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Woodrow JS, Hopster K, Palmisano M, Payette F, Kulp J, Stefanovski D, Nolen‐Walston R. Time to resolution of airway inflammation caused by bronchoalveolar lavage in healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2776-2782. [PMID: 39198933 PMCID: PMC11423487 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a common procedure for evaluation of the equine lower airways. Time to resolution of post-BAL inflammation has not been clearly defined. HYPOTHESIS Residual inflammation, evident by changes in immune cell populations and inflammatory cytokines, will resolve by 72 hours after BAL. ANIMALS Six adult, healthy, institution-owned horses. METHODS Randomized, complete cross-over design. Each horse underwent 3 paired BALs, including a baseline and then 48, 72, and 96 hours later, with a 7-day washout between paired BALs. Each sample underwent cytological evaluation and cytokine concentrations were determined by a commercially available multiplex bead immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed by multilevel mixed-effects Poisson regression analysis. Data are reported as marginal means and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Neutrophil, eosinophil and mast cell percentages were not significantly different at any time points. Macrophage percentages were higher at 72 hours (45.0 [95% CI, 41.6-48.4]%) and 96 hours (45.3 [95% CI, 42.9-47.7]%) vs baseline (37.4 [95% CI, 33.5-41.4]%; P < .001 and P = .01, respectively), and at 72 hours and 96 hours vs 48 hours (31.9 [95% CI, 28.1-35.6]%; P < .001). Neutrophil percentage was not significantly increased at 48 hours (P = .11). Interleukin (IL)-6 concentration was increased at 72 hours (5.22 [95% CI, 3.44-6.99] pg/mL) vs 48 hours (4.38 [95% CI, 2.99-5.78] pg/mL; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Significant lung inflammation was not detected at 72 and 96 hours, suggesting that repeating BAL at 72 hours or more can be done without concern of residual inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S. Woodrow
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Klaus Hopster
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Megan Palmisano
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Flavie Payette
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jeaneen Kulp
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rose Nolen‐Walston
- Department of Clinical Sciences‐New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
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Rasmussen N, Karlsen P, Otten ND, Fjeldborg J, Hansen S. Bilateral bronchoalveolar lavage cytology profiles in a warmblood horse population during a 1-year period. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:2391-2398. [PMID: 38780440 PMCID: PMC11256144 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology results from 1 lung might not be representative of both lungs. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the lung site sampled would influence the horse's BAL cytology profile, and if a pooled BAL sample would be superior with regard to BAL cytology diagnosis in a cohort of healthy and subclinical asthmatic warmblood horses. ANIMALS Fifty-nine horses in 2021 and 70 horses in 2022, the follow-up included 53 of the same in each year. METHODS A cross-sectional study with follow-up included BAL cytology samples from individual lungs and from pooled BAL samples. The BAL samples were enumerated and differential cell count were applied to categorize the horses as control or with airway inflammation (AI). RESULTS Bronchoalveolar lavage mast cell count was higher in left lung compared to right lung (2021; median 1.6 [range, 0.6-3.3] vs 1.2 [0.7-1.5] P = .009, 2022; median 3.1 [2.1-4.2] vs 2.4 [1.7-3.4], P < .001) and compared to pooled samples (2022; median 2.6 [1.7-3.7], P < .001). Between year 2021 and 2022, 17 of the horses had changes in BAL cytology from control to AI or vice versa. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pooled BAL sample was the least reliable for detecting AI, and was not representative of the overall lung condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Rasmussen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Pernille Karlsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Nina D. Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Julie Fjeldborg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
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Lemonnier LC, Couroucé A, Cessans M, Petit L, Cardwell JM, Barbazanges P, Toquet MP, Richard EA. Detection of fungi in the airways of horses according to the sample site: a methodological study. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:345-355. [PMID: 37704768 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungal detection in equine airways may be performed on either tracheal wash (TW) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by either cytology or culture. However, method comparisons are sparse. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of fungi in airways of horses according to the sample site and laboratory methodology. Sixty-two adult horses, investigated in the field or referred for respiratory disease, were included. Tracheal wash, and BALF collected separately from both lungs, were collected using a videoendoscope. Fungi were detected in cytologic samples examined by light microscopy, and by fungal culture. Hay was sampled in the field. Prevalence of fungi was of 91.9% in TW and 37.1% in BALF. Fungi were cultured from 82.3% of TW and 20.9% of BALF. Fungal elements were observed cytologically in 69.4% of TW and 22.6% of BALF. In 50% of horses, the same fungi were detected in both TW and hay, but fungi detected in BALF and hay differed in all horses. Poor agreement was found for the detection of fungi between TW and BALF and between fungal culture and cytologic examination (Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) < 0.20). Moderate agreement was found between cytologic examination of left and right lungs (κ = 0.47). The prevalence of fungi detected cytologically on pooled BALF was significantly different (p = 0.023) than on combined left and right BALF. Fungi were more prevalent in the TW than BALF, and results suggest that hay might not be the primary source of fungi of the lower respiratory tract of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lemonnier
- CISCO-ONIRIS, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Oniris, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - A Couroucé
- CISCO-ONIRIS, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Oniris, 44300, Nantes, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, F-14000, Caen, France
| | - M Cessans
- CISCO-ONIRIS, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Oniris, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - L Petit
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053, Caen, France
| | - J M Cardwell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - P Barbazanges
- CISCO-ONIRIS, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Oniris, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - M -P Toquet
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, F-14000, Caen, France
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053, Caen, France
| | - E A Richard
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, F-14000, Caen, France
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053, Caen, France
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Mönki J, Holopainen M, Ruhanen H, Karikoski N, Käkelä R, Mykkänen A. Lipid species profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of horses housed on two different bedding materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21778. [PMID: 38066223 PMCID: PMC10709413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipidome of equine BALF cells has not been described. The objectives of this prospective repeated-measures study were to explore the BALF cells' lipidome in horses and to identify lipids associated with progression or resolution of airway inflammation. BALF cells from 22 horses exposed to two bedding materials (Peat 1-Wood shavings [WS]-Peat 2) were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effects of bedding on lipid class and species compositions were tested with rmANOVA. Correlations between lipids and cell counts were examined. The BALF cells' lipidome showed bedding-related differences for molar percentage (mol%) of 60 species. Whole phosphatidylcholine (PC) class and its species PC 32:0 (main molecular species 16:0_16:0) had higher mol% after Peat 2 compared with WS. Phosphatidylinositol 38:4 (main molecular species 18:0_20:4) was higher after WS compared with both peat periods. BALF cell count correlated positively with mol% of the lipid classes phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, ceramide, hexosylceramide, and triacylglycerol but negatively with PC. BALF cell count correlated positively with phosphatidylinositol 38:4 mol%. In conclusion, equine BALF cells' lipid profiles explored with MS-based lipidomics indicated subclinical inflammatory changes after WS. Inflammatory reactions in the cellular lipid species composition were detected although cytological responses indicating inflammation were weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Mönki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Minna Holopainen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ninja Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Viikintie 49, P.O. Box 57, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Martineau M, Kokabi E, Taiebi A, Lefebvre S, Pradier S, Jaÿ M, Tardy F, Leon A. Epidemiology and pathogenicity of M. equirhinis in equine respiratory disorders. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109926. [PMID: 38006720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are pathogens involved in respiratory disorders of various animal hosts. In horses, Mycoplasma (M.) equirhinis is the species most frequently detected in clinical respiratory specimens, with a prevalence of 12-16%, but its clinical implication in equine respiratory disorders remains unclear. Here we screened 1948 clinical specimens for the presence of M. equirhinis. The samples were both tracheal washes (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) collected by veterinarians in France in day-to-day work between 2020 and 2022. The samples were associated with a standardized form that served to collect key general and clinical information, such as horse age, breed, and living environment. M. equirhinis was detected using a combination of culture and post-enrichment PCR. Other diagnostic data included virology and bacteriology as well as neutrophil counts, when available. Prevalence of M. equirhinis was examined as a function of a clinical score based on four significant clinical signs (nasal discharge, cough, dyspnoea, and hyperthermia). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was run to identify risk factors for the presence of M. equirhinis, and comparative prevalence analysis was used to test for association with other bacteria and viruses. TW and BAL were analysed independently, as we found that TW samples were associated with a higher prevalence of M. equirhinis. As prevalence remained steady whatever the clinical score, M. equirhinis cannot be considered a primary pathogen. M. equirhinis was more frequently isolated in thoroughbreds and trotters and in horses living exclusively stabled compared to other horses or other living environments. M. equirhinis was never detected in BAL specimens with a 'normal' neutrophil count, i.e. 5%, suggesting it could be associated with an inflammatory response, similar to that observed in equine asthma. Prevalence of M. equirhinis was shown to increase in the presence of other bacteria such as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zoo) or viruses, and S. zoo load was higher in M. equirhinis-positive samples, suggesting a potential increase of clinical signs in the event of co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Martineau
- LABÉO, Research Department, Saint-Contest, 14000 Caen, France; Univ of Caen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, F-14000 Caen, France; University of Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Animal mycoplasmosis, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Elena Kokabi
- LABÉO, Research Department, Saint-Contest, 14000 Caen, France; Univ of Caen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Anis Taiebi
- LABÉO, Research Department, Saint-Contest, 14000 Caen, France; Univ of Caen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Stéphanie Lefebvre
- University of Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Animal mycoplasmosis, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | - Maryne Jaÿ
- University of Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Animal mycoplasmosis, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- University of Lyon, Anses, VetAgro Sup, UMR Animal mycoplasmosis, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Albertine Leon
- LABÉO, Research Department, Saint-Contest, 14000 Caen, France; Univ of Caen Normandie, Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, DYNAMICURE UMR 1311, F-14000 Caen, France.
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Westermann CM, de Bie AG, Olave C, de Grauw JC, Teske E, Couetil LL. Effect of Lavage Solution Type on Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology in Clinically Healthy Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2637. [PMID: 37627428 PMCID: PMC10451886 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is usually performed with 250-500 mL of isotonic saline at pH 5.5. The acidic pH of saline may cause an increase in airway neutrophil count 48 h after BAL. Other isotonic solutions such as Ringer's solution, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or Plasma-Lyte 148® have a neutral pH of 7.4 and might be a better choice for BAL by not provoking inflammation and the influx of neutrophils into airways. BAL was performed in four healthy horses in four different lung lobes using four different solutions in a randomized crossover design. In each lobe, BAL was performed twice with a 48 h interval using 250 mL of solution. Automated total nucleated cell counts (TNCs) were recorded, and differential cell counts in lavage fluid were determined by two investigators blinded to treatments. The mean volume of BAL fluid retrieved was 51 ± 14%. The mean neutrophil percentage (%N) increased from 1.5 ± 0.9% to 14.7 ± 9.6% at 48 h (p < 0.001) but was not significantly affected by the solution used or the lung lobe sampled. In conclusion, in this study, the influx of neutrophils into airways after BAL was independent of the type of isotonic solution used and the lung lobe sampled. Saline remains an appropriate solution for BAL in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornélie M. Westermann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelieke G. de Bie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Dierenkliniek de Vijfsprong, Vijfsprongweg 28, 6733 JJ Wekerom, The Netherlands
| | - Carla Olave
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Janny C. de Grauw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Erik Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent L. Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Shawaf T, Schuberth HJ, Hussen J. Immune cell composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy and respiratory diseased dromedary camels. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:353. [PMID: 36131278 PMCID: PMC9490690 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory diseases are among the most common and expensive to treat diseases in camels with a great economic impact on camel health, welfare, and production. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) has been proven as a valuable sample for investigating the leukocyte populations in the respiratory tract of several species. In the present study, fluorescent antibody labeling and flow cytometry were used to study the immune cell composition of BALF in dromedary camels. Animals with clinical respiratory diseases (n = seven) were compared with apparently healthy animals (n = 10). In addition, blood leukocytes from the same animals were stained in parallel with the same antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Camel BALF macrophages, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes were identified based on their forward and side scatter properties. The expression pattern of the cell markers CD172a, CD14, CD163, and MHCII molecules on BALF cells indicates a similar phenotype for camel, bovine, and porcine BALF myeloid cells. The comparison between camels with respiratory disease and healthy camels regarding cellular composition in their BALF revealed a higher total cell count, a higher fraction of granulocytes, and a lower fraction of macrophages in diseased than healthy camels. Within the lymphocyte population, the percentages of helper T cells and B cells were also higher in diseased than healthy camels. The elevated expression of the activation marker CD11a on helper T cells of diseased camels is an indication of the expansion of helper T cells population due to infection and exposure to respiratory pathogens. The higher abundance of MHCII molecules on BALF macrophages from diseased camels indicates a polarization toward an inflammatory macrophage phenotype (M1) in respiratory diseased camels. No significant differences were observed in the systemic leukogram between healthy and diseased animals. Conclusions Collectively, the current study represents the first report on flow cytometric analysis of immune cell composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hans-Joachim Schuberth
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
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Shawaf T, Almubarak A, Alhumam N, Almathen F, Hussen J. Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11723. [PMID: 34249521 PMCID: PMC8256809 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have proven to be useful tools for the identification of disease-associated changes in the respiratory tract in human and different animal species. In the dromedary camel, little is known about cytological analysis of TW and BAL in health and disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytological composition of TW and BAL in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels. Methods TW and BAL samples were collected from dromedary camels and cytological analysis was performed by microscopic examination of prepared smears. Camels with clinical respiratory disease (n = 18) were compared with apparently healthy (control) camels (n = 9). Results In the apparently healthy camels, differential cytological analysis of TW samples identified macrophages and neutrophils as the main cell populations with lesser proportions of lymphocytes and epithelial cells and very rare abundance of eosinophils and mast cells. In the TW of camels with respiratory disease, neutrophils were the most abundant cells followed by macrophages and lymphocytes. In the BAL of healthy camels, macrophages represented the main cell type followed by lymphocytes and neutrophils. In respiratory-diseased camels, BAL samples contained higher percentages of neutrophils with reduced percentages of macrophages and lymphocytes in comparison to camels from the control group. Collectively, the results of the current study revealed higher abundance of neutrophils in the TW and BAL from dromedary camels than many other veterinary species. The cytological patterns of TW and BAL from camels with respiratory diseases were characterized by increased proportion of neutrophils and decreased proportion of macrophages in comparison to healthy camels. The proportion of lymphocytes was also decreased in TW samples from diseased camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naser Alhumam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,The Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Taylor SD, Ivester KM, Stewart C, Page AE, Horohov DW, Couetil LL. The effect of lower airway inflammation on inflammatory cytokine gene expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and whole blood in racing Thoroughbreds. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110266. [PMID: 33991760 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of mild to moderate equine asthma (MEA) are not completely understood. There are limited data on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood inflammatory cytokine profiles in racehorses with MEA, and the effect of racing on inflammatory cytokines is unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokine gene expression in BALF and resting blood would be higher in racehorses with lower airway inflammation compared to healthy controls, and that gene expression in blood collected immediately post-race would be increased compared to resting blood in racehorses with lower airway inflammation. ANIMALS 38 racing Thoroughbreds (samples: 30 resting blood, 22 post-race BALF, 41 post-race blood). METHODS Prospective observational study. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression was determined in resting blood, post-race BALF and post-race blood from racehorses with lower airway inflammation and controls. RESULTS Lower airway inflammation was diagnosed in 79 % of racehorses (23 % neutrophilic, 67 % mastocytic, and 10 % mixed). There was no difference in gene expression in BALF or resting blood between racehorses with lower airway inflammation and controls. IL-8 gene expression was higher in post-race blood compared to resting peripheral blood, regardless of disease (p = 0052). BALF neutrophil proportions increased with increasing IL-1β gene expression in all sample types (p = 0.0025). BALF mast cell proportions increased with increasing TNF-α gene expression in post-race blood (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Lower airway inflammation was common in a population of racehorses without respiratory signs or exercise intolerance. Exercise alone increased peripheral blood IL-8 gene expression. Inflammatory cytokine gene expression was not increased in BALF or resting blood in horses with subclinical lower airway inflammation, precluding its diagnostic utility in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Ivester
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Craig Stewart
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Allen E Page
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - David W Horohov
- Gluck Equine Research Center, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Laurent L Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Pardon B, Buczinski S. Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis: What Progress Has Been Made in Infectious Diagnosis? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:425-444. [PMID: 32451034 PMCID: PMC7244442 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Sébastien Buczinski
- Département des Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
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Hue E, Orard M, Toquet MP, Depecker M, Couroucé A, Pronost S, Paillot R, Richard EA. Asymmetrical Pulmonary Cytokine Profiles Are Linked to Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology of Horses With Mild Airway Neutrophilia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:226. [PMID: 32391392 PMCID: PMC7193537 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data on cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are available for racehorses with mild/moderate equine asthma (EA); cytological diagnosis being most frequently made from only one lung. The purpose of the study was to compare cytokine mRNA expressions and protein concentrations in BALF from both lungs. As part of a larger study, 250 ml saline was randomly instilled in one lung and 500 ml in the contralateral lung of 30 clinically healthy Standardbred racehorses. This procedure was repeated 72 h later, inversing the volume per lung. Cytological cut-off values for diagnosis of mild EA was neutrophil proportions > 10% when instilling 250 ml. Eleven horses that exhibited unilateral mild inflammatory cytology [i.e., normal cytology (<10% neutrophils) in the other lung] were enrolled. Protein concentrations were not significantly different between lungs, for any of the investigated cytokines. Relative mRNA expression of IL-1β (3.887 ± 0.929) and IL-10 (3.225 ± 0.516) were significantly higher in BALF from mild inflammatory lungs when compared with non-inflammatory ones (1.408 ± 0.337 and 1.488 ± 0.420, respectively); and also significantly correlated with neutrophil proportions (R = 0.45 and R = 0.58, respectively). These findings suggest that specific inflammatory response and/or regulation locally occurs within the lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Marie Orard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
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Couetil LL, Thompson CA. Airway Diagnostics: Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Tracheal Wash, and Pleural Fluid. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:87-103. [PMID: 32145836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Indications for bronchoalveolar lavage, tracheal wash, and thoracocentesis for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases are discussed. Each technique is described in detail and illustrated by videos. Sample handling, preparation and evaluation are reviewed. The advantages and limitations of bronchoalveolar lavage and tracheal wash procedures as well as a critical comparison between the 2 techniques for equine asthma diagnosis are presented. Finally, validated cut-off values for equine asthma diagnosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent L Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
| | - Craig A Thompson
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, 725 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2027, USA
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13
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Hansen S, Fjeldborg J, Hansen AJ, Baptiste KE. Reliability of cytological evaluation of mast cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses: Intraobserver agreement and mast cell identification. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Department of Large Animal Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | - J. Fjeldborg
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Department of Large Animal Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | | | - K. E. Baptiste
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Danish Medicine Agency Copenhagen Denmark
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Hansen S, Honoré ML, Riihimaki M, Pringle J, Ammentorp AH, Fjeldborg J. Seasonal Variation in Tracheal Mucous and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology for Adult Clinically Healthy Stabled Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The influence of hay steaming on clinical signs and airway immune response in severe asthmatic horses. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:345. [PMID: 30442129 PMCID: PMC6236910 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avoidance of antigenic stimuli was found to significantly reverse airway obstruction of horses with severe equine asthma (sEA). To date, no published study investigated the influence of steaming hay on lower airway condition of sEA-affected horses. The objectives were to determine the clinical, cytological and cytokine respiratory responses of both sEA and control (CTL) horses experimentally exposed to steamed or dry hay. Results A cohort of 6 sEA horses and 6 CTL horses was involved in this field study. On day 0, both groups were fed with steamed hay for 5 consecutive days, followed by a wash-out period of 26 days prior to be fed with dry hay for 5 consecutive days. Investigations performed 2 days prior to and 5 days after each challenge included clinical score, tracheal mucus accumulation, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and cytokine mRNA expression. Feeding steamed hay significantly decreased its mould content (P < 0.001). Mucus score significantly increased when feeding dry hay (P = 0.01). No significant influence of challenge type was found on clinical score. Percentages of neutrophils (P < 0.001) as well as mRNA expression of IL-1β (P = 0.024), IL-6R (P = 0.021), IL-18 (P = 0.009) and IL-23 (P = 0.036) in BALF of sEA affected horses were significantly increased after both (steamed and dry hay) challenges. Relative mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6R and IL-23 in BALF were also significantly correlated to neutrophil percentages and both clinical and tracheal mucus score. Conclusions Steaming significantly decreased mould content but inconsistently influenced the respiratory response of sEA affected horses when fed hay. Based on BALF cytology and cytokine profiles, its relevance might be controversial as a non-medicinal therapy for sEA-affected horses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1636-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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