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Serratos MJH, Ramírez MJ, Fariña IG, Pérez JLT, Trujillo EH, Sánchez VMD. Description of lesions in lambs intoxicated with sodium selenite included in intraruminal boluses: Lambs intoxicated with selenium. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1584. [PMID: 39189849 PMCID: PMC11348507 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Selenium is an essential micronutrient for ruminants, which participates in the optimal functioning of proteins and enzymes that can combat oxidative stress in the body; however, its toxicity is documented in different species. The objective of this work was to describe macroscopic and microscopic lesions in lambs intoxicated with selenium administered through intraruminal boluses. The main lesions at necropsy were pulmonary oedema; the myocardial surface presented multifocal pale areas; the thyroid and thymus glands were decreased in size, and areas of necrosis, haemorrhage and hyperkeratosis were observed in the reticulum and rumen. At the microscopic level, congestion, haemorrhage, oedema and hyaline membranes were observed in the lung; hepatic congestion, haemorrhage, degeneration and necrosis; degeneration and necrosis of the reticulum mucosa, as well as areas of hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis; myocardial degeneration, necrosis and fibrosis; congestion, haemorrhage, degeneration and renal tubular necrosis; thyroid follicular atrophy and thymic cortical atrophy. This study evidenced the main lesions related to selenium poisoning in lambs supplemented with the mineral through intraruminal boluses.
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Kim BJ, Yang SH, Choi H. Organophosphate Detection in Animal-Derived Foods Using a Modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe Method with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2024; 13:2642. [PMID: 39200569 PMCID: PMC11353787 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates are widely used in the livestock industry. In this study, we developed a method for detecting 27 organophosphate insecticides in animal-derived foods, including beef, pork, chicken, milk, and eggs, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A modified QuEChERS method was optimized for sample pretreatment. A mixture of acetonitrile and acetone was used as the extraction solvent, and MgSO4 and NaCl were used as salts. Among the five different dispersive solid-phase extraction systems, MgSO4, primary secondary amines, and C18 were selected for purification because they had the highest recovery rates and least matrix effects. The matrix-dependent limit of quantitation was 0.0005-0.005 mg/kg, and the correlation coefficient of the matrix-matched calibration curve was >0.99, which was acceptable for quantifying residues below 0.01 mg/kg-the default maximum residue limit in a positive list system. The recovery efficiencies ranged from 71.9 to 110.5%, with standard deviations ranging from 0.2% to 12.5%, satisfying the SANTE guidelines. The established analytical method was used to monitor organophosphates in animal-derived foods obtained from a local market, and no pesticides were detected. With respect to industry standards, our proposed method is recommended for practical organophosphate detection in animal-derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Hyun Yang
- Healthcare Advanced Chemical Research Institute, Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry Center, Hwasun-gun 58141, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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Lakatos I, Babarczi B, Molnár Z, Tóth A, Skoda G, Horváth GF, Horváth A, Tóth D, Sükösd F, Szemethy L, Szőke Z. First Results on the Presence of Mycotoxins in the Liver of Pregnant Fallow Deer ( Dama dama) Hinds and Fetuses. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1039. [PMID: 38612278 PMCID: PMC11011066 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive abnormalities have been observed in fallow deer populations in Hungary. We supposed mycotoxin contamination to be one of the possible causes because multi-mycotoxin contamination is known to be dangerous even at low toxin levels, especially for young animals. We investigated the spatial pattern of mycotoxin occurrences and the relationship between maternal and fetal mycotoxin levels. A total of 72 fallow deer embryos and their mothers were sampled in seven forested regions in Hungary in the 2020/2021 hunting season. We analyzed Aflatoxin (AF), Zearalenone (ZEA), Fumonizin B1 (FB1), DON, and T2-toxin concentrations in maternal and fetal livers by ELISA. AF was present in 70% and 82%, ZEA in 41% and 96%, DON in 90% and 98%, T2-toxin in 96% and 85%, and FB1 in 84% and 3% of hind and fetus livers, respectively. All mycotoxins passed into the fetus, but only Fumonizin B1 rarely passed. The individual variability of mycotoxin levels was extremely high, but the spatial differences were moderate. We could not prove a relation between the maternal and fetal mycotoxin concentrations, but we found an accumulation of ZEA and DON in the fetuses. These results reflect the possible threats of mycotoxins to the population dynamics and reproduction of wild fallow deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Lakatos
- Department of Regional Game Management, Ministry of Agriculture, 1052 Budapest, Hungary;
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Bianka Babarczi
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zsófia Molnár
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Arnold Tóth
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Gabriella Skoda
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
| | - Győző F. Horváth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Adrienn Horváth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Dániel Tóth
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Farkas Sükösd
- Institute of Pathology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - László Szemethy
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.F.H.); (A.H.); (D.T.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Szőke
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (B.B.); (Z.M.); (A.T.); (G.S.); (Z.S.)
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Dong S, Li L, Chen W, Chen Z, Wang Y, Wang S. Evaluation of heavy metal speciation distribution in soil and the accumulation characteristics in wild plants: A study on naturally aged abandoned farmland adjacent to tailings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170594. [PMID: 38309366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal composite pollution is widespread in the surrounding environment of tailings ponds in arid and semi-arid regions, leading to the abandonment of substantial agricultural land. This study investigates the speciation distribution and plant accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in abandoned farmland with different durations of natural aging. The aim is to comprehend the local heavy metal behavior pattern in the soil-plant system and offer insights for environmental remediation. Our findings reveal that Cd stands out as the primary heavy metal pollutant in this area. The mobility ranking of heavy metals is Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu, with Cd and Pb mobility decreasing along the basin. Notably, active Pb exhibits a higher affinity for soil binding compared to other metals. The predominant plant species in the region are primarily small shrubs, herbaceous plants, and semi-shrubs that demonstrate tolerance to drought and salt. Most plant samples showed elevated levels of Cd, Pb, and Zn, surpassing the maximum tolerance levels for dietary minerals in livestock. This elevated metal content poses potential threats to the health of local livestock and wildlife, yet it is also considered a potential for phytoremediation. Selected dominant plant species from the current study include Kalidium foliatum & gracile which shows potential as a Cd accumulator and indicator. Neotrinia splendens and Reaumuria songarica demonstrate potential as Cd excluders, with the latter exhibiting higher tolerance to Cd (62.9 mg/kg). Additionally, our observations indicate that different plant parts exhibit distinct responses to heavy metals, and Zn synergistically influences the aerial part accumulation of Cd. This study holds significant importance in understanding the complex behavior patterns of multi-metal pollutants in the natural environment. The identification of native plants with remediation potential is valuable for phytoremediation of environment pollution in mining area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhang Dong
- Technology Research Center for Pollution Control and Remediation of Northwest Soil and Groundwater, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longrui Li
- Technology Research Center for Pollution Control and Remediation of Northwest Soil and Groundwater, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Technology Research Center for Pollution Control and Remediation of Northwest Soil and Groundwater, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhaoming Chen
- Technology Research Center for Pollution Control and Remediation of Northwest Soil and Groundwater, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yufan Wang
- Technology Research Center for Pollution Control and Remediation of Northwest Soil and Groundwater, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Technology Research Center for Pollution Control and Remediation of Northwest Soil and Groundwater, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Johnsen IV, Aaneby J. Accumulation of copper and lead in ruminants grazing on a contaminated shooting range in Nordland County, Norway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:11026-11036. [PMID: 38217808 PMCID: PMC10850173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Shooting ranges contain copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) contamination, which can be a risk for grazing ruminants. This study examines the accumulation of lead and copper in blood of lambs and calves, as well as in the liver of lambs. It compares these results with those of a previous study, which calculated the ingested dose of copper and lead based on soil ingestion and concentration in soil and plants. Blood samples were collected both before and after the grazing period that lasted from late May to mid-September. Liver samples were obtained during the slaughter of the lambs in the fall. Out of 61 liver samples, only one (3.7 mg Pb/kg dw) exceeding the presumed normal level in lamb liver of 3 mg/kg (dw). Copper concentrations exceeding the normal (300 mg/kg dw) concentration was found in 14 of the liver samples (341-1877 mg Cu/kg dw). Among these, two liver samples (1069 and 1877 mg Cu/kg dw) exceeded the level at which sheep are poisoned (1000 mg/kg dw). There was no statistically significant difference in the copper and lead concentration in liver of lambs that did and did not have the shooting range as part of their pasture. The average concentration of copper (lamb: 1.1 ± 0.37 µg Cu/g, calves: 0.6 ± 0.16 µg Cu/g) and lead (lamb: 0.010 ± 0.008 µg Pb/g calves: 0.01 ± 0.014 µg Pb/g) in the blood samples collected from the lambs and calves did not exceed the upper limit of what is considered normal (sheep: 1.35 mg Cu/kg and 0.3 mg Pb/kg, cattle: 1.7 mg Cu/kg and 0.35 mg Pb/kg). Copper concentration in the blood was notably higher in samples collected from the sheep before (1.3 ± 0.35 µg Cu/g) compared to after (0.8 ± 0.22 µg Cu/g) the grazing period. No statistically significant difference was found in lead and copper concentrations in the blood of lambs and calves grazing inside (lamb: 0.7 ± 0.21 µg Cu/g and 0.01 ± 0.008 µg Pb/g, calves: 0.6 ± 0.16 µg Cu/g and 0.02 ± 0.020 µg Pb/g) and outside (lamb: 0.9 ± 0.21 µg Cu/g and 0.13 ± 0.008 µg Pb/g, calves: 0.6 ± 0.17 µg Cu/g and 0.009 µg Pb/g) the shooting range. Grazing on areas contaminated by shooting activity did not appear to have any major implications for the accumulation of copper and lead in blood of cattle and sheep, as well as in the liver of sheep. The findings from this study indicate that employing site specific risk assessments for ruminants incorporating soil ingestion represents a viable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Vaa Johnsen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Instituttveien 20, NO-2007, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Jorunn Aaneby
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Instituttveien 20, NO-2007, Kjeller, Norway
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Aboling S. Do Poisonous Plants in Pastures Communicate Their Toxicity? Meta-Study and Evaluation of Poisoning Cases in Central Europe. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3795. [PMID: 38136831 PMCID: PMC10740430 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the possible roles of secondary plant metabolites, including toxins, is facilitating plant-animal communication. Lethal cases of pasture poisoning show that the message is not always successfully conveyed. As the focus of poisoning lies in the clinical aspects, the external circumstances of pasture poisoning are widely unknown. To document poisoning conditions in cattle, sheep, goats, and horses on pastures and to compile a checklist of plants involved in either poisoning or co-existence (zero poisoning), published case reports were evaluated as primary sources. The number of affected animal individuals was estimated within abundance classes from 0 to more than 100. The checklist of poisonous plants comprised 52 taxa. Of these, 13 taxa were deemed safe (no reference was found indicating poisoning), 11 taxa were associated with evidence-based zero poisoning (positive list), and 28 taxa were associated with poisoning (negative list). Nine plant taxa caused poisoning in more than 100 animal individuals. Zero poisoning accounted for 40% and poisoning accounted for 60% of a total of 85 cases. Poisoning was most often associated with a limited choice of feed (24.7%), followed by overgrazing (12.9%), seasonally scarce feed (10.6%), and co-ingestion of grass (4.7%). Hunger interferes with plant-animal co-existence, while zero poisoning improves it. In conclusion, poisonous plants in pastures may communicate their toxicity if the animals have enough alternative feed plants. An individual animal might utterly perceive the communication of toxicity by the plant species but be forced to ignore the message owing to a limited choice of feed options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Aboling
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Schweikle S, Häser A, Wetters S, Raisin M, Greiner M, Rigbers K, Fischer U, Pietsch K, Suntz M, Nick P. DNA barcoding as new diagnostic tool to lethal plant poisoning in herbivorous mammals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292275. [PMID: 37967132 PMCID: PMC10650979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable identification of plant species in the digestive tract of a deceased animal often represents the major key to diagnose a lethal intoxication with poisonous plants in veterinary pathology. In many cases, identification of the species is challenging or even impossible because the diagnostic morphological features have been degraded, and because the interpretation of such features requires a considerable expertise in plant anatomy and biodiversity. The use of DNA barcoding markers can support or even replace classical morphological assessment. While these markers have been widely used for plant taxonomy, their forensic application to clarify causes of animal poisoning is novel. In addition, we use specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms as fingerprints. This allows for a clear decision even in cases, where the conventionally used statistical e-values remain ambiguous. In the current work, we explore the feasibility of this strategy in a couple of exemplary cases, either in concert with anatomical diagnostics, or in cases where visual species identification is not possible, or where chemical toxin detection methods are not well established, complex, time consuming and expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schweikle
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Annette Häser
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sascha Wetters
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moses Raisin
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maica Greiner
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rigbers
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrike Fischer
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Klaus Pietsch
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Michael Suntz
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Nagy AL, Ardelean S, Chapuis RJJ, Bouillon J, Pivariu D, Dreanca AI, Caloni F. Emerging Plant Intoxications in Domestic Animals: A European Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:442. [PMID: 37505711 PMCID: PMC10467095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to phytotoxins that are present in imported ornamental or native plants is an important cause of animal disease. Factors such as animal behaviors (especially indoor pets), climate change, and an increase in the global market for household and ornamental plants led to the appearance of new, previously unreported plant poisonings in Europe. This has resulted in an increase in the incidence of rarely reported intoxications. This review presents some of the emerging and well-established plant species that are responsible for poisoning episodes in companion animals and livestock in Europe. The main plant species are described, and the mechanism of action of the primary active agents and their clinical effects are presented. Data reflecting the real incidence of emerging poisoning cases from plant toxins are scarce to nonexistent in most European countries due to a lack of a centralized reporting/poison control system. The diversity of plant species and phytotoxins, as well as the emerging nature of certain plant poisonings, warrant a continuous update of knowledge by veterinarians and animal owners. The taxonomy and active agents present in these plants should be communicated to ensure awareness of the risks these toxins pose for domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.-L.N.); (R.J.J.C.)
| | - Sabrina Ardelean
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Ronan J. J. Chapuis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.-L.N.); (R.J.J.C.)
| | - Juliette Bouillon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (S.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Dalma Pivariu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Alexandra Iulia Dreanca
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.P.); (A.I.D.)
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Chłopaś-Konowałek A, Zawadzki M, Kurach Ł, Wachełko O, Ciaputa R, Tusiewicz K, Szpot P. Simultaneous poisoning of 48 birds of prey – bendiocarb determination with the use of UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method in fatal case from Eastern Europe. ARCHIVES OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND CRIMINOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4467/16891716amsik.22.009.16807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Bendiocarb is used against a wide range of insects but has already been withdrawn from the market in some countries. It poses a high risk to birds as they can accidentally ingest it while searching for food, followed by toxic effects. This paper presents the results of toxicological and histopathological studies of 48 cases of intentional birds of prey poisoning with bendiocarb in Eastern Europe, specifically Poland.
Materials and methods: A novel ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for bendiocarb determination in animal liver samples was developed and fully validated. The sample preparation technique was based on one-step precipitation of proteins with cold acetonitrile. The internal standard used was carbaryl-d7. Full time of analysis was less than 10 minutes. The application of the UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method allowed us to achieve the lowest LOQ (1 ng/g) of bendiocarb in biological samples to date.
Results: Necropsies and histopathological examinations of common ravens (Corvus corax), western marsh harriers (Circus aeruginosus), red kites (Milvus milvus), and a white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) revealed multi-organ toxicity manifested as congestion, oedema, or stagnation of blood. An analytical investigation confirmed the presence of bendiocarb in liver in the 1808–7721 ng/g range. Furthermore, the presence of this compound was qualitatively confirmed in the stomach and beak contents and also in the bait located near the deceased animals.
Conclusions: A comprehensive forensic examination is crucial to monitor wildlife fatalities, especially applying a combined analytical and histopathological approach to identify and eliminate highly toxic substances which pose a threat to the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kurach
- Medical University of Lublin, Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Rafał Ciaputa
- Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences Department of Pathology, Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kaja Tusiewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
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Moreau J, Rabdeau J, Badenhausser I, Giraudeau M, Sepp T, Crépin M, Gaffard A, Bretagnolle V, Monceau K. Pesticide impacts on avian species with special reference to farmland birds: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:790. [PMID: 36107257 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For decades, we have observed a major biodiversity crisis impacting all taxa. Avian species have been particularly well monitored over the long term, documenting their declines. In particular, farmland birds are decreasing worldwide, but the contribution of pesticides to their decline remains controversial. Most studies addressing the effects of agrochemicals are limited to their assessment under controlled laboratory conditions, the determination of lethal dose 50 (LD50) values and testing in a few species, most belonging to Galliformes. They often ignore the high interspecies variability in sensitivity, delayed sublethal effects on the physiology, behaviour and life-history traits of individuals and their consequences at the population and community levels. Most importantly, they have entirely neglected to test for the multiple exposure pathways to which individuals are subjected in the field (cocktail effects). The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview for ecologists, evolutionary ecologists and conservationists. We aimed to compile the literature on the effects of pesticides on bird physiology, behaviour and life-history traits, collecting evidence from model and wild species and from field and lab experiments to highlight the gaps that remain to be filled. We show how subtle nonlethal exposure might be pernicious, with major consequences for bird populations and communities. We finally propose several prospective guidelines for future studies that may be considered to meet urgent needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Moreau
- Équipe Écologie Évolutive, UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Juliette Rabdeau
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Isabelle Badenhausser
- Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Prairies Plantes Fourragères, INRAE, 86600, Lusignan, France
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- UMR IRD, CREEC, Université de Montpellier, 224-CNRS 5290, Montpellier, France
- Centre de Recherche en Écologie Et Évolution de La Sante (CREES), Montpellier, France
- Littoral Environnement Et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS- La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Tuul Sepp
- Department of Zoology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Malaury Crépin
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Agathe Gaffard
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Vincent Bretagnolle
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
- LTSER "Zone Atelier Plaine & Val de Sèvre", CNRS, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Karine Monceau
- UMR CNRS 7372 Centre d'Études Biologiques de Chizé, La Rochelle Université, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
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11
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Ruiz H, Lacasta D, Ramos JJ, Quintas H, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Ramo MÁ, Villanueva-Saz S, Ferrer LM. Anaemia in Ruminants Caused by Plant Consumption. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182373. [PMID: 36139233 PMCID: PMC9495094 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant toxicology has affected animals throughout evolution. Plants have adapted themselves to the environment. This adaptation has led to the development of defensive strategies to avoid being consumed. Plants have several chemical compounds, which can cause deleterious effects on people or animals that consume them, causing a wide variety of clinical signs. Plants from various latitudes, both cultivated for human and animal feeding or decorative purpose and even wild growth plants are able to generate anaemia in ruminants. Coumarins or ptaquiloside predispose bleeding and haemorrhages, causing a haemorrhagic disease in affected animals. In this group, some important fodder plants, such sweet clover (Genus Melilotus spp.), or other weeds distributed worldwide, such as bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) of giant fennel (Ferula communis), are included. On the other hand, sulfur-containing chemicals (e.g., n-propyl disulfate and S-propyl cysteine sulfoxides (SMCOs)) may cause severe direct damage to the erythrocyte and their membrane, leading to their destruction and causing haemolytic anaemia in the animal. This review presents the most frequent intoxication by plants causing anaemia in ruminants. Toxic compounds, clinical signs, diagnosis and possible treatments are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Ruiz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hélder Quintas
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança (IPB), Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Ramo
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ferrer
- Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Arndt SS, Goerlich VC, van der Staay FJ. A dynamic concept of animal welfare: The role of appetitive and adverse internal and external factors and the animal’s ability to adapt to them. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.908513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is a multifaceted issue that can be approached from different viewpoints, depending on human interests, ethical assumptions, and culture. To properly assess, safeguard and promote animal welfare, concepts are needed to serve as guidelines in any context the animal is kept in. Several different welfare concepts have been developed during the last half decade. The Five Freedoms concept has provided the basis for developing animal welfare assessment to date, and the Five Domains concept has guided those responsible for safeguarding animal welfare, while the Quality of Life concept focuses on how the individual perceives its own welfare state. This study proposes a modified and extended version of an earlier animal welfare concept - the Dynamic Animal Welfare Concept (DAWCon). Based on the adaptability of the animal, and taking the importance of positive emotional states and the dynamic nature of animal welfare into account, an individual animal is likely in a positive welfare state when it is mentally and physically capable and possesses the ability and opportunity to react adequately to sporadic or lasting appetitive and adverse internal and external stimuli, events, and conditions. Adequate reactions are elements of an animal’s normal behavior. They allow the animal to cope with and adapt to the demands of the (prevailing) environmental circumstances, enabling it to reach a state that it perceives as positive, i.e., that evokes positive emotions. This paper describes the role of internal as well as external factors in influencing welfare, each of which exerts their effects in a sporadic or lasting manner. Behavior is highlighted as a crucial read-out parameter. As most animals under human care are selected for certain traits that may affect their behavioral repertoire it is crucial to have thorough ethograms, i.e., a catalogue of specific behaviors of the species/strain/breed under study. DAWCon highlights aspects that need to be addressed when assessing welfare and may stimulate future research questions.
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13
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Capela e Silva F, Sousa AC, Pastorinho MR, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M. Editorial: Animal Poisoning and Biomarkers of Toxicity. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:891483. [PMID: 35601405 PMCID: PMC9116719 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.891483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Capela e Silva
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Catarina Sousa
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, CHRC—Comprehensive Health Research Center, University of Evora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuel Ramiro Pastorinho
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Health and Human Development, CHRC—Comprehensive Health Research Center, University of Evora, Évora, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Manuel Ramiro Pastorinho
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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14
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Wagener MG, Beythien G, Sterneberg M, Polifka A, Großmann T, Baumgärtner W, Ganter M. Case Report: Severe Anemia Associated With an Abomasal Fibrosarcoma in a Goat. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:869017. [PMID: 35573404 PMCID: PMC9096240 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.869017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old female goat was presented to the clinic with lethargy, emaciation, and pale mucous membranes. Laboratory diagnosis revealed severe anemia with regenerative character as well as melena. Blood transfusions were administered, but the animal's condition continued to deteriorate, so it was euthanized. The main finding in the necropsy was an abomasal neoplasia with two metastases in the mesenterium which was positive for vimentin, but negative for smooth muscle actin and c-kit using immunohistochemistry, indicating a fibrosarcoma that might have contributed to gastrointestinal blood loss. Further pathological findings consisted of changes in the liver cells as well as a cervical leiomyoma. These findings illustrate that intestinal blood loss due to neoplasia should also be considered in older goats with anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gerhard Wagener
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias Gerhard Wagener
| | - Georg Beythien
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Sterneberg
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Polifka
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thekla Großmann
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Ganter
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Richard FJ, Southern I, Gigauri M, Bellini G, Rojas O, Runde A. Warning on nine pollutants and their effects on avian communities. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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16
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Rial-Berriel C, Acosta-Dacal A, Zumbado M, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Rodríguez-Hernández Á, Macías-Montes A, Boada LD, Travieso-Aja MDM, Martin-Cruz B, Suárez-Pérez A, Cabrera-Pérez MÁ, Luzardo OP. Epidemiology of Animal Poisonings in the Canary Islands (Spain) during the Period 2014-2021. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9100267. [PMID: 34678963 PMCID: PMC8540516 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal poisoning is one of the greatest conservation threats facing wildlife. In a preliminary study in the oceanic archipelago of the Canary Islands, we showed that the degree of threat from this circumstance was very high-even higher than that reported in other regions of continental Europe. Consequently, a legal framework for the effective prosecution of the crime of wildlife poisoning came into force in 2014 in this region. We present the results of the investigation of 961 animals and 84 baits sent to our laboratory for the diagnosis of animal poisonings during the period 2014–2021. We were able to identify poison as the cause of death in 251 animals and 61 baits. Carbofuran stands out as the main agent used in this archipelago. We have also detected an increasing tendency to use mixtures of several pesticides in the preparation of baits. The entry into operation of two canine patrols has led to the detection of more dead animals in the wild and a greater number of poisoned animals. The percentage of poison positives is significantly higher in areas with lower population density, corresponding to rural environments, as well as in areas with greater agricultural and livestock activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Rial-Berriel
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Acosta-Dacal
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
| | - Ana Macías-Montes
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
| | - Luis D. Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Martin-Cruz
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Cabrera-Pérez
- General Directorate to Combat Climate Change and the Environment, Biodiversity Service, Canary Islands Government, Plaza de los Derechos Humanos, 35071 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Octavio P. Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; (C.R.-B.); (A.A.-D.); (M.Z.); (L.A.H.-H.); (Á.R.-H.); (A.M.-M.); (L.D.B.); (B.M.-C.)
- Study Group on Wild Animal Conservation Medicine (GEMAS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-928451424
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17
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Tharwat M. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and postmortem findings in sheep and goats with urinary tract disorders. Vet World 2021; 14:1879-1887. [PMID: 34475712 PMCID: PMC8404122 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1879-1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: In sheep and goats, most urinary disorders are incidental findings at the postmortem examination and do not present clinically. As such, the diagnosis of renal diseases in sheep and goats can be overlooked. Therefore, this study was carried out on sheep and goats to describe the clinical, ultrasonography(USG), and postmortem findings of various disorders affecting the urinary tract. Materials and Methods: A total of 58 animals (30 sheep and 28 goats) were examined, as well as were ten healthy control animals (five sheep and five goats) for a comparison. The animals were referred for various causes, including anorexia, frequent and painful urination, hematuria, decreased body weight, oliguria, and anuria. Results: The sheep and goats were categorized into ten groups of symptoms and disorders: Pelvic abscessation, pigmented urine, renal failure, pyelonephritis, cystitis, hydronephrosis, rupture of the urethra, rupture of the urinary bladder, rupture of the urinary bladder together with the urethra, and paralysis of the urinary bladder. Clinical presentation, USG, and postmortem examination results for each group were detailed. Many clinical presentations were nonspecific. USG examination of the urinary tract significantly facilitated the verification of the previously mentioned disorders. Conclusion: USG demonstrated superior performance in the early and confirmatory diagnosis of urinary disorders in sheep and goats. Therefore, it is recommended that routine USG be the preferred imaging modality for examining sheep and goats with urinary disorders and for determining their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tharwat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6622, Buraidah, 51452, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
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18
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Holečková B, Schwarzbacherová V, Galdíková M, Koleničová S, Halušková J, Staničová J, Verebová V, Jutková A. Chromosomal Aberrations in Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1330. [PMID: 34573313 PMCID: PMC8468509 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations and their mechanisms have been studied for many years in livestock. In cattle, chromosomal abnormalities are often associated with serious reproduction-related problems, such as infertility of carriers and early mortality of embryos. In the present work, we review the mechanisms and consequences of the most important bovine chromosomal aberrations: Robertsonian translocations and reciprocal translocations. We also discuss the application of bovine cell cultures in genotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Holečková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (V.S.); (M.G.); (S.K.); (J.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Viera Schwarzbacherová
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (V.S.); (M.G.); (S.K.); (J.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Martina Galdíková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (V.S.); (M.G.); (S.K.); (J.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Simona Koleničová
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (V.S.); (M.G.); (S.K.); (J.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Jana Halušková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (V.S.); (M.G.); (S.K.); (J.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Jana Staničová
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovská 1, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Valéria Verebová
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Annamária Jutková
- Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (V.S.); (M.G.); (S.K.); (J.H.); (A.J.)
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19
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Valverde I, Espín S, Gómez-Ramírez P, Navas I, María-Mojica P, Sánchez-Virosta P, Jiménez P, Torres-Chaparro MY, García-Fernández AJ. Wildlife poisoning: a novel scoring system and review of analytical methods for anticoagulant rodenticide determination. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:767-782. [PMID: 33864551 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are commonly used to control rodent populations and frequently involved in wildlife and domestic animal poisoning. These poisoning cases (especially for ARs) are a challenge for forensic toxicologists, and adequate post-mortem examination and toxicological analyses become essential for a proper diagnosis. Publications describing different analytical methods for AR analysis in biological samples are growing, and a clear compilation of the overall picture is needed to standardize methodologies in future research. This review aims to compile and compare the analytical procedures applied for AR determination in the literature. Using this information, a scoring system was developed for those techniques using liver and blood as matrices, and the techniques were ranked considering different criteria (i.e. sample amount required, recoveries, limits of quantification (LOQs), number of ARs analysed, points of the calibration curve and multi-class methods). This review shows an overview of the main methods used for AR analysis in forensic toxicology and will help to elucidate future directions to improve multi-residue techniques to detect the ARs involved in wildlife lethal poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valverde
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Espín
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pilar Gómez-Ramírez
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Navas
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro María-Mojica
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- "Santa Faz" Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Consellería de Agricultura, Medio Ambiente, Cambio Climático y Desarrollo Rural, Alicante, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Virosta
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Jiménez
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Y Torres-Chaparro
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio J García-Fernández
- Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary Service, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
- Toxicology and Risk Assessment Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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20
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Li X, Ma W, Xing F. A review of seed ecology of poisonous plants in the world's grasslands. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2021.103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Gallocchio F, Moressa A, Stella R, Rosin R, Basilicata L, Bille L, Toson M, Biancotto G, Lega F, Angeletti R, Binato G. Fast and simultaneous analysis of carbamate pesticides and anticoagulant rodenticides used in suspected cases of animal poisoning. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 323:110810. [PMID: 33971506 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carbamate pesticides (CBs) are reported as one of the main causes of intentional or accidental poisoning of animals. Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) form the main class of poisons implicated in analyzed poisoned baits. These two groups of pesticide compounds include multiple substances, and thus, the development of a simple and rapid multiclass/multiresidue analytical method for simultaneous identification of both toxicant classes should be a useful strategy for analytical laboratories to reduce analysis time and cost. The present study aimed to elaborate and validate a rapid method to simultaneously determine 11 CBs and 8 ARs in samples of real matrices (bait, stomach content, and liver) from suspected animal poisoning cases. QuEChERS sample treatment and liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid high resolution mass spectrometry were used. The method resulted in good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.98) for all compounds, recovery was between 70% and 120% for CBs and 40-90% for ARs, and precision was ≤ 20% for all compounds. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of 871 real samples originating from suspected cases of animal poisoning, collected from April 2019 to October 2020. Furthermore, full scan dependent data acquisition allowed qualitative retrospective data analysis of an additional 15 compounds outside the scope of the method to be performed; these compounds could potentially be involved in unresolved poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gallocchio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy.
| | - Alessandra Moressa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Roberto Stella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Roberta Rosin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Lara Basilicata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Laura Bille
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Biancotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Francesca Lega
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Giovanni Binato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
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Bertero A, Davanzo F, Rivolta M, Cortinovis C, Vasquez A, Le Mura A, Masuelli A, Caloni F. Plants and zootoxins: Toxico-epidemiological investigation in domestic animals. Toxicon 2021; 196:25-31. [PMID: 33798604 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An epidemiological study on animal poisoning due to plants and zootoxins has been carried out by the Poison Control Centre of Milan (CAV) in collaboration with the University of Milan (Italy). During the period January 2015-March 2019, the CAV received 932 calls on animal poisonings, 12.66% (n = 118) of which were related to plants and zootoxins. Among these, 95 enquiries (80.51%) concerned exposures to plants and 23 (19.49%) to zootoxins. The dog was the species most frequently involved (67.80% of the calls, n = 80), followed by the cat (26.27%, n = 31). As for the plants, several poisoning episodes were related to glycoside-, alkaloid-, oxalate- and diterpenoid-containing species. Cycas revoluta, Euphorbia pulcherrima and Hydrangea macrophylla were the most often reported plants. The outcome has been reported for half of the episodes (51.58%, n = 49) and it was fatal for 3 animals (6.12%). Regarding the zootoxins, the majority of the enquiries were related to asp viper (Vipera aspis), but exposures to pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), common toad (Bufo), fire salamander (Salamandra), and jellyfish (phylum Cnidaria) were also reported. The outcome was known in 65.22% of the cases with just one fatal episode. This epidemiological investigation depicts an interesting overview on the issue of plant and zootoxin exposures in domestic animals, highlighting the relevance of these agents as causes of animal poisoning and providing useful information for prevention and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bertero
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Davanzo
- Milan Poison Control Centre, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Rivolta
- Milan Poison Control Centre, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cortinovis
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Anita Vasquez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Le Mura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Asja Masuelli
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Wolf P, Cappai MG. Levels of Pb and Cd in Single Feeding Stuffs and Compound Feeds for Poultry. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:1074-1079. [PMID: 32488612 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of heavy metals in feeds for food-producing animals is of particular importance both for animal and human health. Single feeds can be mixed and offered to animals either crushed or pelleted, and it would be recommendable to assess heavy metal content before mixing. A total of 408 feed samples for poultry were sent to our laboratory by farmers and feed manufacturers from Germany. Single feeding stuffs (cereals and legume seeds, n = 109 and n = 86, respectively) and compound mixed feeds for laying hens (n = 63), broilers (n = 83) and turkeys (n = 67) in the years 2015 to 2018 were processed for Pb and Cd content. Analyses pointed to the lowest Pb contents in cereal feeds (0.031 and 0.101 mg/kg feed). In compound feeds, values ranged between 0.089 (broilers) and 0.181 mg/kg on an as fed basis (laying hens). The highest Pb content of 0.358 mg/kg (as fed) was determined in one sample of mixed feed for turkeys. Cd levels in cereal feeds and compound feeds were similar; Cd in legume seeds turned out to be slightly higher (0.089 mg/kg feed). Results point to differences between cereals and legume seeds as single feeds; however, safe levels were found for both, as well as for compound feeds, below the maximum permitted for Pb 10 mg/kg and Cd 1 mg/kg in feed dry matter (88%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Wolf
- University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Maria Grazia Cappai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Grilo A, Moreira A, Carrapiço B, Belas A, São Braz B. Epidemiological Study of Pesticide Poisoning in Domestic Animals and Wildlife in Portugal: 2014-2020. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:616293. [PMID: 33521089 PMCID: PMC7841007 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.616293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays the intentional poisoning of domestic and wild animals is a crime in the European Union (EU), but as in the past the poison is still used in rural areas of a number of European countries to kill animals that were considered harmful for human activities. From January 2014 up until October 2020, the Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (LFT-FMV) has done the analytical detection of poisoning substances in 503 samples of wildlife and domestic animals and pesticides residues were found in 239 of the samples analyzed. In this retrospective study, toxicology results from domestic species (dog, cat, sheep, cows, and horses), wildlife species (red foxes, birds of prey, lynx, and wild boar), and food baits, are presented. During this period the samples analyzed at the LFT-FMV, were received from all over the country. Analytical detections were performed via solvent extraction followed by thin layer chromatography. Molluscicides (47%, n = 109) and Carbamates (24%, n = 57) were found to be the first category of pesticides involved in intoxications, in both domestic and wild animals, followed by rodenticides (13%, n = 30)-in this group second and third generation, were the most represented; Strychnine is the third (11%, n = 26) even though this pesticide has been banned in Portugal since 1988 and in the European Union since 2006 and finally Organophosphates (5%, n = 11) in the small number. This study allowed to realize that a great number of positive samples involved banned pesticides (i.e., Aldicarb and Strychnine) but, at the same time, many positives cases were due to the exposure to commercially available products (i.e., Methiocarb and Anticoagulant rodenticides). Also, it's possible to identify the areas where domestic species are the most affected (i.e., Setubal and Lisboa) and the areas where the wild animals are the mainly affected species (i.e., Faro, Castelo Branco, and Bragança).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Grilo
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anabela Moreira
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Belmira Carrapiço
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adriana Belas
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Berta São Braz
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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25
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Valverde I, Espín S, Gómez-Ramírez P, Navas I, Sánchez-Virosta P, Torres-Chaparro MY, Jiménez P, María-Mojica P, García-Fernández AJ. Temporal Persistence of Bromadiolone in Decomposing Bodies of Common Kestrel ( Falco tinnunculus). TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040098. [PMID: 33171863 PMCID: PMC7711720 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bromadiolone is a second generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) used to control pest rodents worldwide. SGARs are frequently involved in secondary poisoning in rodent predators due to their persistence and toxicity. This study aims to evaluate the persistence of bromadiolone in liver at different stages of carcass decomposition in experimentally-dosed common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) to understand the possibility of detecting bromadiolone in cases of wildlife poisoning and the potential risk of tertiary poisoning. Twelve individuals were divided into the bromadiolone-dose group (dosed with 55 mg/kg b.w) and the control group. Hepatic bromadiolone concentrations found in each stage of decomposition were: 3000, 2891, 4804, 4245, 8848, and 756 ng/g dry weight at 1–2 h (fresh carcass), 24 h (moderate decomposition), 72 h, 96 h (advanced decomposition), seven days (very advanced decomposition), and 15 days (initial skeletal reduction) after death, respectively. Liver bromadiolone concentrations in carcasses remained relatively stable over the first four days and raised on day 7 of decomposition under the specific conditions of this experiment, presenting a risk of causing tertiary poisoning. However, at the initial skeletal reduction stage, liver bromadiolone concentration declined, which should be considered to interpret toxicological analyses and for proper diagnosis. This experimental study provides for the first time some light to better understand the degradation of SGARs in carcasses in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valverde
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Silvia Espín
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (A.J.G.-F.); Tel.: +34-868884317 (S.E.); +34-868887021 (A.J.G.-F.)
| | - Pilar Gómez-Ramírez
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Isabel Navas
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Pablo Sánchez-Virosta
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - María Y. Torres-Chaparro
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Pedro Jiménez
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
| | - Pedro María-Mojica
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
- Santa-Faz Wildlife Recovery Center, Consellería de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Emergencia Climática y Transición Ecológica, Alicante, 03559 Generalitat Valenciana, Spain
| | - Antonio J. García-Fernández
- Service of Toxicology and Forensic Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.V.); (P.G.-R.); (I.N.); (P.S.-V.); (M.Y.T.-C.); (P.J.); (P.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (A.J.G.-F.); Tel.: +34-868884317 (S.E.); +34-868887021 (A.J.G.-F.)
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Di Blasio A, Bertolini S, Gili M, Avolio R, Leogrande M, Ostorero F, Ru G, Dondo A, Zoppi S. Local context and environment as risk factors for acute poisoning in animals in northwest Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136016. [PMID: 31905591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal and bait poisoning data for northwest Italy collected between 2012 and 2017 were described and analyzed to estimate the risk of exposure to hazardous substances by animals. In about 4% of animals necropsied (n = 356/9512), the cause of death was poisoning and domestic pets (9.5%) and synanthropic animals (12.2%) appear to be the most involved. Furthermore, 294 out of 728 baits (40.4%) were positive for toxic substances and/or inert hazardous material. Application of a mixed-effects Poisson regression model and local cluster analysis evidenced increased risk of exposure to poisoning with altimetry (>600 m.a.s.l.) and municipality (PR = 1.6, 95%CI 1.2-2.1 for poisoning, PR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.2-4.2 for poisoning by insecticides and PR = 2.9, 95%CI 1.4-6.2 for poisoning by metaldehyde). Since the mountainous areas in the region are mostly devoted to pasture and extensive farming, the high frequency of animal and bait poisoning events may be related to farmers' need to protect their livestock and crops against foxes, wolves, rodents or wild boars. Summarizing, the type of land use and context may influence the frequency and type of toxin chosen to kill animals considered a nuisance for hunting, farming, agriculture and apiculture. Despite bans and limitations, the use of harmful substances is not perceived as an environmental threat but rather as routine pest control. Animal and bait poisoning constitute a public health concern because it is potentially harmful to humans and the environment. Our findings may inform risk communication strategies, as well as prevention and control measures for the reduction of illegal and non-targeted species poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Di Blasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bertolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Marilena Gili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Rosa Avolio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Leogrande
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Ostorero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
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Bertero A, Chiari M, Vitale N, Zanoni M, Faggionato E, Biancardi A, Caloni F. Types of pesticides involved in domestic and wild animal poisoning in Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:136129. [PMID: 31869614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Data obtained from samples of poisoned domestic and wild animals sent for toxicological evaluation during the period between 2005 and 2014 have been analyzed. Among the 4606 tested samples, the majority of which were collected in the northern regions of Italy, 2006 (43.55%) were found positive for pesticides. Analytical detections were performed via solvent extraction followed by separation and chromatographic characterization and all the methods applied for the toxicological investigations were developed by IZSLER. Insecticides, mainly represented by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (carbamates 17.55%, n = 352; organophosphates 15.15%, n = 304) and organochlorines (29.21%, n = 586), were found to be the first category of pesticides involved in intoxications, in both domestic and in wild animals, followed by rodenticides (anticoagulant rodenticides 21.09%, n = 423; zinc phosphide 2.59%, n = 52; chloralose 0.95%, n = 19 and thallium 0.15%, n = 3) and molluscicides (metaldehyde 6.63%, n = 133). Second and third generation anticoagulants (bromadiolone and brodifacoum) were the most represented (10.52%, n = 211) but also first generation compounds (i.e. coumatetralyl and warfarin) were still found responsible of intoxications. Even if some pesticides are frequently involved in domestic animal poisoning (i.e. metaldehyde and strychnine), they did not show the same diffusion in wild animals. In particular, unlike domestic species, cyanide and pyrethroids have not been found responsible of intoxications in wild animals. Interestingly, a great number of positive samples involved banned pesticides like α- (14.41%, n = 289) and β- (14.16%, n = 284) endosulfan, carbofuran (5.73%, n = 115), methamidophos (9.47%, n = 190), strychnine (6.23%, n = 125) but, on the other hand, many positives were due to the exposure to commercially available products (i.e. metaldehyde and anticoagulant rodenticides). Thus, together with measures aimed to reduce illegal uses, educational campaigns and a wider range of compounds to detect would be beneficial in order to address the issue of animal poisoning, which besides has also repercussions on environmental and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bertero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Chiari
- D.G. Welfare, Regional Health Authority of Lombardy, 20124 Milan, Italy.
| | - Nicoletta Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zanoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Faggionato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Biancardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Lahmar R, Berny P, Mahjoub T, Ben Youssef S. Animal Pesticide Poisoning in Tunisia. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:369. [PMID: 31750320 PMCID: PMC6848385 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the period from 2014 to 2017, a retrospective study on pesticide poisoning in domestic animals and livestock was compiled and then analyzed. A total of 71 pesticide analyses have been submitted to the Pharmacy and Toxicology Laboratory of the School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet in Tunisia. All the cases were first referred either through the clinical and/or pathological departments of the Veterinary School, the private and/or governmental veterinarians or directly by the pet owners. Among the total number of the suspected samples, 21 (29.6%) cases were found positive for various kinds of pesticides. Carbamate insecticides were the most frequently implicated pesticide (52.4% of the total positive cases), followed by organophosphate insecticides (19%), then rodenticides-anticoagulants and rodenticides non-anticoagulants (14.3% each). Therefore, carbamates and organophosphates are the most implicated group of pesticides in intoxications (71.4%). Among the 21 positive cases were 11 dogs, 4 cats, 3 poultry, 2 ruminants, and 1 case of bee poisoning. Partition chromatography (HPLC) has been used to characterize the incriminated pesticides. The aim of this survey was to determine incidence and characteristics of pesticide poisoning in domestic and farm animals in Tunisia. The reported results are useful for epidemiological cartography and medical management of intoxicated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Lahmar
- Pharmacy-Toxicology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Philippe Berny
- Pharmacy-Toxicology, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France
| | - Tarek Mahjoub
- Biochemistry, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Samir Ben Youssef
- Pharmacy-Toxicology, University of Manouba, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Johnsen IV, Aaneby J. Soil intake in ruminants grazing on heavy-metal contaminated shooting ranges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:41-49. [PMID: 31202012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shooting ranges contain copper and lead from spent ammunition, this contamination can represent a risk for ruminants grazing there. The present study investigated the intake of copper and lead by sheep and cattle grazing on shooting ranges. Three factors are important for the ingested dose of metals: soil ingestion rate, accumulation of the metals in plants and grazing behavior. Up to 3700 mg Pb/kg dry weight (dw) and 1654 mg Cu/kg (dw) was found in soil and up to 52 mg Pb/kg (dw) and 35 mg Cu/kg (dw) was found in grass. The limit for sensitive land use set by the Norwegian Environment Agency is 60 mg Pb/kg and 100 mg Cu/kg, and the EU limit in fodder is 33.6 mg Pb/kg (dw). Soil ingestion was found by using titanium as a tracer, as titanium is abundant in soil, but not taken up in plants or animals. Low soil ingestion rates (<2%) were found in all investigated areas, including three shooting ranges and one cultivated pasture. There was no correlation between the copper concentration in soil and grass, such a correlation was found for lead. The risk of copper and lead poisoning by ruminants on shooting ranges was assessed based on the copper and lead concentration in the soil and grass, the soil ingestion rate and the grazing behavior. The risk assessment concluded that the calculated dose of copper (chronic sheep: 0.07, cattle: 0.08, acute sheep: 0.7, cattle: 0.8, mg/kg, body weight (bw), day) and lead (chronic sheep: 0.12, cattle: 0.12, acute sheep: 1.2, cattle: 1.2, mg/kg, bw, day) ingested by ruminants was much lower than both the assumed chronic (Cu sheep: 0.26-0.35 cattle: 8, Pb sheep and cattle:6, mg/kg, bw, day) and acute toxic doses (Cu sheep: 20-100, Pb sheep and cattle: 600-800, mg/kg bw) for sheep and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Vaa Johnsen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Instituttveien 20, NO-2007 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Jorunn Aaneby
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Instituttveien 20, NO-2007 Kjeller, Norway
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30
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Quero AÁM, Zarco A, Landa FB, Gorla NBM. Plasma Cholinesterase Activity in Wild Birds from Undisturbed Woodlands in the Central Monte Desert. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1692-1700. [PMID: 31063226 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cholinesterase activity is a biomarker sensitive to the effect of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, and its enzymatic levels have been previously unknown for most of the wild birds analyzed in the present study. Our objectives were to establish plasma acetylcholinesterase levels in songbirds of 2 undisturbed sites in the central Monte Desert (Argentina). We also examined the influence on cholinesterase activity of age, sex, body condition, feeding and migratory habits, and species. One hundred and sixty-five wild birds belonging to 26 species were studied. The values obtained for acetylcholinesterase activity provide a good estimate of the normal values in free-living individuals of the species Zonotrichia capensis, Molothrus bonariensis, Passer domesticus, Diuca diuca, Poospiza ornata, Saltator aurantiirostris, Gryseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus, and Columbina picui, with interspecies differences. The median enzymatic levels ± standard error of the mean ranged from 546.31 ± 17.97 μmol min-1 L-1 in P. domesticus to 3439.90 ± 173.92 μmol min-1 L-1 in Tyrannus melancholicus. No significant differences were detected between different sexes or ages. Birds that migrate (which are also insectivores) showed higher levels of cholinesterase than residents (mainly granivores). It is recommended that in cases of bird poisoning, plasma cholinesterase activity can be used as a diagnostic tool only if pre-exposure levels obtained in the same species are available, and ideally evaluated in individuals from the same biogeographical region. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1692-1700. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldo Ángel Martín Quero
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Genética, Ambiente y Reproducción, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Agustín Zarco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Genética, Ambiente y Reproducción, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Biología de Aves, Grupo de Ecología del Comportamiento Animal, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones en Zonas Aridas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Florencia Belén Landa
- Laboratorio de Genética, Ambiente y Reproducción, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Nora Bibiana María Gorla
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Genética, Ambiente y Reproducción, Universidad Juan Agustín Maza, Guaymallén, Mendoza, Argentina
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Johnsen IV, Mariussen E, Voie Ø. Assessment of intake of copper and lead by sheep grazing on a shooting range for small arms: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7337-7346. [PMID: 29644603 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Norwegian Armed Forces' shooting ranges contain contamination by metals such as lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) and are often used as grazing pastures for livestock. To determine whether the sheep were at risk from grazing at a shooting range in Nord-Trøndelag (the Leksdalen shooting field), a study was conducted wherein the aim was to determine the amount of soil the sheep were eating, the accumulation of Cu and Pb in the livers of lambs grazing on the shooting ranges, and the accumulation of Pb and Cu in the grass. The grazing behavior of the sheep was mapped using GPS tracking and wildlife cameras. Soil, grass, feces, and liver samples were collected. All the samples were analyzed for Pb, Cu, and molybdenum (Mo), and soil and feces were also analyzed for titanium (Ti). Mean concentrations in grass, soil, feces, and liver was 41-7189, 1.3-29, 4-5, and 0.3 mg/kg Pb, respectively, and 42-580, 4.2-11.9, 19-23, and 273 mg/kg Cu, respectively. The soil ingestion rate was calculated using Ti in feces and soil. From these results, the theoretical dose of Cu and Pb ingested by grazing sheep was calculated. The soil ingestion rate was found to be 0.1-0.4%, significantly lower than the soil ingestion rate of 5-30% usually used for sheep. Little or no accumulation of Cu and Pb in the grass was found. There was no difference between the metal concentrations in the washed and unwashed grass. According to the calculated dose, the sheep were at little or no risk of acute or chronic Pb and Cu poisoning from grazing on the Leksdalen shooting range. The analysis of liver samples showed that lambs grazing on the shooting range did not have higher levels of Cu or Pb than lambs grazing elsewhere. None of the lambs had concentrations of Cu or Pb in their livers indicating poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Vaa Johnsen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 2007, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 2007, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Øyvind Voie
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), 2007, Kjeller, Norway
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Argudín MA, Hoefer A, Butaye P. Heavy metal resistance in bacteria from animals. Res Vet Sci 2018; 122:132-147. [PMID: 30502728 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to metals and antimicrobials is a natural phenomenon that existed long before humans started to use these products for veterinary and human medicine. Bacteria carry diverse metal resistance genes, often harboured alongside antimicrobial resistance genes on plasmids or other mobile genetic elements. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about metal resistance genes in bacteria and we discuss their current use in the animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Argudín
- National Reference Centre - Staphylococcus aureus, Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Hoefer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - P Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, PO Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis; Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium..
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Ntemiri K, Saravia V, Angelidis C, Baxevani K, Probonas M, Kret E, Mertzanis Y, Iliopoulos Y, Georgiadis L, Skartsi D, Vavylis D, Manolopoulos A, Michalopoulou P, Xirouchakis SM. Animal mortality and illegal poison bait use in Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:488. [PMID: 30046915 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the use of poison baits against so-called pest species in Greece and explores various aspects of this illegal practice. Data were collected from 2000 to 2016, and a total of 1015 poisoning incidents in rural areas causing the death of 3248 animals were examined. In 58.7% of investigated cases, the motives remained unknown; in the remaining cases, human-wildlife conflicts and retaliatory actions among stakeholders (e.g., hunters vs. livestock breeders) were found to be the main reasons for poison bait use. The target animals for these actions were mainly mammalian carnivores, and stray canids, all of which were blamed for livestock and game losses. Avian scavengers were the wildlife species most affected by secondary poisoning (30% of the wildlife fatalities), whereas shepherd dogs accounted for 66.4% of domestic animal losses. Toxicological analyses showed that a wide range of chemical substances were used, mostly legal or banned pesticides (e.g., carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines) and potassium cyanide. Furthermore, the widespread trafficking of black marketed insecticides was also recorded, with methomyl (in powder form) and carbofuran being most common. The majority of poisoning events (72%) took place outside protected areas, while in approximately 73.4% of them, no official reporting to the competent authorities was made. Overall, the study highlights the significant impact of illegal poison bait use on wildlife in Greece and addresses its extreme socioeconomic complexity. The need for an integrated national anti-poison strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ntemiri
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - V Saravia
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - C Angelidis
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - K Baxevani
- University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - M Probonas
- University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - E Kret
- WWF Greece, 21 Lempes, 11743, Athens, Greece
| | - Y Mertzanis
- CALLISTO, Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Mitropoleos 123, 54621, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Y Iliopoulos
- CALLISTO, Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Mitropoleos 123, 54621, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - L Georgiadis
- Hellenic Anti-poison Task Force/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - D Skartsi
- WWF Greece, 21 Lempes, 11743, Athens, Greece
| | - D Vavylis
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - A Manolopoulos
- Hellenic Ornithological Society/BirdLife Greece, 80 Themistokleous Str, 10681, Athens, Greece
| | - P Michalopoulou
- Athens Center of Veterinary Institutes, Ministry of Rural Development & Food, Neapoleos 25, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - S M Xirouchakis
- University of Crete, Natural History Museum of Crete, 71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Destoumieux-Garzón D, Mavingui P, Boetsch G, Boissier J, Darriet F, Duboz P, Fritsch C, Giraudoux P, Le Roux F, Morand S, Paillard C, Pontier D, Sueur C, Voituron Y. The One Health Concept: 10 Years Old and a Long Road Ahead. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:14. [PMID: 29484301 PMCID: PMC5816263 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a significant increase in the circulation of infectious agents was observed. With the spread and emergence of epizootics, zoonoses, and epidemics, the risks of pandemics became more and more critical. Human and animal health has also been threatened by antimicrobial resistance, environmental pollution, and the development of multifactorial and chronic diseases. This highlighted the increasing globalization of health risks and the importance of the human-animal-ecosystem interface in the evolution and emergence of pathogens. A better knowledge of causes and consequences of certain human activities, lifestyles, and behaviors in ecosystems is crucial for a rigorous interpretation of disease dynamics and to drive public policies. As a global good, health security must be understood on a global scale and from a global and crosscutting perspective, integrating human health, animal health, plant health, ecosystems health, and biodiversity. In this study, we discuss how crucial it is to consider ecological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences in understanding the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases and in facing the challenges of antimicrobial resistance. We also discuss the application of the "One Health" concept to non-communicable chronic diseases linked to exposure to multiple stresses, including toxic stress, and new lifestyles. Finally, we draw up a list of barriers that need removing and the ambitions that we must nurture for the effective application of the "One Health" concept. We conclude that the success of this One Health concept now requires breaking down the interdisciplinary barriers that still separate human and veterinary medicine from ecological, evolutionary, and environmental sciences. The development of integrative approaches should be promoted by linking the study of factors underlying stress responses to their consequences on ecosystem functioning and evolution. This knowledge is required for the development of novel control strategies inspired by environmental mechanisms leading to desired equilibrium and dynamics in healthy ecosystems and must provide in the near future a framework for more integrated operational initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- CNRS, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR5244, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Université de Montpellier, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Université de La Reunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Boetsch
- UMI 3189 “Environnement, Santé, Sociétés”, Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar-Fann, Senegal
- Téssékéré International Human-Environment Observatory Labex DRIIM, CNRS and Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), UMR5244, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Perpignan, France
| | - Frédéric Darriet
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Priscilla Duboz
- UMI 3189 “Environnement, Santé, Sociétés”, Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar-Fann, Senegal
- Téssékéré International Human-Environment Observatory Labex DRIIM, CNRS and Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Clémentine Fritsch
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Usc, INRA, Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, UMR 6249 CNRS/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté Usc, INRA, Besançon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Le Roux
- Ifremer, Unité Physiologie Fonctionnelle des Organismes Marins, Plouzané, France
| | - Serge Morand
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution (ISEM), UMR 5554, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- UPR ASTRE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Paillard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR 6539, CNRS, UBO, IRD, Ifremer, Plouzané, France
| | - Dominique Pontier
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- LabEx Ecofect, Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cédric Sueur
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yann Voituron
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, UMR 5023, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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De Roma A, Miletti G, D'Alessio N, Rossini C, Vangone L, Galiero G, Esposito M. Metaldehyde Poisoning of Companion Animals: A Three-year Retrospective Study. J Vet Res 2017; 61:307-311. [PMID: 29978088 PMCID: PMC5894430 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intentional and accidental poisoning of animals is often caused by readily available commercial pesticides, such as the molluscicide metaldehyde. A retrospective analysis of suspected metaldehyde poisonings between 2014 and 2016 in Italy was conducted. Material and Methods Biological matrices were collected for toxicological analyses in the course of routine Institute activity. A total of 183 organs from dogs and cats and 49 pieces of bait, here specifically poisoned food used to lure animals, were analysed and the presence of metaldehyde was confirmed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results A high content of metaldehyde was demonstrated in the analysed samples from dogs and cats: 50 (27.3%) animals were found positive for metaldehyde intoxication together with 17 pieces of bait. Conclusion The study emphasised the need for the control of metaldehyde use by the veterinary service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella De Roma
- Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, 80055 Italy
| | - Gianluca Miletti
- Animal Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, 80055 Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alessio
- Animal Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, 80055 Italy
| | - Carmela Rossini
- Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, 80055 Italy
| | - Lucia Vangone
- Animal Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, 80055 Italy
| | - Giorgio Galiero
- Animal Health Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, 80055 Italy
| | - Mauro Esposito
- Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, 80055 Italy
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McFarland SE, Mischke RH, Hopster-Iversen C, von Krueger X, Ammer H, Potschka H, Stürer A, Begemann K, Desel H, Greiner M. Systematic account of animal poisonings in Germany, 2012-2015. Vet Rec 2017; 180:327. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. McFarland
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - R. H. Mischke
- Small Animal Clinic; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - C. Hopster-Iversen
- Clinic for Horses; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - X. von Krueger
- Veterinary Drugs Department; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Safety; Berlin Germany
| | - H. Ammer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - H. Potschka
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University; Munich Germany
| | - A. Stürer
- The Society of Clinical Toxicology; Mainz Germany
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - K. Begemann
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - H. Desel
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - M. Greiner
- Department of Exposure; Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
- Virtual Centre for Animal Health and Food Quality, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation; Hannover Germany
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38
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Diseases of the Nervous System. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7322266 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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General Systemic States. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7195945 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Poisonous or non-poisonous plants? DNA-based tools and applications for accurate identification. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:1-19. [PMID: 27796590 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant exposures are among the most frequently reported cases to poison control centres worldwide. This is a growing condition due to recent societal trends oriented towards the consumption of wild plants as food, cosmetics, or medicine. At least three general causes of plant poisoning can be identified: plant misidentification, introduction of new plant-based supplements and medicines with no controls about their safety, and the lack of regulation for the trading of herbal and phytochemical products. Moreover, an efficient screening for the occurrence of plants poisonous to humans is also desirable at the different stages of the food supply chain: from the raw material to the final transformed product. A rapid diagnosis of intoxication cases is necessary in order to provide the most reliable treatment. However, a precise taxonomic characterization of the ingested species is often challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of the emerging DNA-based tools and technologies to address the issue of poisonous plant identification. Specifically, classic DNA barcoding and its applications using High Resolution Melting (Bar-HRM) ensure high universality and rapid response respectively, whereas High Throughput Sequencing techniques (HTS) provide a complete characterization of plant residues in complex matrices. The pros and cons of each approach have been evaluated with the final aim of proposing a general user's guide to molecular identification directed to different stakeholder categories interested in the diagnostics of poisonous plants.
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Aboling S, Drotleff AM, Cappai MG, Kamphues J. Contamination with ergot bodies (Claviceps purpurea sensu lato) of two horse pastures in Northern Germany. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:207-219. [PMID: 27495979 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because the occurrence of Claviceps in European pastures may have been overlooked to cause serious health problem for grazing animals, we documented the degree of Claviceps contamination in two horse pastures and estimated whether the horses could have ingested a critical quantity of alkaloids. We counted the Claviceps sclerotia and determined alkaloid levels using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Depending on the location, the number of sclerotia varied from 0.09 to 0.19 per square meter (central area) and from 0.23 to 55.8 per square meter (border strips). Alkaloid levels in individual sclerotia also varied in different genera of grasses, ranging from 0.98 ± 0.17 μg/kg in Agrostis sp. to 25.82 ± 9.73 μg/kg in Dactylis sp., equivalent to 0.98 μg/kg and 7.26 mg/kg. Sclerotia from Dactylis contained high levels of ergosine (0.209 % ± 0.100 %) and ergocristine (0.374 % ± 0.070 %). Depending on the localization in pastures, alkaloid levels in forage (dry matter, DM) ranged from 16.1 to 45.4 μg/kg in central areas and from 23.9 to 722 μg/kg in border strips. The amount of alkaloids that a horse could have ingested depended on its daily DM uptake, which was higher in the central areas (5.85 kg/day) than in the border strips (2.73 or 0.78 kg/day). In the central areas, this amount of alkaloids ranged from 94.2 to 265.9 μg/day; and in the border strips, from 65.3 (in 2.73 kg DM/day) to as much as 563.8 μg/day (in 0.78 kg DM/day). All these amounts are higher than the European averages for alkaloids ingested by horses via feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aboling
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm, 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
| | - A M Drotleff
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - M G Cappai
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Research Unit of Animal Breeding Sciences, University of Sassari, via Vienna no. 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - J Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm, 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
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Bille L, Toson M, Mulatti P, Dalla Pozza M, Capolongo F, Casarotto C, Ferrè N, Angeletti R, Gallocchio F, Binato G. Epidemiology of animal poisoning: An overview on the features and spatio-temporal distribution of the phenomenon in the north-eastern Italian regions. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:440-448. [PMID: 27450041 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper we analyze and discuss about the records referring to animal poisonings and poisoned baits cases covering the period between 2007 and 2013 and submitted for diagnostic investigations to the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), which is the public veterinary health institute competent for the north eastern Italian regions. All data were gathered by a passive surveillance system based on voluntary reporting, which became mandatory in 2009 after a decree of the Italian Ministry of Health had come into force. This prohibited the use and detention of poisoned baits and ordered to selected institutions and professionals to carry out standardized surveys to assess suspect and/or confirmed reported cases; all the necessary anatomopathological and toxicological investigations to confirm the reported cases were then performed for free by public veterinary health institutes whenever a veterinarian diagnosis or clinical suspicion were provided. Totally, 1831 suspected animals poisoning and 698 cases of supposed poisoned baits recovery episodes were registered. 642/1831 (35.1%) animal poisoning cases were confirmed and the presence of toxic agents was verified in 292/698 baits (41.8%). The most severely affected territories were the ones with the highest level of urbanization and those most densely populated in the study area. Dogs and cats seemed to be greatly affected by poisoning cases and a characteristic seasonal trend was noticed, with an increase of episodes in late Winter/early Spring and in Autumn. Carbamate insecticides resulted to be the main cause for animal poisoning, while anticoagulants rodenticides played a primary role among toxicants found in poisoned baits. The presented results emphasize that malicious animal poisoning is a widespread problem in north-eastern Italy. The still relevant number of reported poisoning events caused by some banned pesticides poses the problem of identifying where these substances come from and brings to light the popular knowledge about the high toxicity of these compounds. Moreover, the noticeable increase of the number of episodes registered in 2009 pointed out how the above mentioned decree may have contributed to reveal a number of hidden cases which had not been investigated before, probably due to economic reasons related to the costs of toxicological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bille
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy.
| | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Manuela Dalla Pozza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Claudia Casarotto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferrè
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Roberto Angeletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Federica Gallocchio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
| | - Giovanni Binato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro (PD) 35020, Italy
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43
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Abstract
Investigation of animal-related crime, and therefore submission of forensic cases to veterinary pathology facilities, is increasing, yet many veterinary pathologists are unfamiliar and often uncomfortable with involvement in the forensic necropsy. This article discusses various aspects of the forensic necropsy without specific attention to any particular species group or crime. General advice is given on procedures, documentation, and recording of the examination, and the article indicates how these features may differ from those used in investigation of natural disease. It also discusses evidence management, including recordkeeping, identification of evidence, labeling of photographs, and use of standard operating procedures and protocols. Various written and visual methods for documentation of the forensic necropsy are covered, and adjunctive topics such as sample collection, assessment, and description of wounds and taphonomy are included. Cause, mechanism, and manner of death are defined, and guidance to the use of these terms is given. The aim of this article is to offer guidance on procedural aspects of the forensic necropsy that will help those developing their forensic services, contribute to standardization of the provision of forensic veterinary pathology, and build the confidence of the "uncomfortable" forensic veterinary pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Brooks Brownlie
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - R Munro
- Royal Veterinary College, London and Royal School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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44
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Caloni F, Cortinovis C, Rivolta M, Davanzo F. Suspected poisoning of domestic animals by pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:331-336. [PMID: 26367188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study was carried out by reviewing all suspected cases of domestic animal poisoning attributed to pesticides, reported to the Milan Poison Control Centre (MPCC) between January 2011 and December 2013. During this period, pesticides were found to be responsible for 37.3% of all suspected poisoning enquiries received (815). The most commonly species involved was the dog (71.1% of calls) followed by the cat (15.8%), while a limited number of cases involved horses, goats and sheep. Most cases of exposure (47.1%) resulted in mild to moderate clinical signs. The outcome was reported in 59.9% of these cases, with death occurring in 10.4% of them. Insecticides (40.8%) proved to be the most common group of pesticides involved and exposure to pyrethrins-pyrethroids accounted for the majority of calls. According to the MPCC data, there has been a decrease in the number of suspected poisonings cases attributed to pesticides that have been banned by the EU, including aldicarb, carbofuran, endosulfan and paraquat. In contrast, there has been an increase of suspected poisoning cases attributed to the neonicotinoids, imidacloprid and acetamiprid, probably due to their widespread use in recent years. Cases of suspected poisoning that involved exposure to rodenticides accounted for 27.6% of calls received by the MPCC and anticoagulant rodenticides were the primary cause of calls, with many cases involving brodifacoum and bromadiolone. Herbicides were involved in 14.2% of calls related to pesticides and glyphosate was the main culprit in cases involving dogs, cats, horses, goats and sheep. As far as exposure to molluscicides (11.5%) and fungicides (5.9%), most of the cases involved dogs and the suspected poisoning agents were metaldehyde and copper compounds respectively. The data collected are useful in determining trends in poisoning episodes and identifying newly emerging toxicants, thus demonstrating the prevalence of pesticides as causative agents in animal poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Cortinovis
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Rivolta
- Milan Poison Control Centre, Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - Franca Davanzo
- Milan Poison Control Centre, Ospedale Niguarda Cà Granda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy
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45
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Alkaloid-Containing Plants Poisonous to Cattle and Horses in Europe. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5301-7. [PMID: 26670251 PMCID: PMC4690134 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids, nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites, are of major interest to veterinary toxicology because of their occurrence in plant species commonly involved in animal poisoning. Based on epidemiological data, the poisoning of cattle and horses by alkaloid-containing plants is a relatively common occurrence in Europe. Poisoning may occur when the plants contaminate hay or silage or when forage alternatives are unavailable. Cattle and horses are particularly at risk of poisoning by Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron), Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), Datura stramonium (jimson weed), Equisetum palustre (marsh horsetail), Senecio spp. (ragwort and groundsel) and Taxus baccata (European yew). This review of poisonous alkaloid-containing plants describes the distribution of these plants, conditions under which poisoning occurs, active toxic principles involved and subsequent clinical signs observed.
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46
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Pollock ML, Wishart H, Holland JP, Malone FE, Waterhouse A. Photosensitisation of livestock grazing Narthecium ossifragum: Current knowledge and future directions. Vet J 2015; 206:275-83. [PMID: 26324639 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitisation diseases can cause production and animal welfare losses world-wide. In North-West Europe a photosensitisation disease complex known as 'plochteach', 'yellowses', 'saut' and 'alveld' occurs in lambs on extensive pastures containing bog asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum). Affected lambs develop lesions on the ears, face and sometimes the back, with erythema, oedema, ulceration and necrosis that can be followed by secondary infection and death. Adult sheep appear unaffected, the incidence in lambs varies from year to year and there are variations in susceptibility between- and within-breeds. The definitive cause remains uncertain although ingestion of N. ossifragum, which contains hepatotoxic saponins, has been implicated in the aetiology. However, problems replicating the disease complex by feeding N. ossifragum in a controlled environment have led to alternative hypotheses, including possible intake of toxins from fungal spores and cyanobacteria. Further research is required to assess the putative role of N. ossifragum, the scale of economic and animal welfare losses associated with the disease, how best to identify affected animals before external clinical signs appear and the treatment and management of clinical cases. Given the challenges involved in isolating the causative agent(s) of plochteach, an animal breeding route may be effective if heritability of resistance/susceptibility can be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg L Pollock
- Scotland's Rural College, Hill and Mountain Research Centre, Kirkton Farm, Crianlarich FK20 8RU, UK.
| | - Harriet Wishart
- Scotland's Rural College, Hill and Mountain Research Centre, Kirkton Farm, Crianlarich FK20 8RU, UK
| | - John P Holland
- Scotland's Rural College, Hill and Mountain Research Centre, Kirkton Farm, Crianlarich FK20 8RU, UK
| | - Frank E Malone
- Veterinary Services, SAC Consulting, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5AE, UK
| | - Anthony Waterhouse
- Scotland's Rural College, Hill and Mountain Research Centre, Kirkton Farm, Crianlarich FK20 8RU, UK
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47
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Ruiz-Suárez N, Boada LD, Henríquez-Hernández LA, González-Moreo F, Suárez-Pérez A, Camacho M, Zumbado M, Almeida-González M, Del Mar Travieso-Aja M, Luzardo OP. Continued implication of the banned pesticides carbofuran and aldicarb in the poisoning of domestic and wild animals of the Canary Islands (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:1093-9. [PMID: 25461110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although nowadays the intentional poisoning of domestic and wild animals is a crime in EU, in the past the poison was used in rural areas of a number of European countries to kill animals that were considered harmful for human activities. In Spain evidences indicate that intentional poisonings continue to occur throughout the entire country nowadays. This situation seems to be of particular concern in the Canary Islands (Spain), where this study was performed. Our results confirmed that 225 animals were poisoned by pesticides over the study period (32 months; 2010-2013). The intentionality of the poisoning was confirmed in 117 cases. It has to be highlighted that the other 108 animals also died by pesticide poisoning, although the intentionality was only suspected. This incidence is currently the highest reported in any region from European Union. The pesticides carbofuran, bromadiolone, brodifacoum and aldicarb were the most frequently detected involved. Among the affected species, it has to be highlighted that endangered species are frequently affected in poisoning incidents. Notably, chemicals banned in the EU (carbofuran and aldicarb) were identified in approximately 75% of cases, and in almost 100% of baits, which suggests that these pesticides are still available to the population. Several circumstances may explain these results. Firstly, little control over the sale and possession of pesticide products, and the potential existence of an illegal market of pesticides banned in the European Union in the neighbouring African continent. In addition, the limited awareness of the population about the dangerousness of these compounds, for the environment, animals, or even people, make the situation very worrying in these islands. Stronger regulations, control of legal and illegal pesticide use, development of educational programs and legal action in poisoning incidents are needed to decrease the impact of pesticide misuse on wildlife and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Ruiz-Suárez
- Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis A Henríquez-Hernández
- Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Federico González-Moreo
- AVAFES (Veterinary Association for the Protection of Exotic and Wild Fauna). Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, 35400 Arucas (Las Palmas), Spain
| | - Alejandro Suárez-Pérez
- AVAFES (Veterinary Association for the Protection of Exotic and Wild Fauna). Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, 35400 Arucas (Las Palmas), Spain
| | - María Camacho
- Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; AVAFES (Veterinary Association for the Protection of Exotic and Wild Fauna). Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, 35400 Arucas (Las Palmas), Spain
| | - Manuel Zumbado
- Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Maira Almeida-González
- Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Travieso-Aja
- Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Clinical and Analytical Toxicology Service (SERTOX), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Plaza Dr. Pasteur s/n. 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; AVAFES (Veterinary Association for the Protection of Exotic and Wild Fauna). Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, 35400 Arucas (Las Palmas), Spain.
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48
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Multi-residue determination of eleven anticoagulant rodenticides by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array/fluorimetric detection: Investigation of suspected animal poisoning in the period 2012–2013 in north-eastern Italy. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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49
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Pareja-Carrera J, Mateo R, Rodríguez-Estival J. Lead (Pb) in sheep exposed to mining pollution: implications for animal and human health. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:210-216. [PMID: 25086824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Livestock from the ancient mining area of Sierra Madrona and Alcudia Valley (Spain) is exposed to elevated levels of lead (Pb), as previous studies based on blood monitoring have revealed. Here we have studied blood, liver and muscle Pb levels in sheep in order to know if Pb exposure could represent a risk for human consumers of the meat and offal of these animals. A cross-sectional study was conducted with ≥4 years old (adults) ewes from the mining area (n=46) and a control area (n=21). Blood samples were taken before the sacrifice at the slaughterhouse, and liver and muscle samples were taken thereafter. At the same time, 2-3 year old rams (subadults, n=17) were blood sampled in the mining area. Blood, liver and muscle Pb levels were higher in the mining than in the control area. Blood Pb concentration in the mining area (n= 44, mean: 6.7μg/dl in ewes and 10.9μg/dl in rams) was above background levels (>6μg/dl) in 73.3 percent of animals. Liver Pb concentration in 68 percent of sheep from the mining area (n=32, mean: 6.16μg/g dry weight, d.w.) exceeded the minimum level associated with toxic exposure (5µg/g d.w.) and 87.5 percent of liver samples were above European Union Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) established for offal destined for human consumption (0.5µg/g w.w.~1.4µg/g d.w.). On the contrary, none of the muscle samples in ewes exceeded the EU MRL (0.1µg/g w.w.~0.34µg/g d.w.) established for meat, which may be related to the decline of blood Pb levels with age observed in the present study. These results suggest a potential health effect for sheep exposed to Pb pollution in this area and implications for food safety, but further research with lamb meat may be necessary to refine the risk assessment for human consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pareja-Carrera
- Department of Wildlife Toxicology, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Department of Wildlife Toxicology, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Jaime Rodríguez-Estival
- Department of Wildlife Toxicology, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC-CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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50
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Shimshoni JA, Soback S, Cuneah O, Shlosberg A, Britzi M. New validated multiresidue analysis of six 4-hydroxy-coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides in hen eggs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:736-43. [PMID: 24081927 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713501510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides are frequently a cause of poisoning of domestic animals, wildlife, and human beings. A toxicosis in 6,000 laying hens caused by the malicious addition of unknown amounts of coumatetralyl bait as well as the insecticides aldicarb, methomyl, and imidacloprid in the drinking water, was investigated in the current study. In order to determine a possible carryover of coumatetralyl into eggs, a rapid and reliable analytical method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous detection of 6 anticoagulant rodenticides (warfarin, coumatetralyl, coumachlor, bromadiolone, difenacoum, and brodifacoum) in yolk and albumen using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The method developed was reproducible, sensitive, accurate, and linear within the range of 0.01-1 mg/kg, which is the concentration range of bromadiolone and warfarin found in yolk in previously reported studies. The coefficient of variations of within and between days was 1.0-8.5% for yolk and 0.6-3.8% for albumen, while recoveries from spiked albumen and yolk samples were all in the range of 79-99% and 51-95%, respectively. Limits of detection in yolk were 0.01 mg/kg for warfarin and 0.003 mg/kg for the remaining compounds; in albumen, the limit of detection was 0.003 mg/kg for warfarin, coumatetralyl, and coumachlor, and 0.0015 mg/kg for difenacoum and brodifacoum. The application of the validated method revealed the presence of coumatetralyl in the yolk only at levels of 0.0057 mg/kg and 0.0052 mg/kg on the second and fourth day of the poisoning. In conclusion, the HPLC method demonstrated suitability for application in official analysis of anticoagulants in hen eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Avi Shimshoni
- 1Jakob Avi Shimshoni, Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, 50250 Bet Dagan, Israel.
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