1
|
Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Newcomer BW. Toxicologic Insults to the Bovine Liver. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:421-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
|
3
|
Durham AE. Association between forage mycotoxins and liver disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1502-1507. [PMID: 35792718 PMCID: PMC9308415 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outbreaks of liver disease in horses are common but the etiology of most remains unknown. Forage mycotoxins have been suspected to be a cause. Objectives To examine the association between outbreaks of liver disease and the presence of mycotoxins in forage stored on the same premises. Animals Premises were identified where ≥4 horses were contemporaneously affected by liver disease, and a control group was formed from premises where ≥4 horses had been examined and found to have no evidence of liver disease. Methods Forage was collected from 29 case and 12 control premises. The forage was analyzed for mycotoxin content using a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method, targeting 54 mycotoxins. The presence and distribution of mycotoxins between case and control samples was compared. Results Mycotoxins were found in 23/29 (79%) case samples and 10/12 (83%) control samples (P > .99; relative risk, 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64‐1.75). Median (interquartile range [IQR]) total mycotoxin concentration was similar in case and control samples (85.8 μg/kg [1.6‐268] vs. 315 μg/kg [6.3‐860]; P = .16). Ten mycotoxins were found exclusively in case premises comprising fumonisin B1, 15‐acetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, aflatoxins B1 and G1, methylergonovine, nivalenol, verruculogen, and wortmannin. The median (IQR) concentration of fumonisin B1 was significantly higher in case versus control samples (0 μg/kg [0‐81.7] vs. 0 μg/kg [0‐0]; P = .04). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Several mycotoxins with known hepatotoxic potential were found, alone or in combination, exclusively at case premises, consistent with the hypothesis that forage‐associated mycotoxicosis may be a cause of outbreaks of liver disease in horses in the United Kingdom.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gomaa N, Elemiri M, Hegazy Y, Zeineldin M, Nassif M, Alcala-Canto Y, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Rivas-Caceres RR, Abdelmegeid M. Clinical and pathological examination of mycotoxicosis as an associated risk factor for colic in equine. Microb Pathog 2021; 163:105377. [PMID: 34974118 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective cohort study was conducted on two Egyptian horse farms with most of horses were suffered from abdominal pain to describe the associations between the occurrence of mycotoxicosis and equine colic. The farms owner complain was an unexpected increase in number of colic cases and deaths among horses. The association between colic and risk factors (sex, type of food either dry or mixed with roughages and hematobiochemical parameters) was compared using independent sample T-test. The associations between possible prognostic indicators for colic caused by mycotoxicosis was estimated using logistic regression analysis model. The cumulative incidence, incidence rates for colic attacks, survival rate among diseased horses were additionally estimated. Our results showed that a total of 24 out of the 132 horses suffered from colic due to feeding of ration contaminated with high percent of mycotoxin including Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins and or fusarium mycotoxins. The total cumulative incidence of colic due to mycotoxicosis was 19.7%. The horses fed on dry rations had more chance of developing colic than horses fed on mixed rations (P < 0.05). The overall incidence rate of colic due to mycotoxicosis was estimated at 18 colic attack/1000 horse/month. The mortality rate of horses suffered from colic due to mycotoxicosis was estimated at 5.9% (5/85), while the case fatality rate was estimated at 25% (n = 5/20). Inconclusion, our results showed that mycotoxicosis are considered an important risks factor for colic cases development in equine practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gomaa
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Egypt
| | - M Elemiri
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Y Hegazy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Egypt
| | - M Zeineldin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
| | - M Nassif
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Y Alcala-Canto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico
| | - A Barbabosa-Pliego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de, México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - R R Rivas-Caceres
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad, Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - M Abdelmegeid
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dänicke S, Saltzmann J, Liermann W, Glatter M, Hüther L, Kersten S, Zeyner A, Feige K, Warnken T. Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080588. [PMID: 34437459 PMCID: PMC8402592 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contaminated feed has been associated with colic of horses caused by intestinal disorders. Whether such disease conditions alter the intestinal toxin metabolism and transfer across a compromised mucosal barrier is unknown. A screening approach was used to relate blood residue levels of DON, ZEN and their metabolites to the status of the horses (sick vs. healthy). A total of 55 clinically healthy horses from 6 different farms with varying feeding background served as control for sick horses (N = 102) hospitalized due to colic. ZEN, alpha-zearalenol (ZEL), beta-ZEL and DON were detectable in peripheral blood as indicators for the inner exposure with significant farm effects for alpha- and beta-ZEL. However, the levels in sick horses were similar to all farms. Moreover, the proportion of beta-ZEL of all detected ZEN metabolites as an indicator for the degree of metabolism of ZEN was not different for sick horses but differed amongst the control farms. Although the incidence of DON in blood was generally low and not significantly different amongst healthy and sick horses, the positive samples were nearly exclusively found in sick horses suggesting either a higher toxin transfer, an association of DON with the development of colic or a different feeding background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.S.); (L.H.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-58044-102
| | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.S.); (L.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Wendy Liermann
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Maren Glatter
- Group Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str.11, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Liane Hüther
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.S.); (L.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany; (J.S.); (L.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Annette Zeyner
- Group Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Theodor-Lieser-Str.11, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany; (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (K.F.); (T.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jarvis N, McKenzie HC. Nutritional Considerations when Dealing with an Underweight Adult or Senior Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:89-110. [PMID: 33820611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss occurs when the supply of energy is insufficient to meet the energy needs of an individual. The energy supply may be reduced by inadequate provision of feed, inadequate consumption, reduced digestion and absorption, or disruption in metabolic processing. Increased energy expenditure occurs with exercise and during cold temperatures, pregnancy, and lactation. Underlying clinical disease, particularly chronic inflammation, neoplasia, and protein-losing conditions, can cause weight loss or exacerbate existing weight loss. A methodical approach to weight-loss investigation and treatment is necessary, because of the often multifactorial nature of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Jarvis
- Redwings Horse Sanctuary, Hapton, Norwich, Norfolk NR15 1SP, UK
| | - Harold C McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, 215 Duckpond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Crotalaria spectabilis poisoning in horses fed contaminating oats. Toxicon 2021; 197:6-11. [PMID: 33852904 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present report describes the clinical and pathological changes induced by the consumption of oats contaminated with Crotalaria spectabilis seeds by horses. Eighty horses were exposed to oats containing 10 g/kg of C. spectabilis seeds with 0.46% pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and 21 horses died within a 6-month period. Clinical signs included jaundice, apathy, a hypotonic tongue, ataxia, hyporexia, weight loss, aimless wandering, violent behavior, and proprioceptive deficits. Pathological findings were predominant in the liver and included periportal bridging fibrosis, megalocytosis, centrilobular necrosis, and bile stasis. Other findings were Alzheimer's type II astrocytes in the cortex, midbrain, basal nuclei, brainstem and pons; multifocal edema and hemorrhage in the lungs; and degeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelium of kidneys. Horses are highly sensitive to pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants, and the observed clinical and pathological findings are typical of this poisoning. The seeds were planted, and botanical identification of the adult plants confirmed the diagnosis of C. spectabilis poisoning.
Collapse
|
8
|
Vance CK, King EH, Bowers SD, Ryan PL, Walters K, Shappell NW. Reproductive Performance of Mares Fed Dietary Zearalenone. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:423. [PMID: 32039244 PMCID: PMC6988787 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that zearalenone (ZON) interacts directly with estrogen receptors, and its in vivo effects on reproduction have been well-documented in several species. In contrast, reports of ZON's impact on horse reproduction are conflicting and inconclusive, some studies confounded by the presence of mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol in the feed. This study assesses the effect of chronic consumption of zearalenone on reproduction in cycling mares fed >95% pure ZON (0, 2, or 8 mg/da; n = 7 mares/treatment) for three estrous cycles, followed by artificial insemination, through 16 days of pregnancy. Animals were on ZON treatment for between 70 and 121 days (average 84) depending on individual cycle patterns. ZON-induced changes in serum concentration of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), and total estrogenicity were measured using RIAs and the E-screen assay, respectively. Effects on reproductive physiology and pregnancy were monitored by ultrasound and clinical parameters. No significant changes were found in reproductive hormone levels of E2, or P4 for mares on ZON treatments compared to controls, although there was a significant (P < 0.01) increase in P4 levels across Cycle number in High ZON (8 mg/da) treated mares. There was also an increasing trend in the interovulatory interval in the High ZON treatment group. The overall estrogenicity was similar across treatments and over time, not differing from controls or between ZON treatment groups. Adverse uterine and ovarian effects were also not observed, but pregnancy rates were mixed with only 4 of 7 mares on Low ZON becoming pregnant, and only 3 maintaining pregnancy and fetal heartbeat by Day 30, compared to 5 of 6 control mares and all 7 mares on High ZON. Because reproductive efficiency and hormone concentrations are highly variable across individuals, this study did not demonstrate that ZON at 2 or 8 mg/da was detrimental to mares' reproduction. Yet, inferring that ZON treatments were completely without effect is also not appropriate, as the absence of measurable significant differences could be attributed to the limited sample size. Most importantly, there were no extreme signs of toxicology, in contrast to previous reports when ZON was fed at these "doses."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie K Vance
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - E Heath King
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Susan D Bowers
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Peter L Ryan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Kevin Walters
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Nancy W Shappell
- Animal Metabolism-Agricultural Chemicals Research Unit, Bioscience Research Laboratory, Edward T. Shaffer Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Fargo, ND, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schertz H, Dänicke S, Frahm J, Schatzmayr D, Dohnal I, Bichl G, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Colicchia S, Breves G, Teifke JP, Kluess J. Biomarker Evaluation and Toxic Effects of an Acute Oral and Systemic Fumonisin Exposure of Pigs with a Special Focus on Dietary Fumonisin Esterase Supplementation. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070296. [PMID: 30018261 PMCID: PMC6071024 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a frequent contaminant of feed. It causes a disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and pulmonary, hepatic, and immunological lesions in pigs depending on the exposure scenario. One sensitive biomarker for FB1 exposure is the sphinganine (Sa) to sphingosine (So) ratio in blood. The fumonisin esterase FumD, which can be used as a feed additive, converts FB1 into the much less toxic metabolite hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1). We conducted a single-dose study with barrows allocated to one of five treatments: (1) control (feed, 0.9% NaCl intravenously iv), (2) 139 nmol FB1 or (3) HFB1/kg BW iv, (4) 3425 nmol FB1/kg BW orally (po), or (5) 3321 nmol FB1/kg BW and 240 U FumD/kg feed po. The Sa/So ratio of iv and po FB1 administered groups was significantly elevated in blood and Liquor cerebrospinalis, but no fumonisin-associated differences were reflected in other endpoints. Neither clinical lung affections nor histopathological pulmonary lesions were detected in either group, while some parameters of hematology and clinical biochemistry showed a treatment–time interaction. FumD application resulted in Sa/So ratios comparable to the control, indicating that the enzymatic treatment was effectively preventing the fumonisin-induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Schertz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jana Frahm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Dian Schatzmayr
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Ilse Dohnal
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerlinde Bichl
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Heidi E Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, IFA, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Sonia Colicchia
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, IFA, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bertero A, Moretti A, Spicer LJ, Caloni F. Fusarium Molds and Mycotoxins: Potential Species-Specific Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E244. [PMID: 29914090 PMCID: PMC6024576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the information on biochemical and biological activity of the main Fusarium mycotoxins, focusing on toxicological aspects in terms of species-specific effects. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have centered on the peculiarity of the responses to mycotoxins, demonstrating that toxicokinetics, bioavailability and the mechanisms of action of these substances vary depending on the species involved, but additional studies are needed to better understand the specific responses. The aim of this review is to summarize the toxicological responses of the main species affected by Fusarium mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bertero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bischoff K, Moiseff J. Equine feed contamination and toxicology. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:111-118. [PMID: 32704694 PMCID: PMC7200950 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed as a cause of poisoning in horses can occur on small or large scales. It is challenging to work up cases of suspected feed contamination, but there are resources available to veterinarians and owners. Feed contamination can be chemical or biological. This article focuses on and provides examples of chemical feed contamination including misformulation, adulteration, and natural contaminants. Additionally, recommendations for feed sampling and diagnostic submission, including legal documentation, are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Jennifer Moiseff
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Ithaca, NY
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Takagi M, Uno S, Kokushi E, Sato F, Wijayagunawardane M, Fink-Gremmels J. Measurement of urinary concentrations of the mycotoxins zearalenone and sterigmatocystin as biomarkers of exposure in mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:68-73. [PMID: 28921680 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins may affect animal health, including reproduction. Little is known about the clinical relevance of exposure of horses to contaminated feed. This study aimed at (i) monitoring the levels of the mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN), with its metabolites α- and β-zearalenol (α- and β-ZOL), and sterigmatocystin (STC) in urine samples from thoroughbred mares in Japan and (ii) relating these findings to the potential effects on reproductive efficacy of breeding mares. Sixty-three urine samples of breeding mares from 59 breeding farms were used. Urine samples and reproductive records were collected from each mare when it was presented to the stallion station. Urinary concentrations of ZEN, α- and β-ZOL, and STC were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). ZEN, α- and β-ZOL were measurable in the urine of all examined mares, indicating the prevalence of ZEN in equine feeds. In seven of the 63 samples, STC was also detected at levels ranging from 1.3 to 18.0 pg/mg creatinine. No significant correlation between the concentrations of mycotoxins and pregnancy status was observed. In conclusion, measurement of mycotoxins in urine samples is a useful non-invasive method for monitoring the systemic exposure of mares to multiple mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Takagi
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - S Uno
- The Education and Research Center for Marine Resources and Environment, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - E Kokushi
- The Education and Research Center for Marine Resources and Environment, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - F Sato
- Equine Breeding Science, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - J Fink-Gremmels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Clinical Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04718. [PMID: 32625635 PMCID: PMC7010102 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Zhang ZL, Wang HF. Fusaric acid (FA) protects heart failure induced by isoproterenol (ISP) in mice through fibrosis prevention via TGF-β1/SMADs and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2017. [PMID: 28624424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusaric acid (FA) is a novel compound derived from a class of nicotinic acid derivatives, exhibiting activity against cancers. However, its role in regulating cardiac injury is limited. Our study was aimed to investigate the role and the underlying molecular mechanism of FA in heart fibrosis and hypertrophy. Isoproterenol (ISP) was used to induce cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. FA administration ameliorated hypertrophy by reducing atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and β -myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, FA reduced collagen accumulation and fibrosis-related signals, including α- smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Collagen type I and Collagen type III. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/SMADs and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), signalling pathways were highly activated for ISP induction, which were prevented due to FA administration. Further, FA suppressed ISP-induced PI3K/AKT activity in a dose dependent manner. Of note, FA-reduced MAPKs phosphorylation was associated with phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Protein kinase B (AKT) activity caused by ISP. However, PI3K/AKT activation showed no effects on TGF-β1/SMADs expression in FA-treated cells after ISP exposure. Together, FA might be an effective candidate agent for preventing cardiac fibrosis by modulating TGF-β1/SMADs and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affilitated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City, Henan Province, China.
| | - Zhou-Long Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affilitated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui-Fen Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affilitated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang City, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Taran F, Silva V, Abrunhosa L, Rosa C, Venâncio A, Almeida F. Evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an anti-fumonisin B1 additive in a horse digestion model. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to adsorb fumonisin B1 (FB1) was evaluated in in vitro assays. The digestion of nutrients from maize contaminated with FB1 was assessed as well as the influence of digestive enzymes and pH on the bioavailability of FB1 in solution. Adsorption assays in buffers containing 5 µg/ml of FB1 were conducted to determine the strain to be used in the in vitro digestion assays. Four different yeast strains (1, 2, 3 and 4) along with five different cell concentrations of each one were studied under pH 2 and 6.8 at 39 °C. Strain 4 showed higher adsorption values at 1×109 cfu/ml, adsorbing 39.4% of the mycotoxin at pH 2 and 37.5% at pH 6.8. After that, the in vitro enzymatic digestion was conducted in two separated experiments. First, maize artificially contaminated with FB1 (5 µg/g) was used in five different treatments. Then, assays with maize naturally contaminated with FB1 (Maize A: 3.2 µg/g and Maize B: 29.0 µg/g) were conducted. In all samples, FB1 was quantified by HPLC-FL in liquid fraction and in solid residue. Samples of maize in natura and solid residues were subjected to chemical analysis of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and starch to estimate the digestion of nutrients. The presences of FB1 and S. cerevisiae (Strain 4) in these assays had no influence on the digestion of the maize nutrients. The adsorption capacity of yeast was observed more clearly in treatments with higher concentrations of FB1 in the maize grain. S. cerevisiae strain 4 removed between 8 to 18% of FB1 in solution, showing a limited capacity to adsorb FB1 under in vitro conditions of horse enzymatic digestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F.M.P. Taran
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 – km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V.P. Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 – km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L. Abrunhosa
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - C.A.R. Rosa
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 – km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A. Venâncio
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - F.Q. Almeida
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465 – km 7, 23851-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vendruscolo CP, Frias NC, de Carvalho CB, de Sá LRM, Belli CB, Baccarin RYA. Leukoencephalomalacia Outbreak in Horses due to Consumption of Contaminated Hay. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1879-1881. [PMID: 27744651 PMCID: PMC5115199 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C P Vendruscolo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - N C Frias
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C B de Carvalho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - L R M de Sá
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C B Belli
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Y A Baccarin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Causin R. Fusarium Toxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Legislation, Factors Promoting the Appearance and Their Management. Molecules 2016; 21:E627. [PMID: 27187340 PMCID: PMC6274039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with mycotoxins, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. Regulations on maximum limits have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins. Several factors are involved in Fusarium disease and mycotoxin occurrence and among them environmental factors and the agronomic practices have been shown to deeply affect mycotoxin contamination in the field. In the present review particular emphasis will be placed on how environmental conditions and stress factors for the crops can affect Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production, with the aim to provide useful knowledge to develop strategies to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Causin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Masching S, Naehrer K, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Sărăndan M, Schaumberger S, Dohnal I, Nagl V, Schatzmayr D. Gastrointestinal Degradation of Fumonisin B₁ by Carboxylesterase FumD Prevents Fumonisin Induced Alteration of Sphingolipid Metabolism in Turkey and Swine. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8030084. [PMID: 27007395 PMCID: PMC4810229 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a frequent contaminant of feed and causes various adverse health effects in domestic animals. Hence, effective strategies are needed to prevent the impact of fumonisins on livestock productivity. Here we evaluated the capability of the fumonisin carboxylesterase FumD to degrade FB1 to its less toxic metabolite hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) in the gastrointestinal tract of turkeys and pigs. First, an ex vivo pig model was used to examine the activity of FumD under digestive conditions. Within 2 h of incubation with FumD, FB1 was completely degraded to HFB1 in the duodenum and jejunum, respectively. To test the efficacy of the commercial application of FumD (FUMzyme) in vivo, female turkeys (n = 5) received either basal feed (CON), fumonisin-contaminated feed (15 mg/kg FB1+FB2; FB) or fumonisin-contaminated feed supplemented with FUMzyme (15 U/kg; FB+FUMzyme) for 14 days ad libitum. Addition of FUMzyme resulted in significantly decreased levels of FB1 in excreta, whereas HFB1 concentrations were significantly increased. Compared to the FB group (0.24 ± 0.02), the mean serum sphinganine-to-sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio was significantly reduced in the FB+FUMzyme group (0.19 ± 0.02), thus resembling values of the CON group (0.16 ± 0.02). Similarly, exposure of piglets (n = 10) to 2 mg/kg FB1+FB2 for 42 days caused significantly elevated serum Sa/So ratios (0.39 ± 0.15) compared to the CON group (0.14 ± 0.01). Supplementation with FUMzyme (60 U/kg) resulted in gastrointestinal degradation of FB1 and unaffected Sa/So ratios (0.16 ± 0.02). Thus, the carboxylesterase FumD represents an effective strategy to detoxify FB1 in the digestive tract of turkeys and pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Masching
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Erber Campus 1, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria.
| | - Karin Naehrer
- BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Erber Campus 1, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria.
| | - Heidi-Elisabeth Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Mihai Sărăndan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania.
| | | | - Ilse Dohnal
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jovanović M, Trailović D, Kukolj V, Nešić S, Marinković D, Nedeljković-Trailović J, Strajn BJ, Milićević D. An outbreak of fumonisin toxicosis in horses in Serbia. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on an outbreak of fumonisin toxicosis in a stable with 100 horses. Twenty-one horses were affected and fifteen died within a month. The animals were not febrile and exhibited poor appetite, somnolence, head pressing, blindness, ataxia, lethargy, and seizures, ending with death. The post mortem examination of the head of one 18-month-old colt revealed large, bilateral, slightly asymmetrical large areas of necrosis of the cerebral white matter. The lesions involved the frontal, parietal and occipital lobes only. Histological findings revealed leukomalacia with necrosis, infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, haemorrhage and oedema of the surrounding grey matter. In response to the pathological findings, which indicated equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM), feed samples from the premises were tested for fumonisin B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2). The milled maize samples contained 6.0 mg/kg FB1 and 2.4 mg/kg FB2, while the maize bran contained 6.05 mg/kg FB1 and 1.68 mg/kg FB2. These findings confirmed the diagnosis of fumonisin toxicosis. Hence, this report indicates that Serbia is one of the few regions in Europe with proven cases of ELEM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Jovanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D. Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V. Kukolj
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S. Nešić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D. Marinković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - J. Nedeljković-Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B. Jakovac Strajn
- Veterinary Faculty, National Veterinary Institute, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D. Milićević
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kirćanskog 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gutleb A, Caloni F, Giraud F, Cortinovis C, Pizzo F, Hoffmann L, Bohn T, Pasquali M. Detection of multiple mycotoxin occurrences in soy animal feed by traditional mycological identification combined with molecular species identification. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:275-279. [PMID: 28962360 PMCID: PMC5598493 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy products are a main component of animal feed. Because mycotoxins may harm farm animals, undermining productivity and health, a mycological and toxigenic screening was carried out on 36 batches used in animal feed, collected in 2008, 2009 and 2010 in Italy. The investigated mycoflora of a subset of soy seed (n = 6) suggested that Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. frequently colonize soy seeds. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol were detected in 88.9%, 72.2% and 30.6% of samples, respectively. Co-occurrence of at least two toxins was observed in 72% of cases. The molecular analysis of the Fusarium spp. population identified Fusarium verticillioides as potential producers of fumonisins, but no known deoxynivalenol producers were detected. It is suggested that the widespread presence of toxins can be due to non-optimal storing conditions of the feed. Moreover, our results suggest that mycotoxin thresholds should be adapted to consider the frequent case of toxin co-occurrence. This approach would better reflect the real toxigenic risk of feedstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A.C. Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 5 avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - F. Caloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - F. Giraud
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 5 avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - C. Cortinovis
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - F. Pizzo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - L. Hoffmann
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 5 avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - T. Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 5 avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - M. Pasquali
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 5 avenue des Hauts-Forneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu L, Zhang G, Guo C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Yang H, Yang D, He L, Zeng Z, Fang B. Simultaneous determination of major type-B trichothecenes and the de-epoxy metabolite of deoxynivalenol in chicken tissues by HPLC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:642-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Xu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Guijun Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Chunna Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Jianlong Zheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Haicui Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Dexue Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Limin He
- Centre for Veterinary of Drug Residues; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Binghu Fang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU); Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Veterinary Medicine; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang S, Li Y, Cao X, Hu D, Wang Z, Wang Y, Shen J, Zhang S. Metabolic pathways of T-2 toxin in in vivo and in vitro systems of Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9734-9743. [PMID: 23971727 DOI: 10.1021/jf4012054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, metabolites of T-2 toxin in in vivo and in vitro systems of Wistar rats were identified and elucidated by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). Expected and unexpected metabolites were detected by Metabolynx(XS) software, which could automatically compare MS(E) data from the sample and control. A total of 19 metabolites of T-2 toxin were identified in this research, 9 of them being novel, which were 15-deacetyl-T-2, 3'-OH-15-deacetyl-T-2, 3',7-dihydroxy-T-2, isomer of 3',7-dihydroxy-T-2, 7-OH-HT-2, isomer of 7-OH-HT-2, de-epoxy-3',7-dihydroxy-HT-2, 9-OH-T-2, and 3',9-dihydroxy-T-2. The results showed that the main metabolic pathways of T-2 toxin were hydrolysis, hydroxylation, and de-epoxidation. In addition, the results also revealed one novel metabolic pathway of T-2 toxin, hydroxylation at C-9 position, which was demonstrated by the metabolites 9-OH-T-2 and 3',9-dihydroxy-T-2. In addition, hydroxylation at C-9 of T-2 toxin was also generated in in vitro of liver systems. Interestingly, several metabolites of hydroxylation at C-7 of T-2 toxin were also detected in in vivo male Wistar rats, but they were not found in in vivo female rats and in in vitro systems of Wistar rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Garrido C, Hernández Pezzani C, Pacin A. Mycotoxins occurrence in Argentina’s maize (Zea mays L.), from 1999 to 2010. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Songsermsakul P, Böhm J, Aurich C, Zentek J, Razzazi-Fazeli E. The levels of zearalenone and its metabolites in plasma, urine and faeces of horses fed with naturally, Fusarium toxin-contaminated oats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 97:155-61. [PMID: 22129272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Concentration profile of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolites in plasma, urine and faeces samples of horses fed with Fusarium toxin-contaminated oats is described. In plasma, β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) was detected at high levels on day 10 of the study (3.21-6.24 μg/l). β-Zearalenol and α-zearalenol were the major metabolites in urine. Zearalenone, α-ZOL and β-ZOL were predominantly found in faeces. Zearalanone could also be detected in urine (1.34-5.79 μg/l) and faeces (1 μg/kg). The degree of glucuronidation was established in all sample types, approximately 100% in urine and plasma. Low per cent of glucuronidation (4-15%) was found in faeces samples. The results indicate the main conversion of ZON into β-ZOL in horse. This finding could explain why horse is not susceptible to ZON in comparison with swine which produce α-ZOL as a predominant metabolite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Songsermsakul
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinä rplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mycotoxins in horse feed: Incidence of deoxynivalenol in oat samples from stud farms. ZBORNIK MATICE SRPSKE ZA PRIRODNE NAUKE 2011. [DOI: 10.2298/zmspn1120033u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports concerning mycotoxins in horse feed are very rare and are typically
restricted to fumonisins. As a non-ruminant monogastric species, horses may
be more sensitive to adverse effects of mycotoxins, but the most severe
effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in equines is that it causes fatal
leucoencephalomalacia. In recent years, the European Food Safety Authority
(EFSA) has evaluated several mycotoxins as ?undesirable substances in animal
feed? with the aim of establishing guidance values for the feed industry. In
its evaluation of deoxynivalenol (DON), EFSA concluded that this toxin
exhibited toxic effects in all species, but that horses were more tolerant
towards this toxin than pigs. According to the available data, a systematic
survey on mycotoxins in horse feed in Serbia has not been published.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of
mycotoxins in horse feed in Vojvodina. Samples of oats for horse consumption,
collected in 2010, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays (ELISA) for
deoxynivalenol contamination. Twelve samples of oats were taken from twelve
horse studs, with sport, school and hobby horses.
Collapse
|