentrate on evaluating human-based models, the current study is designed for the investigation of both human and animal diseases. So far, there is little information available in the literature about viable animal skin cultures which are in fact intended for application in the veterinary and not the human field. Hence, the current study aims to fill the gap. For the in vitro viable skin model, specimens of human, porcine and canine skin were cultured over two weeks under serum-free conditions. To evaluate the influence of medium supplementation on skin viability, two different supplement mixtures were compared with basic medium. The skin specimens were maintained at a viability-level >50% until the end of the study. From the tested supplements, the addition of bovine pituitary extract and epidermal growth factor increased skin viability whereas hydrocortisone and insulin induced a decrease. This in vitro viable skin model may be a useful tool for the investigation of skin diseases, especially for the veterinary field.
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Kim AR, An HJ, Jang ES, Lee JD, Park SN. Preparation, Physical Characterization, and In Vitro Skin Permeation of Deformable Liposomes Loaded with Taxifolin and Taxifolin Tetraoctanoate. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Rang Kim
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Cosmetic R&D Center, Seoul National University of Science and Technology232, Gongneung‐ro, Nowon‐guSeoul 01811South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin An
- Yeomyung Biochem, Room 301, K hall, Startup Center, Chungcheong University38 Wolgot‐gil, Gangnae‐myeon, Heungdeok‐gu, Cheongju‐siChungbuk‐do 28171Korea
| | - Eun Sang Jang
- Yeomyung Biochem, Room 301, K hall, Startup Center, Chungcheong University38 Wolgot‐gil, Gangnae‐myeon, Heungdeok‐gu, Cheongju‐siChungbuk‐do 28171Korea
| | - Jae Duk Lee
- Yeomyung Biochem, Room 301, K hall, Startup Center, Chungcheong University38 Wolgot‐gil, Gangnae‐myeon, Heungdeok‐gu, Cheongju‐siChungbuk‐do 28171Korea
| | - Soo Nam Park
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Cosmetic R&D Center, Seoul National University of Science and Technology232, Gongneung‐ro, Nowon‐guSeoul 01811South Korea
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Soma LR, You Y, Robinson MA, Boston RC. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous, subcutaneous, and topical administration of lidocaine hydrochloride and metabolites 3-hydroxylidocaine, monoethylglycinexylidide, and 4-hydroxylidocaine in horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:825-837. [PMID: 30028024 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous (iv), subcutaneous (sq), and topical (tp) lidocaine was administered to six horses in a cross-over, randomized design study. Samples were collected for up to 72 hr. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of (LD) and its metabolites 3-hydroxylidocaine (3-OH), 4-hydroxylidocaine (4-OH), and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX). Metabolites 3-OH and 4-OH were present in conjugated forms, whereas LD and metabolite MEXG were present primarily in the un-conjugated form. Plasma concentrations of LD after iv administration (100 mg) were described by three-compartment model with an additional three compartments to describe the elimination of metabolites. Median (range) elimination micro-constants (Ke ) for LD, 3-OH, 4-OH, and MEXG were 4.12 (2.62-6.23), 1.25 (1.10-2.15), 1.79 (1.22-2.39), and 1.69 (1.03-1.99)/hr, respectively. Median (range) values of alpha (t½α ), beta (t½β ), and gamma (t½γ ) half-lives were 0.08 (0.07-0.13), 0.57 (0.15-1.25), and 4.11 (0.52-7.36) hr. Plasma concentrations of LD after sq (200 mg) administration were described by absorption and two-compartment elimination model. The median (range) of the LD absorption half-life (t½ab ) was 0.47 (0.29-0.61) hr. The Ke for LD, 3-OH, 4-OH, and MEXG was 3.91 (1.48-9.25), 1.00 (0.78-1.08), 1.76 (0.96-2.11), and 1.13 (0.69-1.33)/hr. The median (range) of t½α and t½β was 0.15 (0.06-0.27) and 3.04 (2.53-6.39) hr. Plasma concentrations of LD after tp (400 mg) application were described by one-compartment model with a t½ab of 8.49 (5.16-11.80) hr. The Ke for LD, 3-OH, and MEXG was 0.24 (0.10-0.81), 0.41 (0.08-0.93), and 0.38 (0.26-1.14)/hr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Soma
- School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
| | - Youwen You
- School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary A Robinson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania.,Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond C Boston
- School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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14
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Burke MJ, Soma LR, Boston RC, Rudy JA, Schaer TP. Evaluation of the analgesic and pharmacokinetic properties of transdermally administered fentanyl in goats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018; 27:539-547. [PMID: 28877414 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the analgesic properties and pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl patches (TFPs) in goats. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING Preclinical Testing Facility at a University Teaching Hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-four adult female Boer-cross goats. INTERVENTIONS Goats underwent surgery as part of a concurrent orthopedic research study. Twelve hours prior to surgery, each goat received a TFP (target dosage of 2.5 μg/kg/h), or a placebo patch with analgesia provided by buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg, IM, q 6 h). Patches were removed after 72 hours. Blood was sampled at specified intervals, up to 84 hours following TFP placement. Plasma concentrations of fentanyl (FEN) were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Postoperative pain assessments were performed by two independent blinded observers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS TFPs were applied at a mean (± standard deviation, SD) dose of 2.54 ± 0.36 μg/kg/h. No adverse events occurred. Pain scores between TFP and BUP groups were not significantly different at any time point. Mean plasma FEN concentration (± SD) 2 hours following patch application was 1.06 ± 0.85 ng/mL, and remained above 0.5 ng/mL for 40 hours. Maximum mean plasma FEN concentration (Cmax ) was 1.84 (ranging from 0.81 to 3.35) ng/mL with average time to maximum concentration (Tmax ) of 12 hours after patch application. CONCLUSIONS TFP resulted in consistent FEN absorption and plasma concentrations within the human and ovine therapeutic ranges. Pain scores for goats administered TFP were not different than those administered buprenorphine. Ease of administration, duration of analgesia, and decreased dosing frequency make TFPs an attractive option for pain management in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Burke
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348
| | - Lawrence R Soma
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348
| | - Raymond C Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348
| | - Jeffery A Rudy
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, PA 19382
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348
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15
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Soma LR, Robinson MA, You Y, Boston RC, Rudy J. Pharmacokinetics, disposition, and plasma concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the horse following topical, oral, and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:384-392. [PMID: 29333740 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. R. Soma
- School of Veterinary Medicine; New Bolton Center Campus; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
| | - M. A. Robinson
- School of Veterinary Medicine; New Bolton Center Campus; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center; West Chester University; West Chester PA USA
| | - Y. You
- School of Veterinary Medicine; New Bolton Center Campus; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center; West Chester University; West Chester PA USA
| | - R. C. Boston
- School of Veterinary Medicine; New Bolton Center Campus; University of Pennsylvania; Kennett Square PA USA
| | - J. Rudy
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology & Research Center; West Chester University; West Chester PA USA
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16
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Hill KE, Chambers JP, Jones BR, Bolwell CF, Aberdein D, Mills PC. Trans-pinnal movement of methimazole: an in vitro study showing that methimazole can cross from the inner to outer pinna of cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:1005-11. [PMID: 25600079 PMCID: PMC10816348 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14567548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine if methimazole applied in a transdermal formulation to the internal pinna will cross to the external pinna in an in vitro Franz cell model. METHODS The ears from six cats were harvested soon after death. Whole ears were mounted onto Franz-type diffusion cells with the stratum corneum of the inner pinnae uppermost. A commercial transdermal preparation containing methimazole (0.1 ml/10 mg) was applied to the inner pinnae. At 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24 and 30 h, a 200 µl sample of reservoir solution was removed to determine the methimazole concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography. The ears were then dissected, separating the internal pinna from the cartilage and the external pinna, before the methimazole concentration was measured at each site. The thickness of the different regions of the ear was measured on paraffin histology sections. RESULTS Mean ± SD methimazole concentrations at 30 h for the right and left ear, respectively, were: inner ear, 1.25 ± 0.53 mg/g, 0.39 ± 0.26 mg/g; cartilage, 1.36 ± 0.47 mg/g, 0.33 ± 0.20 mg/g; and outer ear, 1.0 ± 0.32 mg/g, 0.33 ± 0.14 mg/g. There was a difference between the left and right ears (P <0.001). Minimal methimazole concentrations were detected in the receptor fluid. The mean methimazole concentration absorbed by the skin after application of 10 mg was, for the right ear, 3.65 ± 1.27 mg/g and, for the left, 1.08 ± 0.27 mg/g. There was no correlation between methimazole concentrations and thickness of each region of the ear. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Methimazole in a lipophilic vehicle applied to the inner pinna will penetrate to the outer pinna of cats in an in vitro model, which may have safety implications for humans associated with cats treated with transdermal methimazole. Substantial inter-individual variation was found. Further research is required in the area of transdermal penetration of drugs in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Hill
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Paul Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Boyd R Jones
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte F Bolwell
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Dani Aberdein
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul C Mills
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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17
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Llewelyn VK, Berger L, Glass BD. Percutaneous absorption of chemicals: developing an understanding for the treatment of disease in frogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:109-21. [PMID: 26456710 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The permeable nature of frog skin presents an alternative route for the delivery of therapeutic chemicals to treat disease in frogs. However, although therapeutic chemicals are often topically applied to the skin of frogs, their pharmacokinetics have rarely been reported. To provide evidence to guide both candidate drug and formulation selection, we highlight factors expected to influence percutaneous absorption through frog skin, including the anatomy and physiology of the skin and the physicochemical properties of applied therapeutic chemicals. Importantly, we also highlight the effects of the formulation on percutaneous absorption, especially the inclusion of potential penetration enhancers as excipients. Finally, we collate empirical data on the topical application of various therapeutic chemicals in postmetamorphic frogs and show that, in contrast to mammalian species, even large chemicals (i.e. >500 Da) and those with a wide range of log P values (-4 through +6) are likely to be absorbed percutaneously. Topical application in frogs thus promises a convenient and effective method for delivering systemic treatments of a diverse range of chemicals; however, further experimental quantification is required to ensure optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Llewelyn
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - L Berger
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - B D Glass
- Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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18
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Enhanced epidermal localization of topically applied steroids using SPACE™ peptide. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 5:523-30. [PMID: 25939432 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The balance of efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroids (TCs) depends on their ability to penetrate into and be retained within the skin. Here, we evaluated the ability of SPACE™ peptide to enhance epidermal delivery and localization of three model TCs. In vitro and in vivo skin penetration studies were performed to evaluate penetration of TCs into and across the skin in the presence of various formulations of SPACE™ peptide. Topical formulations of corticosterone containing free SPACE™ peptide produced significantly enhanced epidermal penetration and localization. Ratio of drug deposition in the skin and receiver (efficacy/safety, indicative of ratio of local to systemic uptake) exhibited higher values for SPACE™ peptide-based formulation as compared to aqueous and hydroethanolic solutions and Cortizone™ cream. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that SPACE™ peptide associates with corticosterone, which may explain its enhanced retention effect. SPACE™ peptide also enhanced dermal retention of two more TCs (hydrocortisone and triamcinolone acetonide) compared to the vehicle control. An in vivo study in mice further established the ability of SPACE™ peptide to enhance skin retention of hydrocortisone without producing elevated blood concentrations. These results show that SPACE™ peptide is an effective additive to the formulation for enhanced skin localization of topical steroids.
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19
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Hill KE, Chambers JP, Jones BR, Bolwell CF, Aberdein D, Mills PC. Regional variations in percutaneous absorption of methimazole: an in vitro study on cat skin. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:616-8. [PMID: 25728360 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of transdermal gel medications in cats has become popular in veterinary medicine due to the ease of administration compared to oral medication. The research to support systemic absorption of drugs after transdermal gel administration and the preferred skin region to apply these drugs in cats is limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of different skin regions on the percutaneous absorption pharmacokinetics of a commercially available transdermal methimazole after a finite dose was applied to feline skin in vitro. A commercial formulation of methimazole (10 mg) was applied to four skin regions (the inner stratum corneum of the ear, groin, neck, and thorax regions) from six cats. The receptor medium was sampled up to 36 h postapplication, and methimazole concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Methimazole was absorbed more completely across the pinnal skin, compared to the groin, neck, and thorax (P < 0.001), which justifies application to the pinna to maximize efficacy and also to minimize the effects of grooming.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hill
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J P Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B R Jones
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C F Bolwell
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D Aberdein
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
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20
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Hill KE, Mills PC, Jones BR, Bolwell CF, Aberdein D, Chambers JP. Percutaneous absorption of methimazole: an in vitro study of the absorption pharmacokinetics for two different vehicles. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:581-9. [PMID: 25683868 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of transdermal medications in cats has become popular in veterinary medicine due to the ease of administration compared to oral medication. However, the research to support systemic absorption of drugs applied to the pinna after transdermal administration in cats is limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the percutaneous absorption pharmacokinetics of methimazole in a lipophilic vehicle compared to methimazole in Pluronic(®) lecithin organogel (PLO) using a finite dose applied to feline ear skin in an in vitro Franz cell model. The two formulations of methimazole (10 mg) were applied to the inner stratum corneum of six pairs of feline ears. The receptor medium was sampled up to 30 h post-administration, and methimazole concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Histological examination of all ears was undertaken as small differences in the thickness of ear skin may have contributed to inter-individual differences in methimazole absorption between six cats. Methimazole was absorbed more completely across the pinnal skin when administered in the lipophilic vehicle compared to administration in the PLO gel (P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Hill
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P C Mills
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - B R Jones
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C F Bolwell
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D Aberdein
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J P Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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21
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Boretti FS, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS, Schäfer S, Gerber B, Baumgartner C, Riond B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Reusch CE. Transdermal application of methimazole in hyperthyroid cats: a long-term follow-up study. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:453-9. [PMID: 24174499 PMCID: PMC11112176 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13509808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal methimazole is suggested as an alternative to oral therapy for hyperthyroid cats that are difficult to pill. However, no information on long-term management with this treatment is available. Our objective was therefore to retrospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of long-term transdermal methimazole treatment in hyperthyroid cats. Sixty cats with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism and available long-term follow-up information were included. Methimazole was formulated in a pluronic lecithin organogel-based vehicle and was applied to the pinna of the inner ear. Cats were re-evaluated at regular intervals. Median (range) follow-up was 22.6 months (3.6-88.4 months). Clinical improvement was observed in all cats and side effects were rare (mild transient gastrointestinal signs: n = 3; erythema of the pinna: n = 2, necessitating a switch to oral medication). Despite a significant decrease, with median T4 concentrations within the reference interval during the follow-up period, several cats repeatedly had T4 concentrations in the thyrotoxic and hypothyroid range. Maximal and minimal daily doses during the follow-up period were 15.0 and 1.0 mg, respectively; they were significantly higher than the starting dose after 24-36 months of therapy. Although the majority of owners were highly satisfied with the treatment, several admitted not treating their cat regularly. Transdermal methimazole is a safe option for the long-term management of feline hyperthyroidism. However, it seems difficult to keep the T4 concentrations constantly within the reference interval. Higher doses can be expected after prolonged treatment and, despite the convenience of transdermal application, owner compliance should be assessed regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas S Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra Schäfer
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Gerber
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Baumgartner
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Claudia E Reusch
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Emerging Trends in Noninvasive Insulin Delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS 2014; 2014:378048. [PMID: 26556194 PMCID: PMC4590826 DOI: 10.1155/2014/378048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper deals with various aspects of oral insulin delivery system. Insulin is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by the elevated glucose level (above the normal range) in the blood stream, that is, hyperglycemia. Oral route of administration of any drug is the most convenient route. Development of oral insulin is still under research. Oral insulin will cause the avoidance of pain during the injection (in subcutaneous administration), anxiety due to needle, and infections which can be developed. Different types of enzyme inhibitors, like sodium cholate, camostat, mesilate, bacitracin, leupeptin, and so forth, have been used to prevent insulin from enzymatic degradation. Subcutaneous route has been used for administration of insulin, but pain and itching at the site of administration can occur. That is why various alternative routes of insulin administration like oral route are under investigation. In this paper authors summarized advancement in insulin delivery with their formulation aspects.
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23
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Riviere JE, Brooks JD, Collard WT, Deng J, de Rose G, Mahabir SP, Merritt DA, Marchiondo AA. Prediction of formulation effects on dermal absorption of topically applied ectoparasiticides dosed in vitro on canine and porcine skin using a mixture-adjusted quantitative structure permeability relationship. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:435-44. [PMID: 24649911 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Topical application of ectoparasiticides for flea and tick control is a major focus for product development in animal health. The objective of this work was to develop a quantitative structure permeability relationship (QSPeR) model sensitive to formulation effects for predicting absorption and skin deposition of five topically applied drugs administered in six vehicle combinations to porcine and canine skin in vitro. Saturated solutions (20 μL) of (14) C-labeled demiditraz, fipronil, permethrin, imidacloprid, or sisapronil were administered in single or binary (50:50 v/v) combinations of water, ethanol, and transcutol (6 formulations, n = 4-5 replicates per treatment) nonoccluded to 0.64 cm(2) disks of dermatomed pig or dog skin mounted in flow-through diffusion cells. Perfusate flux over 24 h and skin deposition at termination were determined. Permeability (logKp), absorption, and penetration endpoints were modeled using a four-term Abrahams and Martin (hydrogen-bond donor acidity and basicity, dipolarity/polarizability, and excess molar refractivity) linear free energy QSPeR equation with a mixture factor added to compensate for formulation ingredient interactions. Goodness of fit was judged by r(2) , cross-validation coefficient, coefficients (q(2) s), and Williams Plot to visualize the applicability domain. Formulation composition was the primary determinant of permeation. Compounds generally penetrated dog skin better than porcine skin. The vast majority of permeated penetrant was deposited within the dosed skin relative to transdermal flux, an attribute for ectoparasiticides. The best QSPeR logKp model for pig skin permeation (r(2) = 0.86, q(2) s = 0.85) included log octanol/water partition coefficient as the mixture factor, while for dogs (r(2) = 0.91, q(2) s = 0.90), it was log water solubility. These studies clearly showed that the permeation of topical ectoparasiticides could be well predicted using QSPeR models that account for both the physical-chemical properties of the penetrant and formulation components.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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24
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Hill KE, Gieseg MA, Bridges J, Chambers JP. The pharmacokinetics of methimazole in a novel lipophilic formulation administered transdermally to healthy cats. N Z Vet J 2014; 62:208-13. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.875990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Mills P. Topical drug delivery and nanotechnology. Vet J 2013; 197:519-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Bayldon W, Narishetty S, De Rose G, Rothwell J, Mills PC. Effects of eight vehicles on transdermal lidocaine penetration in sheep skin in vitro. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:151-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Bayldon
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | | | | | | | - P. C. Mills
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Queensland; Gatton Qld Australia
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27
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The effects of formulation on the penetration and retention of budesonide in canine skin in vitro. Vet J 2013; 196:456-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Janssens T, Brouwers EEM, de Vos JP, de Vries N, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometric determination of platinum in excretion products of client-owned pet dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:124-32. [PMID: 23714139 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Residues of antineoplastic drugs in canine excretion products may represent exposure risks to veterinary personnel, owners of pet dogs and other animal care-takers. The aim of this study was to measure the extent and duration of platinum (Pt) excretion in pet dogs treated with carboplatin. Samples were collected before and up to 21 days after administration of carboplatin. We used validated, ultra-sensitive, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry assays to measure Pt in canine urine, faeces, saliva, sebum and cerumen. Results showed that urine is the major route of elimination of Pt in dogs. In addition, excretion occurs via faeces and saliva, with the highest amounts eliminated during the first 5 days. The amount of excreted Pt decreased over time but was still quantifiable at 21 days after administration of carboplatin. In conclusion, increased Pt levels were found in all measured excretion products up to 21 days after administration of carboplatin to pet dogs, with urine as the main route of excretion. These findings may be used to further adapt current veterinary guidelines on safe handling of antineoplastic drugs and treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Janssens
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E E M Brouwers
- Department of Pharmacy, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J P de Vos
- Veterinary Oncology Referral Centre "De Ottenhorst", Terneuzen, the Netherlands
| | - N de Vries
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J H M Schellens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Slotervaart Hospital, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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29
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Singh I, Morris AP. Performance of transdermal therapeutic systems: Effects of biological factors. Int J Pharm Investig 2012; 1:4-9. [PMID: 23071913 PMCID: PMC3465120 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.76721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) is a technique that is used to deliver a drug into the systemic circulation across the skin. This mechanism of drug delivery route has many advantages, including steady drug plasma concentrations, improved patient compliance, elimination of hepatic first pass, and degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. Over the last 30 years, many transdermal products have been launched in the market. Despite the inherent advantages of TDD and the growing list of transdermal products, one of the major drawbacks to TDD is the occurrence of inter- and intraindividual variation in the absorption of the drug across the skin. A majority of these variations are caused by biological factors, such as gender, age, ethnicity, and skin hydration and metabolism. These factors affect the integrity and the barrier qualities of the skin, which subsequently result in the variation in the amount of drug absorbed. The main objective of this review article is to provide a concise commentary on the biological factors that contribute to the variation in transdermal permeation of drugs across human skin and the available transdermal therapeutic systems that may reduce the variations caused by biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjeet Singh
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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30
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Baynes R, Riviere J, Franz T, Monteiro-Riviere N, Lehman P, Peyrou M, Toutain PL. Challenges obtaining a biowaiver for topical veterinary dosage forms. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 Suppl 1:103-14. [PMID: 22413798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a biowaiver for topical drugs used in veterinary species faces many of the same challenges associated with human topicals. However, the skin of domestic animals varies anatomically and biochemically and experimental approaches to assess bioequivalence (BE) in veterinary species have challenges that are not often encountered with human skin. This is especially the situation with locally acting drugs. The focus of this paper is to address several of the challenges associated with (i) determining the BE of these locally acting drugs and (ii) critically examine the current technological advances that can act as a surrogate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baynes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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31
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Khor KH, Campbell F, Rathbone MJ, Greer RM, Mills PC. Acceptability and compliance of atenolol tablet, compounded paste and compounded suspension prescribed to healthy cats*. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:99-106. [PMID: 22314084 PMCID: PMC10822486 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x11431521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the cats' acceptance and compliance of the owners and cats towards an extemporaneously prepared palatable compounded atenolol (paste and suspension) formulation in comparison to the commercially obtained tablet, in a randomised, cross-over study design.The three formulations were prescribed twice daily for 6 days to 13 healthy privately-owned cats of 13 different owners, with varying levels of experience in medicating cats. Daily compliance was evaluated via an owner-completed diary, completed after each dose administered. Owner's experience and preference of the formulation was evaluated via questionnaires given prior to, at the end of each treatment protocol, and upon completion of the study. Although compounded suspension was association with fewest missed doses, the majority of cat owners expressed a preference for the divided tablet. Atenolol tablets, compounded paste and suspension acceptance and compliance were comparable. Further work is now required to assess the amount and stability of the active ingredient and the robustness of the paste and suspension formulations prior to any bioavailability comparisons between the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Hua Khor
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland, Australia
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32
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Hill K, Gieseg M, Kingsbury D, Lopez-Villalobos N, Bridges J, Chambers P. The Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Lipophilic Formulation of Methimazole for the Once Daily Transdermal Treatment of Cats with Hyperthyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1357-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00799.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Hill
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North; New Zealand
| | - M.A. Gieseg
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North; New Zealand
| | - D. Kingsbury
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North; New Zealand
| | - N. Lopez-Villalobos
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North; New Zealand
| | - J. Bridges
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North; New Zealand
| | - P. Chambers
- Institute of Veterinary and Animal Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North; New Zealand
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33
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Andreeta A, Verde C, Babusci M, Muller R, Simpson MI, Landoni MF. Comparison of Diclofenac Diethylamine Permeation Across Horse Skin from Five Commercial Medical Human Formulations. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Ahlstrom LA, Cross SE, Mills PC. The effects of skin disease on the penetration kinetics of hydrocortisone through canine skin in vitro. Vet Dermatol 2011; 22:482-9. [PMID: 21535254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.00977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of allergic skin disease on the penetration kinetics of hydrocortisone through canine skin in vitro. Full-thickness lesional and nonlesional (normal) skin was removed from the dorsal lumbosacral and dorsocaudal thoracic regions, respectively, of five canine cadavers. The dogs were suspected of having flea allergy dermatitis based on their distribution and types of skin lesions. Nonlesional skin was confirmed to be histologically normal, and the histopathology of the lesional skin was consistent with allergic dermatitis. Excised skin was clipped, mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells, and the transdermal penetration of a saturated, radiolabelled hydrocortisone solution was measured over 30 h. When the penetration data for all five dogs were pooled, a restricted (or residual) maximal likelihood mixed model predicted that the permeability coefficient and pseudosteady-state flux of hydrocortisone was more than twice as great (95% confidence interval 1.55-2.71 times as great; P < 0.0001) through lesional compared with nonlesional skin. There was no significant difference in the lag time for hydrocortisone penetration through lesional compared with nonlesional skin of the dogs. This study has confirmed that the transdermal penetration of hydrocortisone may be altered, typically increased twofold, but could be as high as 10-fold, through lesional compared with nonlesional skin of dogs with suspected flea allergy dermatitis. This is likely to be affected by variables such as disease severity, concurrent infections and interindividual differences in skin characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa A Ahlstrom
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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35
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Russell-Jones G, Himes R. Water-in-oil microemulsions for effective transdermal delivery of proteins. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:537-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.559458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Ferrante M, Andreeta A, Landoni M. Effect of different penetration enhancers on diclofenac permeation across horse skin. Vet J 2010; 186:312-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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AHLSTROM LA, MASON KV, MILLS PC. Barazone decreases skin lesions and pruritus and increases quality of life in dogs with atopic dermatitis: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:573-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Baroli B. Penetration of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in the skin: Fiction or reality? J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:21-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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39
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Abstract
Delivery of biologically active agents to animals is often perceived to be the poor relation of human drug delivery. Yet this field has a long and successful history of species-specific device and formulation development, ranging from simple approaches and devices used in production animals to more sophisticated formulations and approaches for a wide range of species. While several technologies using biodegradable polymers have been successfully marketed in a range of veterinary and human products, the transfer of delivery technologies has not been similarly applied across species. This may be due to a combination of specific technical requirements for use of devices in different species, inter-species pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and physiological differences, and distinct market drivers for drug classes used in companion and food-producing animals. This chapter reviews selected commercialised and research-based parenteral and non-parenteral veterinary drug delivery technologies in selected domestic species. Emphasis is also placed on the impact of endogenous drug transporters on drug distribution characteristics in different species. In vitro models used to investigate carrier-dependent transport are reviewed. Species-specific expression of transporters in several tissues can account for inter-animal or inter-species pharmacokinetic variability, lack of predictability of drug efficacy, and potential drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Brayden
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD) and UCD Conway Institute, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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40
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Andreoni V, Giorgi M. Evaluation of Plasma Detectable Concentrations of Two Lidocaine Transdermal Formulations and Their Analgesic Effect in the Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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41
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Yamagishi N, Namioka T, Okura N, Sato S, Kim D, Furuhama K, Naito Y. Application of a reservoir-type calcitriol transdermal patch in dairy cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:845-8. [PMID: 19578302 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a reservoir-type calcitriol (5 mg/animal) transdermal patch on plasma calcitriol and calcium (Ca) concentrations in dairy cattle. A group of six heifers received three different types of patches: an encapsulated reservoir solution containing calcitriol alone (CAL), calcitriol with dodecylamine (CAL+D), or vehicle (CONT). The patches were applied to the skin of the tail for duration of 2 days at intervals of at least 3 weeks. Cattle that received CAL or CAL+D showed significant increases in plasma calcitriol and Ca concentrations on day 2 and days 2 and 3, respectively. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values for plasma calcitriol and Ca in the CAL and CAL+D groups increased significantly compared to the CONT group. The data of this study describe evidence of measurable transdermal absorption of exogenous calcitriol from a patch and its sufficient biological action to elevate plasma Ca concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Yamagishi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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42
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JAYACHANDRA BABU R, RAVIS WR, DURAN SH, SCHUMACHER J, COX E, STAHL R, JONES K, JEAN LIN YJ, PHILLIP LEE YH, PARSONS DL, PORTMAN EM, BROWN SCR. Enhancement of transdermal delivery of phenylbutazone from liposomal gel formulations through deer skin. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:388-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Ahlstrom LA, Cross SE, Morton JM, Mills PC. The effects of surface preparation on the penetration of hydrocortisone through canine skin. Vet J 2009; 180:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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44
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Baert B, Deconinck E, Van Gele M, Slodicka M, Stoppie P, Bodé S, Slegers G, Vander Heyden Y, Lambert J, Beetens J, De Spiegeleer B. Transdermal penetration behaviour of drugs: CART-clustering, QSPR and selection of model compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6943-55. [PMID: 17827020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A set of 116 structurally very diverse compounds, mainly drugs, was characterized by 1630 molecular descriptors. The biological property modelled in this study was the transdermal permeability coefficient logK(p). The main objective was to find a limited set of suitable model compounds for skin penetration studies. The classification and regression trees (CART) approach was applied and the resulting groups were discussed in terms of their role as possible model compounds and their determining descriptors. A second objective was to model transdermal penetration as a function of selected descriptors in quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) using a boosted CART (BRT) approach and multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis, where regression models were obtained by stepwise selection of the best descriptors. Evaluation of the standard statistical, as well as descriptor-number dependent, regression quality attributes yielded a maximal 10-dimensional MLR model. The CART and MLR models were subjected to an external validation with a test set of 12 compounds, not included in the original learning set of 104 compounds, to assess the predictive power of the models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Baert
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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45
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Ahlstrom LA, Cross SE, Mills PC. The effects of freezing skin on transdermal drug penetration kinetics. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007; 30:456-63. [PMID: 17803739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2007.00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of freezing canine skin on the penetration kinetics of hydrocortisone. Skin samples from three dogs were used for in vitro penetration studies commencing on the day of skin collection (fresh skin) and again after freezing at -20 degrees C for 1, 4, 8 and 12 months. When the data from the dogs was averaged, the pseudo-steady-state flux (Jss) of hydrocortisone through skin frozen for any duration was significantly (P < 0.023) greater than through fresh skin and there was a positive relationship (P < 0.007) between the length of freezing and DeltaJss. For all dogs, the lag times (tlag) calculated for hydrocortisone penetration were significantly (P < 0.029) shorter through skin that had been frozen, compared with fresh skin. However, the shapes of the permeation profiles of hydrocortisone appeared similar through the fresh and frozen dog skins and no differences were detected between the groups on histological examination. The results of this study have shown that freezing dog skin at -20 degrees C can significantly increase the transdermal penetration of hydrocortisone in vitro, and that the extent of this enhancement can increase with duration of freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ahlstrom
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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46
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Helms SR. Treatment of Feline Hypertension With Transdermal Amlodipine: A Pilot Study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2007; 43:149-56. [PMID: 17473021 DOI: 10.5326/0430149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This prospective study evaluated transdermal amlodipine for the control of hypertension in six cats. Cats were treated with oral amlodipine until blood pressures decreased to <180 mm Hg. They were maintained on this dose for 7 days and then administered identical doses of transdermal amlodipine for 7 days. Oral amlodipine decreased pressure by a median of 73 mm Hg, which subsequently increased by 20 mm Hg after 7 days of transdermal amlodipine. Plasma concentrations of amlodipine were measured after oral and transdermal dosing. Additional studies are needed to determine dosing, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy.
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47
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Villarino N, Landoni MF. Transdermal drug delivery: A new frontier in the administration of therapeutic drugs to veterinary species. Vet J 2006; 172:200-1. [PMID: 16324860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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