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Tisoncik-Go J, Voss KM, Lewis TB, Muruato AE, Kuller L, Finn EE, Betancourt D, Wangari S, Ahrens J, Iwayama N, Grant RF, Murnane RD, Edlefsen PT, Fuller DH, Barber GN, Gale M, O’Connor MA. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and efficacy of an rVSV vaccine against Zika virus infection in macaca nemestrina. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1108420. [PMID: 37383986 PMCID: PMC10306241 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1108420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes an acute febrile illness. ZIKV can be transmitted between sexual partners and from mother to fetus. Infection is strongly associated with neurologic complications in adults, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and myelitis, and congenital ZIKV infection can result in fetal injury and congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). Development of an effective vaccine is imperative to protect against ZIKV vertical transmission and CZS. Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis virus (rVSV) is a highly effective and safe vector for the delivery of foreign immunogens for vaccine purposes. Here, we evaluate an rVSV vaccine expressing the full length pre-membrane (prM) and ZIKV envelope (E) proteins (VSV-ZprME), shown to be immunogenic in murine models of ZIKV infection, for its capacity to induce immune responses in nonhuman primates. Moreover, we assess the efficacy of the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine in the protection of pigtail macaques against ZIKV infection. Administration of the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine was safe, but it did not induce robust anti-ZIKV T-cell responses, IgM or IgG antibodies, or neutralizing antibodies in most animals. Post ZIKV challenge, animals that received the rVSVΔM control vaccine lacking ZIKV antigen had higher levels of plasma viremia compared to animals that received the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine. Anti-ZIKV neutralizing Ab titers were detected in a single animal that received the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine that was associated with reduced plasma viremia. The overall suboptimal ZIKV-specific cellular and humoral responses post-immunization indicates the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine did not elicit an immune response in this pilot study. However, recall antibody response to the rVSVΔM-ZprME vaccine indicates it may be immunogenic and further developments to the vaccine construct could enhance its potential as a vaccine candidate in a nonhuman primate pre-clinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tisoncik-Go
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathleen M. Voss
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas B. Lewis
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Antonio E. Muruato
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - LaRene Kuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Eric E. Finn
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Dillon Betancourt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | - Joel Ahrens
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Naoto Iwayama
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Robert D. Murnane
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Glen N. Barber
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for innate immunity and immune disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Megan A. O’Connor
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Attreed SE, Silva C, Abbott S, Ramirez-Medina E, Espinoza N, Borca MV, Gladue DP, Diaz-San Segundo F. A Highly Effective African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Elicits a Memory T Cell Response in Vaccinated Swine. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121438. [PMID: 36558773 PMCID: PMC9783822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and lethal vector-borne disease in suids. Recently, a live attenuated virus strain, developed using the currently circulating, virulent Georgia strain (ASFV-G) with a single gene deletion (ASFV-G-ΔI177L), resulted in an effective vaccine. Nevertheless, protective immune response mechanisms induced by this candidate are poorly understood. In this study, Yorkshire crossbred swine intramuscularly vaccinated with 106 50% hemadsorption dose (HAD50) of ASFV-G-ΔI177L or a vehicle control were challenged at 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) with 102 HAD50 of ASFV-G. Analysis of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells following inoculation and challenge revealed that CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ central memory T cells (CD44+CD25-CD27-CD62L+CCR7+, Tcm) decreased significantly by 28 dpi in ASFV-G-ΔI177L-vaccinated swine compared to baseline and time-matched controls. Conversely, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD44+CD25-CD27-CD62-CCR7-, Tem) increased significantly among ASFV-G-ΔI177L-vaccined swine by 28 dpi compared to baseline and time-matched controls. Additionally, the percentage of natural killer (NK), CD4+ and CD4+CD8+ Tem and CD8+ Tcm and Tem positive for IFNγ increased significantly following inoculation, surpassing that of controls by 28 dpi or earlier. These results suggest that NK and memory T cells play a role in protective immunity and suggest that studying these cell populations may be a surrogate immunity marker in ASF vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Attreed
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Christina Silva
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Sophia Abbott
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
| | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
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Shoushtari M, Roohvand F, Salehi-Vaziri M, Arashkia A, Bakhshi H, Azadmanesh K. Adenovirus vector-based vaccines as forefront approaches in fighting the battle against flaviviruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2079323. [PMID: 35714271 PMCID: PMC9481145 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2079323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that have been recently considered among the significant public health problems in defined geographical regions. In this line, there have been vaccines approved for some flaviviruses including dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), although the efficiency of such vaccines thought to be questionable. Surprisingly, there are no effective vaccine for many other hazardous flaviviruses, including West Nile and Zika viruses. Furthermore, in spite of approved vaccines for some flaviviruses, for example DENV, alternative prophylactic vaccines seem to be still needed for the protection of a broader population, and it originates from the unsatisfying safety, and the efficacy of vaccines that have been introduced. Thus, adenovirus vector-based vaccine candidates are suggested to be effective, safe, and reliable. Interestingly, recent widespread use of adenovirus vector-based vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted the importance and feasibility of their widespread application. In this review, the applicability of adenovirus vector-based vaccines, as promising approaches to harness the diseases caused by Flaviviruses, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Bakhshi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Luria-Pérez R, Sánchez-Vargas LA, Muñoz-López P, Mellado-Sánchez G. Mucosal Vaccination: A Promising Alternative Against Flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:887729. [PMID: 35782117 PMCID: PMC9241634 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flaviviridae are a family of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA enveloped viruses, and their members belong to a single genus, Flavivirus. Flaviviruses are found in mosquitoes and ticks; they are etiological agents of: dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus infection, Zika virus infection, tick-borne encephalitis, and yellow fever, among others. Only a few flavivirus vaccines have been licensed for use in humans: yellow fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and Kyasanur forest disease. However, improvement is necessary in vaccination strategies and in understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved either in the infection or after vaccination. This is especially important in dengue, due to the immunological complexity of its four serotypes, cross-reactive responses, antibody-dependent enhancement, and immunological interference. In this context, mucosal vaccines represent a promising alternative against flaviviruses. Mucosal vaccination has several advantages, as inducing long-term protective immunity in both mucosal and parenteral tissues. It constitutes a friendly route of antigen administration because it is needle-free and allows for a variety of antigen delivery systems. This has promoted the development of several ways to stimulate immunity through the direct administration of antigens (e.g., inactivated virus, attenuated virus, subunits, and DNA), non-replicating vectors (e.g., nanoparticles, liposomes, bacterial ghosts, and defective-replication viral vectors), and replicating vectors (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Lactococcus lactis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and viral vectors). Because of these characteristics, mucosal vaccination has been explored for immunoprophylaxis against pathogens that enter the host through mucosae or parenteral areas. It is suitable against flaviviruses because this type of immunization can stimulate the parenteral responses required after bites from flavivirus-infected insects. This review focuses on the advantages of mucosal vaccine candidates against the most relevant flaviviruses in either humans or animals, providing supporting data on the feasibility of this administration route for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosendo Luria-Pérez
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Sánchez-Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute for Immunology and Informatics, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Paola Muñoz-López
- Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Hemato-Oncológicas, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Mellado-Sánchez
- Unidad de Desarrollo e Investigación en Bioterapéuticos (UDIBI), Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional para Servicios Especializados de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i) para Farmoquímicos y Biotecnológicos, LANSEIDI-FarBiotec-CONACyT, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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5
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Scher G, Schnell MJ. Rhabdoviruses as vectors for vaccines and therapeutics. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:169-182. [PMID: 33130500 PMCID: PMC8331071 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate choice of vaccine vector is crucial for effective vaccine development. Rhabdoviral vectors, such as rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, have been used in a variety of vaccine strategies. These viruses have small, easily manipulated genomes that can stably express foreign glycoproteins due to a well-established reverse genetics system for virus recovery. Both viruses have well-described safety profiles and have been demonstrated to be effective vaccine vectors. This review will describe how these Rhabdoviruses can be manipulated for use as vectors, their various applications as vaccines or therapeutics, and the advantages and disadvantages of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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6
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Fathi A, Dahlke C, Addo MM. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vector vaccines for WHO blueprint priority pathogens. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2269-2285. [PMID: 31368826 PMCID: PMC6816421 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1649532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The devastating Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa in 2013-2016 has flagged the need for the timely development of vaccines for high-threat pathogens. To be better prepared for new epidemics, the WHO has compiled a list of priority pathogens that are likely to cause future outbreaks and for which R&D efforts are, therefore, paramount (R&D Blueprint: https://www.who.int/blueprint/priority-diseases/en/ ). To this end, the detailed characterization of vaccine platforms is needed. The vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been established as a robust vaccine vector backbone for infectious diseases for well over a decade. The recent clinical trials testing the vaccine candidate VSV-EBOV against EBOV disease now have added a substantial amount of clinical data and suggest VSV to be an ideal vaccine vector candidate for outbreak pathogens. In this review, we discuss insights gained from the clinical VSV-EBOV vaccine trials as well as from animal studies investigating vaccine candidates for Blueprint pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Fathi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , Hamburg , Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems , Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , Hamburg , Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems , Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine , Hamburg , Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems , Germany
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7
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Van Hoeven N, Wiley S, Gage E, Fiore-Gartland A, Granger B, Gray S, Fox C, Clements DE, Parks DE, Winram S, Stinchcomb DT, Reed SG, Coler RN. A combination of TLR-4 agonist and saponin adjuvants increases antibody diversity and protective efficacy of a recombinant West Nile Virus antigen. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:39. [PMID: 30302281 PMCID: PMC6158298 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae family are the leading causes of mosquito-borne viral disease worldwide. While dengue virus is the most prevalent, the recent Zika virus outbreak in the Americas triggered a WHO public health emergency, and yellow fever and West Nile viruses (WNV) continue to cause regional epidemics. Given the sporadic nature of flaviviral epidemics both temporally and geographically, there is an urgent need for vaccines that can rapidly provide effective immunity. Protection from flaviviral infection is correlated with antibodies to the viral envelope (E) protein, which encodes receptor binding and fusion functions. TLR agonist adjuvants represent a promising tool to enhance the protective capacity of flavivirus vaccines through dose and dosage reduction and broadening of antiviral antibody responses. This study investigates the ability to improve the immunogenicity and protective capacity of a promising clinical-stage WNV recombinant E-protein vaccine (WN-80E) using a novel combination adjuvant, which contains a potent TLR-4 agonist and the saponin QS21 in a liposomal formulation (SLA-LSQ). Here, we show that, in combination with WN-80E, optimized SLA-LSQ is capable of inducing long-lasting immune responses in preclinical models that provide sterilizing protection from WNV challenge, reducing viral titers following WNV challenge to undetectable levels in Syrian hamsters. We have investigated potential mechanisms of action by examining the antibody repertoire generated post-immunization. SLA-LSQ induced a more diverse antibody response to WNV recombinant E-protein antigen than less protective adjuvants. Collectively, these studies identify an adjuvant formulation that enhances the protective capacity of recombinant flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Van Hoeven
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Steven Wiley
- Imdaptive Inc., 3010 Northwest 56th Street, Seattle, WA 98107 USA
| | - Emily Gage
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- 4Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Brian Granger
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Sean Gray
- 5PAI Life Sciences Incorporated, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 250, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Christopher Fox
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - David E Clements
- 6Hawaii Biotech Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, HI 96701 USA
| | - D Elliot Parks
- 6Hawaii Biotech Inc., 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, HI 96701 USA
| | - Scott Winram
- 7Leidos Inc., 11951 Freedom Drive, Reston, VA 20190 USA
| | - Dan T Stinchcomb
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Rhea N Coler
- 1Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.,2Pathobiology Program, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.,5PAI Life Sciences Incorporated, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 250, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
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8
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Neuraminidase-Inhibiting Antibody Titers Correlate with Protection from Heterologous Influenza Virus Strains of the Same Neuraminidase Subtype. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01006-18. [PMID: 29925654 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01006-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses induced by currently licensed inactivated influenza vaccines are mainly directed against the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein, the immunodominant antigen of influenza viruses. The resulting antigenic drift of HA requires frequent updating of the vaccine composition and annual revaccination. On the other hand, the levels of antibodies directed against the neuraminidase (NA) glycoprotein, the second major influenza virus antigen, vary greatly. To investigate the potential of the more conserved NA protein for the induction of subtype-specific protection, vesicular stomatitis virus-based replicons expressing a panel of N1 proteins from prototypic seasonal and pandemic H1N1 strains and human H5N1 and H7N9 isolates were generated. Immunization of mice and ferrets with the replicon carrying the matched N1 protein resulted in robust humoral and cellular immune responses and protected against challenge with the homologous influenza virus with an efficacy similar to that of the matched HA protein, illustrating the potential of the NA protein as a vaccine antigen. The extent of protection after immunization with mismatched N1 proteins correlated with the level of cross-reactive neuraminidase-inhibiting antibody titers. Passive serum transfer experiments in mice confirmed that these functional antibodies determine subtype-specific cross-protection. Our findings illustrate the potential of NA-specific immunity for achieving broader protection against antigenic drift variants or newly emerging viruses carrying the same NA but a different HA subtype.IMPORTANCE Despite the availability of vaccines, annual influenza virus epidemics cause 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide. Currently licensed inactivated vaccines, which are standardized for the amount of the hemagglutinin (HA) antigen, primarily induce strain-specific antibodies, whereas the immune response to the neuraminidase (NA) antigen, which is also present on the viral surface, is usually low. Using NA-expressing single-cycle vesicular stomatitis virus replicons, we show that the NA antigen conferred protection of mice and ferrets against not only the matched influenza virus strains but also viruses carrying NA proteins from other strains of the same subtype. The extent of protection correlated with the level of cross-reactive NA-inhibiting antibodies. This highlights the potential of the NA antigen for the development of more broadly protective influenza vaccines. Such vaccines may also provide partial protection against newly emerging strains with the same NA but a different HA subtype.
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Abstract
The persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) infections throughout the USA since its inception in 1999 and its continuous spread throughout the globe calls for an urgent need of effective treatments and prevention measures. Although the licensing of several WNV vaccines for veterinary use provides a proof of concept, similar efforts on the development of an effective vaccine for humans remain still unsuccessful. Increased understanding of biology and pathogenesis of WNV together with recent technological advancements have raised hope that an effective WNV vaccine may be available in the near future. In addition, rapid progress in the structural and functional characterization of WNV and other flaviviral proteins have provided a solid base for the design and development of several classes of inhibitors as potential WNV therapeutics. Moreover, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies demonstrate an excellent efficacy against WNV in animal models and represent a promising class of WNV therapeutics. However, there are some challenges as to the design and development of a safe and efficient WNV vaccine or therapeutic. In this chapter, we discuss the current approaches, progress, and challenges toward the development of WNV vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antiviral drugs.
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Joglekar AV, Sandoval S. Pseudotyped Lentiviral Vectors: One Vector, Many Guises. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2017; 28:291-301. [DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2017.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alok V. Joglekar
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Salemiz Sandoval
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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11
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Betancourt D, de Queiroz NMGP, Xia T, Ahn J, Barber GN. Cutting Edge: Innate Immune Augmenting Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Zika Virus Proteins Confers Protective Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3023-3028. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Liu SA, Haque M, Stanfield B, Andrews FM, Roy AA, Kousoulas KG. A recombinant fusion protein consisting of West Nile virus envelope domain III fused in-frame with equine CD40 ligand induces antiviral immune responses in horses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 198:51-58. [PMID: 28062007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is endemic in the US and causes severe neurologic disease in horses since its introduction in 1999. There is no effective pharmaceutical treatment for WNV infection rendering vaccination as the only approach to prevention and control of disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a recombinant vaccine containing domain III (DIII) of the WNV envelope glycoprotein with and without a natural adjuvant equine (CD40L) in producing virus neutralizing antibodies in horses. Serum IgG1 concentration in the groups of horses vaccinated with the DIII-CD40L+TiterMax and DIII-CD40L proteins were significantly increased (p<0.05) after the second booster vaccination compared to other groups. Serum IgG4 and IgG7, IgG3 and IgG5 concentrations were not significantly increased among all groups. Western blot results showed that animals immunized with the DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) exhibited the highest specific anti-DIII antibody activities after vaccinations. Moreover, animals immunized with the DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) exhibited significantly stronger neutralization activity (p<0.05) compared to other groups starting at week eight. The DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) stimulated more CD8+T cells, but not CD4+T cells in equine PMBCs. The results demonstrated that vaccination with recombinant WNV E DIII-CD40L protein induced superior humoral and cellular immune response in healthy horses that may be protective against WNV-associated disease in infected animals. CD40L could be utilized as a non-toxic, alternative adjuvant to boost the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang A Liu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Muzammel Haque
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brent Stanfield
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank M Andrews
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Alma A Roy
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Van Hoeven N, Joshi SW, Nana GI, Bosco-Lauth A, Fox C, Bowen RA, Clements DE, Martyak T, Parks DE, Baldwin S, Reed SG, Coler RN. A Novel Synthetic TLR-4 Agonist Adjuvant Increases the Protective Response to a Clinical-Stage West Nile Virus Vaccine Antigen in Multiple Formulations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149610. [PMID: 26901122 PMCID: PMC4762984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted member of the Flaviviridae family that has emerged in recent years to become a serious public health threat. Given the sporadic nature of WNV epidemics both temporally and geographically, there is an urgent need for a vaccine that can rapidly provide effective immunity. Protection from WNV infection is correlated with antibodies to the viral envelope (E) protein, which encodes receptor binding and fusion functions. Despite many promising E-protein vaccine candidates, there are currently none licensed for use in humans. This study investigates the ability to improve the immunogenicity and protective capacity of a promising clinical-stage WNV recombinant E-protein vaccine (WN-80E) by combining it with a novel synthetic TLR-4 agonist adjuvant. Using the murine model of WNV disease, we find that inclusion of a TLR-4 agonist in either a stable oil-in-water emulsion (SE) or aluminum hydroxide (Alum) formulation provides both dose and dosage sparing functions, whereby protection can be induced after a single immunization containing only 100 ng of WN-80E. Additionally, we find that inclusion of adjuvant with a single immunization reduced viral titers in sera to levels undetectable by viral plaque assay. The enhanced protection provided by adjuvanted immunization correlated with induction of a Th1 T-cell response and the resultant shaping of the IgG response. These findings suggest that inclusion of a next generation adjuvant may greatly enhance the protective capacity of WNV recombinant subunit vaccines, and establish a baseline for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sharvari Waghmare Joshi
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Ghislain Ismael Nana
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America
| | - David E. Clements
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - Timothy Martyak
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - D. Elliot Parks
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - Susan Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
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14
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Ulbert S, Magnusson SE. Technologies for the development of West Nile virus vaccines. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1221-32. [PMID: 25405890 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging mosquito-borne and zoonotic flavivirus, continues to spread worldwide and represents a major problem for human and veterinary medicine. In recent years, severe outbreaks were observed in the USA and Europe with neighboring countries, and the virus is considered to be endemic in an increasing number of areas. Although most infections remain asymptomatic, WNV can cause severe, even fatal, neurological disease, which affects mostly the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Several vaccines have been licensed in the veterinary sector, but no human vaccine is available today. This review summarizes recent strategies that are being followed to develop WNV vaccines with emphasis on technologies suitable for the use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Chen Q. Plant-made vaccines against West Nile virus are potent, safe, and economically feasible. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:671-80. [PMID: 25676782 PMCID: PMC4424112 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The threat of West Nile virus (WNV) epidemics with increasingly severe neuroinvasive infections demands the development and licensing of effective vaccines. To date, vaccine candidates based on inactivated, live-attenuated, or chimeric virus, and viral DNA and WNV protein subunits have been developed. Some have been approved for veterinary use or are under clinical investigation, yet no vaccine has been licensed for human use. Reaching the milestone of a commercialized human vaccine, however, may largely depend on the economics of vaccine production. Analysis suggests that currently only novel low-cost production technologies would allow vaccination to outcompete the cost of surveillance and clinical treatment. Here, we review progress using plants to address the economic challenges of WNV vaccine production. The advantages of plants as hosts for vaccine production in cost, speed and scalability, especially those of viral vector-based transient expression systems, are discussed. The progress in developing WNV subunit vaccines in plants is reviewed within the context of their expression, characterization, downstream processing, and immunogenicity in animal models. The development of vaccines based on enveloped and non-enveloped virus-like particles is also discussed. These advancements suggest that plants may provide a production platform that offers potent, safe and affordable human vaccines against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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16
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Chen P, Liu J, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Li Q, Wu L, He X, Chen H. The vaccine efficacy of recombinant duck enteritis virus expressing secreted E with or without PrM proteins of duck tembusu virus. Vaccine 2014; 32:5271-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Amanna IJ, Slifka MK. Current trends in West Nile virus vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:589-608. [PMID: 24689659 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.906309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has become endemic in the United States. From 1999-2012, there have been 37088 reported cases of WNV and 1549 deaths, resulting in a 4.2% case-fatality rate. Despite development of effective WNV vaccines for horses, there is no vaccine to prevent human WNV infection. Several vaccines have been tested in preclinical studies and to date there have been eight clinical trials, with promising results in terms of safety and induction of antiviral immunity. Although mass vaccination is unlikely to be cost effective, implementation of a targeted vaccine program may be feasible if a safe and effective vaccine can be brought to market. Further evaluation of new and advanced vaccine candidates is strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Amanna
- Najít Technologies, Inc., 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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18
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Li XF, Zhao W, Lin F, Ye Q, Wang HJ, Yang D, Li SH, Zhao H, Xu YP, Ma J, Deng YQ, Zhang Y, Qin ED, Qin CF. Development of chimaeric West Nile virus attenuated vaccine candidate based on the Japanese encephalitis vaccine strain SA14-14-2. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2700-2709. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses include a large group of important human medical pathogens. Several chimaeric flaviviruses have been constructed, and show potential for vaccine development. Although Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) live vaccine SA14-14-2 has been widely used with ideal safety and efficacy profiles, no chimaeric flavivirus based on the JEV vaccine has been described to date. Based on the reverse genetic system of the JEV vaccine SA14-14-2, a novel live chimaeric flavivirus carrying the protective antigens of West Nile virus (WNV) was constructed and recovered in this study. The resulting chimaera (ChinWNV) replicated efficiently in both mammalian and mosquito cells and possessed genetic stability after in vitro serial passaging. ChinWNV exhibited a small-plaque phenotype, and its replication was significantly restricted in mouse peripheral blood and brain compared with parental WNV. Importantly, ChinWNV was highly attenuated with regard to both neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in mice. Furthermore, a single ChinWNV immunization stimulated robust WNV-specific adaptive immune responses in mice, conferring significant protection against lethal WNV infection. Our results demonstrate that chimaeric flaviviruses based on the JEV vaccine can serve as a powerful platform for vaccine development, and that ChinWNV represents a potential WNV vaccine candidate that merits further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Fang Lin
- The Second Artillery General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Dong Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Shi-Hua Li
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yan-Peng Xu
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - E-De Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Graduate School, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
- Department of Virology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, PR China
- Graduate School, Guangxi Medical University, Guilin 530021, PR China
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19
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Single dose of glycoprotein K (gK)-deleted HSV-1 live-attenuated virus protects mice against lethal vaginal challenge with HSV-1 and HSV-2 and induces lasting T cell memory immune responses. Virol J 2013; 10:317. [PMID: 24165088 PMCID: PMC3826548 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type-1(HSV-1) and HSV-2 are important human pathogens that cause significant ocular and urogenital complications, respectively. We have previously shown that HSV-1 virions lacking glycoprotein K (gK) are unable to enter into neurons via synaptic axonal membranes and be transported in either retrograde or anterograde manner. Here, we tested the ability of HSV-1 (F) gK-null to protect against lethal challenge with either highly virulent ocular HSV-1 (McKrae strain), or genital HSV-2 (G strain). The gK-null virus vaccine efficiently protected mice against lethal vaginal infection with either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2 (G). Results Female mice were immunized via a single intramuscular injection with 106 PFU of the gK-null virus. Immunized mice were treated with Depo-Provera fourteen days after vaccination and were challenged via the vaginal route one week later. Ninety percent of mice vaccinated with the gK-null virus survived HSV-1 (McKrae) challenge, while 70% of these mice survived after HSV-2 (G) challenge. Moreover, all vaccinated mice exhibited substantially reduced disease symptoms irrespective of HSV-1 or HSV-2 challenge as compared to the mock vaccinated challenge group. T-cell memory immune responses to specific glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein D (gD) peptide epitopes were detectable at 7 months post vaccination. Conclusions These results suggest that the highly attenuated, non-neurotropic gK-null virus may be used as an effective vaccine to protect against both virulent HSV-1 and HSV-2 genital infections and induce lasting immune responses.
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20
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Brandler S, Tangy F. Vaccines in development against West Nile virus. Viruses 2013; 5:2384-409. [PMID: 24084235 PMCID: PMC3814594 DOI: 10.3390/v5102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile encephalitis emerged in 1999 in the United States, then rapidly spread through the North American continent causing severe disease in human and horses. Since then, outbreaks appeared in Europe, and in 2012, the United States experienced a new severe outbreak reporting a total of 5,387 cases of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in humans, including 243 deaths. So far, no human vaccine is available to control new WNV outbreaks and to avoid worldwide spreading. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of West Nile vaccine development and the potential of a novel safe and effective approach based on recombinant live attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine. MV vaccine is a live attenuated negative-stranded RNA virus proven as one of the safest, most stable and effective human vaccines. We previously described a vector derived from the Schwarz MV vaccine strain that stably expresses antigens from emerging arboviruses, such as dengue, West Nile or chikungunya viruses, and is strongly immunogenic in animal models, even in the presence of MV pre-existing immunity. A single administration of a recombinant MV vaccine expressing the secreted form of WNV envelope glycoprotein elicited protective immunity in mice and non-human primates as early as two weeks after immunization, indicating its potential as a human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Brandler
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, INSTITUT PASTEUR, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
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21
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A review of vaccine approaches for West Nile virus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4200-23. [PMID: 24025396 PMCID: PMC3799512 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10094200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. The North American lineages of WNV were characterized by the presence of neuroinvasive and neurovirulent strains causing disease and death in humans, birds and horses. The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002–2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999–2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. This review discusses the advances in the development of vaccines and biologicals to combat human and veterinary West Nile disease.
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22
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Beier KT, Saunders AB, Oldenburg IA, Sabatini BL, Cepko CL. Vesicular stomatitis virus with the rabies virus glycoprotein directs retrograde transsynaptic transport among neurons in vivo. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:11. [PMID: 23403489 PMCID: PMC3566411 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the connections among neurons is critical to our understanding of the structure and function of the nervous system. Recombinant viruses engineered to transmit across synapses provide a powerful approach for the dissection of neuronal circuitry in vivo. We recently demonstrated that recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be endowed with anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic tracing ability by providing the virus with different glycoproteins. Here we extend the characterization of the transmission and gene expression of recombinant VSV (rVSV) with the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G), and provide examples of its activity relative to the anterograde transsynaptic tracer form of rVSV. rVSV with RABV-G was found to drive strong expression of transgenes and to spread rapidly from neuron to neuron in only a retrograde manner. Depending upon how the RABV-G was delivered, VSV served as a polysynaptic or monosynaptic tracer, or was able to define projections through axonal uptake and retrograde transport. In animals co-infected with rVSV in its anterograde form, rVSV with RABV-G could be used to begin to characterize the similarities and differences in connections to different areas. rVSV with RABV-G provides a flexible, rapid, and versatile tracing tool that complements the previously described VSV-based anterograde transsynaptic tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Beier
- Department of Genetics and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Highly attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus VSV-12'GFP displays immunogenic and oncolytic activity. J Virol 2012; 87:1019-34. [PMID: 23135719 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01106-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has shown considerable promise both as an immunization vector and as an oncolytic virus. In both applications, an important concern is the safety profile of the virus. To generate a highly attenuated virus, we added two reporter genes to the 3' end of the VSV genome, thereby shifting the NPMGL genes from positions 1 to 5 to positions 3 to 7. The resulting virus (VSV-12'GFP) was highly attenuated, generating smaller plaques than four other attenuated VSVs. In one-step growth curves, VSV-12'GFP displayed the slowest growth kinetics. The mechanism of attenuation appears to be due to reduced expression of VSV genes downstream of the reporter genes, as suggested by a 10.4-fold reduction in L-protein RNA transcript. Although attenuated, VSV-12'GFP was highly effective at generating an immune response, indicated by a high-titer antibody response against the green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressed by the virus. Although VSV-12'GFP was more attenuated than other VSVs on both normal and cancer cells, it nonetheless showed a greater level of infection of human cancer cells (glioma and melanoma) than of normal cells, and this effect was magnified in glioma by interferon application, indicating selective oncolysis. Intravenous VSV-12'GFP selectively infected human gliomas implanted into SCID mice subcutaneously or intracranially. All postnatal day 16 mice given intranasal VSV-12'GFP survived, whereas only 10% of those given VSV-G/GFP survived, indicating reduced neurotoxicity. Intratumoral injection of tumors with VSV-12'GFP dramatically suppressed tumor growth and enhanced survival. Together these data suggest this recombinant virus merits further study for its oncolytic and vaccine potential.
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Athearn K, Sample CJ, Barefoot BE, Williams KL, Ramsburg EA. Acute reactogenicity after intramuscular immunization with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus is linked to production of IL-1β. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46516. [PMID: 23056330 PMCID: PMC3466325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines based on live viruses are attractive because they are immunogenic, cost-effective, and can be delivered by multiple routes. However, live virus vaccines also cause reactogenic side effects such as fever, myalgia, and injection site pain that have reduced their acceptance in the clinic. Several recent studies have linked vaccine-induced reactogenic side effects to production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in humans. Our objective was therefore to determine whether IL-1β contributed to pathology after immunization with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vaccine vectors, and if so, to identify strategies by which IL-1β mediated pathology might be reduced without compromising immunogenicity. We found that an rVSV vaccine induced local and systemic production of IL-1β in vivo, and that accumulation of IL-1β correlated with acute pathology after rVSV immunization. rVSV-induced pathology was reduced in mice deficient in the IL-1 receptor Type I, but the IL-1R-/- mice were fully protected from lethal rechallenge with a high dose of VSV. This result demonstrated that IL-1 contributed to reactogenicity of the rVSV, but was dispensable for induction of protective immunity. The amount of IL-1β detected in mice deficient in either caspase-1 or the inflammasome adaptor molecule ASC after rVSV immunization was not significantly different than that produced by wild type animals, and caspase-1-/- and ASC-/- mice were only partially protected from rVSV-induced pathology. Those data support the idea that some of the IL-1β expressed in vivo in response to VSV may be activated by a caspase-1 and ASC-independent mechanism. Together these results suggest that rVSV vectors engineered to suppress the induction of IL-1β, or signaling through the IL-1R would be less reactogenic in vivo, but would retain their immunogenicity and protective capacity. Such rVSV would be highly desirable as either vaccine vectors or oncolytic therapies, and would likely be better tolerated in human vaccinees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Athearn
- Human Vaccine Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Sample
- Human Vaccine Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brice E. Barefoot
- Human Vaccine Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kristi L. Williams
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Nursing, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Ramsburg
- Human Vaccine Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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25
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Zhu B, Ye J, Lu P, Jiang R, Yang X, Fu ZF, Chen H, Cao S. Induction of antigen-specific immune responses in mice by recombinant baculovirus expressing premembrane and envelope proteins of West Nile virus. Virol J 2012; 9:132. [PMID: 22799608 PMCID: PMC3424137 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background West Nile Virus (WNV) is an emerging arthropod-born flavivirus with increasing distribution worldwide that is responsible for a large proportion of viral encephalitis in humans and horses. Given that there are no effective antiviral drugs available for treatment of the disease, efforts have been directed to develop vaccines to prevent WNV infection. Recently baculovirus has emerged as a novel and attractive gene delivery vehicle for mammalian cells. Results In the present study, recombinant baculoviruses expressing WNV premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins under the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter with or without vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV/G) were constructed. The recombinant baculoviruses designated Bac-G-prM/E and Bac-prM/E, efficiently express E protein in mammalian cells. Intramuscular injection of the two recombinant baculoviruses (at doses of 108 or 109 PFU/mouse) induced the production of WNV-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies as well as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in a dose-dependent pattern. Interestingly, the recombinant baculovirus Bac-G-prM/E was found to be a more efficient immunogen than Bac-prM/E to elicit a robust immune response upon intramuscular injection. In addition, inoculation of baculovirus resulted in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6. Conclusions These recombinant baculoviruses are capable of eliciting robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and may be considered as novel vaccine candidates for West Nile Virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Brandler S, Marianneau P, Loth P, Lacôte S, Combredet C, Frenkiel MP, Desprès P, Contamin H, Tangy F. Measles vaccine expressing the secreted form of West Nile virus envelope glycoprotein induces protective immunity in squirrel monkeys, a new model of West Nile virus infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:212-9. [PMID: 22551814 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that emerged in North America and caused numerous cases of human encephalitis, thus urging the development of a vaccine. We previously demonstrated the efficacy of a recombinant measles vaccine (MV) expressing the secreted form of the envelope glycoprotein from WNV to prevent WNV encephalitis in mice. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of this vaccine candidate to control WNV infection in a primate model. We first established experimental WNV infection of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). A high titer of virus was detected in plasma on day 2 after infection, and viremia persisted for 5 days. A single immunization of recombinant MV-WNV vaccine elicited anti-WNV neutralizing antibodies that strongly reduced WNV viremia at challenge. This study demonstrates for the first time the capacity of a recombinant live attenuated measles vector to protect nonhuman primates from a heterologous infectious challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Brandler
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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Tani H, Morikawa S, Matsuura Y. Development and Applications of VSV Vectors Based on Cell Tropism. Front Microbiol 2012; 2:272. [PMID: 22279443 PMCID: PMC3260743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been available in various fields such as medical and biological research or gene therapy applications. Targeting vectors pseudotyped with distinct viral envelope proteins that influence cell tropism and transfection efficiency are useful tools not only for examining entry mechanisms or cell tropisms but also for vaccine vector development. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an excellent candidate for development as a pseudotype vector. A recombinant VSV lacking its own envelope (G) gene has been used to produce a pseudotype or recombinant VSV possessing the envelope proteins of heterologous viruses. These viruses possess a reporter gene instead of a VSV G gene in their genome, and therefore it is easy to evaluate their infectivity in the study of viral entry, including identification of viral receptors. Furthermore, advantage can be taken of a property of the pseudotype VSV, which is competence for single-round infection, in handling many different viruses that are either difficult to amplify in cultured cells or animals or that require specialized containment facilities. Here we describe procedures for producing pseudotype or recombinant VSVs and a few of the more prominent examples from envelope viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, baculovirus, and hemorrhagic fever viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tani
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama Tokyo, Japan
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Gangwar RS, Shil P, Sapkal GN, Khan SA, Gore MM. Induction of virus-specific neutralizing immune response against West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses by chimeric peptides representing T-helper and B-cell epitopes. Virus Res 2012; 163:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine protects hamsters against lethal challenge with Andes virus. J Virol 2011; 85:12781-91. [PMID: 21917979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00794-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) is a highly pathogenic South American hantavirus that causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). A high case fatality rate, the potential for human-to-human transmission, the capacity to infect via aerosolization, and the absence of effective therapies make it imperative that a safe, fast-acting, and effective ANDV vaccine be developed. We generated and characterized a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector expressing the ANDV surface glycoprotein precursor (VSVΔG/ANDVGPC) as a possible vaccine candidate and tested its efficacy in the only lethal-disease animal model of HPS. Syrian hamsters immunized with a single injection of VSVΔG/ANDVGPC were fully protected against disease when challenged at 28, 14, 7, or 3 days postimmunization with a lethal dose of ANDV; however, the mechanism of protection seems to differ depending on when the immunization occurs. At 28 days postimmunization, a lack of detectable ANDV RNA in lung, liver, and blood tissue samples, as well as a lack of seroconversion to the ANDV nucleocapsidprotein in nearly all animals, suggested largely sterile immunity. The vaccine was able to generate high levels of neutralizing anti-ANDV G(N)/G(C) antibodies, which seem to play a role as a mechanism of vaccine protection. Administration of the vaccine at 7 or 3 days before challenge also resulted in full protection but with no specific neutralizing humoral immune response, suggesting a possible role of innate responses in protection against challenge virus replication. Administration of the vaccine 24 h postchallenge was successful in protecting 90% of hamsters and again suggested the induction of a potent antiviral state by the recombinant vector as a potential mechanism. Overall, our data suggest the potential for the use of the VSV platform as a fast-acting and effective prophylaxis/postexposure treatment against lethal hantavirus infections.
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Beasley DWC. Vaccines and immunotherapeutics for the prevention and treatment of infections with West Nile virus. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:269-85. [PMID: 21322763 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) in North America in 1999 as a cause of severe neurological disease in humans, horses and birds stimulated development of vaccines for human and veterinary use, as well as polyclonal/monoclonal antibodies and other immunomodulating compounds for use as therapeutics. Although disease incidence in North America has declined since the peak epidemics in 2002-2003, the virus has continued to be annually transmitted in the Americas and to cause periodic epidemics in Europe and the Middle East. Continued transmission of the virus with human and animal disease suggests that vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of WNV disease could be of great benefit. This article focuses on progress in development and evaluation of vaccines and immunotherapeutics for the prevention and treatment of WNV disease in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W C Beasley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute for Human Infections & Immunity, & Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
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Martina BEE, van den Doel P, Koraka P, van Amerongen G, Spohn G, Haagmans BL, Provacia LBV, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF. A recombinant influenza A virus expressing domain III of West Nile virus induces protective immune responses against influenza and West Nile virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18995. [PMID: 21541326 PMCID: PMC3082541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) continues to circulate in the USA and forms a threat to the rest of the Western hemisphere. Since methods for the treatment of WNV infections are not available, there is a need for the development of safe and effective vaccines. Here, we describe the construction of a recombinant influenza virus expressing domain III of the WNV glycoprotein E (Flu-NA-DIII) and its evaluation as a WNV vaccine candidate in a mouse model. FLU-NA-DIII-vaccinated mice were protected from severe body weight loss and mortality caused by WNV infection, whereas control mice succumbed to the infection. In addition, it was shown that one subcutaneous immunization with 105 TCID50 Flu-NA-DIII provided 100% protection against challenge. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that protection was mediated by antibodies and CD4+T cells. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with FLU-NA-DIII developed protective influenza virus-specific antibody titers. It was concluded that this vector system might be an attractive platform for the development of bivalent WNV-influenza vaccines.
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32
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Vesicular stomatitis virus-simian retrovirus type 2 vaccine protects macaques from detectable infection and B-cell destruction. J Virol 2011; 85:5889-96. [PMID: 21490096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02523-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural infection with simian retrovirus (SRV) has long been recognized in rhesus macaques (RMs) and may result in an AIDS-like disease. Importantly, SRV infections persist as a problem in recently imported macaques. Therefore, there is a clear need to control SRV spread in macaque colonies. We developed a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-SRV vaccine consisting of replication-competent hybrid VSVs that express SRV gag and env in separate vectors. The goal of this study was to assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the VSV-SRV serotype 2 vaccine prime-boost approach in RMs. The VSV-SRV vector (expressing either SRV gag or env) vaccines were intranasally administered in 4 RMs, followed by a boost 1 month after the first vaccination. Four RMs served as controls and received the VSV vector alone. Two months after the boost, all animals were intravenously challenged with SRV-2 and monitored for 90 days. After the SRV-2 challenge, all four controls became infected, and viral loads (VLs) ranged from 10(6) to 10(8) SRV RNA copies/ml of plasma. Two animals in the control group developed simian AIDS within 7 to 8 weeks postinfection and were euthanized. Anemia and weight loss were observed in the remaining controls. During acute infection, severe B-cell depletion and no significant changes in T-cell population were observed in the control group. Control RMs with greater preservation of B cells and lower VLs survived longer. SRV-2 was undetectable in vaccinated animals, which remained healthy, with no clinical or biological signs of infection and preservation of B cells. Our study showed that the VSV-SRV vaccine is a strong approach for preventing clinically relevant type D retrovirus infection and disease in RMs, with protection of 4/4 RMs from SRV infection and prevention of B-cell destruction. B-cell protection was the strongest correlate of the long-term survival of all vaccinated and control RMs.
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Kahn RE, Clouser DF, Richt JA. Emerging infections: a tribute to the one medicine, one health concept. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 56:407-28. [PMID: 19486315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Events in the last decade have taught us that we are now, more than ever, vulnerable to fatal zoonotic diseases such as those caused by haemorrhagic fever viruses, influenza, rabies and BSE/vCJD. Future research activities should focus on solutions to these problems arising at the interface between animals and humans. A 4-fold classification of emerging zoonoses was proposed: Type 1: from wild animals to humans (Hanta); Type 1 plus: from wild animals to humans with further human-to-human transmission (AIDS); Type 2: from wild animals to domestic animals to humans (Avian flu) and Type 2 plus: from wild animals to domestic animals to humans, with further human-to-human transmission (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS). The resulting holistic approach to emerging infections links microbiology, veterinary medicine, human medicine, ecology, public health and epidemiology. As emerging 'new' respiratory viruses are identified in many wild and domestic animals, issues of interspecies transmission have become of increasing concern. The development of safe and effective human and veterinary vaccines is a priority. For example, the spread of different influenza viruses has stimulated influenza vaccine development, just as the spread of Ebola and Marburg viruses has led to new approaches to filovirus vaccines. Interdisciplinary collaboration has become essential because of the convergence of human disease, animal disease and a common approach to biosecurity. High containment pathogens pose a significant threat to public health systems, as well as a major research challenge, because of limited experience in case management, lack of appropriate resources in affected areas and a limited number of animal research facilities in developed countries. Animal models that mimic certain diseases are key elements for understanding the underlying mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, as well as for the development and efficacy testing of therapeutics and vaccines. An updated veterinary curriculum is essential to empower future graduates to work in an international environment, applying international standards for disease surveillance, veterinary public health, food safety and animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Kahn
- Avian Flu Action, Warrington, Cheshire, UK
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34
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Bioinformatics in new generation flavivirus vaccines. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:864029. [PMID: 20467477 PMCID: PMC2867002 DOI: 10.1155/2010/864029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus infections are the most prevalent arthropod-borne infections world wide, often causing severe disease especially among children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. In the absence of effective antiviral treatment, prevention through vaccination would greatly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with flavivirus infections. Despite the success of the empirically developed vaccines against yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus, there is an increasing need for a more rational design and development of safe and effective vaccines. Several bioinformatic tools are available to support such rational vaccine design. In doing so, several parameters have to be taken into account, such as safety for the target population, overall immunogenicity of the candidate vaccine, and efficacy and longevity of the immune responses triggered. Examples of how bio-informatics is applied to assist in the rational design and improvements of vaccines, particularly flavivirus vaccines, are presented and discussed.
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Avian influenza pandemic preparedness: developing prepandemic and pandemic vaccines against a moving target. Expert Rev Mol Med 2010; 12:e14. [PMID: 20426889 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399410001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented global spread of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses within the past ten years and their extreme lethality to poultry and humans has underscored their potential to cause an influenza pandemic. Combating the threat of an impending H5N1 influenza pandemic will require a combination of pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical intervention strategies. The emergence of the H1N1 pandemic in 2009 emphasised the unpredictable nature of a pandemic influenza. Undoubtedly, vaccines offer the most viable means to combat a pandemic threat. Current egg-based influenza vaccine manufacturing strategies are unlikely to be able to cater to the huge, rapid global demand because of the anticipated scarcity of embryonated eggs in an avian influenza pandemic and other factors associated with the vaccine production process. Therefore, alternative, egg-independent vaccine manufacturing strategies should be evaluated to supplement the traditional egg-derived influenza vaccine manufacturing. Furthermore, evaluation of dose-sparing strategies that offer protection with a reduced antigen dose will be critical for pandemic influenza preparedness. Development of new antiviral therapeutics and other, nonpharmaceutical intervention strategies will further supplement pandemic preparedness. This review highlights the current status of egg-dependent and egg-independent strategies against an avian influenza pandemic.
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Gershoni-Yahalom O, Landes S, Kleiman-Shoval S, Ben-Nathan D, Kam M, Lachmi BE, Khinich Y, Simanov M, Samina I, Eitan A, Cohen IR, Rager-Zisman B, Porgador A. Chimeric vaccine composed of viral peptide and mammalian heat-shock protein 60 peptide protects against West Nile virus challenge. Immunology 2010; 130:527-35. [PMID: 20331473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a chimeric peptide against West Nile virus (WNV) was evaluated. This virus is the aetiological agent of West Nile fever, which has recently emerged in the western hemisphere. The rapid spread of WNV throughout North America, as well as the constantly changing epidemiology and transmission of the virus by blood transfusion and transplantation, have raised major public-health concerns. Currently, there are no effective treatments for WNV or vaccine for human use. We previously identified a novel, continuous B-cell epitope from domain III of the WNV envelope protein, termed Ep15. To test whether this epitope can protect against WNV infection, we synthesized a linear chimeric peptide composed of Ep15 and the heat-shock protein 60 peptide, p458. The p458 peptide is an effective carrier peptide for subunit vaccines against other infectious agents. We now report that mice immunized with the chimeric peptide, p458-Ep15, were resistant to lethal challenges with three different WNV strains. Moreover, their brains were free of viral genome and infectious virus. Mice immunized with Ep15 alone or with p431-Ep15, a control conjugate, were not protected. The chimeric p458-Ep15 peptide induced WNV-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies that neutralized the virus and induced the secretion of interferon-gammain vitro. Challenge of chimeric peptide-immunized mice considerably enhanced WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies. We conclude that this chimeric peptide can be used for formulation of a human vaccine against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Pandey A, Singh N, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Egg-independent vaccine strategies for highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. HUMAN VACCINES 2010; 6:178-88. [PMID: 19875936 PMCID: PMC2888842 DOI: 10.4161/hv.6.2.9899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Hong Kong in 1997 and the subsequent appearance of other H5N1 strains and their spread to several countries in southeast Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe has evoked fear of a global influenza pandemic. Vaccines offer the best hope to combat the threat of an influenza pandemic. However, the global demand for a pandemic vaccine cannot be fulfilled by the current egg-based vaccine manufacturing strategies, thus creating a need to explore alternative technologies for vaccine production and delivery. Several egg-independent vaccine approaches such as cell culture-derived whole virus or subvirion vaccines, recombinant protein-based vaccines, virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, DNA vaccines and viral vector-based vaccines are currently being investigated and appear promising both in preclinical and clinical studies. The present review will highlight the various egg-independent alternative vaccine approaches for pandemic influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Correspondence: Suresh K. Mittal, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA, Tel: 765-496-2894, Fax: 765-494-9830, , Suryaprakash Sambhara, Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Tel: 404-639-3800, Fax: 404-639-5180,
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