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Yuan C, Ji X, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ding L, Li J, Ren S, Liu F, Chen Z, Zhang L, Zhu W, Yu J, Wu J. Important role of Bacillus subtilis as a probiotic and vaccine carrier in animal health maintenance. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:268. [PMID: 39007987 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a widespread Gram-positive facultative aerobic bacterium that is recognized as generally safe. It has shown significant application value and great development potential in the animal farming industry. As a probiotic, it is frequently used as a feed growth supplement to effectively replace antibiotics due to its favourable effects on regulating the intestinal flora, improving intestinal immunity, inhibiting harmful microorganisms, and secreting bioactive substances. Consequently, the gut health and disease resistance of farmed animals can be improved. Both vegetative and spore forms of B. subtilis have also been utilized as vaccine carriers for delivering the antigens of infectious pathogens for over a decade. Notably, its spore form is regarded as one of the most prospective for displaying heterologous antigens with high activity and stability. Previously published reviews have predominantly focused on the development and applications of B. subtilis spore surface display techniques. However, this review aims to summarize recent studies highlighting the important role of B. subtilis as a probiotic and vaccine carrier in maintaining animal health. Specifically, we focus on the beneficial effects and underlying mechanisms of B. subtilis in enhancing disease resistance among farmed animals as well as its potential application as mucosal vaccine carriers. It is anticipated that B. subtilis will assume an even more prominent role in promoting animal health with in-depth research on its characteristics and genetic manipulation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Yuan
- College of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- College of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Luogang Ding
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jianda Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Sufang Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxing Zhu
- College of Bioengineering, State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
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2
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Tian Y, Wang Z, Sun J, Gu J, Xu X, Cai X. Surface display of the COE antigen of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus on Bacillus subtilis spores. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14518. [PMID: 38953907 PMCID: PMC11218686 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) infects pigs of all ages by invading small intestine, causing acute diarrhoea, vomiting, and dehydration with high morbidity and mortality among newborn piglets. However, current PEDV vaccines are not effective to protect the pigs from field epidemic strains because of poor mucosal immune response and strain variation. Therefore, it is indispensable to develop a novel oral vaccine based on epidemic strains. Bacillus subtilis spores are attractive delivery vehicles for oral vaccination on account of the safety, high stability, and low cost. In this study, a chimeric gene CotC-Linker-COE (CLE), comprising of the B. subtilis spore coat gene cotC fused to the core neutralizing epitope CO-26 K equivalent (COE) of the epidemic strain PEDV-AJ1102 spike protein gene, was constructed. Then recombinant B. subtilis displaying the CLE on the spore surface was developed by homologous recombination. Mice were immunized by oral route with B. subtilis 168-CLE, B. subtilis 168, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as control. Results showed that the IgG antibodies and cytokine (IL-4, IFN-γ) levels in the B. subtilis 168-CLE group were significantly higher than the control groups. This study demonstrates that B. subtilis 168-CLE can generate specific systemic immune and mucosal immune responses and is a potential vaccine candidate against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceCooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionWuhanChina
| | - Zhichao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceCooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionWuhanChina
| | - Ju Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceCooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionWuhanChina
| | - Jiayun Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceCooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionWuhanChina
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceCooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionWuhanChina
| | - Xuwang Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei ProvinceCooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig ProductionWuhanChina
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Mahmoodi A, Farinas ET. Applications of Bacillus subtilis Protein Display for Medicine, Catalysis, Environmental Remediation, and Protein Engineering. Microorganisms 2024; 12:97. [PMID: 38257924 PMCID: PMC10821481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores offer several advantages that make them attractive for protein display. For example, protein folding issues associated with unfolded polypeptide chains crossing membranes are circumvented. In addition, they can withstand physical and chemical extremes such as heat, desiccation, radiation, ultraviolet light, and oxidizing agents. As a result, the sequence of the displayed protein can be easily obtained even under harsh screening conditions. Next, immobilized proteins have many economic and technological advantages. They can be easily separated from the reaction and the protein stability is increased in harsh environments. In traditional immobilization methods, proteins are expressed and purified and then they are attached to a matrix. In contrast, immobilization occurs naturally during the sporulation process. They can be easily separated from the reaction and the protein stability is increased in harsh environments. Spores are also amenable to high-throughput screening for protein engineering and optimization. Furthermore, they can be used in a wide array of biotechnological and industrial applications such as vaccines, bioabsorbants to remove toxic chemicals, whole-cell catalysts, bioremediation, and biosensors. Lastly, spores are easily produced in large quantities, have a good safety record, and can be used as additives in foods and drugs.
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Wang Z, Yan M, Saeed M, Li K, Chen Y, Okoye CO, Fang Z, Ni Z, Chen H. The flexible linker and CotG were more effective for the spore surface display of keratinase KERQ7. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 40:35. [PMID: 38057620 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Feather, horn, hoof, and other keratin waste are protein-rich but limited by natural keratinase synthesis, activity, pH, and temperature stability. It is challenging to realize its large-scale application in industries. Bacillus subtilis spores are a safe, efficient, and highly resistant immobilized carrier, which can improve target proteins' resistance. In this research, KERQ7, the keratinase gene of Bacillus tequilensis strain Q7, was fused to the Bacillus subtilis genes coding for the coat proteins CotG and CotB, respectively, and displayed on the surface of B. subtilis spores. Compared with the free KERQ7, the immobilized KERQ7 showed a greater pH tolerance and heat resistance on the spore surface. The activity of CotG-KERQ7 is 1.25 times that of CotB-KERQ7, and CotG-KERQ7 is more stable. When the flexible linker peptide L3 was used to connect CotG and KERQ7, the activity was increased to 131.2 ± 3.4%, and the residual enzyme activity was still 62.5 ± 2.2% after being kept at 60 ℃ for 4 h. These findings indicate that the flexible linker and CotG were more effective for the spore surface display of keratinase to improve stress resistance and promote its wide application in feed, tanning, washing, and other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingchen Yan
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Keyi Li
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanzhen Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Charles Obinwanne Okoye
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Zoology & Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Ni
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huayou Chen
- School of the Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Saggese A, Baccigalupi L, Donadio G, Ricca E, Isticato R. The Bacterial Spore as a Mucosal Vaccine Delivery System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10880. [PMID: 37446054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient mucosal vaccines is strongly dependent on the use of appropriate vectors. Various biological systems or synthetic nanoparticles have been proposed to display and deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. The Bacillus spore, a metabolically quiescent and extremely resistant cell, has also been proposed as a mucosal vaccine delivery system and shown able to conjugate the advantages of live and synthetic systems. Several antigens have been displayed on the spore by either recombinant or non-recombinant approaches, and antigen-specific immune responses have been observed in animals immunized by the oral or nasal route. Here we review the use of the bacterial spore as a mucosal vaccine vehicle focusing on the advantages and drawbacks of using the spore and of the recombinant vs. non-recombinant approach to display antigens on the spore surface. An overview of the immune responses induced by antigen-displaying spores so far tested in animals is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Isticato R. Bacterial Spore-Based Delivery System: 20 Years of a Versatile Approach for Innovative Vaccines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:947. [PMID: 37371527 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines offer several advantages over injectable conventional vaccines, such as the induction of adaptive immunity, with secretory IgA production at the entry site of most pathogens, and needle-less vaccinations. Despite their potential, only a few mucosal vaccines are currently used. Developing new effective mucosal vaccines strongly relies on identifying innovative antigens, efficient adjuvants, and delivery systems. Several approaches based on phages, bacteria, or nanoparticles have been proposed to deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces. Bacterial spores have also been considered antigen vehicles, and various antigens have been successfully exposed on their surface. Due to their peculiar structure, spores conjugate the advantages of live microorganisms with synthetic nanoparticles. When mucosally administered, spores expressing antigens have been shown to induce antigen-specific, protective immune responses. This review accounts for recent progress in the formulation of spore-based mucosal vaccines, describing a spore's structure, specifically the spore surface, and the diverse approaches developed to improve its efficiency as a vehicle for heterologous antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), 80055 Naples, Italy
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Zhang Y, Mo R, Sun S, Cui Z, Liang B, Li E, Wang T, Feng Y, Yang S, Yan F, Zhao Y, Xia X. Bacillus subtilis vector based oral rabies vaccines induced potent immune response and protective efficacy in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1126533. [PMID: 36846792 PMCID: PMC9948087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1126533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rabies is a worldwide epidemic that poses a serious threat to global public health. At present, rabies in domestic dogs, cats, and some pets can be effectively prevented and controlled by intramuscular injection of rabies vaccine. But for some inaccessible animals, especially stray dogs, and wild animals, it is difficult to prevent with intramuscular injection. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a safe and effective oral rabies vaccine. Methods We constructed recombinant Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) expressing two different strains of rabies virus G protein, named CotG-E-G and CotG-C-G, immunogenicity was studied in mice. Results The results showed that CotG-E-G and CotG-C-G could significantly increase the specific SIgA titers in feces, serum IgG titers, and neutralizing antibodies. ELISpot experiments showed that CotG-E-G and CotG-C-G could also induce Th1 and Th2 to mediate the secretion of immune-related IFN-γ and IL-4. Collectively, our results suggested that recombinant B. subtilis CotG-E-G and CotG-C-G have excellent immunogenicity and are expected to be novel oral vaccine candidates for the prevention and control of wild animal rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Northeast Forestry University College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Harbin, China,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ruo Mo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhanding Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Entao Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feihu Yan
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,Feihu Yan,✉
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,Yongkun Zhao,✉
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Northeast Forestry University College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Harbin, China,Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Xianzhu Xia,✉
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Vetráková A, Chovanová RK, Rechtoríková R, Krajčíková D, Barák I. Bacillus subtilis spores displaying RBD domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1550-1556. [PMID: 36778063 PMCID: PMC9904849 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis spores are considered to be efficient and useful vehicles for the surface display and delivery of heterologous proteins. In this study, we prepared recombinant spores with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein displayed on their surface in fusion with the CotZ or CotY spore coat proteins as a possible tool for the development of an oral vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The RBD was attached to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the coat proteins. We also directly adsorbed non-recombinantly produced RBD to the spore surface. SDS-PAGE, western blot and fluorescence microscopy were used to analyze RBD surface expression on purified spores. Results obtained from both display systems, recombinant and non-recombinant, demonstrated that RBD was present on the spore surfaces.
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Lin J, Mou C, Zhang S, Zhu L, Li Y, Yang Q. Immune Responses Induced by Recombinant Bacillus subtilis Expressing the PEDV Spike Protein Targeted at Microfold Cells. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050211. [PMID: 35622739 PMCID: PMC9143571 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), a probiotic bacterium and feeding additive, is widely used for heterologous antigen expression and protective immunisation. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) invades swine via mucosal tissue. To enhance the mucosal immune response to PEDV, we modified B. subtilis to express a PEDV antigen and used it as a mucosal vaccine delivery system. Initially, we constructed a recombinant B. subtilis strain (B.s-RCL) that expressed the PEDV spike protein and L-Lectin-β-GF, with the goal of inducing mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and anti-PEDV serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) production, as well as to increase the number of microfold cells (M cells). Following the oral administration of B.s-RCL to mice, the small intestinal PEDV-specific sIgA expression levels significantly increased, as well as the increased number of B.s-RCL adhered to M cells. Moreover, we found that mice administered B.s-RCL exhibited markedly higher percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen compared to the control mice. Furthermore, we found that intestinal mucosa sIgA and serum anti-PEDV IgG levels were higher in mice orally immunised with B.s-RCL, suggesting that the mice could be more resistant to PEDV. In this study, we developed a novel oral vaccine to prevent porcine diarrhoea epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qian Yang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-84395817; Fax: +86-025-84398669
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Mechanisms and Applications of Bacterial Sporulation and Germination in the Intestine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063405. [PMID: 35328823 PMCID: PMC8953710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a major role for endospore forming bacteria within the gut microbiota, not only as pathogens but also as commensal and beneficial members contributing to gut homeostasis. In this review the sporulation processes, spore properties, and germination processes will be explained within the scope of the human gut. Within the gut, spore-forming bacteria are known to interact with the host’s immune system, both in vegetative cell and spore form. Together with the resistant nature of the spore, these characteristics offer potential for spores’ use as delivery vehicles for therapeutics. In the last part of the review, the therapeutic potential of spores as probiotics, vaccine vehicles, and drug delivery systems will be discussed.
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de Almeida MEM, Alves KCS, de Vasconcelos MGS, Pinto TS, Glória JC, Chaves YO, Neves WLL, Tarragô AM, de Souza Neto JN, Astolfi-Filho S, Pontes GS, da Silva Balieiro AA, Isticato R, Ricca E, Mariúba LAM. Bacillus subtilis spores as delivery system for nasal Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite surface protein immunization in a murine model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1531. [PMID: 35087102 PMCID: PMC8795416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a widespread public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, and there is still no vaccine available for full protection. In recent years, it has been observed that spores of Bacillus subtillis can act as a vaccine carrier and adjuvant, promoting an elevated humoral response after co-administration with antigens either coupled or integrated to their surface. In our study, B. subtillis spores from the KO7 strain were used to couple the recombinant CSP protein of P. falciparum (rPfCSP), and the nasal humoral-induced immune response in Balb/C mice was evaluated. Our results demonstrate that the spores coupled to rPfCSP increase the immunogenicity of the antigen, which induces high levels of serum IgG, and with balanced Th1/Th2 immune response, being detected antibodies in serum samples for 250 days. Therefore, the use of B. subtilis spores appears to be promising for use as an adjuvant in a vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Edilene M de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Celular e Molecular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
| | - Késsia Caroline Souza Alves
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliane Corrêa Glória
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Yury Oliveira Chaves
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Parasitária do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Walter Luiz Lima Neves
- Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, HEMOAM, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Andrea Monteiro Tarragô
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Fundação Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, HEMOAM, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciências Aplicadas à Hematologia PPGH, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Júlio Nino de Souza Neto
- Centro de Apoio Multidisciplinar (CAM), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Spartaco Astolfi-Filho
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Alcirley da Silva Balieiro
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Parasitária do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Luis André M Mariúba
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Biologia Celular e Molecular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
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Gao Y, Huo X, Wang Z, Yuan G, Liu X, Ai T, Su J. Oral Administration of Bacillus subtilis Subunit Vaccine Significantly Enhances the Immune Protection of Grass Carp against GCRV-II Infection. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010030. [PMID: 35062234 PMCID: PMC8779733 DOI: 10.3390/v14010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) is a severe virus that causes great losses to grass carp culture every year, and GCRV-II is the current popular and fatal strain. VP56, fibrin on the outer surface of GCRV-II, mediates cell attachment. In this study, we firstly divided the VP56 gene into four fragments to screen the optimal antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralizing antibody methods. The second fragment VP56-2 demonstrates the optimal efficiency and was employed as an antigen in the following experiments. Bacillus subtilis were used as a carrier, and VP56-2 was expressed on the surface of the spores. Then, we performed the oral immunization for grass carp and the challenge with GCRV-II. The survival rate was remarkably raised, and mRNA expressions of IgM were significantly up-regulated in spleen and head kidney tissues in the B. s-CotC-VP56-2 group. Three crucial immune indexes (complement C3, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase) in the sera were also significantly enhanced. mRNA expressions of four important genes (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN1 and MHC-II) were significantly strengthened. Tissue lesions were obviously attenuated by histopathological slide examination in trunk kidney and spleen tissues. Tissue viral burdens were significantly reduced post-viral challenge. These results indicated that the oral recombinant B. subtilis VP56-2 subunit vaccine is effective for controlling GCRV infection and provides a feasible strategy for the control of fish virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingchen Huo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhensheng Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Gailing Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Taoshan Ai
- Wuhan Chopper Fishery Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430207, China;
| | - Jianguo Su
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.G.); (X.H.); (Z.W.); (G.Y.); (X.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-27-87282227
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Ghorbani N, Assmar M, Amirmozafari N, Issazadeh K. Investigating the Efficiency of Recombinant FliC-Loaded Bacillus subtilis Spores in Mice Immunization against Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:1474-1482. [PMID: 34568187 PMCID: PMC8426781 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i7.6638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Bacterial spores are among the most efficient vaccine delivery vehicles. Because of their safety and efficacy, Bacillus subtilis spores are increasingly used in this regard. The negatively charged surfaces of the spores allow antigens to be adsorbed onto these structures. In this study, a candidate vaccine against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi was adsorbed onto B. subtilis spores and the immunogenicity of the formulation was investigated in BALB/c mice. Methods: This work was performed during 2018–2019 in Islamic Azad University of Lahijan. FliC protein was recombinantly expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells and purified by affinity chromatography. On the other hand, B. subtilis strain PY79 (ATCC1609) was cultured in DSM medium and after the sporulation, FliC protein was adsorbed onto the spores in three different pH values (4, 7 and 10) and the adsorption was verified using dot-blot assay. FliC-adsorbed spores were then administered to BALB/c mice through the subcutaneous route. Mice immunization was evaluated by serum IgG assessment and challenge study. Results: FliC protein was successfully expressed and purified. Sporulation was controlled by phase-contrast microscopy. Serum IgG assay showed significant stimulation of the mice’s humoral immune system. Immunized mice were able to resist bacterial infection. Conclusion: The results showed the efficiency of spores as natural adjuvants for the stimulation of mice immune system. The formulation can be exploited for the delivery of recombinant vaccines against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Assmar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran.,Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nour Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Issazadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan, Lahijan, Iran
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14
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Yang H, Qu J, Zou W, Shen W, Chen X. An overview and future prospects of recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6607-6626. [PMID: 34468804 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a well-characterized Gram-positive bacterium and a valuable host for recombinant protein production because of its efficient secretion ability, high yield, and non-toxicity. Here, we comprehensively review the recent studies on recombinant protein production in B. subtilis to update and supplement other previous reviews. We have focused on several aspects, including optimization of B. subtilis strains, enhancement and regulation of expression, improvement of secretion level, surface display of proteins, and fermentation optimization. Among them, optimization of B. subtilis strains mainly involves undirected chemical/physical mutagenesis and selection and genetic manipulation; enhancement and regulation of expression comprises autonomous plasmid and integrated expression, promoter regulation and engineering, and fine-tuning gene expression based on proteases and molecular chaperones; improvement of secretion level predominantly involves secretion pathway and signal peptide screening and optimization; surface display of proteins includes surface display of proteins on spores or vegetative cells; and fermentation optimization incorporates medium optimization, process condition optimization, and feeding strategy optimization. Furthermore, we propose some novel methods and future challenges for recombinant protein production in B. subtilis.Key points• A comprehensive review on recombinant protein production in Bacillus subtilis.• Novel techniques facilitate recombinant protein expression and secretion.• Surface display of proteins has significant potential for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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15
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Phumrattanaprapin W, Chaiyadet S, Brindley PJ, Pearson M, Smout MJ, Loukas A, Laha T. Orally Administered Bacillus Spores Expressing an Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Tetraspanin Protect Hamsters Against Challenge Infection With Carcinogenic Human Liver Fluke. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1445-1455. [PMID: 32813017 PMCID: PMC8064041 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a food-borne trematode that causes hepatobiliary disease in humans throughout Southeast Asia. People become infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish containing metacercariae. Development of a vaccine to prevent or minimize pathology would decrease the risk of severe morbidity, including the development of bile duct cancer. METHODS We produced an oral vaccine based on recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores expressing the large extracellular loop (LEL) of O. viverrini tetraspanin-2 (Ov-TSP-2), a protein that is abundant on the surface of O. viverrini secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). Recombinant spores expressing Ov-TSP-2-LEL were orally administered to hamsters prior to challenge infection with O. viverrini metacercariae. RESULTS Vaccinated hamsters generated serum IgG as well as bile IgG and IgA responses to Ov-TSP-2-LEL, and serum IgG from vaccinated hamsters blocked the uptake of fluke EVs by a human bile duct epithelial cell line. Vaccinated hamsters had 56% reductions in both adult flukes and fecal eggs compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that oral vaccination of hamsters with recombinant B. subtilis spores expressing Ov-TSP-2-LEL is efficacious at reducing infection intensity and could form the basis of a vaccine for control of carcinogenic liver fluke infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Tropical Medicine Graduate Program, Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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16
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Ricca E, Baccigalupi L, Isticato R. Spore-adsorption: Mechanism and applications of a non-recombinant display system. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 47:107693. [PMID: 33387640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface display systems have been developed to express target molecules on almost all types of biological entities from viruses to mammalian cells and on a variety of synthetic particles. Various approaches have been developed to achieve the display of many different target molecules, aiming at several technological and biomedical applications. Screening of libraries, delivery of drugs or antigens, bio-catalysis, sensing of pollutants and bioremediation are commonly considered as fields of potential application for surface display systems. In this review, the non-recombinant approach to display antigens and enzymes on the surface of bacterial spores is discussed. Examples of molecules displayed on the spore surface and their potential applications are summarized and a mechanism of display is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy.
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
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17
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Petrillo C, Castaldi S, Lanzilli M, Saggese A, Donadio G, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E, Isticato R. The temperature of growth and sporulation modulates the efficiency of spore-display in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:185. [PMID: 33004043 PMCID: PMC7528486 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01446-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial spores displaying heterologous antigens or enzymes have long been proposed as mucosal vaccines, functionalized probiotics or biocatalysts. Two main strategies have been developed to display heterologous molecules on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores: (i) a recombinant approach, based on the construction of a gene fusion between a gene coding for a coat protein (carrier) and DNA coding for the protein to be displayed, and (ii) a non-recombinant approach, based on the spontaneous and stable adsorption of heterologous molecules on the spore surface. Both systems have advantages and drawbacks and the selection of one or the other depends on the protein to be displayed and on the final use of the activated spore. It has been recently shown that B. subtilis builds structurally and functionally different spores when grown at different temperatures; based on this finding B. subtilis spores prepared at 25, 37 or 42 °C were compared for their efficiency in displaying various model proteins by either the recombinant or the non-recombinant approach. RESULTS Immune- and fluorescence-based assays were used to analyze the display of several model proteins on spores prepared at 25, 37 or 42 °C. Recombinant spores displayed different amounts of the same fusion protein in response to the temperature of spore production. In spores simultaneously displaying two fusion proteins, each of them was differentially displayed at the various temperatures. The display by the non-recombinant approach was only modestly affected by the temperature of spore production, with spores prepared at 37 or 42 °C slightly more efficient than 25 °C spores in adsorbing at least some of the model proteins tested. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the temperature of spore production allows control of the display of heterologous proteins on spores and, therefore, that the spore-display strategy can be optimized for the specific final use of the activated spores by selecting the display approach, the carrier protein and the temperature of spore production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Petrillo
- Department of Biology, Federico II University complesso universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefany Castaldi
- Department of Biology, Federico II University complesso universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariamichela Lanzilli
- Department of Biology, Federico II University complesso universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University complesso universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuliana Donadio
- Department of Biology, Federico II University complesso universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University complesso universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Department of Biology, Federico II University complesso universitario di Monte Sant' Angelo via Cinthia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
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18
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Applications of Bacillus subtilis Spores in Biotechnology and Advanced Materials. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01096-20. [PMID: 32631858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01096-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Bacillus subtilis has long been an important subject for basic studies. However, this organism has also had industrial applications due to its easy genetic manipulation, favorable culturing characteristics for large-scale fermentation, superior capacity for protein secretion, and generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. In addition, as the metabolically dormant form of B. subtilis, its spores have attracted great interest due to their extreme resistance to many environmental stresses, which makes spores a novel platform for a variety of applications. In this review, we summarize both conventional and emerging applications of B. subtilis spores, with a focus on how their unique characteristics have led to innovative applications in many areas of technology, including generation of stable and recyclable enzymes, synthetic biology, drug delivery, and material sciences. Ultimately, this review hopes to inspire the scientific community to leverage interdisciplinary approaches using spores to address global concerns about food shortages, environmental protection, and health care.
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19
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Kang M, Feng F, Ge Q, Zhu F, Chen L, Lv P, Ma S, Yao Q, Chen K. Display of quintuple glucagon-like peptide 1 (28-36) nonapeptide on Bacillus subtilis spore for oral administration in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:314-324. [PMID: 32473615 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an oral delivery system of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (28-36) for treating type-2 diabetes, B.S-GLP-1(28-36), a recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores transformed with a plasmid vector encoding five consecutive GLP-1 (28-36) nonapeptides with an enterokinase site was constructed. METHODS AND RESULTS GLP-1(28-36) nonapeptide was successfully expressed on the surface of B. subtilis spores and validated by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The therapeutic effect of oral administration of B.S-GLP-1(28-36) spores was evaluated in type 2 diabetic model mice. The efficacy of recombinant spores was examined for a period of 13 weeks after oral administration in diabetic mice. At the end of the sixth week, diabetic mice with oral administration of BS-GLP-1(28-36) spores showed decreased blood glucose levels from 2·4 × 10- 2 mol l-1 to 1·7 × 10- 2 mol l-1 . By the ninth week, the mean fasting blood glucose level in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group 30 min after injection of pyruvate. At the end of the 10th week of oral administration, the blood glucose of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group after intraperitoneal injection of glucose. By the 12th week, fasting blood glucose level and fasting insulin level were measured in all mice, the results showed that the recombinant spores increased the insulin sensitivity of mice. CONCLUSIONS The results of pathological observation showed that the recombinant spores also had a certain protective effect on the liver and islets of mice, and the content of GLP-1(28-36) in the pancreas of the experimental group was increased. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study revealed that GLP-1(28-36) nonapeptides can reduce blood glucose and play an important role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - F Feng
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui, PR China
| | - Q Ge
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - F Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - L Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - P Lv
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - S Ma
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Q Yao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - K Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
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20
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Xiang M, Kang Q, Zhang D. Advances on systems metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis as a chassis cell. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:245-251. [PMID: 32775709 PMCID: PMC7394859 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis, has been broadly applied in various fields because of its low pathogenicity and strong protein secretion ability, as well as its well-developed fermentation technology. B. subtilis is considered as an attractive host in the field of metabolic engineering, in particular for protein expression and secretion, so it has been well studied and applied in genetic engineering. In this review, we discussed why B. subtilis is a good chassis cell for metabolic engineering. We also summarized the latest research progress in systematic biology, synthetic biology and evolution-based engineering of B. subtilis, and showed systemic metabolic engineering expedite the harnessing B. subtilis for bioproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xiang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Kang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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21
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Recombinant HcGAPDH Protein Expressed on Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Spores Protects Sheep from Haemonchus contortus Infection by Inducing both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Responses. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00239-20. [PMID: 32398277 PMCID: PMC7219552 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00239-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic Bacillales are effective in controlling pathogens. Live probiotic bacteria improve the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota, leading to a reduction in pathogen colonization. However, it remains largely unknown how probiotics regulate the host's immunologic responses and protect the host from parasitic infection. In this study, we addressed whether Bacillales were effective against Haemonchus contortus, a parasitic nematode that infects small ruminants worldwide. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we found that Bacillales were largely depleted in the abomasal microbiota of sheep infected with H. contortus We constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis named rBS CotB-HcG that express the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of H. contortus (HcGAPDH) on its spore surface using the Bacillus subtilis spore coat protein B (CotB) as a carrier. Mice receiving rBS CotB-HcG orally showed strong Th1-dominated immune responses. More importantly, sheep administered BS CotB-HcG per os showed increasing proliferation of the peripheral blood mononucleates, elevated anti-HcGAPDH IgG in sera, and higher anti-HcGAPDH sIgA in the intestinal mucus than the control sheep. The average weight gain of H. contortus-infected sheep treated with rBS CotB-HcG (Hc+rBS CotB-HcG ) was 48.73% greater than that of unvaccinated sheep. Furthermore, these Hc+rBS CotB-HcG sheep had fewer eggs per gram of feces by 84.1% and adult worms by 71.5%. They also demonstrated greatly lessened abomasal damage by H. contortus with an abundance of probiotic species in the abomasal microbiota. Collectively, our data unequivocally demonstrate the protective roles of CotB-HcGAPDH-expressing B. subtilis spores in against H. contortus infection and showed great potential of using probiotic-based strategy in controlling parasitic nematodes of socioeconomic importance in general.IMPORTANCE Initial analyses of the abomasal microbiota of sheep using 16S rRNA sequencing suggested that probiotic bacteria played a protective role in against H. contortus infection. A recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing a fusion protein CotB-HcGAPDH on its spore's surface induced strong Th1 immune response in a murine model. The same probiotic recombinant, upon only one oral application, protected sheep against H. contortus infection by reducing egg shedding and decreasing adult worm loads of the parasite and increasing body weight gain of infected sheep. Both Th1 and Th2 immune responses were evident in these immunized sheep.
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22
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Santos FDS, Mazzoli A, Maia AR, Saggese A, Isticato R, Leite F, Iossa S, Ricca E, Baccigalupi L. A probiotic treatment increases the immune response induced by the nasal delivery of spore-adsorbed TTFC. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:42. [PMID: 32075660 PMCID: PMC7029466 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus genus are widely used probiotics known to exert their beneficial effects also through the stimulation of the host immune response. The oral delivery of B. toyonensis spores has been shown to improve the immune response to a parenterally administered viral antigen in mice, suggesting that probiotics may increase the efficiency of systemic vaccines. We used the C fragment of the tetanus toxin (TTFC) as a model antigen to evaluate whether a treatment with B. toyonensis spores affected the immune response to a mucosal antigen. Results Purified TTFC was given to mice by the nasal route either as a free protein or adsorbed to B. subtilis spores, a mucosal vaccine delivery system proved effective with several antigens, including TTFC. Spore adsorption was extremely efficient and TTFC was shown to be exposed on the spore surface. Spore-adsorbed TTFC was more efficient than the free antigen in inducing an immune response and the probiotic treatment improved the response, increasing the production of TTFC-specific secretory immunoglobin A (sIgA) and causing a faster production of serum IgG. The analysis of the induced cytokines indicated that also the cellular immune response was increased by the probiotic treatment. A 16S RNA-based analysis of the gut microbial composition did not show dramatic differences due to the probiotic treatment. However, the abundance of members of the Ruminiclostridium 6 genus was found to correlate with the increased immune response of animals immunized with the spore-adsorbed antigen and treated with the probiotic. Conclusion Our results indicate that B. toyonensis spores significantly contribute to the humoral and cellular responses elicited by a mucosal immunization with spore-adsorbed TTFC, pointing to the probiotic treatment as an alternative to the use of adjuvants for mucosal vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Denis S Santos
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Arianna Mazzoli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ana Raquel Maia
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anella Saggese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rachele Isticato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Leite
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Susanna Iossa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Zhang S, Mou C, Cao Y, Zhang E, Yang Q. Immune response in piglets orally immunized with recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:23. [PMID: 32046726 PMCID: PMC7014726 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and is associated with a number of other diseases. PCV2 is widely distributed in most developed swine industries, and is a severe economic burden. With an eye to developing an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine against PCV2-associated diseases, we have constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain (B. subtilis-Cap) that expresses the PCV2 capsid protein (Cap). METHODS Electroporation of a plasmid shuttle vector encoding the PCV2 Cap sequence was use to transform Bacillus subtilis. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate in vitro bone marrow derived dendritic cell (BM-DC) maturation and T cell proliferation induced by B. subtilis-Cap. Orally inoculated piglets were used for in vivo experiments; ELISA and western blotting were used to evaluate B. subtilis-Cap induced PCV2-specific IgA and IgG levels, as well as the secretion of cytokines and the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). RESULTS We evaluated the immune response to B. subtilis-Cap in vitro using mouse BM-DCs and in vivo using neonatal piglets orally inoculated with B. subtilis-Cap. Our results showed that the recombinant B. subtilis-Cap activated BM-DCs, significantly increased co-stimulatory molecules (CD40 and CD80) and major histocompatibility complex II, and induced allogenic T cells proliferation. Piglets immunized with B. subtilis-Cap had elevated levels of PCV2-specific IgA in the mucosal tissues of the digestive and respiratory tract, and PCV2-specific IgG in serum (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Ileal immunocompetent cells, such as the IgA-secreting cells (P < 0.01), intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) (P < 0.01), CD3+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and CD4+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.01) increased significantly in the B. subtilis-Cap immunized piglets. Additionally, B. subtilis-Cap inoculation resulted in increased the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 (P < 0.01), and induced the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and β-defensin 2 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We constructed a prototype PCV2 vaccine that can be administered orally and elicits a more robust humoral and cellular immunity than inactivated PCV2. B. subtilis-Cap is a promising vaccine candidate that is safe, convenient, and inexpensive. Further in vivo research is needed to determine its full range of efficacy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - En Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
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24
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Progress in research and application development of surface display technology using Bacillus subtilis spores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2319-2331. [PMID: 31989224 PMCID: PMC7223921 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed aerobic Gram-positive species of bacteria. As a tool in the lab, it has the advantages of nonpathogenicity and limited likelihood of becoming drug resistant. It is a probiotic strain that can be directly used in humans and animals. It can be induced to produce spores under nutrient deficiency or other adverse conditions. B. subtilis spores have unique physical, chemical, and biochemical characteristics. Expression of heterologous antigens or proteins on the surface of B. subtilis spores has been successfully performed for over a decade. As an update and supplement to previously published research, this paper reviews the latest research on spore surface display technology using B. subtilis. We have mainly focused on the regulation of spore coat protein expression, display and application of exogenous proteins, and identification of developing research areas of spore surface display technology.
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25
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Utilization of Bacillus subtilis cells displaying a glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase for whole-cell biocatalysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 132:109444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Li W, Feng J, Li J, Li J, Wang Z, Khalique A, Yang M, Ni X, Zeng D, Zhang D, Jing B, Luo Q, Pan K. Surface Display of Antigen Protein VP8* of Porcine Rotavirus on Bacillus Subtilis Spores Using CotB as a Fusion Partner. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203793. [PMID: 31652492 PMCID: PMC6833084 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotavirus is a major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in suckling piglets, and vaccination is considered to be an effective measure to control these infections. The development of a live mucosal vaccine using Bacillus subtilis spores as an antigen delivery vehicle is a convenient and attractive vaccination strategy against porcine rotavirus. In this study, a shuttle vector was constructed for the spore surface display of the spike protein VP8* from porcine rotavirus (the genotype was G5P[7]). A successful display of the CotB-VP8* fusion protein on the spore surface was confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. The capacity for immune response generated after immunization with the recombinant strain was evaluated in a mouse model. The intestinal fecal IgA and serum IgG were detected by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA). Importantly, recombinant strain spores could elicit strong specific mucosal and humoral immune responses. These encouraging results suggest that recombinant B. subtilis BV could provide a strategy for a potential novel application approach to the development of a new and safe mucosal subunit vaccine against porcine rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jiajun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Jianzhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chengdu 611100, China.
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chengdu 611100, China.
| | - Abdul Khalique
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Miao Yang
- Technology Centre of Chengdu Custom, Chengdu 611100, China.
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Dong Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qihui Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Tamiev D, Lantz A, Vezeau G, Salis H, Reuel NF. Controlling Heterogeneity and Increasing Titer from Riboswitch-Regulated Bacillus subtilis Spores for Time-Delayed Protein Expression Applications. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:2336-2346. [PMID: 31490060 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sporulated cells have potential as time-delayed expression chassis of proteins for applications such as "on-demand" biologics production, whole cell biosensors, or oral vaccines. However, the desired attributes of high expression rates and low product variances are difficult to maintain from germinated spores. In this work, we study the effect of an integrating vs theta-replicating plasmid in a wild-type Bacillus subtilis and two PolY mutants. The cells were engineered to produce a fluorescent reporter protein (RFP) under the control of a riboswitch activated by theophylline. This allowed for greater sensitivity to point mutations. The fluorescence and cell-growth curves were fit with a custom kinetic model, and a peak kinetic rate (LKPmax) was extracted for each clonal population (n = 30 for all cell, vector, and growth combinations). Plasmid-based expression yields higher (8.7×) expression rates because of an increased copy number of the expression cassette (10× over integrated). The variance of LKPmax values increased 2.1× after sporulation for the wild-type strain. This increase in variance from sporulation is very similar to what is observed with UV exposure. This effect can be partially mitigated by the use of PolY knockouts observed in suspended cell growths and adherent biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Tamiev
- Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Alyssa Lantz
- Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Grace Vezeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Howard Salis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nigel F. Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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28
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Karauzum H, Updegrove TB, Kong M, Wu IL, Datta SK, Ramamurthi KS. Vaccine display on artificial bacterial spores enhances protective efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5061626. [PMID: 30084923 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spores of Bacillus subtilis are encased in a protein coat composed of ∼80 different proteins. Recently, we reconstituted the basement layer of the coat, composed of two structural proteins (SpoVM and SpoIVA) around spore-sized silica beads encased in a lipid bilayer, to create synthetic spore-like particles termed 'SSHELs'. We demonstrated that SSHELs could display thousands of copies of proteins and small molecules of interest covalently linked to SpoIVA. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of SSHELs in delivering vaccines. We show that intramuscular vaccination of mice with undecorated one micron-diameter SSHELs elicited an antibody response against SpoIVA. We further demonstrate that SSHELs covalently modified with a catalytically inactivated staphylococcal alpha toxin variant (HlaH35L), without an adjuvant, resulted in improved protection against Staphylococcus aureus infection in a bacteremia model as compared to vaccination with the antigen alone. Although vaccination with either HlaH35L or HlaH35L conjugated to SSHELs similarly elicited the production of neutralizing antibodies to Hla, we found that a subset of memory T cells was differentially activated when the antigen was delivered on SSHELs. We propose that the particulate nature of SSHELs elicits a more robust immune response to the vaccine that results in superior protection against subsequent S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Karauzum
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Taylor B Updegrove
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I-Lin Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandip K Datta
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kumaran S Ramamurthi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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29
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Ding Z, Guan F, Yu X, Li Q, Wang Q, Tian J, Wu N. Identification of the anchoring protein SpoIIIJ for construction of the microbial cell surface display system in Bacillus spp. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:614-623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Liu H, Yang S, Wang X, Wang T. Production of trehalose with trehalose synthase expressed and displayed on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:100. [PMID: 31159804 PMCID: PMC6547511 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis spores have been commonly used for the surface display of various food-related or human antigens or enzymes. For successful display, the target protein needs to be fused with an anchor protein. The preferred anchored proteins are the outer-coat proteins of spores; outer-coat proteins G (CotG) and C (CotC) are commonly used. In this study, mutant trehalose synthase (V407M/K490L/R680E TreS) was displayed on the surface of B. subtilis WB800n spores using CotG and CotC individually or in combination as an anchoring protein. RESULTS Western blotting, immunofluorescence, dot blot, and enzymatic-activity assays detected TreS on the spore surface. The TreS activity with CotC and CotG together as the anchor protein was greater than the sum of the enzymatic activities with CotC or CotG alone. The TreS displayed on the spore surface with CotC and CotG together as the anchoring protein showed elevated and stable specific activity. To ensure spore stability and prevent spore germination in the trehalose preparation system, two germination-specific lytic genes, sleB and cwlJ, were deleted from the B. subtilis WB800n genome. It was demonstrated that this deletion did not affect the growth and spore formation of B. subtilis WB800n but strongly inhibited germination of the spores during transformation. The conversion rate of trehalose from 300 g/L maltose by B. subtilis strain WB800n(ΔsleB, ΔcwlJ)/cotC-treS-cotG-treS was 74.1% at 12 h (350 U/[g maltose]), and its enzymatic activity was largely retained, with a conversion rate of 73% after four cycles. CONCLUSIONS The spore surface display system based on food-grade B. subtilis with CotC and CotG as a combined carrier appears to be a powerful technology for TreS expression, which may be used for the biotransformation of D-maltose into D-trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, University Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, University Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, University Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501, University Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, College of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Yao YY, Chen DD, Cui ZW, Zhang XY, Zhou YY, Guo X, Li AH, Zhang YA. Oral vaccination of tilapia against Streptococcus agalactiae using Bacillus subtilis spores expressing Sip. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:999-1008. [PMID: 30590166 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae infections are becoming an increasing problem in aquaculture because of significant morbidity and mortality, which restricts the healthy development of tilapia aquaculture. To seek safe and effective prevention measures, a Bacillus subtilis GC5 surface displayed vaccine was prepared and applied orally in tilapia. The study first showed that recombinant spores can engraft in the tilapia intestine. Then, the effect of protection and the immune responses were evaluated. The results of ELISA showed that Sip-specific antibody in the sera of GC5-Sip-immunized fish can be detected after the first oral administration when compared to the phosphate buffer saline (PBS) control group, and the levels of specific IgM gradually strengthened with boosting, so does the specific antibody against bacteria, proving that humoral immunity was induced. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results showed that the immune-related gene expression of the gut and spleen exhibited a different rising trend in the GC5-Sip group, revealing that innate immune response and local as well as systemic cellular immunity were induced. The outcome of fish immunized with GC5-Sip spores provided a relative percent survival (RPS) of 41.7% against S. agalactiae and GC5 group had an RPS of 24.2%, indicating that GC5-Sip was safe and effective in protecting tilapia against bacterial infection. Our study demonstrated that the oral administration of B. subtilis spores expressing Sip could cause an effective immune response and offer good resistance to bacterial infection. Our work may lead to the development of new ideas for immunoprophylaxis against S. agalactiae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Yao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Cui
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Guo
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ai-Hua Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; State Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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32
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Song T, Wang F, Xiong S, Jiang H. Surface display of organophosphorus-degrading enzymes on the recombinant spore of Bacillus subtilis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:13-19. [PMID: 30660365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus-degrading enzymes show high hydrolysis efficiency and provide an environmentally friendly solution to the pollution of organophosphorus compound. However, poor enzyme stability and tedious purification process have limited practical applications. Spore-based display system can provide many advantages, such as safety, low cost, easy preparation and high resistance to harsh conditions. Recently, we have constituted the recombinant spore displaying organophosphorus hydrolase and organophosphorus acid anhydrolase. In the spore display systems, recombinant spores could be reliably produced and normal sporulation was not affected; the activities of recombinant spores were 15.81 and 10.67 U/mg spores (dry weight) respectively; furthermore, the recombinant spores exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to various harsh conditions compared to free-form enzymes. These results indicated that the spore display could contribute to the practical application of organophosphorus-degrading enzymes and provide a promising solution to bioremediation of organophosphorus compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Song
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Fuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Shanshan Xiong
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 102205, PR China.
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33
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Mohamed MYH, Christie G. A system for the expression and release of heterologous proteins from the core ofBacillus subtilisspores. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:5195517. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Y H Mohamed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Graham Christie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
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34
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Display of Escherichia coli Phytase on the Surface of Bacillus subtilis Spore Using CotG as an Anchor Protein. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:838-855. [PMID: 30088242 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli phytase (AppA) has been widely used as an exogenous feed enzyme for monogastric animals; however, the production of this enzyme has been examined primarily in E. coli and yeast expression systems. As an alternative to production of soluble phytase, an enzyme immobilization method using the Bacillus subtilis spore outer-coat protein CotG as an anchoring motif for the display of the AppA was attempted. Using this motif, AppA was successfully produced on the spore surface of B. subtilis as verified by Western blot analysis and phytase activity measurements. Analysis of the pH stability indicated that more than 50% activity was retained after incubation at four different pH values (2.0, 4.0, 7.0, and 8.0) for up to 12 h, with maximum activity observed at pH 4.5. The highest enzyme activity seen at 55 °C and thermal stability measurements demonstrated that more than 30% activity remained after 30 min incubation at 60 °C. The spore surface-displayed AppA was resistant to pepsin, and more stable than phytase produced previously using a yeast expression system. Furthermore, we present data indicating that the use of peptide linkers may help improve the bioactivity of displayed enzymes on the spore surface of B. subtilis.
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Hoelzer K, Bielke L, Blake DP, Cox E, Cutting SM, Devriendt B, Erlacher-Vindel E, Goossens E, Karaca K, Lemiere S, Metzner M, Raicek M, Collell Suriñach M, Wong NM, Gay C, Van Immerseel F. Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions. Vet Res 2018; 49:70. [PMID: 30060759 PMCID: PMC6066917 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines and other alternative products are central to the future success of animal agriculture because they can help minimize the need for antibiotics by preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal populations. To assess scientific advancements related to alternatives to antibiotics and provide actionable strategies to support their development, the United States Department of Agriculture, with support from the World Organisation for Animal Health, organized the second International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics. It focused on six key areas: vaccines; microbial-derived products; non-nutritive phytochemicals; immune-related products; chemicals, enzymes, and innovative drugs; and regulatory pathways to enable the development and licensure of alternatives to antibiotics. This article, the second part in a two-part series, highlights new approaches and potential solutions for the development of vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics in food producing animals; opportunities, challenges and needs for the development of such vaccines are discussed in the first part of this series. As discussed in part 1 of this manuscript, many current vaccines fall short of ideal vaccines in one or more respects. Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. However, translating this research into commercial vaccines that effectively reduce the need for antibiotics will require close collaboration among stakeholders, for instance through public–private partnerships. Targeted research and development investments and concerted efforts by all affected are needed to realize the potential of vaccines to improve animal health, safeguard agricultural productivity, and reduce antibiotic consumption and resulting resistance risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hoelzer
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA.
| | - Lisa Bielke
- Ohio Agriculture and Research Development Center, Animal Sciences, Ohio State University, 202 Gerlaugh Hall, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Damer P Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Eric Cox
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Simon M Cutting
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Erlacher-Vindel
- Science and New Technologies Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | - Evy Goossens
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kemal Karaca
- Elanco Animal Health, 2500 Innovation Way, Greenfield, IN, USA
| | | | - Martin Metzner
- RIPAC-LABOR GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Margot Raicek
- Science and New Technologies Department, World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 12 Rue de Prony, 75017, Paris, France
| | | | - Nora M Wong
- The Pew Charitable Trusts, 901 E Street NW, Washington, DC, 20004, USA
| | - Cyril Gay
- Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Sunnyside Ave, 5601, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salsiburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Yang Y, Wolfenden A, Mandal RK, Faulkner O, Hargis B, Kwon YM, Bielke L. Evaluation of recombinant Salmonella vaccines to provide cross-serovar and cross-serogroup protection. Poult Sci 2018; 96:4352-4360. [PMID: 29253276 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, Salmonella vaccines have been either live attenuated or killed bacterin vaccines that fail to offer cross-serogroup protection, which limits risk mitigation and protection of consumers. Subunit recombinant vaccines which possess highly conserved antigens offer potential to provide cross-serogroup protection, and the ability to express immune-enhancing molecules that promote recognition by the immune system. Six Salmonella subunit vaccine candidates were developed in either attenuated S. Enteritidis (SE) or S. Typhimurium (ST) that cell-surface express antigenic epitopes of high mobility group box 1 immune-enhancing sequence (H), peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein (P), and Omp18 protein Cj0113 (C) in different pattern arrangements for evaluation against S. Heidelberg (SH) challenge in broilers. In exp. 1, chicks were orally vaccinated with SE-CPH, SE-HCP, SE-CHP, ST-CPH, ST-HCP, or ST-CHP at 1 × 107 cfu/chick, or saline on d 1 and d 14. On d 17 all birds were challenged with 6 × 106 cfu/chick SH, and ceca collected on d 23 and d 28. On d 23 only SE-CPH reduced (P < 0.05) SH recovery at 0.34 ± 0.23 log10 cfu when compared to control at 1.19 ± 0.26 log10 cfu. On d 28, SE-CPH and ST-HCP reduced SH recovery at 0.40 ± 0.40 and 0.51 ± 0.26 log10 cfu, respectively in comparison to control at 1.36 ± 0.23 log10 cfu. For exp. 2, chicks were orally vaccinated with 1 × 108 cfu/chick SE-CPH, SE-HCP, SE-CHP or saline on d 1. At d 7 all chicks were orally challenged with 7 × 106 cfu/chick SH and ceca collected on d 28 and d 35. SE-CPH reduced (P < 0.05) SH recovery on d 28 when compared to control (6.16 ± 0.13 vs. 4.71 ± 0.55 log10 cfu). In exp 3, chicks were vaccinated by spray in a commercial vaccination cabinet with SE-CPH vaccination, 1.6 × 107 cfu/chick, or saline. Birds were challenged on d 14 with 3 × 107 cfu/chick SH and ceca collected on d 18 and d 25. SE-CPH reduced SH recovery (P < 0.05) on d 18, 2.75 ± 0.05 log10 cfu, and d 25, 1.89 ± 0.43 log10 cfu, as compared to control chickens at 5.6 ± 0.37 (d 18) and 3.98 ± 0.5 log10 cfu (d 25). The results of these experiments suggest that cross-serogroup protection is possible using these SE and ST-vectored subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Yang
- University of Arkansas, Department of Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Amanda Wolfenden
- University of Arkansas, Department of Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Rabindra K Mandal
- University of Arkansas, Department of Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Olivia Faulkner
- University of Arkansas, Department of Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Billy Hargis
- University of Arkansas, Department of Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Young Min Kwon
- University of Arkansas, Department of Poultry Science, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Lisa Bielke
- The Ohio State University, Department of Animal Sciences, Columbus, OH
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Farjadian F, Moghoofei M, Mirkiani S, Ghasemi A, Rabiee N, Hadifar S, Beyzavi A, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Bacterial components as naturally inspired nano-carriers for drug/gene delivery and immunization: Set the bugs to work? Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:968-985. [PMID: 29499341 PMCID: PMC5971145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery is a rapidly growing area of research motivated by the nanotechnology revolution, the ideal of personalized medicine, and the desire to reduce the side effects of toxic anti-cancer drugs. Amongst a bewildering array of different nanostructures and nanocarriers, those examples that are fundamentally bio-inspired and derived from natural sources are particularly preferred. Delivery of vaccines is also an active area of research in this field. Bacterial cells and their components that have been used for drug delivery, include the crystalline cell-surface layer known as "S-layer", bacterial ghosts, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, and bacterial products or derivatives (e.g. spores, polymers, and magnetic nanoparticles). Considering the origin of these components from potentially pathogenic microorganisms, it is not surprising that they have been applied for vaccines and immunization. The present review critically summarizes their applications focusing on their advantages for delivery of drugs, genes, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moghoofei
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soroush Mirkiani
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Hadifar
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- Koch institute of MIT, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Dai X, Liu M, Pan K, Yang J. Surface display of OmpC of Salmonella serovar Pullorum on Bacillus subtilis spores. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191627. [PMID: 29370221 PMCID: PMC5785212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a major public health problem throughout the world. Thus, there is a huge need for diversified control strategies for Salmonella infections. In this work, we have assessed the potential use of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores for the expression of a major protective antigen of Salmonella serovar Pullorum, OmpC. The expression of OmpC on the surface of spores was determined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Mice immunized with recombinant spores expressing the OmpC antigen presented significant levels of OmpC-specific serum IgG and mucosal SIgA antibodies than in mice immunized with non-recombinant spores (p<0.01). In addition, oral immunization with recombinant spores was able to induce a significant level of protection in mice against lethal challenge with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium. These results suggest that B. subtilis spores have promising potential in the development of mucosal vaccines against Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Dai
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Minggang Liu
- Fujian Luodong Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Rostami A, Hinc K, Goshadrou F, Shali A, Bayat M, Hassanzadeh M, Amanlou M, Eslahi N, Ahmadian G. Display of B. pumilus chitinase on the surface of B. subtilis spore as a potential biopesticide. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 140:17-23. [PMID: 28755689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinases can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases which are a great threat for global agricultural production. Biological control of pathogens like fungi, is believed to be one of the best ways to eliminate the adverse effects of plant pathogens. To this end, we expressed and displayed a chitinase from Bacillus pumilus (ChiS) on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores, as a biocontrol agent. RESULT ChiS enzyme from B. pumilus was expressed on the spores of B. subtilis using CotG as a carrier protein. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the expression of ChiS on the surface of the spores. Enzyme activity assay showed that the surface displayed ChiS was active and was also able to inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzianum fungi. Western blot analysis also indicated that CotG-ChiS is partially processed after display. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the stability of the heterologous protein was decreased after fusion. CONCLUSION ChiS was successfully displayed on the surface of Bacillus spores by fusion to the CotG, one of the main spore coat proteins. In-vitro experiments showed that the displayed enzyme was effective in growth inhibition of R. solani and T. harzianum fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Rostami
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, UG-MUG, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Fatemeh Goshadrou
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shali
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Bayat
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Eslahi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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Chen H, Ullah J, Jia J. Progress in Bacillus subtilis Spore Surface Display Technology towards Environment, Vaccine Development, and Biocatalysis. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 27:159-167. [DOI: 10.1159/000475177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore surface display is the most desirable with enhanced effects, low cost, less time consuming and the most promising technology for environmental, medical, and industrial development. Spores have various applications in industry due to their ability to survive in harsh industrial processes including heat resistance, alkaline tolerance, chemical tolerance, easy recovery, and reusability. Yeast and bacteria, including gram-positive and -negative, are the most frequently used organisms for the display of various proteins (eukaryotic and prokaryotic), but unlike spores, they can rupture easily due to nutritive properties, susceptibility to heat, pH, and chemicals. Hence, spores are the best choice to avoid these problems, and they have various applications over nonspore formers due to amenability for laboratory purposes. Various strains of <i>Clostridium</i> and <i>Bacillus</i> are spore formers, but the most suitable choice for display is <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> because, according to the WHO, it is safe to humans and considered as “GRAS” (generally recognized as safe). This review focuses on the application of spore surface display towards industries, vaccine development, the environment, and peptide library construction, with cell surface display for enhanced protein expression and high enzymatic activity. Different vectors, coat proteins, and statistical analyses can be used for linker selection to obtain greater expression and high activity of the displayed protein.
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Wang H, Wang Y, Yang R. Recent progress in Bacillus subtilis spore-surface display: concept, progress, and future. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:933-949. [PMID: 28062973 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increased knowledge on spore structure and advances in biotechnology engineering, the newly developed spore-surface display system confers several inherent advantages over other microbial cell-surface display systems including enhanced stability and high safety. Bacillus subtilis is the most commonly used Bacillus species for spore-surface display. The expression of heterologous antigen or protein on the surface of B. subtilis spores has now been practiced for over a decade with noteworthy success. As an update and supplement to other previous reviews, we comprehensively summarize recent studies in the B. subtilis spore-surface display technique. We focus on its benefits as well as the critical factors affecting its display efficiency and offer suggestions for the future success of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China.
| | - Yunxiang Wang
- Jiyang College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhuji, Zhejiang, 311800, China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Immune Responses Induced by Recombinant Bacillus Subtilis Expressing the Hemagglutinin Protein of H5N1 in chickens. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38403. [PMID: 27982050 PMCID: PMC5159790 DOI: 10.1038/srep38403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine for the prevention of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, we have constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain (B.S.-HA) expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Then we evaluated the immune function in chicken bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs), and the immune response after oral immunization. Our results show that the recombinant Bacillus subtilis B.S.-HA could be sampled by BM-DCs in vitro and increase the BM-DCs major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II phenotype. The weight, height of the small intestine villus, and lymphoid tissue area of the ileum increased significantly in B.S.-HA immunized chickens (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). B.S.-HA induced the secretion of cytokines and the expression of Toll-like receptors in the trachea and small intestine (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In addition, B.S.-HA elevated the specific IgA titers in the trachea, IgG and HI antibody titers in serum (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Therefore, B.S.-HA provides a potential novel strategy and approach for developing an H5N1 vaccine.
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Effect of Linker Length and Flexibility on the Clostridium thermocellum Esterase Displayed on Bacillus subtilis Spores. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 182:168-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Das K, Thomas T, Garnica O, Dhandayuthapani S. Recombinant Bacillus subtilis spores for the delivery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B-CFP10 secretory antigens. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S18-S27. [PMID: 27727129 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a great cause of morbidity and mortality in different parts of the world. Unfortunately, the current BCG vaccine being administered is not fully protective against tuberculosis; therefore, there is a great need for alternate vaccines. With an aim to develop such vaccines, we have analyzed the utility of Bacillus subtilis spores for the expression of two major immunodominant antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Ag85B and CFP10. We created three recombinant B. subtilis strains to express a truncated fusion of Ag85B191-325 and CFP101-70 antigens (T85BCFP), either on the spore coat (MTAG1 strain) or in the cytosol of B. subtilis (MTAG 2 and MTAG 3 strains). Examination of spores isolated from these strains revealed successful expression of T85BCFP antigens on the spore coat of MTAG1 as well as in the cytosol of vegetatively grown cells of MTAG2 and MTAG3, indicating that spores can indeed express M. tuberculosis antigens. In vitro antigen presentation assays with spore-infected mouse bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) showed that all three recombinant spores could deliver these antigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs). Mice immunized with recombinant spores displayed significantly higher levels of Ag85B specific IFN-γ producing cells in the spleen than in mice immunized with wild-type (non-recombinant) spores. In addition, these mice showed relatively higher levels of Ag85B specific IgG antibodies in the serum in comparison to mice immunized with non-recombinant spores, thus providing additional evidence that recombinant spores can deliver these antigens in vivo. These results suggest that B. subtilis spores are ideal vehicles for antigen delivery and have great potential in the development of primary and booster vaccines against tuberculosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acyltransferases/administration & dosage
- Acyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Acyltransferases/genetics
- Acyltransferases/immunology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/genetics
- Bacillus subtilis/immunology
- Bacillus subtilis/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spores, Bacterial
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/genetics
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Das
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Tima Thomas
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Omar Garnica
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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Boosting BCG with inert spores improves immunogenicity and induces specific IL-17 responses in a murine model of bovine tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:97-103. [PMID: 27156624 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global pandemic, in both animals and man, and novel vaccines are urgently required. Heterologous prime-boost of BCG represents a promising strategy for improved TB vaccines, with respiratory delivery the most efficacious to date. Such an approach may be an ideal vaccination strategy against bovine TB (bTB), but respiratory vaccination presents a technical challenge in cattle. Inert bacterial spores represent an attractive vaccine vehicle. Therefore we evaluated whether parenterally administered spores are efficacious when used as a BCG boost in a murine model of immunity against Mycobacterium bovis. Here we report the use of heat-killed, TB10.4 adsorbed, Bacillus subtilis spores delivered via subcutaneous injection to boost immunity primed by BCG. We demonstrate that this approach improves the immunogenicity of BCG. Interestingly, this associated with substantial boosting of IL-17 responses; considered to be important in protective immunity against TB. These data demonstrate that parenteral delivery of spores represents a promising vaccine vehicle for boosting BCG, and identifies potential for optimisation for use as a vaccine for bovine TB.
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46
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Mou C, Zhu L, Xing X, Lin J, Yang Q. Immune responses induced by recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in pigs. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:74-84. [PMID: 26988122 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) causes severe diarrhea in suckling piglets, results in enormous economic loss in swine-producing areas of the world. To develop an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine for the prevention of TGE, we have constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain (B. subtilis CotGSG) displaying the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike (S) protein and discussed its immune function to intestinal submucosal dendritic cells (DCs). Our results showed that the recombinant B. subtilis had the ability to recruit more DCs to sample B. subtilis CotGSG, migrate to MLNs, and induce immune responses. Immunized piglets with B. subtilis CotGSG could significantly elevate the specific SIgA titers in feces, IgG titers and neutralizing antibodies in serum. Collectively, our results suggested that recombinant B. subtilis CotGSG expressing the TGEV S protein could effectively induce immune responses via DCs, and provided a perspective on potential novel strategy and approach that may be applicable to the development of the next generation of TGEV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Liqi Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Xianping Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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Wang H, Yang R, Hua X, Zhao W, Zhang W. Functional display of active β-galactosidase on Bacillus subtilis spores using crust proteins as carriers. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Nair MS, Lee MM, Bonnegarde-Bernard A, Wallace JA, Dean DH, Ostrowski MC, Burry RW, Boyaka PN, Chan MK. Cry protein crystals: a novel platform for protein delivery. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127669. [PMID: 26030844 PMCID: PMC4451076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein delivery platforms are important tools in the development of novel protein therapeutics and biotechnologies. We have developed a new class of protein delivery agent based on sub-micrometer-sized Cry3Aa protein crystals that naturally form within the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. We demonstrate that fusion of the cry3Aa gene to that of various reporter proteins allows for the facile production of Cry3Aa fusion protein crystals for use in subsequent applications. These Cry3Aa fusion protein crystals are efficiently taken up and retained by macrophages and other cell lines in vitro, and can be delivered to mice in vivo via multiple modes of administration. Oral delivery of Cry3Aa fusion protein crystals to C57BL/6 mice leads to their uptake by MHC class II cells, including macrophages in the Peyer’s patches, supporting the notion that the Cry3Aa framework can be used to stabilize cargo protein against degradation for delivery to gastrointestinal lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj S. Nair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Marianne M. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Astrid Bonnegarde-Bernard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Wallace
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Donald H. Dean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Tumor Microenvironment Program, The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Burry
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Surface display of the thermophilic lipase Tm1350 on the spore of Bacillus subtilis by the CotB anchor protein. Extremophiles 2015; 19:799-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bonavita R, Isticato R, Maurano F, Ricca E, Rossi M. Mucosal immunity induced by gliadin-presenting spores of Bacillus subtilis in HLA-DQ8-transgenic mice. Immunol Lett 2015; 165:84-9. [PMID: 25944582 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The induction of mucosal immunity requires efficient antigen delivery and adjuvant systems. Probiotic bacterial strains are considered to be very promising tools to address both of these needs. In particular, Bacillus subtilis spores are currently under investigation as a long-lived, protease-resistant adjuvant system for different antigens. Furthermore, a non-recombinant approach has been developed based on the stable adsorption of antigen on the spore surface. In the present study, we explored this strategy as a means of modulating the immune response to wheat gliadin, the triggering agent of celiac disease (CD), an enteropathy driven by inflammatory CD4(+) T cells. Gliadin adsorption was tested on untreated or autoclaved wild-type (wt) and mutant (cotH or cotE) spores. We found that gliadin was stably and maximally adsorbed by autoclaved wt spores. We then tested the immune properties of the spore-adsorbed gliadin in HLA-DQ8-transgenic mice, which express one of the two HLA heterodimers associated with CD. In vitro, spore-adsorbed gliadin was efficiently taken up by mouse dendritic cells (DCs). Interestingly, gliadin-pulsed DCs efficiently stimulated splenic CD4(+) T cells from mice immunised with spore-adsorbed gliadin. Nasal pre-dosing with spore-adsorbed gliadin failed to down-regulate the ongoing cellular response in gliadin-sensitised DQ8 mice. Notably, naïve mice inoculated intranasally with multiple doses of spore-adsorbed gliadin developed an intestinal antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell-mediated response. In conclusion, our data highlight the ability of spore-adsorbed gliadin to elicit a T-cell response in the gut that could be exploitable for developing immune strategies in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Rossi
- Institute of Food Sciences, CNR, Avellino, Italy.
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