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Rømo G, Åkerstedt J, Nordstoga AB, Borge AJ, Wisløff H, Gjerset B, Klevar S, Valheim M, Mjømen IS, Schei-Berg E, Vatn S, Kampen AH. Investigation, management and control of a maedi outbreak in Norway in 2019-2020. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:28. [PMID: 38965632 PMCID: PMC11225221 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visna-maedi is a notifiable disease in Norway, and eliminating the disease is a national goal. The import of sheep into Norway is very limited, and strict regulations apply to the movement of small ruminants between flocks and within defined geographical regions. Several outbreaks have occurred in the last 50 years, and the most recent before 2019 occurred in Trøndelag county in Central Norway in 2002. A national surveillance programme for small ruminant lentivirus infection exists since 2003. RESULTS In 2019, the national surveillance programme detected seropositive animals for small ruminant lentivirus in a sheep flock in Trøndelag. Based on the result of polymerase chain reaction analysis and histopathological findings, the Norwegian Food Safety Authority concluded the diagnosis of maedi. Further investigations detected maedi in eight additional sheep flocks in the same county. The flocks were placed under restrictions, and the authorities also imposed restrictions on 82 contact flocks. Sequencing of partial gag genes indicated that the virus in the current outbreak was related to the small ruminant lentivirus detected in the same area between 2002 and 2005. CONCLUSIONS The outbreak investigation shows the need for sensitive and specific diagnostic methods, and an improved and more targeted surveillance strategy. It also demonstrates the risk of disease spreading between flocks through animal movements, and highlights the importance of biosecurity and structured livestock trade. In addition to allowing livestock trade only from flocks documented free from maedi, it may be necessary to monitor sheep flocks over many years, when aiming to eliminate maedi from the Norwegian sheep population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grim Rømo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås, 1433, Norway.
| | - Johan Åkerstedt
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Anne Bang Nordstoga
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Anniken Jerre Borge
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Helene Wisløff
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Britt Gjerset
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Siv Klevar
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Mette Valheim
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 1, Ås, 1433, Norway
| | - Irene Skei Mjømen
- Norwegian Food Safety Authority, Stensberggata 25/27, Oslo, 0170, Norway
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Bouzalas I, Apostolidi ED, Scalas D, Davidopoulou E, Chassalevris T, Rosati S, Colitti B. A Combined Approach for the Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Strains Circulating in the Islands and Mainland of Greece. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1119. [PMID: 38612358 PMCID: PMC11010947 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses are a group of viruses infecting goat and sheep worldwide. These viruses exhibit an extraordinary degree of genetic and antigenic variability that severely influence in vivo and in vitro features, as well as diagnostic test results. Small ruminant farming is the most important animal farming business in Greece, with a high impact on the Greek primary economy. Although SRLV infection and its impact on animal production are well established in the country, little is known about the circulating SRLV strains and their prevalence. The aim of this study was to characterize SRLVs circulating in Greece with a combined serological and molecular approach, using the bulk milk matrix collected from 60 farms in different municipalities. This study allowed us to estimate a seroprevalence of around 52% at the herd level. The B1, B2 and A3 subtypes and a novel A viral cluster were identified. Moreover, the amplicon sequencing method allowed us to identify more than one viral subtype in a sample. These results again confirm the high variability of these viruses and highlight the importance of the constant monitoring of viral evolution, in particular in antigens of diagnostic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Bouzalas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Evangelia D. Apostolidi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Daniela Scalas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | | | - Taxiarchis Chassalevris
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization—DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.B.); (E.D.A.); (T.C.)
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, L. Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (D.S.); (S.R.)
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Souza SCR, Pinheiro RR, Peixoto RM, de Sousa ALM, Andrioli A, Lima AMC, Mendes BKM, Magalhães NMDA, Amaral GP, Teixeira MFDS. In vivo evaluation of the antiretroviral activity of Melia azedarach against small ruminant lentiviruses in goat colostrum and milk. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:875-887. [PMID: 38010582 PMCID: PMC10920544 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate in vivo the use of the extract from the leaves of Melia azedarach in the ethyl acetate fraction at a concentration of 150 µg/mL as an antiretroviral treatment against small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) in goat colostrum, and milk with a 90-min action. Two groups of six kids were treated with the extract. One group received three supplies of colostrum from does naturally positive for SRLV, treated with the ethyl acetate fraction of M. azedarach (EAF-MA) for three days, while the other group consumed milk from does also carrying the virus with the respective extract twice a day for five days. After undergoing treatment, all animals began to receive thermized milk until weaning (60 days) and were monitored for six months using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and western blot (WB) tests. The study revealed cumulative percentages of positive animals in WB or nPCR in the milk group of 66.66% on the seventh day, 83.33% in the following week, and 100% at 120 days, while the colostrum group showed values of 66.66% at 14 days, 83.33% at 90 days, and 100% at 120 days. Variation and intermittency were observed in viral detection, but all animals tested positive in WB or nPCR at some point. A potential delay in infection was observed, which was more significant in the colostrum group. The need for the combination of serological and molecular tests for a more efficient detection of the disease is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Milena César Lima
- Regional Scientific Development Fellowship of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (DCR-CNPq/FUNCAP), Level C, Embrapa Goats & Sheep, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Paula Amaral
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Vale Do Acaraú State University, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil
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Olech M. The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Vet Res 2023; 67:479-502. [PMID: 38130459 PMCID: PMC10730557 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Kolbasova O, Sevskikh T, Titov I, Kolbasov D. Isolation and Identification of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus from Animals in the Republic of Mordovia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2290. [PMID: 37508067 PMCID: PMC10375997 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of virological and genetic studies of an isolate of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) virus from the republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation. The isolate was found during monitoring studies of goat blood samples for the viral genome, and the presence of antibodies to lentiviruses was detected. According to the recommendation of the OIE, the positive result of PCR was confirmed with nucleotide sequencing. It was found that the obtained nucleotide sequence is identical to the genome of small ruminant lentiviruses presented in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate "Mordovia-2018" was included in the same cluster with an isolate from the Tver region of the Russian Federation detected in 2008. The sequence of the fragment of the env-gene of the isolate from the republic of Mordovia is available in GenBank under the number MN186380.1. To isolate the virus, a fraction of peripheral blood monocyte cells from the animal's blood was added to a monolayer of lamb synovial membrane cell culture, and ten passages were carried out. The first manifestations of the cytopathic effect were observed after the third passage on the eighth day of cultivation in the form of single large cells of irregular shape with 5-7 nuclei. At the seventh passage, multiple syncytium with 7-12 nuclei were observed. At subsequent passage levels, the formation of syncytium containing more than 10-14 nuclei was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kolbasova
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street, Bldg. 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Timofey Sevskikh
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street, Bldg. 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Ilya Titov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street, Bldg. 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
| | - Denis Kolbasov
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street, Bldg. 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia
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Jacob-Ferreira J, Coelho AC, Grau Vila A, Lacasta D, Quintas H. Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection in Sheep and Goats in North Portugal: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors. Pathogens 2023; 12:829. [PMID: 37375519 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are transmitted among ovine and caprine species. This disease is a severe problem for small ruminant production, not only for animals' well-being but also for flocks' efficiency. The main aim of this research was to quantify the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for SRLV infection in the northern region of Portugal. Samples were collected from a total of 150 flocks, of which 129 (86.0%; 95% CI: 80.67%-91.33%) had at least one seropositive animal. Out of 2607 individual blood samples, 1074 (41.2%) were positive for SRLVs. Risk factors associated with SRLV infection were species (caprine), age (>2 years old), flock size (>100 animals), production system (intensive), food production system (milk), type of activity (professional), participation in livestock competitions (yes), replacement young ewe bought (yes), and natural feeding management (yes). This knowledge empowers the implementation of effective preventive measures. Overall, biosecurity measures should be promoted and implemented with the main aim of reducing viral transmission and reducing the prevalence of this disease. We recognise that government authorities should promote and audit voluntary control and eradication programs in small ruminant flocks in the region studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Jacob-Ferreira
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Grau Vila
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal, Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería, Junta de Castilla y León, 47014 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hélder Quintas
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Factors associated with small ruminant lentivirus infection in goat herds from Pernambuco state, Northeast region of Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2023; 211:105814. [PMID: 36525897 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples (n = 1532) were collected between May 2011 to April 2012 from goats from 76 herds (49 from dairy farms and 27 herds for genetic improvement) from three geographical regions from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: Zona da Mata, Agreste, and Sertão. Samples were processed using agar gel immunodiffusion test, with p28 CAEV antigen. The objective was to determine the risk factors for small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in dairy goats and goats with high genetic value. Overall, seroprevalence was 13.7% (210/1532) [95% CI: 12-15.4%] in animals and 67.1% (51/76) [95% CI: 56.5%- 77.7%] in herds. In dairy farms the seroprevalence was 73.5% (36/49) [95% CI: 61.1%- 85.8%], and in properties with animals of high genetic value it was 55.6% (15/27) [95% CI: 36.8%- 74.3%]. Robust Poisson regression analysis adjusted by the random effect of the herd showed that risk factors were: importing bucks from another Brazilian state (prevalence ratio [PR] = 4.73 [95% CI: 2.05; 10.88]), not isolating sick animals (PR = 3.27 [95% CI: 2.24; 4.76]), and participating in fairs/animal crowding (PR = 1.52 [95% CI: 1.09; 2.11]). Prevalence results show that SRLV is present in caprine herds in the state of Pernambuco and identified risk factors are strongly related to animal transit. Considering the epidemiological situation, the first step for mitigating the consequences of this disease would be controlling animal transit.
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Alamerew EA, Demis C, Asfaw T, Gemeda BA, Asres FA, Yitagesu E, Wondifra Y, Areaya A. Serological Evidence of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis in North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia: Clinical Case Analysis. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2022; 13:287-297. [PMID: 36281457 PMCID: PMC9587498 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s378605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a chronic debilitating and economically important viral disease of goats. It is mainly manifested as encephalitis in kids and polyarthritis in adult goats. The present study was conducted to determine the rate of morbidity and mortality due to clinical diseases attributed to infection by Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and to determine the serological status of CAEV in goat in North Shewa, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional serological study and a longitudinal clinical case study were conducted. A total of 257 serum samples have been collected from apparently health and clinical cases attributed to CAE infection and tested with the usage of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to screen antibodies against CAE. Records have been statistically analyzed by using the chi-square test. Results During five consecutive years of longitudinal clinical study, a total of 195 clinical diseases of chronic pneumonia, nerve problems, clinical mastitis, and arthritis occurred with prevalence of 99 (50.8%), 57 (29.2%), 27 (13.9%), and 12 (6.2%), respectively. Chronic pneumonia was the highest cause of goat morbidity (50.8%) and mortality (100.0%). Of the total samples tested from clinical cases, 7 (58.3%) were sero-positive for the presence of antibodies against CAEV. The overall seroprevalence of CAE was 4.7%. There has been a significant difference (p < 0.05) in sero-positivity among management system, breeds, and age groups of goats. However, there was no significant variation in sero-positivity between the sexes (p > 0.05) of goats. Conclusion This finding indicates that CAEV infection exists in the goat flocks in examined localities in Ethiopia. This disease poses serious animal health problems that constrain production with the presence of apparent clinical signs. Further investigations need to be done to explore the seroconversion of CAEV in small ruminants and the associated factors to plan an appropriate eradication program and prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyiew Alemnew Alamerew
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Chekol Demis
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Tadiwos Asfaw
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Biruk Alemu Gemeda
- Livestock Research Department, ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute) Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fasil Aklilu Asres
- Serology Department, NAHDIC (National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre), Sebeta, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
| | - Erdachew Yitagesu
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshitla Wondifra
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Alemnew Areaya
- Livestock Research Department, Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Centre, Debre Birhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
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Jerre A, Nordstoga AB, Dean KR, Holmøy IH. Evaluation of three commercial ELISA tests for serological detection of maedi-visna virus using Bayesian latent class analysis. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105765. [PMID: 36181748 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis is fundamental for successful surveillance and control of maedi-visna virus (MVV). MVV was detected in Norway in 2019, almost 14 years after the previous outbreak. Genetic analysis indicates persistence of the virus in the sheep population since 2005. The virus was not detected despite continuous serological surveillance. This emphasises the need for improved surveillance, which relies on an understanding of both diagnostic test performance, sampling strategy and the prevalence of the disease. This study therefore aims to evaluate three commercial ELISA tests for MVV antibodies. We conducted a retrospective study using 615 samples from six flocks diagnosed with MVV in 2019. We ran all samples with the following three tests: ID Screen® MVV/CAEV Indirect (IDvet, Grabels, France), IDEXX MVV/CAEV p28 Ab Verification Test (IDEXX Laboratories, Maine, USA) and Elitest MVV/CAEV (Hyphen Biomed, Neuville-sur-Oise, France), hereinafter referred to as ID Screen, IDEXXp28 and Elitest respectively. Without a perfect reference test, we used Bayesian latent class analysis, including conditional dependence between tests, to estimate diagnostic accuracy and true prevalence in the flocks. Using recommended cut-off values, we found that ID Screen and Elitest had significantly higher sensitivity (Se) estimates (99.3 % [97.4-100.0, 95 % Posterior Credible Interval] and 97.4 % [94.1-99.7 %], respectively) than IDEXXp28 (79.5 % [72.3-86.0 %]), while IDEXXp28 and ID Screen had significantly higher specificity (Sp) estimates than Elitest (99.7 % [99.1-100.0], 99.1 % [98.0-99.8 %] and 93.7 % [91.4-95.7 %], respectively). The estimated true prevalence in the six flocks ranged from a median of 0.8-93.5 %. Combining ID Screen and Elitest in serial interpretation showed the highest median Se and Sp (96.7 % [92.0-99.1] and 100.0 % [99.9-100.0], respectively), as well as the highest median positive predictive value (PPV) for the population with the lowest prevalence. Our study supports the use of ID Screen for screening. Further verification with Elitest in serial interpretation will enhance the PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniken Jerre
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway.
| | | | | | - Ingrid Hunter Holmøy
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Hailat NQ, Algharaibeh TB, Al-Eitan LN. Pathological, molecular, and serological study of small ruminant lentiviruses in Jordan. Vet World 2022; 15:1423-1429. [PMID: 35993078 PMCID: PMC9375225 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1423-1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Maedi-visna is a chronic viral disease of sheep with worldwide distribution causing substantial economic losses to the small ruminant industry. Pneumonia and mastitis are the main manifestations of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of maedi-visna virus (MVV) in sheep using histopathology and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques and also to estimate the seroprevalence of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) in sheep and goats using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: Lung tissue samples from 380 sheep were collected and fixed in 10% formalin for histopathology and molecular diagnosis of MVV. Separately, 806 serum samples were randomly collected from 633 sheep and 173 goats to detect the seroprevalence of SRLVs using ELISA. Results: The results showed that 4.7% of lung samples (n=190) were positive by both histopathology and nested PCR, 5.8% (n = 380) were positive by histopathology only (have lymphoid follicular hyperplasia), and 7.4% (n = 190) were positive by nested PCR only. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate agreement between the two tests (Kappa=0.451, n = 190). Serology results revealed that sheep and/or goats herd prevalence was 59.8% (n = 87), while individual seroprevalence in sheep (40.1%, n = 633) was significantly higher than that in the other six countries and also significantly higher than that in goats (18.5%, n = 173) (at p < 0.05). Conclusion: The moderate statistical agreement between nested PCR and histopathological diagnosis of MVV in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sheep lung tissue samples (Kappa=0.451, n = 190) suggests combining both tests for more sensitive MVV detection in sheep lung samples. SRLVs seropositivity in sheep was significantly higher than in goats, thus, it is of high concern and urges the inquiry into the economic impact of the disease and the financial benefit of adopting eradication measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Q. Hailat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tameem B. Algharaibeh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Laith N. Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Occurrence of CAE and CLA in Swedish Dairy Goats and Comparison of Serum and Milk as Sampling Material. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) are two infectious diseases affecting goat welfare and production throughout the world. There are no current data regarding their prevalence in Sweden, and the aim of this pilot study was therefore to estimate the occurrence in Swedish milk-producing goats, but also to assess the agreement between milk and sera as sample material for diagnosis and to investigate the association between the somatic cell count (SCC) in bulk milk and the occurrence of CAE and CLA. Serum, individual milk, and bulk-tank milk samples were collected from 214 dairy goats in 10 herds. All samples were analysed by ELISA to detect antibodies for CAE and CLA, and 14.6% of the goats were seropositive for CAE, whereas 19.3% of the goats were seropositive for CLA. The agreement between individual milk and serum samples was over 90% for both diseases and individual milk samples can therefore be considered as an alternative material for analysis in a future eradication programme. Based on the limited number of samples, there was also a significant correlation between bulk-milk test results and within-herd seroprevalence for both CAE and CLA. The SCC in bulk-milk samples was measured using a DeLaval cell counter. The medium SCC was 639,000 cells/mL and no association between SCC and CAE or CLA could be found. The results indicate that CAE and CLA are two common diseases in Swedish goat herds, but further studies based on a larger number of herds are needed to draw conclusions about the national prevalence. The results also indicate that milk can be used as a more cost-effective sampling media for diagnosing CAE and CLA compared to serology, which is the standard procedure today. Hopefully, the results can support the establishment of a successful programme to control the diseases, with the ambition to eradicate CAE and CLA in Sweden.
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Schaer J, Cvetnic Z, Sukalic T, Dörig S, Grisiger M, Iscaro C, Feliziani F, Pfeifer F, Origgi F, Zanoni RG, Abril CE. Evaluation of Serological Methods and a New Real-Time Nested PCR for Small Ruminant Lentiviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020129. [PMID: 35215072 PMCID: PMC8875174 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), i.e., CAEV and MVV, cause insidious infections with life-long persistence and a slowly progressive disease, impairing both animal welfare and productivity in affected herds. The complex diagnosis of SRLVs currently combines serological methods including whole-virus and peptide-based ELISAs and Immunoblot. To improve the current diagnostic protocol, we analyzed 290 sera of animals originating from different European countries in parallel with three commercial screening ELISAs, Immunoblot as a confirmatory assay and five SU5 peptide ELISAs for genotype differentiation. A newly developed nested real-time PCR was carried out for the detection and genotype differentiation of the virus. Using a heat-map display of the combined results, the drawbacks of the current techniques were graphically visualized and quantified. The immunoblot and the SU5-ELISAs exhibited either unsatisfactory sensitivity or insufficient reliability in the differentiation of the causative viral genotype, respectively. The new truth standard was the concordance of the results of two out of three screening ELISAs and the PCR results for serologically false negative samples along with genotype differentiation. Whole-virus antigen-based ELISA showed the highest sensitivity (92.2%) and specificity (98.9%) among the screening tests, whereas PCR exhibited a sensitivity of 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schaer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
| | - Zeljko Cvetnic
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (Z.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Tomislav Sukalic
- Regional Veterinary Department Križevci, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zakmandijeva 10, 48260 Križevci, Croatia; (Z.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Sven Dörig
- Beratungs-und Gesundheitsdienst für Kleinwiederkäuer (BGK/SSPR), 3362 Niederoenz, Switzerland;
| | | | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Folke Pfeifer
- Tierseuchenkasse/Tiergesundheitsdienst Sachsen-Anhalt, 39116 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Francesco Origgi
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Reto Giacomo Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Abril
- Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, in Cooperation with the Vetsuisse-Faculty of the University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (J.S.); (R.G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-631-2423
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13
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Olech M, Ropka-Molik K, Szmatoła T, Piórkowska K, Kuźmak J. Transcriptome Analysis for Genes Associated with Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Infection in Goats of Carpathian Breed. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102054. [PMID: 34696484 DOI: 10.3390/v13102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are economically important viral pathogens of sheep and goats. SRLV infection may interfere in the innate and adaptive immunity of the host, and genes associated with resistance or susceptibility to infection with SRLV have not been fully recognized. The presence of animals with relatively high and low proviral load suggests that some host factors are involved in the control of virus replication. To better understand the role of the genes involved in the host response to SRLV infection, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) method was used to compare whole gene expression profiles in goats carrying both a high (HPL) and low (LPL) proviral load of SRLV and uninfected animals. Data enabled the identification of 1130 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between control and LPL groups: 411 between control and HPL groups and 1434 DEGs between HPL and LPL groups. DEGs detected between the control group and groups with a proviral load were found to be significantly enriched in several gene ontology (GO) terms, including an integral component of membrane, extracellular region, response to growth factor, inflammatory and innate immune response, transmembrane signaling receptor activity, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway as well as regulation of cytokine secretion. Our results also demonstrated significant deregulation of selected pathways in response to viral infection. The presence of SRLV proviral load in blood resulted in the modification of gene expression belonging to the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the phagosome, the Ras signaling pathway, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway and rheumatoid arthritis. It is worth mentioning that the most predominant in all pathways were genes represented by toll-like receptors, tubulins, growth factors as well as interferon gamma receptors. DEGs detected between LPL and HPL groups were found to have significantly enriched regulation of signaling receptor activity, the response to toxic substances, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase complex assembly, cytokine production, vesicle, and vacuole organization. In turn, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway tool classified DEGs that enrich molecular processes such as B and T-cell receptor signaling pathways, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling pathways, TNF, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and forkhead box O (Foxo) signaling pathways, etc. Our data indicate that changes in SRLV proviral load induced altered expression of genes related to different biological processes such as immune response, inflammation, cell locomotion, and cytokine production. These findings provide significant insights into defense mechanisms against SRLV infection. Furthermore, these data can be useful to develop strategies against SRLV infection by selection of animals with reduced SRLV proviral concentration that may lead to a reduction in the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Kraków, Poland
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Rędzina 1c, 30-248 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piórkowska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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14
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Shuralev EA, Khammadov NI, Osyanin KA, Elizarova IA, Salmanova GR, Shamaev ND, Petrov SV, Whelan C, Saushkin NY, Samsonova JV, Galimzyanov IG, Efimova MA, Khaertynov KS, Faizov TK, Mukminov MN, Ivanov AV. Initial multi-target approach shows importance of improved caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus control program in Russia for hobbyist goat farms. Vet World 2021; 14:1718-1726. [PMID: 34475691 PMCID: PMC8404134 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1718-1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Several reports described the detection of specific caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) antibodies in Russian goat populations, which indicates the circulation of CAEV in Russian goat farms. The aim of this study was to use a multi-target approach to testing with both serological tests and an in-house real-time (RT) molecular test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats from three hobbyist farms in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. Materials and Methods: We applied a multi-target approach to testing with both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an in-house RT polymerase chain reaction test to investigate the prevalence of CAEV in goats. Animals from the three hobbyist farms were used in this study. The animals from two farms (n=13 for F1 and n=8 for F2) had clinical signs of arthritis and mastitis. In the third farm (n=15 for F3), all goats were home-bred and had no contact with imported animals. Results: CAEV antibodies (ELISA targets TM env and gag genes) were detected in serum samples from two farms (F1 and F2), indicating seroprevalence of 87.50-92.31%. Specific CAEV antibodies were also detected in milk samples. CAEV proviral DNA was detected in 53.85-62.50%. The results from all tests performed in the third farm (F3) were negative, indicating that all tests were 100% specific. Conclusion: The results showed that CAEV is circulating and present in small hobbyist goat farms in Russia. Serological and molecular tests could be important for programs to control and eradicate CAEV in Russia for hobbyist goat farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard A Shuralev
- Department of Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation.,Department of Epizootology and Parasitology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Nail I Khammadov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A Osyanin
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Inna A Elizarova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Gaysha R Salmanova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolai D Shamaev
- Department of Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Yana 1-1, Gifu-city, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sergei V Petrov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Clare Whelan
- Research and Development Department, Enfer Scientific, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Nikolai Yu Saushkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-11 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Jeanne V Samsonova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-11 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ilsur G Galimzyanov
- Department of Surgery, Obstetrics, and Pathology of Companion Animals, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Marina A Efimova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation.,Department of Epizootology and Parasitology, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine named after N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420029, Russian Federation
| | - Kamil S Khaertynov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Tagir Kh Faizov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Nauchniy Gorodok-2, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420075, Russian Federation
| | - Malik N Mukminov
- Department of Applied Ecology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.,Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy - Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Kazan, Tatarstan, 420012, Russian Federation
| | - Arkadiy V Ivanov
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32A Leninsky Prospect, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
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15
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Aalberts M, Peterson K, Moll L, Vellema P, van Maanen C. Evaluation of five SRLV ELISAs for fitness for purpose in sheep and goat accreditation schemes in the Netherlands. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Kalogianni AI, Stavropoulos I, Chaintoutis SC, Bossis I, Gelasakis AI. Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1711. [PMID: 34578292 PMCID: PMC8473411 DOI: 10.3390/v13091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infections lead to chronic diseases and remarkable economic losses undermining health and welfare of animals and the sustainability of farms. Early and definite diagnosis of SRLVs infections is the cornerstone for any control and eradication efforts; however, a "gold standard" test and/or diagnostic protocols with extensive applicability have yet to be developed. The main challenges preventing the development of a universally accepted diagnostic tool with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to be integrated in SRLVs control programs are the genetic variability of SRLVs associated with mutations, recombination, and cross-species transmission and the peculiarities of small ruminants' humoral immune response regarding late seroconversion, as well as intermittent and epitope-specific antibody production. The objectives of this review paper were to summarize the available serological and molecular assays for the diagnosis of SRLVs, to highlight their diagnostic performance emphasizing on advantages and drawbacks of their application, and to discuss current and future perspectives, challenges, limitations and impacts regarding the development of reliable and efficient tools for the diagnosis of SRLVs infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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17
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Yaman Y, Bay V, Aymaz R, Keleş M, Öner Y, Teferedegn EY, Ün C. A novel 2 bp deletion variant in Ovine-DRB1 gene is associated with increased Visna/maedi susceptibility in Turkish sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14435. [PMID: 34262107 PMCID: PMC8280167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visna/maedi (VM) is a multisystemic lentivirus infection of sheep that affecting sheep industry across the globe. TMEM154 gene has been identified to be a major VM-associated host gene, nevertheless, a recent study showed that the frequency of the VM-resistant TMEM154 haplotypes was very low or absent in indigenous sheep. Thus, the present study was designed to determine other possible co-receptors associated with VM. For this purpose, DRB1 gene, which is renowned for its role in host immune response against various diseases was targeted. A total number of 151 case-control matched pairs were constructed from 2266 serologically tested sheep. A broad range of DRB1 haplotype diversity was detected by sequence-based genotyping. Moreover, a novel 2 bp deletion (del) in the DRB1 intron 1 was identified. For the final statistic, the sheep carrying VM-resistant TMEM154 diplotypes were removed and a McNemar's test with a matched pairs experimental design was conducted. Consequently, it was identified for the first time that the 2 bp del variant is a genetic risk factor for VM (p value 0.002; chi-square 8.31; odds ratio 2.9; statistical power 0.90) in the dominant model. Thus, negative selection for 2 bp del variant could decrease VM infection risk in Turkish sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Yaman
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, 10200, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey.
| | - Veysel Bay
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, 10200, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
- Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Menemen, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Aymaz
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, 10200, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Murat Keleş
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Sheep Breeding and Research Institute, 10200, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Öner
- Department of Biometry and Genetics, Agricultural Faculty, Bursa Uludag University, 16000, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Eden Yitna Teferedegn
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics Directorate, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aegean University, 35000, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aegean University, 35000, İzmir, Turkey
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18
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Olech M, Ropka-Molik K, Szmatoła T, Piórkowska K, Kuźmak J. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Encoding Toll-Like Receptors 7 and 8 and Their Association with Proviral Load of SRLVs in Goats of Polish Carpathian Breed. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071908. [PMID: 34206971 PMCID: PMC8300119 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7 and 8 are important in single-stranded viral RNA recognition, so genetic variation of these genes may play a role in SRLVs infection and disease progression. Present study aimed to identify SNPs in genes encoding TLR7 and TLR8 in goats of Carpathian breed and analyze their association with the SRLVs provirus concentration as index of disease progression. A total of 14 SNPs were detected, 6 SNPs in the TLR7 gene locus and 8 SNPs in the TLR8 gene. Nine of the 14 identified polymorphisms, 4 in the TLR7 gene and 5 in TLR8 gene, were significantly associated with the SRLVs proviral concentration. These SNPs were located in 3'UTR, 5'UTR and intron sequences as well as in the coding sequences, but they led to silent changes. Homozygous genotypes of three TLR7 SNPs (synonymous variant 1:50703293, 3'UTR variant 1:50701297 and 5'UTR variant 1:50718645) were observed in goats with lower provirus copy number as well as in seronegative animals. The results obtained in this study suggest that SNPs of TLR7/TLR8 genes may induce differential innate immune response towards SRLVs affecting proviral concentration and thereby disease pathogenesis and progression. These findings support a role for genetic variations of TLR7 and TLR8 in SRLVs infection and warrants further studies on the effect of TLR7/TLR8 polymorphisms on SRLVs infection in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-8188-9300; Fax: +48-818-862-595
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (K.R.-M.); (T.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Tomasz Szmatoła
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (K.R.-M.); (T.S.); (K.P.)
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Rędzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piórkowska
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (K.R.-M.); (T.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
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19
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Bélanger-Naud S, Vasseur E. Graduate Student Literature Review: Current recommendations and scientific knowledge on dairy goat kid rearing practices in intensive production systems in Canada, the United States, and France. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7323-7333. [PMID: 33741172 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dairy goat kid rearing is the foundation of future milk production, yet little is known on this topic. References available to producers are limited, making it more difficult for dairy goat farms to reach their full production potential. This review paper aimed to identify the current recommendations on dairy goat kid rearing practices for intensive production systems and to assess whether the different recommendations were based on scientific literature. Recommendations on dairy goat kid rearing practices, from birth to weaning inclusively, were presented and compared between countries under similar intensive production systems, including Canada, the United States, and France. The different areas of rearing investigated included kidding management, colostrum management, liquid and solid feeding, health management, disbudding, housing, weaning, and growth monitoring. Gaps in the literature were identified in all areas except for disbudding. More research on the topic of goat kid raising practices would be beneficial to refine and validate current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bélanger-Naud
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - E Vasseur
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
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20
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Picotto LD, Fuentealba NA, Bertoni G, Patrucco M, Sguazza GH, Echeverria MG, Panei CJ. Argentinian small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) p55gag antigen fused to maltose binding protein to use in SRLV serological confirmatory diagnosis. Virus Res 2021; 296:198332. [PMID: 33549642 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The complete gag gene from small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) encodes for a polyprotein of 55 kDa, known as p55gag. p55gag presents multiple antigenic epitopes, which can be recognized by antibodies, increasing the opportunity to detect SRLV-positive animals. Therefore, this polyprotein is considered an excellent candidate to use in diagnostic tests to detect antibodies against SRLV. Different studies have suggested that the selection of the recombinant antigen, which must be representative of the virus strains circulating in the test population, is crucial to avoid false negative results. Thus, the use of proteins from different viral strains isolated from goats or sheep of a given region or country may be a useful strategy to increase the ability to detect SRLV-infected animals. In the present study, the pMAL-p5X vector was used to express and purify p55gag (now called rp55gag for recombinant polyprotein 55 gag). The cloned gene was inserted downstream from the malE gene of Escherichia coli, which encodes a maltose-binding protein (MBP), resulting in the expression of an MBP fusion protein. The complete gag gene was amplified by RT-PCR. Finally, after digestion, the product was cloned into the pMAL-p5X vector and used to transform E. coli ER2325 cells. After the purification of MBP-rp55gag by affinity chromatography, the eluted fraction was observed by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot (WB). The WB was carried out with 85 serum samples from small ruminants previously analysed and compared by two commercial ELISAs. The results show that 76 of the serum samples were concordant with those by both ELISAs. Regarding the other nine serum samples, which showed discordant results between both ELISAs, were positive by WB. The results thus show that the rp55gag could be considered as an antigen in a confirmatory diagnostic assay to detect SRLV by WB. For this purpose, a future study with a high number of sera to determine the test specificity and sensitivity, using the p55gag of the circulating strain in Argentina will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Daniel Picotto
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60&118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Nadia Analía Fuentealba
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60&118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marianela Patrucco
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60&118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Hernán Sguazza
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60&118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Echeverria
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60&118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Carlos Javier Panei
- Virology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, 60&118, CC 296, 1900, La Plata, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.
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Pazzola M, Puggioni G, Ponti MN, Scivoli R, Dettori ML, Cecchinato A, Vacca GM. Test positivity for Maedi-Visna virus and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in Sarda ewes: Effects on milk composition and coagulation traits and heritability estimates for susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:9213-9223. [PMID: 32828507 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) and Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) are two pathogens that cause chronic, production-limiting diseases in dairy sheep. Although they are present worldwide, there are no detailed reports on their actual effects on milk traits in the literature. This study was designed to investigate the effects of test positivity to MVV and MAP on ovine milk yield, composition and coagulation properties, and curd-firming over time (CFt) variables in clinically healthy animals at the field level. The additive genetic variation and heritabilities of MVV and MAP positivity were also estimated. Milk samples were collected from 1,079 Sarda sheep kept on 23 farms, and pedigree information was obtained from the flock book. Milk yield was also recorded on the sampling date. Positivity for MVV and MAP was determined from milk samples using indirect ELISA test kits. Milk composition traits were measured by spectroscopy, milk coagulation properties were measured with a Formagraph (Foss Italia, Padua, Italy), and CFt traits were calculated using the data from the Formagraph diagram. The effects of MVV and MAP positivity on milk traits were determined through a set of mixed linear models, which took into account various sources of variation, such as days in milk, parity, and flock effects, and included the effects (positive or negative) of the 2 pathogens. A Bayesian threshold sire model with sire relationship was used to estimate genetic variation and heritability. The overall animal prevalence of MVV-positive ewes was 43.6%; on only 1 farm of the 23 tested were all sampled ewes negative. An overall animal prevalence of 10.6% was recorded for MAP, with 4 farms at 0%. Positivity for MVV significantly affected the logarithmic score of the bacterial count, curd firmness after 30 min and 45 min, and the curd-firming instant rate constant. We found significant effects of MAP infection on milk composition, pH, and rennet coagulation time. The mean of the posterior distributions of heritability estimates on the liability scale was 0.15 for MAP and 0.07 for MVV. Our results demonstrate that only a few traits are negatively affected by MVV and MAP positivity, and that there is exploitable genetic variation in MVV and MAP susceptibility in dairy sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria N Ponti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi," Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria L Dettori
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessio Cecchinato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Vacca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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de Pablo-Maiso L, Echeverría I, Rius-Rocabert S, Luján L, Garcin D, de Andrés D, Nistal-Villán E, Reina R. Sendai Virus, a Strong Inducer of Anti-Lentiviral State in Ovine Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020206. [PMID: 32365702 PMCID: PMC7349755 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widely spread in the ovine and caprine populations, causing an incurable disease affecting animal health and production. Vaccine development is hindered owing to the high genetic heterogeneity of lentiviruses and the selection of T-cell and antibody escape mutants, requiring antigen delivery optimization. Sendai virus (SeV) is a respiratory paramyxovirus in mice that has been recognized as a potent inducer of innate immune responses in several species, including mouse and human. The aim of this study was to stimulate an innate antiviral response in ovine cells and evaluate the potential inhibitory effect upon small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections. Ovine alveolar macrophages (AMs), blood-derived macrophages (BDMs), and skin fibroblasts (OSFs) were stimulated through infection with SeV encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). SeV efficiently infected ovine cells, inducing an antiviral state in AM from SRLV naturally-infected animals, as well as in in vitro SRLV-infected BDM and OSF from non-infected animals. Supernatants from SeV-infected AM induced an antiviral state when transferred to fresh cells challenged with SRLV. Similar to SRLV, infectivity of an HIV-1-GFP lentiviral vector was also restricted in ovine cells infected with SeV. In myeloid cells, an M1-like proinflammatory polarization was observed together with an APOBEC3Z1 induction, among other lentiviral restriction factors. Our observations may boost new approximations in ameliorating the SRLV burden by stimulation of the innate immune response using SeV-based vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (E.N.-V.)
- CEMBIO (Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villán
- Microbiology Section, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (E.N.-V.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Schultz EB, Santana TEZ, Silva FF, Garcia AO, Oliveira HR, Rodrigues MT, Brito LF. Short communication: Genetic parameter estimates for caprine arthritis encephalitis in dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6407-6411. [PMID: 32331882 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a chronic disease caused by a retrovirus from the Lentivirus genus. No effective vaccines or treatments exist, and therefore genetic selection for CAE resistance might be a feasible alternative. To our best knowledge, no other studies have investigated the genetic architecture of CAE resistance in dairy goats. In this context, this study was designed to estimate genetic parameters for CAE infection in Alpine and Saanen goats using a Bayesian threshold model. A total of 542 adult goats (and >3-generation pedigree), which were group-housed in a population with high CAE prevalence, were tested based on a serological infection assessment test (negative = 1 or positive = 2) and used for this study. Genetic parameters were estimated using the BLUPF90 family programs. There was considerable genetic variability for CAE resistance, and pedigree-based heritability was significantly different from zero (0.026 < heritability < 0.128). Our findings indicate that the prevalence of CAE in goat herds can be reduced or eliminated through direct genetic selection for CAE resistance in addition to proper management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Schultz
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - T E Z Santana
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - F F Silva
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - A O Garcia
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - H R Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M T Rodrigues
- Departament of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - L F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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Kalogianni AI, Bossis I, Ekateriniadou LV, Gelasakis AI. Etiology, Epizootiology and Control of Maedi-Visna in Dairy Sheep: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E616. [PMID: 32260101 PMCID: PMC7222820 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna (MV) in sheep is caused by maedi-visna virus (MVV), a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) that causes chronic infection and inflammatory lesions in infected animals. Pneumonia and mastitis are its predominant clinical manifestations, and the tissues infected by MVV are mainly the lungs, the mammary gland, the nervous system and the joints. MV has a worldwide distribution with distinct MVV transmission patterns depending on circulating strains and regionally applied control/eradication schemes. Nevertheless, the prevalence rate of MV universally increases. Currently, gaps in understanding the epizootiology of MV, the continuous mutation of existing and the emergence of new small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) strains, lack of an effective detection protocol and the inefficiency of currently applied preventive measures render elimination of MV an unrealistic target. Therefore, modifications on the existing MV surveillance and control schemes on an evidentiary basis are necessary. Updated control schemes require the development of diagnostic protocols for the early and definitive diagnosis of MVV infections. The objectives of this review are to summarize the current knowledge in the epizootiology and control of MV in dairy sheep, to describe the research framework and to cover existing gaps in understanding future challenges regarding MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios I Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 str., 11855 Athens, Greece
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Molaee V, Bazzucchi M, De Mia GM, Otarod V, Abdollahi D, Rosati S, Lühken G. Phylogenetic analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in Germany and Iran suggests their expansion with domestic sheep. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2243. [PMID: 32042070 PMCID: PMC7010740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are found in sheep in Germany and Iran. SRLVs have been classified into four genotypes: A-C and E. Genotype A has been subdivided into 20 subtypes. Previous studies suggested that, first, the ancestors of genotype A are those SRLVs found in Turkey, second, the evolution of SRLVs is related to the domestication process, and, third, SRLV infection was first observed in sheep in Iceland and the source of that infection was a flock imported from Germany. This study generated, for the first time, partial SRLV sequence data from German and Iranian sheep, enhancing our knowledge of the genetic and evolutionary relationships of SRLVs, and their associations with the domestication process. Based on 54 SRLV sequences from German and Iranian sheep, our results reveal: (1) SRLV subtypes A4, A5, A11, A16 and A21 (new) are found in German sheep and A22 (new) in Iranian sheep. (2) Genotype A has potentially an additional ancestor (A22), found in Iran, Lebanon and Jordan. (3) Subtype A22 is likely an old version of SRLVs. (4) The transmission routes of some SRLVs are compatible with domestication pathways. (5) This study found no evidence of Icelandic subtype A1 in German sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Molaee
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen (JLU), Ludwigstraße 21, 35390, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Moira Bazzucchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vahid Otarod
- Quarantine and Biosafety Directorate General, Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Seyed Jamaledin Asad Abadi Street, 6349, Tehran, Iran
| | - Darab Abdollahi
- Bureau of Animal Health and Disease Management, Iran Veterinary Organization (IVO), Vali Asr Avenue, Seyed Jamaledin Asad Abadi Street, 6349, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin (UNITO), Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Gesine Lühken
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen (JLU), Ludwigstraße 21, 35390, Gießen, Germany
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Milk production losses in Latxa dairy sheep associated with small ruminant lentivirus infection. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104886. [PMID: 31986356 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Visna/Maedi is a disease of sheep caused by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection that is widespread throughout the world and that has been recognized to be present in the Basque Country (Spain) since the early 1980's. Nearly seven decades of studies have improved the knowledge on its clinical signs and epidemiology. However, its slow progressive nature, subclinical most of the time, makes difficult to assess its real impact on productive traits, a question of critical importance to balance out the economic costs it causes and the benefits of designing and deploying an eradication program. Development of a dairy breeding program since the 90 s in the local Latxa sheep population has provided data on milk productivity in several flocks where SRLV infection prevalence has been continuously monitored. This study analyses retrospectively the association between SRLV prevalence and production variables during ten yearly lactations in three Latxa dairy flocks with medium-high SRLV seroprevalence. Our results indicate that average standard lactation of seropositive sheep was 6.7 % lower than controls. The largest differences (p < 0.001) were observed at the ewe lifetime peak of production between second and fourth lactations. Lifelong milk and lamb production data indicated even a higher impact, with costs rising up to nearly 50 €/ewe/year. This substantial production decrease associated with subclinical SRLV infection in Latxa dairy sheep supports the benefit of establishing a SRLV control program. A rough cost-benefit analysis indicated that even in a medium-yielding breed, testing expenses would be largely covered by milk production improvement.
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Adjadj NR, Vicca J, Michiels R, De Regge N. (Non-)Sense of Milk Testing in Small Ruminant Lentivirus Control Programs in Goats. Comparative Analysis of Antibody Detection and Molecular Diagnosis in Blood and Milk. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010003. [PMID: 31861451 PMCID: PMC7019267 DOI: 10.3390/v12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) control programs are mainly based on diagnostic tests performed on blood samples collected from sheep and goats. Since blood sampling is costly and stressful for the animals, we evaluated whether milk could be used as an inexpensive and easily collectable matrix for SRLV detection. We therefore compared SRLV detection via two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in blood and corresponding milk samples from 321 goats originating from eight different SRLV-infected farms in Flanders (Belgium). The IDscreen® ELISA had a better relative sensitivity (97% vs 93%) and specificity (100% and 97%) than the Elitest® ELISA for SRLV-specific antibody detection in milk compared to serum. The higher sensitivity correlates with a 10-fold higher analytical sensitivity of the IDscreen® test. In contrast to the overall good ELISA results, qPCR on milk cell pellets lacked sensitivity (81%) and specificity (88%), compared to molecular detection in blood leucocyte pellets. Our results show that serology is more suitable than qPCR for SRLV diagnosis, and that milk may represent an interesting matrix for a preliminary evaluation of a herd’s infection status. Serum remains however the sample of choice for control programs where it is important to identify positive animals with the highest sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjah Radia Adjadj
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-379-05-61
| | - Jo Vicca
- Odisee vzw, University College KULeuven, Campus Sint-Niklaas, Hospitaalstraat 23, 9100 Sint-Niklaas, Belgium;
| | - Rodolphe Michiels
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Nick De Regge
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (R.M.); (N.D.R.)
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Lentivirus Susceptibility in Iranian and German Sheep Assessed by Determination of TMEM154 E35K. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090685. [PMID: 31540148 PMCID: PMC6770270 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There are no data on the effect of the transmembrane protein 154 (TMEM154) E35K variants on susceptibility to small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infection in Iranian sheep breeds, and only limited data for German sheep flocks. This study aimed at investigating the association of TMEM154 variants and SRLV infection status in Iranian and German sheep flocks and breeds. Three out of the four analyzed sheep flocks/breeds showed a significant association between TMEM154 variants and SRLV prevalence. A complementary analysis was carried out based on regression analysis to test the relationship between frequency of the TMEM154 E allele and SRLV prevalence in different flocks/breeds. Results showed that the TMEM154 E allele frequencies could be useful for predicting genetic susceptibility to SRLV infection in a sheep flock or breed. Finally, the genetic susceptibility of different Iranian and German sheep breeds was compared based on the frequency of the TMEM154 E allele. Abstract Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) cause maedi-visna disease in sheep and are prevalent in Iran and Germany. The association of the transmembrane protein 154 (TMEM154) variants with SRLV infection has been previously identified by a genome-wide association (GWAS) approach and subsequent analyses, and validated in some US, German, and Turkish sheep flocks. We aimed at evaluating these findings for the first time in Iranian, and in some more German sheep flocks/breeds. Also, we aimed at comparing the SRLV susceptibility in Iranian and German sheep based on the frequency of the TMEM154 E35 allele. About 800 blood samples were collected from 21 Iranian and German sheep flocks/breeds for different purposes: (1) The association of TMEM154 E35K with SRLV infection status was tested in four sheep breeds and found to be significant in Kermani, Merinoland, and Brown Hair. (2) The usefulness of the TMEM154 E35 frequency for predicting SRLV susceptibility was evaluated by regression analysis, combining data from this study and some already published data. Results showed a significant association between E35 frequency and SRLV prevalence. (3) SRLV susceptibility was compared based on E35 frequency in Iranian and German sheep. Altogether, findings of this study provide valuable information on SRLV susceptibility, using TMEM154 E35, in Iranian and German sheep.
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Colussi S, Desiato R, Beltramo C, Peletto S, Modesto P, Maniaci MG, Campia V, Quasso A, Rosati S, Bertolotti L, Ru G, Acutis PL. A single nucleotide variant in the promoter region of the CCR5 gene increases susceptibility to arthritis encephalitis virus in goats. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:230. [PMID: 31277645 PMCID: PMC6612200 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are a heterogeneous group of viruses that includes caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV). SRLVs affect the production and welfare of sheep and goats worldwide. There is currently no effective treatment. Their high mutation rate precludes vaccine development, making innovative control measures necessary. A variant of the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) gene is reportedly involved in resistance to human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection in humans and to SRLV in sheep. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic structure and variability of the CCR5 gene in goats and to carry out a cross-sectional study to investigate the role of CCR5 genetic variants in controlling susceptibility/resistance to CAEV. Results The variant g.1059 T located in the promoter region revealed an interesting association with high proviral loads (a 2.8-fold increased risk). A possible explanation could be an alteration of the transcriptional level. Overexpression of the CCR5 receptor on the cell surface may increase virus internalization and proviral load as a consequence. Conclusions Our findings could be advantageously used to reduce the susceptibility of goat herds to CAEV by negatively selecting animals carrying the g.1059 T mutation. Eliminating animals predisposed to high proviral loads could also limit the development of clinical signs and the spread of the virus, since these animals are also highly efficient in shedding the virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1979-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colussi
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Desiato
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BEAR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta - Via Bologna 220, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Beltramo
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Modesto
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Maniaci
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Campia
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Quasso
- Department of Prevention ASL AT, Veterinary Services - Animal Health Unit, Via Conte Verde 125, 14100, Asti, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BEAR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta - Via Bologna 220, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiochemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
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Nogarol C, Bertolotti L, Klevar S, Profiti M, Gjerset B, Rosati S. Serological characterization of small ruminant lentiviruses: A complete tool for serotyping lentivirus infection in goat. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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An effective management strategy for the control of two lentiviruses in goat breedings. J Theor Biol 2019; 469:96-106. [PMID: 30817924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis is an endemic disease in goat breedings, caused by viral strains belonging to the Small Ruminant Lentivirus group and characterized by a progressive chronic course. Its clinical signs are not immediately recognizable and can only be detected via costly serological tests. No vaccine is available. Two main strategies for fighting it are in common use. The "test-and-slaughter" approach, that selects infected goats and directly slaughters them, is expensive, time consuming and often leads to endemic low level persistence of the infection. Alternatively, newborns are removed from their mothers to be raised by healthy goats. After weaning they would rejoin their breeds, but then they could still be subject to horizontal contagion. In this study a mathematical model that considers the cocirculation of two different SRLV viral genotypes (B and E) is devised and analyzed, based on the key assumption of perfect cross-protection between the two genotypes' infections. Two strategic measures arise from its analysis, that are strongly recommended and whose implementation is encouraged: in the presence of both genotypes, the farmer should not isolate the newborns from their mothers but rather raise them with all the other animals. In the case of genotype-B-only affected farm, serological testing and mother-offspring separation should still be considered the best strategy for CAEV control. These strategies completely reverse the current removal policy and, in due conditions, would lead to disease eradication. These represent very reasonable and cheap measures for the eventual control of the epidemics.
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Zobel G, Neave HW, Webster J. Understanding natural behavior to improve dairy goat ( Capra hircus) management systems. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:212-224. [PMID: 32704793 PMCID: PMC7200440 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Public interest is stimulating farming industries to improve animal welfare in production systems. Indoor housing of ruminants has received scrutiny because of perceived intensiveness and lack of naturalness. Animal welfare has traditionally focused on health benefits (e.g., bedding management and reducing disease) and reducing negative experiences (e.g., painful husbandry practices). Recent attention to animals having "a life worth living" extends expectations to provide increased care and opportunities for positive experiences and natural behaviors. Although not all natural behaviors necessarily contribute to improved welfare, we present evidence for why many are important, and for how they can be promoted in commercial systems. Worldwide, commercial dairy goats (Capra hircus) are frequently housed in large open barns with space to move and soft bedding for lying; however, this is not sufficient to promote the range of natural behaviors of goats, which in turn suggests that commercial housing could be improved. The basis for this thinking is from the range of behaviors expressed by the Capra genus. Collectively, these species have evolved cognitive and behavioral strategies to cope with harsh and changing environments, as well as variable and limited vegetation. The rocky and often steep terrain that goats inhabit allows for predator avoidance and access to shelter, so it is not surprising that domesticated goats also seek out elevation and hiding spaces; indeed, their hoof structure is designed for the movement and grip in such rugged environments. The browsing techniques and flexibility in diet selection of wild, feral and extensively managed goats, appears to be equally important to housed goats, highlighting the need for more complexity in how and what goats are fed. Goats naturally live in small, dynamic groups, governed by complex social structures in which horns play a strong role. Commercial housing systems should consider the benefits of more natural-sized social groups and revisit the rationale behind horn removal. We suggest that cognitive stimulation is a potential welfare improvement for goats in commercial settings. Goat cognitive abilities, which enabled success in complex and variable social and physical environments, are unchallenged in uniform environments, potentially leading to negative affective states. We make suggestions for housing improvements that could be readily adopted into current systems without compromising production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosia Zobel
- Animal Welfare Team, AgResearch Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Heather W Neave
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jim Webster
- Animal Welfare Team, AgResearch Limited, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Michiels R, Van Mael E, Quinet C, Adjadj NR, Cay AB, De Regge N. Comparative Analysis of Different Serological and Molecular Tests for the Detection of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) in Belgian Sheep and Goats. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120696. [PMID: 30544780 PMCID: PMC6316478 DOI: 10.3390/v10120696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Countries rely on good diagnostic tests and appropriate testing schemes to fight against economically important small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections. We undertook an extensive comparative analysis of seven commercially available serological tests and one in-house real-time PCR (qPCR) detecting genotype A and B strains using a large panel of representative Belgian field samples and samples from experimentally infected sheep and goats. ELISAs generally performed well and detected seroconversion within three weeks post experimental infection. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (Elitest and IDscreen® kits) showed the highest sensitivities (>96%) and specificities (>95%) in both species, and their combined use allowed to correctly identify the infection status of all animals. Individual agar gel immunodiffusion (AGIDs) kits lacked sensitivity, but interestingly, the combined use of both kits had a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. qPCRs detected SRLV infection before seroconversion at two weeks post infection and showed a specificity of 100%. Sensitivity however remained suboptimal at 85%. These results allow to propose a faster and cheaper diagnostic testing strategy for Belgium by combining a first ELISA screening, followed by confirmation of positive samples in AGID and/or a second ELISA. Since genotypes A and B strains are predominant in many countries, these results are interesting for other countries implementing SRLV control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Michiels
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eva Van Mael
- Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen (DGZ), Industrielaan 29, 8820 Torhout, Belgium.
| | - Christian Quinet
- Association Régionale de Santé et d'Identification Animales (ARSIA), Allée des Artisans 2, 5590 Ciney, Belgium.
| | - Nadjah Radia Adjadj
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nick De Regge
- Unit of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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Cirone F, Maggiolino A, Cirilli M, Sposato A, De Palo P, Ciappetta G, Pratelli A. Small ruminant lentiviruses in goats in southern Italy: Serological evidence, risk factors and implementation of control programs. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:143-146. [PMID: 30593360 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) can drastically affect milk production in goat flocks and only an early detection can control and prevent their spread. Since SRLVs are responsible for persistent infections, antibody screening is the most valuable tool to identify infected animals. ELISA is recommended as the election test both for its sensitivity and for its ability to detect low antibody titers, thus identifying infected animals earlier than agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID). In the present study, an investigation was conducted to assess the SRLV seroprevalence in goat flocks in southern Italy and a transversal comparative study was carried out through the analysis of the possible risk factors influencing SRLV spread. A total of 4800 sera from 1060 flocks were analyzed and overall seroprevalences of 18,64% and 51,69% at animal and herd levels, respectively, were observed. Both the region and the herd production systems were able to affect seroprevalence, differently from the herd size, probably because the mean number of goats per herd is low and the semi-intensive management is similar regardless of the dimensional class of each herd. In particular, meat producing herds showed the higher seroprevalence, as a result of the poor sanitation and low animal monitoring in comparison to milk producing herds, where animals are managed twice daily and the relationship between dams and kids is checked to guarantee an adequate quantitative/qualitative milk yield. In the absence of vaccines or effective treatments, health preventive management and seroepidemiological investigations are the only successful approach to restrict SRLV spread as observed in countries were official/voluntary control programs are carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cirone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine- University of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km3, 70010 Valenzano, Ba, Italy
| | - Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine- University of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km3, 70010 Valenzano, Ba, Italy
| | - Margie Cirilli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine- University of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km3, 70010 Valenzano, Ba, Italy
| | - Alessio Sposato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine- University of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km3, 70010 Valenzano, Ba, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine- University of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km3, 70010 Valenzano, Ba, Italy
| | - Giacinto Ciappetta
- ASP CS Distretto Jonio Nord, Via G. Leopardi 2, 87075, Trebisacce, Cs, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine- University of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km3, 70010 Valenzano, Ba, Italy.
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Ameen PM, Karapınar Z. Seroprevalence of Visna-Maedi Virus (VMV) and Border Disease Virus (BDV) in Van province and around. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study investigated the seroprevalance of Visna Maedi Virus (VMV) and Border Disease Virus (BDV) infections in sheeps in regions in and around Van province, Turkey. Sample materials were taken from 360 sheep sent to slaughterhouses around Van. All serum samples were examined using ELISA for antibodies for Visna Maedi (VMV) and Border Disease (BDV) viruses. Of these, 38 (10.5%) tested positive for Visna Maedi virus antibodies and 163 (45.2%) for Border Disease virus antibodies. Varying numbers of samples were positive for both virus antibodies across the towns of Erciş, Çaldıran, Erçek and Başkale in Van, Ağrı and Hakkari provinces. Both infections should be eliminated by informing veterinarians and animal owners, identifying and eliminating persistently infected animals from flocks, and conducting appropriate eradication measures. Economic support should be provided for this.
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Molaee V, Eltanany M, Lühken G. First survey on association of TMEM154 and CCR5 variants with serological maedi-visna status of sheep in German flocks. Vet Res 2018; 49:36. [PMID: 29673399 PMCID: PMC5909245 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Maedi-visna, a disease caused by small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), is present in sheep from many countries, also including Germany. An amino acid substitution (E/K) at position 35 of the transmembrane protein 154 (TMEM154) as well as a deletion in the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 5 gene (CCR5) were reported to be associated with the serological MV status and/or the SRLV provirus concentration in North American sheep populations. The aim of this study was to test if those two gene variants might be useful markers for MV susceptibility in Germany. For this purpose, more than 500 sheep from 17 serologically MV positive German sheep flocks with different breed backgrounds were genotyped applying PCR-based methods. Both, crosstab and non-parametric analyses showed significant associations of the amino acid substitution at position 35 of TMEM154 with the serological MV status (cut-off-based classification) and the median MV ELISA S/P value in all samples and in two of the four analyzed breed subsets. The deletion in the CCR5 promoter did not show a consistent association with serological MV status or median ELISA S/P value. It can be concluded that the amino acid substitution at position 35 of TMEM154 is a promising marker for breeding towards a lower number of serologically MV positive sheep in German flocks, at least in flocks of the Texel breed, while this remains questionable for the deletion in the CCR5 promoter. The findings of this study still need to be verified in additional sheep breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Molaee
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marwa Eltanany
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gesine Lühken
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Ludwigstrasse 21, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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Azevedo DAAD, Santos VWSD, Sousa ALMD, Peixoto RM, Pinheiro RR, Andrioli A, Teixeira MFDS. Small ruminant lentiviruses: economic and productive losses, consequences of the disease. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000552016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and Maedi-Visna virus cause diseases that result in significant productive losses, mostly in dairy animals. These viruses belong to the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus, and constitute a heterogeneous group, which may generate implications for the diagnosis and control of small ruminant lentiviruses. Losses caused by them are associated with reproductive failure, short productive life, and decreased milk production by the infected animals. In addition, these viruses may reduce milk quality, affecting the production of dairy products such as cheese. Small ruminant lentiviruses lead to indirect losses, decreasing herd value and forcing the development of epidemiological trade barriers for animal germplasm. Control of small ruminant lentiviruses is important to promote optimal milk production and to reduce costs with medicine and technical assistance. This control may vary in caprine and ovine populations of each country, according to seroprevalence, variety of breeds, and peculiarities of the practiced management.
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Michiels R, Van Mael E, Quinet C, Welby S, Cay AB, De Regge N. Seroprevalence and risk factors related to small ruminant lentivirus infections in Belgian sheep and goats. Prev Vet Med 2017; 151:13-20. [PMID: 29496101 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) are two prototype members of the group of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs). Both result in progressive and persistent infections of sheep and goats that impact animal health and cause economic losses. In Belgium, the sheep and goat sector is small and consists mostly of hobbyist farmers keeping few animals. A voluntary control program however exists, but less than 2% of the farmers participate to the program. The current lack of SRLV seroprevalence data and knowledge on risk factors related to SRLV seropositivity in this hobbyist sector makes it difficult to evaluate the risk of SRLV transmission from non-certified to SRLV free certified farms. We performed a nationwide SRLV seroprevalence study based on a stratified sampling proportional to the number of sheep and goat holders per province. Randomly selected sheep and goat owners were invited to participate and subject to a short questionnaire to collect information about flock size, animal health condition, age, flock constitution and housing conditions. Samples were collected from maximum 7 animals per farm and tested in a commercial ELISA. In total, we received samples from 87 sheep and 76 goat farms. Sheep flocks showed an overall seroprevalence of 9% (CI 95%: 5-15) and a between-herd seroprevalence of 17% (CI 95%:11-27). Seroprevalence at animal level in goat flocks was 6% (CI 95%: 3-12) and the between-herd seroprevalence was 13% (CI 95%: 7-23). Multiple sheep and goat breeds were found SRLV seropositive. Answers provided during the questionnaire confirmed the mostly hobbyist nature of the sector and showed that more than 65% of sheep and goat farmers had never heard of the disease. The only risk factor found to be related to SRLV seroprevalence was flock size. Herds of more than 10 goats had significantly higher chance to harbor seropositive animals (OR: 4.36; CI: 1.07; 17.73). In conclusion, it was shown that participants to the SRLV free certification program are at risk for reintroduction of the disease in their herds since SRLVs are present on about 15%-20% of non-certified farms. Except from flock size, no clear risk factors were found that are helpfull to identify flocks at risk. Greater effort should be made to inform sheep and goat farmers about the existence and consequences of this disease in order to promote the voluntary control program and further reduce the disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Van Mael
- Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen (DGZ), Torhout, Belgium
| | - Christian Quinet
- Association Regionale de Sante et d'Identification Animales (ARSIA), Ciney, Belgium
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Tavella A, Bettini A, Ceol M, Zambotto P, Stifter E, Kusstatscher N, Lombardi R, Nardeli S, Beato MS, Capello K, Bertoni G. Achievements of an eradication programme against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in South Tyrol, Italy. Vet Rec 2017; 182:51. [PMID: 29109181 PMCID: PMC5806589 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus infections in goats affect both production and animal welfare. This represents a threat to the qualitative and quantitative growth of goat farming, recently observed in mountainous regions such as the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol (Italy). To monitor and eradicate the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in this goat population, a compulsory eradication campaign was launched, based on a strict census of small ruminants and yearly serological testing of all animals, followed by the consequent culling of seropositive individuals. The campaign succeeded in completely eliminating cases of clinical disease in goats, while drastically reducing the seroprevalence at the herd as well as individual animal level. The serological outcome of the introduced control measures was determined using commercially available ELISA kits, demonstrating their suitability for use in this type of campaign, aimed at reducing seroprevalence as well as clinical manifestations of these infections. However, this clear success is diminished by the failure to achieve a complete eradication of these viruses. The reasons leading to the observed tailing phenomenon and the occurrence of new infections in already sanitised flocks are discussed and implementation of further measures are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tavella
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Astrid Bettini
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Ceol
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Zambotto
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Ernst Stifter
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Natashia Kusstatscher
- Laboratory for Serology and Technical Assistance, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rosalba Lombardi
- Veterinary Service, Servizio Veterinario Provinciale, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Nardeli
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Beato
- Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Direzione Sanitaria, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertoni
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Moroz A, Mickiewicz M, Witkowski L, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E, Kaba J. Use of two commercial caprine arthritis-encephalitis immunoenzymatic assays for screening of arthritic goats. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:36-41. [PMID: 28868985 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717729397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Roughly one-fourth of goats infected with small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) develop caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE). We compared the profile of antibody response to surface glycoprotein (SU), and combined transmembrane glycoprotein and capsid protein (TM/CA) in SRLV-infected arthritic and asymptomatic goats, and determined the ability of 2 commercial ELISAs to distinguish between arthritic and asymptomatic goats. We used sera from 312 SRLV-seropositive dairy goats in a whole-virus ELISA; 222 were collected from arthritic goats and 90 from apparently healthy goats. Sera were screened with a competitive inhibition ELISA based on SU antigen (SU-ELISA) and an indirect ELISA based on TM and CA antigens (TM/CA-ELISA). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were prepared for both ELISAs, and areas under the ROC curves (AUC) were compared. The proportion of goats with antibody response stronger to SU antigen than to TM/CA antigen was significantly higher among arthritic than asymptomatic goats (58.1% vs. 28.9%; p < 0.001). Antibody response to SU antigen was a good predictor of the arthritic form of CAE: AUC for SU-ELISA was 89.7% (95% CI: 85.2%, 94.2%), compared to 59.3% (95% CI: 51.9%, 66.8%) for TM/CA-ELISA ( p < 0.001). With the cutoff set at percentage of inhibition of 56%, SU-ELISA had sensitivity of 86.9% (95% CI: 81.9%, 90.7%) and specificity of 84.4% (95% CI: 75.6%, 90.5%) in discriminating between arthritic and asymptomatic goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Czopowicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Agata Moroz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Iwona Markowska-Daniel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Emilia Bagnicka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
| | - Jarosław Kaba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz, Moroz, Mickiewicz, Witkowski, Markowska-Daniel, Kaba) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic (Szaluś-Jordanow) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Magdalenka, Poland (Bagnicka)
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Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), which comprise caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and maedi-visna virus (MVV), are prevalent in goats and sheep worldwide, including in Japan. However, little is known about the molecular characteristics of goat lentiviruses in Japan. In this study, a molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the long gag region was performed. The phylogenic tree demonstrated that all samples belonged to SRLV subtype B1. Two clusters were identified, with one cluster distinct from previously reported strains of subtype B1. In addition, several alterations in the amino acid sequence were detected in immunodominant epitopes of the gag region. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic diversity of SRLVs in Japan, it will be necessary to increase the sample size and conduct a broader survey. The present report is important for establishing baseline information on the prevalence of SRLV in Japan and providing data to develop a new, more sensitive diagnostic test for effective control of SRLV.
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Barrero Domínguez B, Luque I, Maldonado A, Huerta B, Sánchez M, Gomez Laguna J, Astorga R. Seroprevalence and risk factors of exposure to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in southern Spain. Vet Rec 2017; 180:226. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - I. Luque
- Department of Animal Health; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - A. Maldonado
- Department of Animal Health; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - B. Huerta
- Department of Animal Health; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - M. Sánchez
- Department of Animal Production; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - J. Gomez Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
| | - R. Astorga
- Department of Animal Health; University of Cordoba; Cordoba Spain
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Silva RABE, Batista MDCDS, Alves RPA, Alves FSF, Pinheiro RR, Diniz BLM, Rêgo WMFD, Cardoso JDFS, Paula NRDO. Investigação sorológica das lentiviroses de pequenos ruminantes nas microrregiões homogêneas do Alto Médio Canindé, Picos e Floriano, Piauí, Brasil. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000302015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LV) é o termo genérico utilizado para designar os vírus da artrite encefalite caprina e Maedi-Visna, os quais pertencem à família Retroviridae, subfamília Orthoretrovirinae, gênero Lentivirus. Tais vírus infectam caprinos e ovinos, causando enfermidades de curso lento com lesões inflamatórias, crônicas e degenerativas que podem atingir vários órgãos, provocando caquexia e morte. Os animais infectados eliminam o vírus sobretudo por meio de secreções e excreções e transmitem-no especialmente em situações de estreito contato. Não há tratamento até o momento. O controle é baseado na criação segregada, no manejo e no sacrifício dos positivos. Esse agente infeccioso já foi relatado em várias partes do mundo, sendo responsável por perdas econômicas significativas. Por o agente ter sido verificado em vários estados do Brasil e por não existirem dados soroepidemiológicos nas mesorregiões sudeste e sudoeste piauiense, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo realizar inquérito sorológico para investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos para o LV em ovinos e caprinos nas microrregiões do Alto Médio Canindé, Picos e Floriano, no Piauí. Para tanto, foram coletadas 1.280 e 1.360 amostras de soro caprino e ovino, respectivamente, oriundos de 20 municípios, distribuídos nas três microrregiões, sendo o número de amostras proporcional ao rebanho efetivo de cada município. As amostras de soro foram analisadas utilizando o teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA). Nenhum dos soros pesquisados reagiu positivamente, constatando-se soroprevalência nula. Ressalta-se a importância da implantação de um rigoroso programa de controle para que se possa evitar a introdução e/ou a disseminação desse agente infeccioso nessas microrregiões.
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Yang WC, Chen HY, Wang CY, Pan HY, Wu CW, Hsu YH, Su JC, Chan KW. High prevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) in Taiwan revealed by large-scale serological survey. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:273-276. [PMID: 27916786 PMCID: PMC5326930 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a large-scale serological survey of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
(CAEV) infection was conducted between March 2011 and October 2012. 3,437 goat blood or
milk samples were collected from 65 goat farms throughout Taiwan. A commercial ELISA kit
was used to detect antibodies against CAEV. The overall seropositive rate was 61.7%
(2,120/3,437) in goats and in 98.5% (64/65) of goat farms. These results provide the first
large-scale serological evidence for the presence of CAEV infection, indicating that the
disease is widespread in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Sánchez JH, Martínez HA, García MM, Garrido G, Gómez L, Aguilar JA, de Andrés DF, Reina R, Ramírez H. The presence of small ruminant lentiviruses in Mexican Pelibuey sheep. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1953-1957.e1. [PMID: 27461580 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transmission frequency of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) through the placenta is controversial and may be associated with breed susceptibility. In Mexico, SRLV infections in sheep have been poorly studied. This work explores the presence of antibodies and proviral DNA in Mexican Pelibuey sheep. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs; three commercial kits and two on the basis of synthetic peptides) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR; amplifying the long terminal repeat and gag segments) were performed to diagnose SRLV infection in 25 adult Pelibuey ewes with an average age of 2.5 years and 32 fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 40 to 90 days without clinical signs of SRLV. Two of the three commercial ELISAs and the synthetic peptide-based ones were positive for SRLV antibody detection in 28% and 24% of the ewes, respectively, whereas none of the fetuses were positive by any of the ELISAs. By PCR, 31% of the ewes and, interestingly, two fetuses were positive. Characteristic SRLV lesions were not found in the fetal and/or ewe tissues, including those with positive PCR results. These findings demonstrate the susceptibility of Pelibuey sheep to SRLV infection and the low transmission frequency through the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- José H Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC) Campo 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Estado de México, México
| | - Humberto A Martínez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC) Campo 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Estado de México, México
| | - María M García
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-virología, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Germán Garrido
- Laboratorio de apoyo a Histología y Biología, FESC, Campo 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Estado de México, México
| | - Luis Gómez
- Laboratorio de Virología CENID Microbiología Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Forestal Agrícola y Pecuaria (INIFAP), Ciudad de México, México
| | - José A Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Inmuno-virología, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Damián F de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Hugo Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC) Campo 4, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Estado de México, México.
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47
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Minguijón E, Reina R, Pérez M, Polledo L, Villoria M, Ramírez H, Leginagoikoa I, Badiola JJ, García-Marín JF, de Andrés D, Luján L, Amorena B, Juste RA. Small ruminant lentivirus infections and diseases. Vet Microbiol 2015; 181:75-89. [PMID: 26371852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses include viruses with diverse genotypes that frequently cross the species barrier between sheep and goats and that display a great genetic variability. These characteristics stress the need to consider the whole host range and to perform local surveillance of the viruses to opt for optimum diagnostic tests, in order to establish control programmes. In the absence of effective vaccines, a comprehensive knowledge of the epidemiology of these infections is of major importance to limit their spread. This article intends to cover these aspects and to summarise information related to characteristics of the viruses, pathogenesis of the infection and description of the various syndromes produced, as well as the diagnostic tools available, the mechanisms involved in transmission of the pathogens and, finally, the control strategies that have been designed until now, with remarks on the drawbacks and the advantages of each one. We conclude that there are many variables influencing the expected cost and benefits of control programs that must be evaluated, in order to put into practice measures that might lead to control of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Minguijón
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - R Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics. University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Polledo
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - M Villoria
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - H Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán. UNAM. Laboratorio de Virología, Genética y Biología Molecular, Campo 4. Veterinaria.Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, Km 2.5. San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, CP.54714 Mexico
| | - I Leginagoikoa
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - J J Badiola
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J F García-Marín
- Pathological Anatomy Section, Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, University of León, 24007 León, Spain
| | - D de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - L Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B Amorena
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-UPNA-Government of Navarra), Avenida de Pamplona 123, 31192 Mutilva, Spain
| | - R A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Tecnalia, Berreaga 1, 48160 Derio, Vizcaya, Spain.
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Konishi M, Hayama Y, Shirafuji H, Kameyama KI, Murakami K, Tsutsui T, Akashi H. Serological survey of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:447-50. [PMID: 26498401 PMCID: PMC4829515 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological survey of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection was conducted from September 2006 to February 2007 in Japan. A total of 857 serum samples were collected from 113 herds in 28 prefectures and were analyzed for the presence of CAEV antibodies using agar gel immunodiffusion test. The seroprevalence of CAEV infection at the herd and animal levels was 15.0% (17/113) and 10.0% (86/857), respectively. Large farms with more than 10 goats and with animals for dairy and breeding purposes had higher seroprevalence (P<0.05). The results of this study provide useful information to consider effective control programs against CAEV infection in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Konishi
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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De Palo P, Maggiolino A, Centoducati N, Tateo A. Effects of different milk replacers on carcass traits, meat quality, meat color and fatty acids profile of dairy goat kids. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Clawson ML, Redden R, Schuller G, Heaton MP, Workman A, Chitko-McKown CG, Smith TPL, Leymaster KA. Genetic subgroup of small ruminant lentiviruses that infects sheep homozygous for TMEM154 frameshift deletion mutation A4Δ53. Vet Res 2015; 46:22. [PMID: 25756342 PMCID: PMC4349320 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections of sheep are influenced by genetics on both the host and pathogen sides. Genetic variation in the ovine transmembrane 154 (TMEM154) gene associates with infection susceptibility, and distinct SRLV genetic subgroups infect sheep in association with their TMEM154 diplotypes. In this study, a novel SRLV subgroup was identified that naturally infected sheep with various TMEM154 diplotypes, including those homozygous for a rare frameshift mutation (A4 delta53), which is predicted to abolish TMEM154 protein function. Thus, these SRLVs may infect sheep that lack functional TMEM154, and may not be restricted by TMEM154 diplotypes in establishing infections.
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