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Fiacre L, Nougairède A, Migné C, Bayet M, Cochin M, Dumarest M, Helle T, Exbrayat A, Pagès N, Vitour D, Richardson JP, Failloux AB, Vazeille M, Albina E, Lecollinet S, Gonzalez G. Different viral genes modulate virulence in model mammal hosts and Culex pipiens vector competence in Mediterranean basin lineage 1 West Nile virus strains. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1324069. [PMID: 38298539 PMCID: PMC10828019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1324069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus (+ssRNA) belonging to the genus Orthoflavivirus. Its enzootic cycle involves mosquito vectors, mainly Culex, and wild birds as reservoir hosts, while mammals, such as humans and equids, are incidental dead-end hosts. It was first discovered in 1934 in Uganda, and since 1999 has been responsible for frequent outbreaks in humans, horses and wild birds, mostly in America and in Europe. Virus spread, as well as outbreak severity, can be influenced by many ecological factors, such as reservoir host availability, biodiversity, movements and competence, mosquito abundance, distribution and vector competence, by environmental factors such as temperature, land use and precipitation, as well as by virus genetic factors influencing virulence or transmission. Former studies have investigated WNV factors of virulence, but few have compared viral genetic determinants of pathogenicity in different host species, and even fewer have considered the genetic drivers of virus invasiveness and excretion in Culex vector. In this study, we characterized WNV genetic factors implicated in the difference in virulence observed in two lineage 1 WNV strains from the Mediterranean Basin, the first isolated during a significant outbreak reported in Israel in 1998, and the second from a milder outbreak in Italy in 2008. We used an innovative and powerful reverse genetic tool, e.g., ISA (infectious subgenomic amplicons) to generate chimeras between Israel 1998 and Italy 2008 strains, focusing on non-structural (NS) proteins and the 3'UTR non-coding region. We analyzed the replication of these chimeras and their progenitors in mammals, in BALB/cByJ mice, and vector competence in Culex (Cx.) pipiens mosquitoes. Results obtained in BALB/cByJ mice suggest a role of the NS2B/NS3/NS4B/NS5 genomic region in viral attenuation in mammals, while NS4B/NS5/3'UTR regions are important in Cx. pipiens infection and possibly in vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Fiacre
- UMR VIRO, ANSES, ENVA, INRAE Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité Des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Migné
- UMR VIRO, ANSES, ENVA, INRAE Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Maxime Cochin
- Unité Des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Marseille, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- UMR VIRO, ANSES, ENVA, INRAE Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Teheipuaura Helle
- UMR VIRO, ANSES, ENVA, INRAE Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Antoni Exbrayat
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAe, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Damien Vitour
- UMR VIRO, ANSES, ENVA, INRAE Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jennifer P. Richardson
- UMR VIRO, ANSES, ENVA, INRAE Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insects Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vazeille
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Arboviruses and Insects Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAe, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR VIRO, ANSES, ENVA, INRAE Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
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2
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Maloney BE, Carpio KL, Bilyeu AN, Saunders DRD, Park SL, Pohl AE, Ball NC, Raetz JL, Huang CY, Higgs S, Barrett ADT, Roman-Sosa G, Kenney JL, Vanlandingham DL, Huang YJS. Identification of the flavivirus conserved residues in the envelope protein hinge region for the rational design of a candidate West Nile live-attenuated vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:172. [PMID: 37932282 PMCID: PMC10628263 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus envelope protein is a class II fusion protein that drives flavivirus-cell membrane fusion. The membrane fusion process is triggered by the conformational change of the E protein from dimer in the virion to trimer, which involves the rearrangement of three domains, EDI, EDII, and EDIII. The movement between EDI and EDII initiates the formation of the E protein trimer. The EDI-EDII hinge region utilizes four motifs to exert the hinge effect at the interdomain region and is crucial for the membrane fusion activity of the E protein. Using West Nile virus (WNV) NY99 strain derived from an infectious clone, we investigated the role of eight flavivirus-conserved hydrophobic residues in the EDI-EDII hinge region in the conformational change of E protein from dimer to trimer and viral entry. Single mutations of the E-A54, E-I130, E-I135, E-I196, and E-Y201 residues affected infectivity. Importantly, the E-A54I and E-Y201P mutations fully attenuated the mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of WNV. The results suggest that multiple flavivirus-conserved hydrophobic residues in the EDI-EDII hinge region play a critical role in the structure-function of the E protein and some contribute to the virulence phenotype of flaviviruses as demonstrated by the attenuation of the mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of WNV. Thus, as a proof of concept, residues in the EDI-EDII hinge region are proposed targets to engineer attenuating mutations for inclusion in the rational design of candidate live-attenuated flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey E Maloney
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Kassandra L Carpio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Ashley N Bilyeu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Danielle R D Saunders
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Department of Biology, Dean of Faculty, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, 80840, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Adrienne E Pohl
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Natalia Costa Ball
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Janae L Raetz
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Claire Y Huang
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Buentewg 17, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Joanie L Kenney
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and SUNY Center for Vector-Borne Diseases, Institute of Global Health and Translation Science, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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3
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Camarão AAR, Gern OL, Stegmann F, Mulenge F, Costa B, Saremi B, Jung K, Lepenies B, Kalinke U, Steffen I. Secreted NS1 proteins of tick-borne encephalitis virus and West Nile virus block dendritic cell activation and effector functions. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0219223. [PMID: 37707204 PMCID: PMC10581055 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02192-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is secreted from infected cells into the circulation and the serum levels correlate with disease severity. The effect of secreted NS1 (sNS1) on non-infected mammalian immune cells is largely unknown. Here, we expressed recombinant sNS1 proteins of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) and investigated their effects on dendritic cell (DC) effector functions. Murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) showed reduced surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules and decreased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines when treated with sNS1 of TBEV or WNV prior to poly(I:C) stimulation. Transcriptional profiles of BMDCs that were sNS1-exposed prior to poly(I:C) stimulation showed two gene clusters that were downregulated by TBEV or WNV sNS1 and that were associated with innate and adaptive immune responses. Functionally, both sNS1 proteins modulated the capacity for BMDCs to induce specific T-cell responses as indicated by reduced IFN-γ levels in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after BMDC co-cultivation. In human monocyte-derived DCs, poly(I:C)-induced upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine responses were even more strongly impaired by TBEV sNS1 or WNV sNS1 pretreatment than in the murine system. Our findings indicate that exogenous flaviviral sNS1 proteins interfere with DC-mediated stimulation of T cells, which is crucial for the initiation of cell-mediated adaptive immune responses in human flavivirus infections. Collectively, our data determine soluble flaviviral NS1 as a virulence factor responsible for a dampened immune response to flavivirus infections. IMPORTANCE The effective initiation of protective host immune responses controls the outcome of infection, and dysfunctional T-cell responses have previously been associated with symptomatic human flavivirus infections. We demonstrate that secreted flavivirus NS1 proteins modulate innate immune responses of uninfected bystander cells. In particular, sNS1 markedly reduced the capacity of dendritic cells to stimulate T-cell responses upon activation. Hence, by modulating cellular host responses that are required for effective antigen presentation and initiation of adaptive immunity, sNS1 proteins may contribute to severe outcomes of flavivirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- António A. R. Camarão
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Stegmann
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bibiana Costa
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Babak Saremi
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence—Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST, EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Imke Steffen
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Conde JN, Himmler GE, Mladinich MC, Setoh YX, Amarilla AA, Schutt WR, Saladino N, Gorbunova EE, Salamango DJ, Benach J, Kim HK, Mackow ER. Establishment of a CPER reverse genetics system for Powassan virus defines attenuating NS1 glycosylation sites and an infectious NS1-GFP11 reporter virus. mBio 2023; 14:e0138823. [PMID: 37489888 PMCID: PMC10470542 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01388-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Powassan virus (POWV) is an emerging tick-borne Flavivirus that causes lethal encephalitis and long-term neurologic damage. Currently, there are no POWV therapeutics, licensed vaccines, or reverse genetics systems for producing infectious POWVs from recombinant DNA. Using a circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER), we generated recombinant LI9 (recLI9) POWVs with attenuating NS1 protein mutations and a recLI9-split-eGFP reporter virus. NS1 proteins are highly conserved glycoproteins that regulate replication, spread, and neurovirulence. POWV NS1 contains three putative N-linked glycosylation sites that we modified individually in infectious recLI9 mutants (N85Q, N208Q, and N224Q). NS1 glycosylation site mutations reduced replication kinetics and were attenuated, with 1-2 log decreases in titer. Severely attenuated recLI9-N224Q exhibited a 2- to 3-day delay in focal cell-to-cell spread and reduced NS1 secretion but was lethal when intracranially inoculated into suckling mice. However, footpad inoculation of recLI9-N224Q resulted in the survival of 80% of mice and demonstrated that NS1-N224Q mutations reduce POWV neuroinvasion in vivo. To monitor NS1 trafficking, we CPER fused a split GFP11-tag to the NS1 C-terminus and generated an infectious reporter virus, recLI9-NS1-GFP11. Cells infected with recLI9-NS1-GFP11 revealed NS1 trafficking in live cells and the novel formation of large NS1-lined intracellular vesicles. An infectious recLI9-NS1-GFP11 reporter virus permits real-time analysis of NS1 functions in POWV replication, assembly, and secretion and provides a platform for evaluating antiviral compounds. Collectively, our robust POWV reverse genetics system permits analysis of viral spread and neurovirulence determinants in vitro and in vivo and enables the rational genetic design of live attenuated POWV vaccines. IMPORTANCE Our findings newly establish a mechanism for genetically modifying Powassan viruses (POWVs), systematically defining pathogenic determinants and rationally designing live attenuated POWV vaccines. This initial study demonstrates that mutating POWV NS1 glycosylation sites attenuates POWV spread and neurovirulence in vitro and in vivo. Our findings validate a robust circular polymerase extension reaction approach as a mechanism for developing, and evaluating, attenuated genetically modified POWVs. We further designed an infectious GFP-tagged reporter POWV that permits us to monitor secretory trafficking of POWV in live cells, which can be applied to screen potential POWV replication inhibitors. This robust system for modifying POWVs provides the ability to define attenuating POWV mutations and create genetically attenuated recPOWV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas N. Conde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grace E. Himmler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Megan C. Mladinich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yin Xiang Setoh
- Microbiology and Molecular Epidemiology Division, Environmental Health Institute, National Environmental Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alberto A. Amarilla
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - William R. Schutt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Saladino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Elena E. Gorbunova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J. Salamango
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jorge Benach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Hwan Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Erich R. Mackow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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Zhang S, He Y, Wu Z, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, Zhang L, Yu Y, Chen S, Cheng A. Secretory pathways and multiple functions of nonstructural protein 1 in flavivirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205002. [PMID: 37520540 PMCID: PMC10372224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus contains a wide variety of viruses that cause severe disease in humans, including dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a glycoprotein that encodes a 352-amino-acid polypeptide and has a molecular weight of 46-55 kDa depending on its glycosylation status. NS1 is highly conserved among multiple flaviviruses and occurs in distinct forms, including a dimeric form within the endoplasmic reticulum, a cell-associated form on the plasma membrane, or a secreted hexameric form (sNS1) trafficked to the extracellular matrix. Intracellular dimeric NS1 interacts with other NSs to participate in viral replication and virion maturation, while extracellular sNS1 plays a critical role in immune evasion, flavivirus pathogenesis and interactions with natural vectors. In this review, we provide an overview of recent research progress on flavivirus NS1, including research on the structural details, the secretory pathways in mammalian and mosquito cells and the multiple functions in viral replication, immune evasion, pathogenesis and interaction with natural hosts, drawing together the previous data to determine the properties of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senzhao Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu He
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
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6
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Fang E, Li M, Liu X, Hu K, Liu L, Zhang Z, Li X, Peng Q, Li Y. NS1 Protein N-Linked Glycosylation Site Affects the Virulence and Pathogenesis of Dengue Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050959. [PMID: 37243063 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccine is one of the most effective vaccines against flavivirus. Recently, site-directed mutation of the flavivirus genome using reverse genetics techniques has been used for the rapid development of attenuated vaccines. However, this technique relies on basic research of critical virulence loci of the virus. To screen the attenuated sites in dengue virus, a total of eleven dengue virus type four mutant strains with deletion of N-glycosylation sites in the NS1 protein were designed and constructed. Ten of them (except for the N207-del mutant strain) were successfully rescued. Out of the ten strains, one mutant strain (N130del+207-209QQA) was found to have significantly reduced virulence through neurovirulence assay in suckling mice, but was genetically unstable. Further purification using the plaque purification assay yielded a genetically stable attenuated strain #11-puri9 with mutations of K129T, N130K, N207Q, and T209A in the NS1 protein and E99D in the NS2A protein. Identifying the virulence loci by constructing revertant mutant and chimeric viruses revealed that five amino acid adaptive mutations in the dengue virus type four non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2A dramatically affected its neurovirulence and could be used in constructing attenuated dengue chimeric viruses. Our study is the first to obtain an attenuated dengue virus strain through the deletion of amino acid residues at the N-glycosylation site, providing a theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis of the dengue virus and developing its live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyue Fang
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- Vaccines R&D Department, Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- Vaccines R&D Department, Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000, China
| | - Kongxin Hu
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Institute of Health Inspection and Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zelun Zhang
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Qinhua Peng
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arbovirus Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
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7
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Combination of E- and NS1-Derived DNA Vaccines: The Immune Response and Protection Elicited in Mice against DENV2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071452. [PMID: 35891431 PMCID: PMC9323404 DOI: 10.3390/v14071452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of dengue disease has increased radically in recent decades. Previously, we constructed the pE1D2 and pcTPANS1 DNA vaccines encoding the DENV2 envelope (E) and non-structural 1 (NS1) proteins, respectively. To decrease the number of plasmids in a tetravalent candidate vaccine, we constructed a bicistronic plasmid, pNS1/E/D2, encoding these two proteins simultaneously. We evaluated the protective immunity induced in mice vaccinated with the pNS1/E/D2 candidate and compared to the responses elicited by immunization with the former vaccines isolated or in combination. We transfected BHK-21 cells with the different plasmids and detected recombinant proteins by immunofluorescence and mass spectrometry assays to confirm antigen expression. BALB/c mice were inoculated with the DNA vaccines followed by a lethal DENV2 challenge. ELISA, PRNT50, and IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays were performed for the investigation of the humoral and cellular responses. We observed the concomitant expression of NS1 and E proteins in pNS1/E/D2-transfected cells. All E-based vaccines induced anti-E and neutralizing antibodies. However, anti-NS1 antibodies were only observed after immunization with the pcTPANS1 administered alone or combined with pE1D2. In contrast, splenocytes from pNS1/E/D2- or pcTPANS1 + pE1D2-vaccinated animals responded to NS1- and E-derived synthetic peptides. All the DNA vaccines conferred protection against DENV2.
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8
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Feng T, Zhang J, Chen Z, Pan W, Chen Z, Yan Y, Dai J. Glycosylation of viral proteins: Implication in virus-host interaction and virulence. Virulence 2022; 13:670-683. [PMID: 35436420 PMCID: PMC9037552 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2060464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are among the most important cell molecular components. However, given their structural diversity, their functions have not been fully explored. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification for various proteins. Many bacteria and viruses rely on N-linked and O-linked glycosylation to perform critical biological functions. The diverse functions of glycosylation on viral proteins during viral infections, including Dengue, Zika, influenza, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as coronaviruses have been reported. N-linked glycosylation is the most common form of protein modification, and it modulates folding, transportation and receptor binding. Compared to N-linked glycosylation, the functions of O-linked viral protein glycosylation have not been comprehensively evaluated. In this review, we summarize findings on viral protein glycosylation, with particular attention to studies on N-linked glycosylation in viral life cycles. This review informs the development of virus-specific vaccines or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiqian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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9
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Yang L, Liang T, Lv J, Qu S, Meng R, Yang B, Feng C, Li Q, Wang X, Zhang D. A quasispecies in a BHK-21 cell-derived virulent Tembusu virus strain contains three groups of variants with distinct virulence phenotypes. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109252. [PMID: 34673357 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies resulted in the isolation of a low-virulence plaque-purified variant from the third passage (P3) in BHK-21 cells of a Tembusu virus (TMUV) isolate, suggesting the presence of viral quasispecies in the P3 culture. To confirm this notion, the fourth passage virus (P4) was prepared by infecting BHK-21 cells with P3 for isolation of more variants. We isolated 10 plaque-purified viruses. Comparative genome sequence analysis identified six of the 10 viruses as genetically different variants, which harbored a total of eight amino acid differences in the envelope, NS1, NS3, and NS5 proteins. When tested in a 2-day-old Pekin duck model, P4 caused 80 % mortality, belonging to a high-virulence TMUV strain. Out of the six genetically different variants, two presented high-virulence, one exhibited moderate-virulence, and three displayed low-virulence, causing 60 %-70 %, 40 %, and 10 % mortalities, respectively. These results demonstrate that P4 contains at least three groups of variants with distinct virulence phenotypes. Analysis of links between the eight residues and virulence of the six variants identified NS1 protein residue 183 and NS5 protein residues 275 and/or 287 as novel determinants of TMUV virulence. The analysis also provided a new clue for future studies on the molecular basis of TMUV virulence in terms of genetic interaction of different proteins. Overall, our study provides direct evidence to suggest that TMUV exists in in vitro culture of a virulent isolate as a quasispecies, which may enhance our understanding of molecular mechanism of TMUV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Te Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Runze Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chonglun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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10
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N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of duck Tembusu virus NS1 that are important for viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in ducklings. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109215. [PMID: 34455356 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused acute egg-drop syndrome in egg-laying ducks. DTMUV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) contains three potential predicted N-linked glycosylation sites at residues 130, 175 and 207. In this study, we found that mutations at these sites affect the molecular weight of recombinant NS1, as assessed by western blot assays; however, the mutations do not affect their subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, as assessed by colocalization assays. Four recombinant viruses substituting the asparagine (N) residues at N130, N175, N207 or N130/N175/N207 of NS1 with alanine (A) residues were generated using rDTMUV-i, an infectious cDNA clone of the DTMUV CQW1 strain. Deglycosylation assays of the mutant virus NS1 were performed using endoglycosidases Endo H or PNGase F treatment in both mammalian and avian cells. The NS1-WT, NS1-N130A, NS1-N175A and NS1-N207A showed a shift in migration to 37 kDa after digestion with both endoglycosidases, which further confirmed that N130, N175 and N207 were the glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1. Compared to the parental rDTMUV, the single mutants impaired viral multiplication in vitro, while the nonglycosylated virus rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A showed a 5-fold to 178-fold decrease in viral titers and smaller plaque sizes. Notably, all mutant viruses were still highly virulent to duck embryos, but the embryos inoculated with rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A started to die on the fourth day, which exhibited a prolonged time to death compared to that of rDTMUV. Moreover, rDTMUV-NS1-N130A/N175A/N207A was attenuated in vivo, showing no mortality and producing significantly lower viral titers in heart, spleen, kidney, brain and thymus as well as 2-fold to 3-fold lower viremia at 3 and 5 days post infection. Overall, our results indicated that N130, N175 and N207 are N-linked glycosylation sites of DTMUV NS1, which play crucial roles in viral multiplication, viremia and virulence in vitro and in vivo.
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11
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Zhao R, Wang M, Cao J, Shen J, Zhou X, Wang D, Cao J. Flavivirus: From Structure to Therapeutics Development. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070615. [PMID: 34202239 PMCID: PMC8303334 DOI: 10.3390/life11070615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are still a hidden threat to global human safety, as we are reminded by recent reports of dengue virus infections in Singapore and African-lineage-like Zika virus infections in Brazil. Therapeutic drugs or vaccines for flavivirus infections are in urgent need but are not well developed. The Flaviviridae family comprises a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity. The genome of flavivirus encodes ten proteins, and each of them plays a different and important role in viral infection. In this review, we briefly summarized the major information of flavivirus and further introduced some strategies for the design and development of vaccines and anti-flavivirus compound drugs based on the structure of the viral proteins. There is no doubt that in the past few years, studies of antiviral drugs have achieved solid progress based on better understanding of the flavivirus biology. However, currently, there are no fully effective antiviral drugs or vaccines for most flaviviruses. We hope that this review may provide useful information for future development of anti-flavivirus drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Meiyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China;
| | - Deping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; (R.Z.); (M.W.); (J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.C.)
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12
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Carpio KL, Barrett ADT. Flavivirus NS1 and Its Potential in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:622. [PMID: 34207516 PMCID: PMC8229460 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus contains many important human pathogens, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), West Nile (WN), yellow fever (YF) and Zika (ZIK) viruses. While there are effective vaccines for a few flavivirus diseases (JE, TBE and YF), the majority do not have vaccines, including WN and ZIK. The flavivirus nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein has an unusual structure-function because it is glycosylated and forms different structures to facilitate different roles intracellularly and extracellularly, including roles in the replication complex, assisting in virus assembly, and complement antagonism. It also plays a role in protective immunity through antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, and anti-NS1 antibodies elicit passive protection in animal models against a virus challenge. Historically, NS1 has been used as a diagnostic marker for the flavivirus infection due to its complement fixing properties and specificity. Its role in disease pathogenesis, and the strong humoral immune response resulting from infection, makes NS1 an excellent target for inclusion in candidate flavivirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra L. Carpio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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13
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Fiacre L, Pagès N, Albina E, Richardson J, Lecollinet S, Gonzalez G. Molecular Determinants of West Nile Virus Virulence and Pathogenesis in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239117. [PMID: 33266206 PMCID: PMC7731113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), like the dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV), are major arboviruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus. WNV is emerging or endemic in many countries around the world, affecting humans and other vertebrates. Since 1999, it has been considered to be a major public and veterinary health problem, causing diverse pathologies, ranging from a mild febrile state to severe neurological damage and death. WNV is transmitted in a bird–mosquito–bird cycle, and can occasionally infect humans and horses, both highly susceptible to the virus but considered dead-end hosts. Many studies have investigated the molecular determinants of WNV virulence, mainly with the ultimate objective of guiding vaccine development. Several vaccines are used in horses in different parts of the world, but there are no licensed WNV vaccines for humans, suggesting the need for greater understanding of the molecular determinants of virulence and antigenicity in different hosts. Owing to technical and economic considerations, WNV virulence factors have essentially been studied in rodent models, and the results cannot always be transported to mosquito vectors or to avian hosts. In this review, the known molecular determinants of WNV virulence, according to invertebrate (mosquitoes) or vertebrate hosts (mammalian and avian), are presented and discussed. This overview will highlight the differences and similarities found between WNV hosts and models, to provide a foundation for the prediction and anticipation of WNV re-emergence and its risk of global spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Fiacre
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170 Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France; (N.P.); (E.A.)
- ASTRE, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-43967376
| | - Gaëlle Gonzalez
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL for Equine Diseases, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.F.); (J.R.); (G.G.)
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14
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Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and DNA Vaccines Expressing Zika Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Induce Substantial but Not Sterilizing Protection against Zika Virus Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00048-20. [PMID: 32554698 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00048-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of several flaviviruses, including West Nile, dengue, and yellow fever viruses, is capable of inducing variable degrees of protection against flavivirus infection in animal models. However, the immunogenicity of NS1 protein of Zika virus (ZIKV) is less understood. Here, we determined the efficacy of ZIKV NS1-based vaccine candidates using two delivery platforms, methyltransferase-defective recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (mtdVSV) and a DNA vaccine. We first show that expression of ZIKV NS1 could be significantly enhanced by optimizing the signal peptide. A single dose of mtdVSV-NS1-based vaccine or two doses of DNA vaccine induced high levels of NS1-specfic antibody and T cell immune responses but provided only partial protection against ZIKV viremia in BALB/c mice. In Ifnar1-/- mice, neither NS1-based vaccine provided protection against a lethal high dose (105 PFU) ZIKV challenge, but mtdVSV-NS1-based vaccine prevented deaths from a low dose (103 PFU) challenge, though they experienced viremia and body weight loss. We conclude that ZIKV NS1 alone conferred substantial, but not complete, protection against ZIKV infection. Nevertheless, these results highlight the value of ZIKV NS1 for vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Most Zika virus (ZIKV) vaccine research has focused on the E or prM-E proteins and the induction of high levels of neutralizing antibodies. However, these ZIKV neutralizing antibodies cross-react with other flaviviruses, which may aggravate the disease via an antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) mechanism. ZIKV NS1 protein may be an alternative antigen for vaccine development, since antibodies to NS1 do not bind to the virion, thereby eliminating the risk of ADE. Here, we show that recombinant VSV and DNA vaccines expressing NS1, alone, confer partial protection against ZIKV infection in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice, highlighting the value of NS1 as a potential vaccine candidate.
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15
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Guo Y, Wang H, Xu S, Zhou H, Zhou C, Fu S, Cheng M, Li F, Deng Y, Li X, Wang H, Qin CF. Recovery and Genetic Characterization of a West Nile Virus Isolate from China. Virol Sin 2020; 36:113-121. [PMID: 32632819 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important neurotropic flavivirus that is widely distributed globally. WNV strain XJ11129 was first isolated in Xinjiang, China, and its genetic and biological characteristics remain largely unknown. In this study, phylogenetic and sequence analyses revealed that XJ11129 belongs to lineage 1a and shares high genetic identity with the highly pathogenic strain NY99. Then, the full-length genomic cDNA of XJ11129 was amplified and assembled using a modified Gibson assembly (GA) method. The virus (named rXJ11129) was successfully rescued in days following this method. Compared with other wild-type WNV isolates, rXJ11129 exhibited virulence indistinguishable from that of the NY99 strain in vivo. In summary, the genomic and virulence phenotypes of rXJ11129 were characterized in vivo and in vitro, and these data will improve the understanding of the spread and pathogenesis of this reemerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hongjiang Wang
- PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Hangyu Zhou
- Suzhou Institute of System Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mengli Cheng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, 100071, China.
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16
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Japanese encephalitis vaccine-specific envelope protein E138K mutation does not attenuate virulence of West Nile virus. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:50. [PMID: 31839996 PMCID: PMC6895119 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEV) are closely related, mosquito-borne neurotropic flaviviruses. Although there are no licensed human vaccines for WNV, JEV has multiple human vaccines, including the live, attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2. Investigations into determinants of attenuation of JE SA14-14-2 demonstrated that envelope (E) protein mutation E138K was crucial to the attenuation of mouse virulence. As WNV is closely related to JEV, we investigated whether or not the E-E138K mutation would be beneficial to be included in a candidate live attenuated WNV vaccine. Rather than conferring a mouse attenuated phenotype, the WNV E-E138K mutant reverted and retained a wild-type mouse virulence phenotype. Next-generation sequencing analysis demonstrated that, although the consensus sequence of the mutant had the E-E138K mutation, there was increased variation in the E protein, including a single-nucleotide variant (SNV) revertant to the wild-type glutamic acid residue. Modeling of the E protein and analysis of SNVs showed that reversion was likely due to the inability of critical E-protein residues to be compatible electrostatically. Therefore, this mutation may not be reliable for inclusion in candidate live attenuated vaccines in related flaviviruses, such as WNV, and care must be taken in translation of attenuating mutations from one virus to another virus, even if they are closely related. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related neurotropic viruses—a live attenuated vaccine exists for JEV but not for WNV. A team led by Alan D.T. Barrett at the University of Texas investigated whether a key E-protein mutation (E138K) in the live attenuated JEV vaccine can also attenuate a candidate live WNV vaccine. The mutant WNV vaccine shows essentially identical behavior to the virulent parental strain in vitro but unexpectedly also has unimpaired lethality and neurotropism when mice are challenged intraperitoneally. Sequencing of the mutant WNV vaccine demonstrated increased frequencies of single-nucleotide variants clustered around residue 138—including reversion to the parental strain glutamic acid. E138K mutation is therefore unlikely to be a reliable means to attenuate candidate WNV vaccines.
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Kaiser JA, Luo H, Widen SG, Wood TG, Huang CYH, Wang T, Barrett ADT. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of West Nile virus NS5 methyltransferase mutants. Vaccine 2019; 37:7155-7164. [PMID: 31611100 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although West Nile virus (WNV) causes annual cases of neurological disease and deaths in humans, a vaccine has not been licensed for human use. Several WNV genes have been targeted for mutagenesis in attempts to generate live attenuated vaccine candidates, including the non-structural protein NS5. Specifically, mutation of WNV NS5-K61A or NS5-E218A in the catalytic tetrad of the methyltransferase decreases enzyme activity of the NS5 protein and correspondingly attenuates the virus in mice. In this report, NS5-K61A, NS5-E218A, and a double mutant encoding both mutations (NS5-K61A/E218A) were compared both in vitro and in vivo. Each single mutant was strongly attenuated in highly susceptible outbred mice, whereas the double mutant unexpectedly was not attenuated. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that the double mutant was capable of reversion at both residues NS5-61 and NS5-218, whereas the genotype of the single mutants did not show evidence of reversion. Overall, either NS5-K61A or NS5-E218A methyltransferase mutations could be potential mutations to include in a candidate live WNV vaccine; however, multiple mutations in the catalytic tetrad of the methyltransferase are not tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Steven G Widen
- Molecular Genomics Core Facility, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Molecular Genomics Core Facility, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Claire Y-H Huang
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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18
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Annamalai AS, Pattnaik A, Sahoo BR, Guinn ZP, Bullard BL, Weaver EA, Steffen D, Natarajan SK, Petro TM, Pattnaik AK. An Attenuated Zika Virus Encoding Non-Glycosylated Envelope (E) and Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) Confers Complete Protection against Lethal Challenge in a Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030112. [PMID: 31547297 PMCID: PMC6789518 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus, emerged in the last decade causing serious human diseases, including congenital microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Although many vaccine platforms are at various stages of development, no licensed vaccines are currently available. Previously, we described a mutant MR766 ZIKV (m2MR) bearing an E protein mutation (N154A) that prevented its glycosylation, resulting in attenuation and defective neuroinvasion. To further attenuate m2MR for its potential use as a live viral vaccine, we incorporated additional mutations into m2MR by substituting the asparagine residues in the glycosylation sites (N130 and N207) of NS1 with alanine residues. Examination of pathogenic properties revealed that the virus (m5MR) carrying mutations in E (N154A) and NS1 (N130A and N207A) was fully attenuated with no disease signs in infected mice, inducing high levels of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and protecting mice from subsequent lethal virus challenge. Furthermore, passive transfer of sera from m5MR-infected mice into naïve animals resulted in complete protection from lethal challenge. The immune sera from m5MR-infected animals neutralized both African and Asian lineage viruses equally well, suggesting that m5MR virus could be developed as a potentially broad live virus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun S Annamalai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Aryamav Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Bikash R Sahoo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Zack P Guinn
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Brianna L Bullard
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Eric A Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - David Steffen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Thomas M Petro
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Asit K Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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19
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Replication-Defective West Nile Virus with NS1 Deletion as a New Vaccine Platform for Flavivirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00720-19. [PMID: 31189715 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00720-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously produced a replication-defective West Nile virus (WNV) lacking NS1 (WNV-ΔNS1) that could propagate at low levels (105 infectious units [IU]/ml) in a 293T cell line expressing wild-type (WT) NS1. This finding indicates the potential of developing WNV-ΔNS1 as a noninfectious vaccine. To explore this idea, we developed an NS1-expressing Vero cell line (VeroNS1) that significantly improved the yield of WNV-ΔNS1 (108 IU/ml). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of WNV-ΔNS1 in mice. WNV-ΔNS1 appeared to be safe, as no replicative virus was found in naive Vero cells after continuous culturing of WNV-ΔNS1 in VeroNS1 cells for 15 rounds. WNV-ΔNS1 was noninfectious in mice, even when IFNAR-/- mice were administered a high dose of WNV-ΔNS1. Vaccination with a single dose of WNV-ΔNS1 protected mice from a highly lethal challenge with WT WNV. The antibody response against WNV correlated well with the protection of vaccinated mice. Our study demonstrates the potential of the NS1 trans complementation system as a new platform for flavivirus vaccine development.IMPORTANCE Many flaviviruses are significant human pathogens that frequently cause outbreaks and epidemics around the world. Development of novel vaccine platforms against these pathogens is a public health priority. Using WNV as a model, we developed a new vaccine platform for flaviviruses. WNV containing a NS1 deletion (WNV-ΔNS1) could be efficiently trans complemented in Vero cells that constitutively expressed WT NS1 protein. A single-dose immunization with WNV-ΔNS1 elicited robust immune responses in mice. The immunized animals were fully protected against pathogenic WNV infection. No adverse effects related to the WNV-ΔNS1 vaccination were observed. The results have demonstrated the potential of the NS1 complementation system as an alternative platform for flavivirus vaccine development, especially for highly pathogenic flaviviruses.
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20
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Leemans A, Boeren M, Van der Gucht W, Martinet W, Caljon G, Maes L, Cos P, Delputte P. Characterization of the role of N-glycosylation sites in the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in virus replication, syncytium formation and antigenicity. Virus Res 2019; 266:58-68. [PMID: 31004621 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of infant hospitalization worldwide each year and there is presently no licensed vaccine to prevent severe RSV infections. Two major RSV glycoproteins, attachment (G) and fusion (F) protein, regulate viral replication and both proteins contain potential glycosylation sites which are highly variable for the G protein and conserved for the F protein among virus isolates. The RSV F sequence possesses five N-glycosylation sites located in the F2 subunit (N27 and N70), the p27 peptide (N116 and N126) and the F1 subunit (N500). The importance of RSV F N-glycosylation in virus replication and immunogenicity is not yet fully understood, and a better understanding may provide new insights for vaccine development. By using a BAC-based reverse genetics system, recombinant viruses expressing F proteins with loss of N-glycosylation sites were made. Mutant viruses with single N-glycosylation sites removed could be recovered, while this was not possible with the mutant with all N-glycosylation sites removed. Although the individual RSV F N-glycosylation sites were shown not to be essential for viral replication, they do contribute to the efficiency of in vitro and in vivo viral infection. To evaluate the role of N-glycosylation sites on RSV F antigenicity, serum antibody titers were determined after infection of BALB/c mice with RSV expressing the glycomutant F proteins. Infection with recombinant virus lacking the N-glycosylation site at position N116 (RSV F N116Q) resulted in significant higher neutralizing antibody titers compared to RSV F WT infection, which is surprising since this N-glycan is present in the p27 peptide which is assumed to be absent from the mature F protein in virions. Thus, single or combined RSV F glycomutations which affect virus replication and fusogenicity, and which may induce enhanced antibody responses upon immunization could have the potential to improve the efficacy of RSV LAV approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Female
- Giant Cells/virology
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/metabolism
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/pathology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/growth & development
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/pathogenicity
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/physiology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Marlies Boeren
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Winke Van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium.
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21
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Castro-Jorge LAD, Siconelli MJL, Ribeiro BDS, Moraes FMD, Moraes JBD, Agostinho MR, Klein TM, Floriano VG, Fonseca BALD. West Nile virus infections are here! Are we prepared to face another flavivirus epidemic? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20190089. [PMID: 30942263 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0089-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as chikungunya and Zika viruses, are a major threat to public health in countries like Brazil where biodiversity is high and medical care is sometimes precarious. West Nile fever is a disease caused by the West Nile Virus (WNV), an RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted by infected mosquitoes to numerous animals like birds, reptiles and mammals, including human and non-human primates. In the last decade, the number of reported cases of WNV infection in humans and animals has increased in the Americas. Circulation of WNV in forests and rural areas in Brazil has been detected based on serological surveys and, in 2014, the first case of West Nile fever was confirmed in a patient from Piauí State. In 2018, the virus was isolated for the first time from a horse from a rural area in the state of Espírito Santo presenting with a neurological disorder; this raises the possibility that other cases of WNV encephalitis may have occurred without clinical recognition and without laboratory diagnosis by specific assays. The imminent WNV outbreak poses a challenge for Brazilian clinicians and researchers. In this review, we summarize the basic biological and ecological characteristics of this virus and the clinical presentation and treatment of febrile illnesses caused by WNV. We also discuss the epidemiological aspects, prophylaxis of WNV infections, and monitoring strategies that could be applied in the possibility of a WNV outbreak in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Antunes de Castro-Jorge
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Márcio Junio Lima Siconelli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Dos Santos Ribeiro
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Masson de Moraes
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Jonathan Ballico de Moraes
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Mayara Rovariz Agostinho
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Taline Monteiro Klein
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Vitor Gonçalves Floriano
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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22
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Woods CW, Sanchez AM, Swamy GK, McClain MT, Harrington L, Freeman D, Poore EA, Slifka DK, Poer DeRaad DE, Amanna IJ, Slifka MK, Cai S, Shahamatdar V, Wierzbicki MR, Amegashie C, Walter EB. An observer blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I dose escalation trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated West Nile virus Vaccine, HydroVax-001, in healthy adults. Vaccine 2019; 37:4222-4230. [PMID: 30661836 PMCID: PMC6640644 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background West Nile virus (WNV) is the most common mosquito-borne infection in the United States. HydroVax-001 WNV is a hydrogen peroxide inactivated, whole virion (WNV-Kunjin strain) vaccine adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide. Methods We performed a phase 1, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind (within dosing group), dose escalation clinical trial of the HydroVax-001 WNV vaccine administered via intramuscular injection. This trial evaluated 1 mcg and 4 mcg dosages of HydroVax-001 WNV vaccine given intramuscularly on day 1 and day 29 in healthy adults. The two dosing groups of HydroVax-001 were enrolled sequentially and each group consisted of 20 individuals who received HydroVax-001 and 5 who received placebo. Safety was assessed at all study days (days 1, 2, 4 and 15 post dose 1, and days 1, 2, 4, 15, 29, 57, 180 and 365 post dose 2), and reactogenicity was assessed for 14 days after administration of each dose. Immunogenicity was measured by WNV-specific plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT50) in the presence or absence of added complement or by WNV-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results HydroVax-001 was safe and well-tolerated as there were no serious adverse events or concerning safety signals. At the 1 mcg dose, HydroVax-001 was not immunogenic by PRNT50 but elicited up to 41% seroconversion by WNV-specific ELISA in the per-protocol population (PP) after the second dose. At the 4 mcg dose, HydroVax-001 elicited neutralizing antibody responses in 31% of the PP following the second dose. In the presence of added complement, PRNT50 seroconversion rates increased to 50%, and 75% seroconversion was observed by WNV-specific ELISA. Conclusions The HydroVax-001 WNV vaccine was found to be modestly immunogenic and welltolerated at all dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Woods
- Duke Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Ana M Sanchez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Duke Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Micah T McClain
- Duke Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lynn Harrington
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Debra Freeman
- Duke Early Phase Research Unit, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Shu Cai
- National Institutes of Health, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Venus Shahamatdar
- National Institutes of Health, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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23
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Chen T, He X, Zhang P, Yuan Y, Lang X, Yu J, Qin Z, Li X, Zhang Q, Zhu L, Zhang B, Wu Q, Zhao W. Research advancements in the neurological presentation of flaviviruses. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2021. [PMID: 30548722 PMCID: PMC6590462 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the large-scale epidemic of Zika virus disease and its association with microcephaly, properties that allow flaviviruses to cause nervous system diseases are an important area of investigation. At present, although potential pathogenic mechanisms of flaviviruses in the nervous system have been examined, they have not been completely elucidated. In this paper, we review the possible mechanisms of blood-brain barrier penetration, the pathological effects on neurons, and the association between virus mutations and neurotoxicity. A hypothesis on neurotoxicity caused by the Zika virus is presented. Clarifying the mechanisms of virulence of flaviviruses will be helpful in finding better antiviral drugs and optimizing the treatment of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Peiru Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yawen Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinyue Lang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianhai Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhiran Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xujuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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24
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Giel-Moloney M, Goncalvez AP, Catalan J, Lecouturier V, Girerd-Chambaz Y, Diaz F, Maldonado-Arocho F, Gomila RC, Bernard MC, Oomen R, Delagrave S, Burdin N, Kleanthous H, Jackson N, Heinrichs J, Pugachev KV. Chimeric yellow fever 17D-Zika virus (ChimeriVax-Zika) as a live-attenuated Zika virus vaccine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13206. [PMID: 30181550 PMCID: PMC6123396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen representing a global health concern. It has been linked to fetal microcephaly and other birth defects and neurological disorders in adults. Sanofi Pasteur has engaged in the development of an inactivated ZIKV vaccine, as well as a live chimeric vaccine candidate ChimeriVax-Zika (CYZ) that could become a preferred vaccine depending on future ZIKV epidemiology. This report focuses on the CYZ candidate that was constructed by replacing the pre-membrane and envelope (prM-E) genes in the genome of live attenuated yellow fever 17D vaccine virus (YF 17D) with those from ZIKV yielding a viable CYZ chimeric virus. The replication rate of CYZ in the Vero cell substrate was increased by using a hybrid YF 17D-ZIKV signal sequence for the prM protein. CYZ was highly attenuated both in mice and in human in vitro models (human neuroblastoma and neuronal progenitor cells), without the need for additional attenuating modifications. It exhibited significantly reduced viral loads in organs compared to a wild-type ZIKV and a complete lack of neuroinvasion following inoculation of immunodeficient A129 mice. A single dose of CYZ elicited high titers of ZIKV-specific neutralizing antibodies in both immunocompetent and A129 mice and protected animals from ZIKV challenge. The data indicate that CYZ is a promising vaccine candidate against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Catalan
- Sanofi Pasteur Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Fernando Diaz
- Sanofi Pasteur Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.,VL46 Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Raul C Gomila
- Sanofi Pasteur Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ray Oomen
- Sanofi Pasteur Research & Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Burdin
- Sanofi Pasteur Research & Development, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | | | - Nicolas Jackson
- Sanofi Pasteur Research & Development, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Jon Heinrichs
- Sanofi Pasteur Research & Development, Swiftwater, PA, USA
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25
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A Single Mutation at Position 156 in the Envelope Protein of Tembusu Virus Is Responsible for Virus Tissue Tropism and Transmissibility in Ducks. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00427-18. [PMID: 29899104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00427-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (TMUV), like other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and Bagaza virus, is able to transmit vector-independently. To date, why these flaviviruses can be transmitted without mosquito vectors remains poorly understood. To explore the key molecular basis of flavivirus transmissibility, we compared virus replication and transmissibility of an early and a recent TMUV in ducks. The recent TMUV strain FX2010 replicated systemically and transmitted efficiently in ducks, while the replication of early strain MM1775 was limited and did not transmit among ducks. The TMUV envelope protein and its domain I were responsible for tissue tropism and transmissibility. The mutation S156P in the domain I resulted in disruption of N-linked glycosylation at amino acid 154 of the E protein and changed the conformation of "150 loop" of the E protein, which reduced virus replication in lungs and abrogated transmission in ducks. These data indicate that the 156S in the envelope protein is critical for TMUV tissue tropism and transmissibility in ducks in the absence of mosquitos. Our findings provide novel insights on understanding TMUV transmission among ducks.IMPORTANCE Tembusu virus, similar to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as WNV, JEV, and BAGV, can be transmitted without the presence of mosquito vectors. We demonstrate that the envelope protein of TMUV and its amino acid (S) at position 156 is responsible for tissue tropism and transmission in ducks. The mutation S156P results in disruption of N-linked glycosylation at amino acid 154 of the E protein and changes the conformation of "150 loop" of the E protein, which induces limited virus replication in lungs and abrogates transmission between ducks. Our findings provide new knowledge about TMUV transmission among ducks.
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Leemans A, Boeren M, Van der Gucht W, Pintelon I, Roose K, Schepens B, Saelens X, Bailey D, Martinet W, Caljon G, Maes L, Cos P, Delputte P. Removal of the N-Glycosylation Sequon at Position N116 Located in p27 of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Elicits Enhanced Antibody Responses after DNA Immunization. Viruses 2018; 10:E426. [PMID: 30110893 PMCID: PMC6115940 DOI: 10.3390/v10080426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants caused by the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains a major public health priority. Currently, the major focus of vaccine development relies on the RSV fusion (F) protein since it is the main target protein for neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection. The protein conserves 5 N-glycosylation sites, two of which are located in the F2 subunit (N27 and N70), one in the F1 subunit (N500) and two in the p27 peptide (N116 and N126). To study the influence of the loss of one or more N-glycosylation sites on RSV F immunogenicity, BALB/c mice were immunized with plasmids encoding RSV F glycomutants. In comparison with F WT DNA immunized mice, higher neutralizing titres were observed following immunization with F N116Q. Moreover, RSV A2-K-line19F challenge of mice that had been immunized with mutant F N116Q DNA was associated with lower RSV RNA levels compared with those in challenged WT F DNA immunized animals. Since p27 is assumed to be post-translationally released after cleavage and thus not present on the mature RSV F protein, it remains to be elucidated how deletion of this glycan can contribute to enhanced antibody responses and protection upon challenge. These findings provide new insights to improve the immunogenicity of RSV F in potential vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Protein Engineering
- Protein Subunits/administration & dosage
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Load/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marlies Boeren
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Winke Van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Kenny Roose
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bert Schepens
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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27
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Li A, Yu J, Lu M, Ma Y, Attia Z, Shan C, Xue M, Liang X, Craig K, Makadiya N, He JJ, Jennings R, Shi PY, Peeples ME, Liu SL, Boyaka PN, Li J. A Zika virus vaccine expressing premembrane-envelope-NS1 polyprotein. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3067. [PMID: 30076287 PMCID: PMC6076265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Current efforts to develop Zika virus (ZIKV) subunit vaccines have been focused on pre-membrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins, but the role of NS1 in ZIKV-specific immune response and protection is poorly understood. Here, we develop an attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine expressing ZIKV prM-E-NS1 as a polyprotein. This vectored vaccine candidate is attenuated in mice, where a single immunization induces ZIKV-specific antibody and T cell immune responses that provide protection against ZIKV challenge. Co-expression of prM, E, and NS1 induces significantly higher levels of Th2 and Th17 cytokine responses than prM-E. In addition, NS1 alone is capable of conferring partial protection against ZIKV infection in mice even though it does not induce neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate that attenuated rVSV co-expressing prM, E, and NS1 is a promising vaccine candidate for protection against ZIKV infection and highlights an important role for NS1 in ZIKV-specific cellular immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Polyproteins/genetics
- Polyproteins/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic
- Vesiculovirus/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus/metabolism
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yuanmei Ma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zayed Attia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Miaoge Xue
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xueya Liang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kelsey Craig
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nirajkumar Makadiya
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jennifer J He
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ryan Jennings
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, 370W. 9th Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shan-Lu Liu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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28
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Liang JJ, Chou MW, Lin YL. DC-SIGN Binding Contributed by an Extra N-Linked Glycosylation on Japanese Encephalitis Virus Envelope Protein Reduces the Ability of Viral Brain Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:239. [PMID: 30042931 PMCID: PMC6048278 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major structural envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) facilitates cellular binding/entry and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. JEV E protein has one N-linked glycosylation site at N154 (G2 site), but the related dengue virus E protein has two glycosylation sites at N67 (G1 site) and N153 (G2 site). We generated three recombinant JEVs with different glycosylation patterns on the E protein. As compared with wild-type (WT) JEV with G2 glycosylation, viral growth in culture cells as well as neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in challenged mice were reduced when infected with the G1 mutant (E-D67N/N154A) with glycosylation shifted to G1 site, and the G0 mutant (E-N154A) with non-glycosylation. The G1G2 mutant (E-D67N), with E-glycosylation on both G1 and G2 sites, showed potent in vitro viral replication and in vivo neurovirulence, but reduced neuroinvasiveness. Furthermore, the JEV mutants with G1 glycosylation showed enhanced DC-SIGN binding, which may then lead to reduced brain invasion and explain the reason why WT JEV is devoid of this G1 site of glycosylation. Overall, the patterns of N-linked glycosylation on JEV E proteins may affect viral interaction with cellular lectins and contribute to viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Wei Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Bagdonaite I, Wandall HH. Global aspects of viral glycosylation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:443-467. [PMID: 29579213 PMCID: PMC7108637 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses encompass some of the most common human pathogens causing infections of different severity, ranging from no or very few symptoms to lethal disease as seen with the viral hemorrhagic fevers. All enveloped viruses possess an envelope membrane derived from the host cell, modified with often heavily glycosylated virally encoded glycoproteins important for infectivity, viral particle formation and immune evasion. While N-linked glycosylation of viral envelope proteins is well characterized with respect to location, structure and site occupancy, information on mucin-type O-glycosylation of these proteins is less comprehensive. Studies on viral glycosylation are often limited to analysis of recombinant proteins that in most cases are produced in cell lines with a glycosylation capacity different from the capacity of the host cells. The glycosylation pattern of the produced recombinant glycoproteins might therefore be different from the pattern on native viral proteins. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on analysis of viral glycosylation, and summarize known roles of glycans in the biology of enveloped human viruses. In addition, we describe how to overcome the analytical limitations by using a global approach based on mass spectrometry to identify viral O-glycosylation in virus-infected cell lysates using the complex enveloped virus herpes simplex virus type 1 as a model. We underscore that glycans often pay important contributions to overall protein structure, function and immune recognition, and that glycans represent a crucial determinant for vaccine design. High throughput analysis of glycosylation on relevant glycoprotein formulations, as well as data compilation and sharing is therefore important to identify consensus glycosylation patterns for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans H Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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30
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Abstract
The persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) infections throughout the USA since its inception in 1999 and its continuous spread throughout the globe calls for an urgent need of effective treatments and prevention measures. Although the licensing of several WNV vaccines for veterinary use provides a proof of concept, similar efforts on the development of an effective vaccine for humans remain still unsuccessful. Increased understanding of biology and pathogenesis of WNV together with recent technological advancements have raised hope that an effective WNV vaccine may be available in the near future. In addition, rapid progress in the structural and functional characterization of WNV and other flaviviral proteins have provided a solid base for the design and development of several classes of inhibitors as potential WNV therapeutics. Moreover, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies demonstrate an excellent efficacy against WNV in animal models and represent a promising class of WNV therapeutics. However, there are some challenges as to the design and development of a safe and efficient WNV vaccine or therapeutic. In this chapter, we discuss the current approaches, progress, and challenges toward the development of WNV vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antiviral drugs.
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31
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Munjal A, Khandia R, Tiwari R, Chakrabort S, Karthik K, Dhama K. Advances in Designing and Developing Vaccines Against Zika Virus. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.667.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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32
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Collins MH, Metz SW. Progress and Works in Progress: Update on Flavivirus Vaccine Development. Clin Ther 2017; 39:1519-1536. [PMID: 28754189 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most areas of the globe are endemic for at least one flavivirus, putting billions at risk for infection. This diverse group of viral pathogens causes a range of manifestations in humans from asymptomatic infection to hemorrhagic fever to encephalitis to birth defects and even death. Many flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitos and have expanded in geographic distribution in recent years, with dengue virus being the most prevalent, infecting approximately 400 million people each year. The explosive emergence of Zika virus in Latin America in 2014 refocused international attention on this medically important group of viruses. Meanwhile, yellow fever has caused major outbreaks in Africa and South America since 2015 despite a reliable vaccine. There is no vaccine for Zika yet, and the only licensed dengue vaccine performs suboptimally in certain contexts. Further lessons are found when considering the experience with Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tickborne encephalitis virus, all of which now have protective vaccination in human or veterinary populations. Thus, vaccination is a mainstay of public health strategy for combating flavivirus infections; however, numerous challenges exist along the path from development to delivery of a tolerable and effective vaccine. Nevertheless, intensification of investment and effort in this area holds great promise for significantly reducing the global burden of disease attributable to flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Collins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Stefan W Metz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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33
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Richner JM, Jagger BW, Shan C, Fontes CR, Dowd KA, Cao B, Himansu S, Caine EA, Nunes BT, Medeiros DB, Muruato AE, Foreman BM, Luo H, Wang T, Barrett AD, Weaver SC, Vasconcelos PF, Rossi SL, Ciaramella G, Mysorekar IU, Pierson TC, Shi PY, Diamond MS. Vaccine Mediated Protection Against Zika Virus-Induced Congenital Disease. Cell 2017; 170:273-283.e12. [PMID: 28708997 PMCID: PMC5546158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its association with congenital malformations has prompted the rapid development of vaccines. Although efficacy with multiple viral vaccine platforms has been established in animals, no study has addressed protection during pregnancy. We tested in mice two vaccine platforms, a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated modified mRNA vaccine encoding ZIKV prM and E genes and a live-attenuated ZIKV strain encoding an NS1 protein without glycosylation, for their ability to protect against transmission to the fetus. Vaccinated dams challenged with a heterologous ZIKV strain at embryo day 6 (E6) and evaluated at E13 showed markedly diminished levels of viral RNA in maternal, placental, and fetal tissues, which resulted in protection against placental damage and fetal demise. As modified mRNA and live-attenuated vaccine platforms can restrict in utero transmission of ZIKV in mice, their further development in humans to prevent congenital ZIKV syndrome is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Richner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brett W. Jagger
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Camila R. Fontes
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunny Himansu
- Valera LLC, a Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Caine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruno T.D. Nunes
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Daniele B.A. Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Antonio E. Muruato
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bryant M. Foreman
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alan D. Barrett
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pedro F.C. Vasconcelos
- Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA, Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém, Brazil
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Giuseppe Ciaramella
- Valera LLC, a Moderna Venture, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA, Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém, Brazil
| | - Theodore C. Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA, Department of Pathology, Pará State University, Belém, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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34
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Kaiser JA, Wang T, Barrett AD. Virulence determinants of West Nile virus: how can these be used for vaccine design? Future Virol 2017; 12:283-295. [PMID: 28919920 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a neurotropic mosquito-borne flavivirus, has become endemic in the USA and parts of Europe since 1999. There is no licensed WNV vaccine for humans. Considering the robust immunity from immunization with live, attenuated vaccines, a live WNV vaccine is an ideal platform for disease control. Animal and mosquito studies have identified a number of candidate attenuating mutations, including the structural proteins premembrane/membrane and envelope, and the nonstructural proteins NS1, NS2A, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5, and the 3' UTR. Many of the mutations that have been examined attenuate WNV using different mechanisms, thus providing a greater understanding of WNV virulence while also identifying specific mutations as candidates to include in a WNV live vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Kaiser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alan Dt Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.,Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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35
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Liu SA, Haque M, Stanfield B, Andrews FM, Roy AA, Kousoulas KG. A recombinant fusion protein consisting of West Nile virus envelope domain III fused in-frame with equine CD40 ligand induces antiviral immune responses in horses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 198:51-58. [PMID: 28062007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is endemic in the US and causes severe neurologic disease in horses since its introduction in 1999. There is no effective pharmaceutical treatment for WNV infection rendering vaccination as the only approach to prevention and control of disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a recombinant vaccine containing domain III (DIII) of the WNV envelope glycoprotein with and without a natural adjuvant equine (CD40L) in producing virus neutralizing antibodies in horses. Serum IgG1 concentration in the groups of horses vaccinated with the DIII-CD40L+TiterMax and DIII-CD40L proteins were significantly increased (p<0.05) after the second booster vaccination compared to other groups. Serum IgG4 and IgG7, IgG3 and IgG5 concentrations were not significantly increased among all groups. Western blot results showed that animals immunized with the DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) exhibited the highest specific anti-DIII antibody activities after vaccinations. Moreover, animals immunized with the DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) exhibited significantly stronger neutralization activity (p<0.05) compared to other groups starting at week eight. The DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) stimulated more CD8+T cells, but not CD4+T cells in equine PMBCs. The results demonstrated that vaccination with recombinant WNV E DIII-CD40L protein induced superior humoral and cellular immune response in healthy horses that may be protective against WNV-associated disease in infected animals. CD40L could be utilized as a non-toxic, alternative adjuvant to boost the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang A Liu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Muzammel Haque
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brent Stanfield
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank M Andrews
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Alma A Roy
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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36
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Aliota MT, Dudley DM, Newman CM, Mohr EL, Gellerup DD, Breitbach ME, Buechler CR, Rasheed MN, Mohns MS, Weiler AM, Barry GL, Weisgrau KL, Eudailey JA, Rakasz EG, Vosler LJ, Post J, Capuano S, Golos TG, Permar SR, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, O’Connor SL, O’Connor DH. Heterologous Protection against Asian Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005168. [PMID: 27911897 PMCID: PMC5135040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2016, because of the evidence linking infection with ZIKV to neurological complications, such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome in adults and congenital birth defects including microcephaly in the developing fetus. Because development of a ZIKV vaccine is a top research priority and because the genetic and antigenic variability of many RNA viruses limits the effectiveness of vaccines, assessing whether immunity elicited against one ZIKV strain is sufficient to confer broad protection against all ZIKV strains is critical. Recently, in vitro studies demonstrated that ZIKV likely circulates as a single serotype. Here, we demonstrate that immunity elicited by African lineage ZIKV protects rhesus macaques against subsequent infection with Asian lineage ZIKV. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using our recently developed rhesus macaque model of ZIKV infection, we report that the prototypical ZIKV strain MR766 productively infects macaques, and that immunity elicited by MR766 protects macaques against heterologous Asian ZIKV. Furthermore, using next generation deep sequencing, we found in vivo restoration of a putative N-linked glycosylation site upon replication in macaques that is absent in numerous MR766 strains that are widely being used by the research community. This reversion highlights the importance of carefully examining the sequence composition of all viral stocks as well as understanding how passage history may alter a virus from its original form. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE An effective ZIKV vaccine is needed to prevent infection-associated fetal abnormalities. Macaques whose immune responses were primed by infection with East African ZIKV were completely protected from detectable viremia when subsequently rechallenged with heterologous Asian ZIKV. Therefore, these data suggest that immunogen selection is unlikely to adversely affect the breadth of vaccine protection, i.e., any Asian ZIKV immunogen that protects against homologous challenge will likely confer protection against all other Asian ZIKV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dawn M. Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Mohr
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dane D. Gellerup
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Breitbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Connor R. Buechler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mustafa N. Rasheed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mariel S. Mohns
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle L. Barry
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Josh A. Eudailey
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Logan J. Vosler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Post
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Departments of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shelby L. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Van Hoeven N, Joshi SW, Nana GI, Bosco-Lauth A, Fox C, Bowen RA, Clements DE, Martyak T, Parks DE, Baldwin S, Reed SG, Coler RN. A Novel Synthetic TLR-4 Agonist Adjuvant Increases the Protective Response to a Clinical-Stage West Nile Virus Vaccine Antigen in Multiple Formulations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149610. [PMID: 26901122 PMCID: PMC4762984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted member of the Flaviviridae family that has emerged in recent years to become a serious public health threat. Given the sporadic nature of WNV epidemics both temporally and geographically, there is an urgent need for a vaccine that can rapidly provide effective immunity. Protection from WNV infection is correlated with antibodies to the viral envelope (E) protein, which encodes receptor binding and fusion functions. Despite many promising E-protein vaccine candidates, there are currently none licensed for use in humans. This study investigates the ability to improve the immunogenicity and protective capacity of a promising clinical-stage WNV recombinant E-protein vaccine (WN-80E) by combining it with a novel synthetic TLR-4 agonist adjuvant. Using the murine model of WNV disease, we find that inclusion of a TLR-4 agonist in either a stable oil-in-water emulsion (SE) or aluminum hydroxide (Alum) formulation provides both dose and dosage sparing functions, whereby protection can be induced after a single immunization containing only 100 ng of WN-80E. Additionally, we find that inclusion of adjuvant with a single immunization reduced viral titers in sera to levels undetectable by viral plaque assay. The enhanced protection provided by adjuvanted immunization correlated with induction of a Th1 T-cell response and the resultant shaping of the IgG response. These findings suggest that inclusion of a next generation adjuvant may greatly enhance the protective capacity of WNV recombinant subunit vaccines, and establish a baseline for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sharvari Waghmare Joshi
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Ghislain Ismael Nana
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America
| | - Christopher Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Colorado State University Department of Biomedical Sciences, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States of America
| | - David E. Clements
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - Timothy Martyak
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - D. Elliot Parks
- Hawaii Biotech Inc. 99-193 Aiea Heights Drive, Aiea, Hawaii 96701, United States of America
| | - Susan Baldwin
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E., Seattle, WA 98103, United States of America
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38
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Nelson MA, Herrero LJ, Jeffery JAL, Hoehn M, Rudd PA, Supramaniam A, Kay BH, Ryan PA, Mahalingam S. Role of envelope N-linked glycosylation in Ross River virus virulence and transmission. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1094-1106. [PMID: 26813162 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With an expanding geographical range and no specific treatments, human arthritogenic alphaviral disease poses a significant problem worldwide. Previous in vitro work with Ross River virus (RRV) demonstrated that alphaviral N-linked glycosylation contributes to type I IFN (IFN-αβ) induction in myeloid dendritic cells. This study further evaluated the role of alphaviral N-linked glycans in vivo, assessing the effect of glycosylation on pathogenesis in a mouse model of RRV-induced disease and on viral infection and dissemination in a common mosquito vector, Aedes vigilax. A viral mutant lacking the E1-141 glycosylation site was attenuated for virus-induced disease, with reduced myositis and higher levels of IFN-γ induction at peak disease contributing to improved viral clearance, suggesting that glycosylation of the E1 glycoprotein plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RRV. Interestingly, RRV lacking E2-200 glycan had significantly reduced replication in the mosquito vector A. vigilax, whereas loss of either of the E1 or E2-262 glycans had little effect on the competence of the mosquito vector. Overall, these results indicate that glycosylation of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins of RRV provides important determinants of viral virulence and immunopathology in the mammalian host and replication in the mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Nelson
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jason A L Jeffery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Marion Hoehn
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Department of Conservation Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Penny A Rudd
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Aroon Supramaniam
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Brian H Kay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Peter A Ryan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Faculty of Applied Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
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Ulbert S, Magnusson SE. Technologies for the development of West Nile virus vaccines. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1221-32. [PMID: 25405890 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging mosquito-borne and zoonotic flavivirus, continues to spread worldwide and represents a major problem for human and veterinary medicine. In recent years, severe outbreaks were observed in the USA and Europe with neighboring countries, and the virus is considered to be endemic in an increasing number of areas. Although most infections remain asymptomatic, WNV can cause severe, even fatal, neurological disease, which affects mostly the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Several vaccines have been licensed in the veterinary sector, but no human vaccine is available today. This review summarizes recent strategies that are being followed to develop WNV vaccines with emphasis on technologies suitable for the use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Chen Q. Plant-made vaccines against West Nile virus are potent, safe, and economically feasible. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:671-80. [PMID: 25676782 PMCID: PMC4424112 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The threat of West Nile virus (WNV) epidemics with increasingly severe neuroinvasive infections demands the development and licensing of effective vaccines. To date, vaccine candidates based on inactivated, live-attenuated, or chimeric virus, and viral DNA and WNV protein subunits have been developed. Some have been approved for veterinary use or are under clinical investigation, yet no vaccine has been licensed for human use. Reaching the milestone of a commercialized human vaccine, however, may largely depend on the economics of vaccine production. Analysis suggests that currently only novel low-cost production technologies would allow vaccination to outcompete the cost of surveillance and clinical treatment. Here, we review progress using plants to address the economic challenges of WNV vaccine production. The advantages of plants as hosts for vaccine production in cost, speed and scalability, especially those of viral vector-based transient expression systems, are discussed. The progress in developing WNV subunit vaccines in plants is reviewed within the context of their expression, characterization, downstream processing, and immunogenicity in animal models. The development of vaccines based on enveloped and non-enveloped virus-like particles is also discussed. These advancements suggest that plants may provide a production platform that offers potent, safe and affordable human vaccines against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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41
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Christdas J, Manoharan P, Harshavardhan S. Neutralization function affected by single amino acid replacement in the HIV-1 antibody targets. Bioinformation 2015; 11:57-62. [PMID: 25848164 PMCID: PMC4369679 DOI: 10.6026/97320630011057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral envelope glycoproteins are essential for entry into their host cells and studied extensively for designing vaccines. We hypothesize that the glycosylation on the HIV-1 viral envelope glycoprotein 41(gp41) at critical residues offers viral escape from the specific immune surveillant neutralizing antibodies Z13, 4E10 and 10E8 targeted to their linear epitopes in the Membrane Proximal External Region (MPER). The glycosylation occurring on the 50th residue (Asparagine) contained in the target (NWFNIT) can mask itself to be inaccessible for these neutralizing antibodies. The glycosylation rate of the epitopes which are shared by the Z13, 4E10 and 10E8 neutralizing antibodies of HIV-1 were predicited in silico. We analyzed the reliable frequency of glycosylation on the HIV-1 envelope gp41 using prediction tools to unravel the plausibility of the glycosylation by a mannose at 50th residue in the 59 amino acid long HIV-gp41 trimer (PDBID: 2M7W and 2LP7). It is evident that the glycosylation by a mannose that masks these targets is possible only when the 50th amino-acid is N (Asparagine, Asn) which is not possible when N is mutated to D (Aspartatic acid, Asp). The additive advantage for the retrovirus is its error-prone reverse transcriptase which can choose to copy these survivable mutants with Asn N-50 that can be glycosylated as explained by the Copy-choice model. So the glycan shields varying in their intensity and patterns have to be essentially studied to understand the viral escape strategies that will give a way forward towards a successful vaccine that can elicit a neutralizing antibody response to confer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Christdas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India,625021
| | - Prabu Manoharan
- Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, 625021
| | - Shakila Harshavardhan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India,625021
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42
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Verstrepen BE, Oostermeijer H, Fagrouch Z, van Heteren M, Niphuis H, Haaksma T, Kondova I, Bogers WM, de Filette M, Sanders N, Stertman L, Magnusson S, Lőrincz O, Lisziewicz J, Barzon L, Palù G, Diamond MS, Chabierski S, Ulbert S, Verschoor EJ. Vaccine-induced protection of rhesus macaques against plasma viremia after intradermal infection with a European lineage 1 strain of West Nile virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112568. [PMID: 25392925 PMCID: PMC4231036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne West Nile virus (WNV) causes human and animal disease with outbreaks in several parts of the world including North America, the Mediterranean countries, Central and East Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Particularly in elderly people and individuals with an impaired immune system, infection with WNV can progress into a serious neuroinvasive disease. Currently, no treatment or vaccine is available to protect humans against infection or disease. The goal of this study was to develop a WNV-vaccine that is safe to use in these high-risk human target populations. We performed a vaccine efficacy study in non-human primates using the contemporary, pathogenic European WNV genotype 1a challenge strain, WNV-Ita09. Two vaccine strategies were evaluated in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) using recombinant soluble WNV envelope (E) ectodomain adjuvanted with Matrix-M, either with or without DNA priming. The DNA priming immunization was performed with WNV-DermaVir nanoparticles. Both vaccination strategies successfully induced humoral and cellular immune responses that completely protected the macaques against the development of viremia. In addition, the vaccine was well tolerated by all animals. Overall, The WNV E protein adjuvanted with Matrix-M is a promising vaccine candidate for a non-infectious WNV vaccine for use in humans, including at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babs E. Verstrepen
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Oostermeijer
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van Heteren
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Niphuis
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Haaksma
- Animal Science Department, Division of Pathology and Microbiology, BPRC Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Division of Pathology and Microbiology, BPRC Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marina de Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niek Sanders
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan Chabierski
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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43
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Attenuated West Nile virus mutant NS1130-132QQA/175A/207A exhibits virus-induced ultrastructural changes and accumulation of protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Virol 2014; 89:1474-8. [PMID: 25392222 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02215-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that ablation of the three N-linked glycosylation sites in the West Nile virus NS1 protein completely attenuates mouse neuroinvasiveness (≥1,000,000 PFU). Here, we compared the replication of the NS1130-132QQA/175A/207A mutant to that of the parental NY99 strain in monkey kidney Vero cells. The results suggest that the mechanism of attenuation is a lack of NS1 glycosylation, which blocks efficient replication, maturation, and NS1 secretion from the endoplasmic reticulum and results in changes to the virus-induced ultrastructure.
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44
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Qamar MTU, Mumtaz A, Naseem R, Ali A, Fatima T, Jabbar T, Ahmad Z, Ashfaq UA. Molecular Docking Based Screening of Plant Flavonoids as Dengue NS1 Inhibitors. Bioinformation 2014; 10:460-5. [PMID: 25187688 PMCID: PMC4135296 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue infection has turned into a serious health concern globally due to its high morbidity rate and a high possibility of increase
in its mortality rate on the account of unavailability of any proper treatment for severe dengue infection. The situation demands an
urgent development of efficient and practicable treatment to deal with Dengue virus (DENV). Flavonoids, a class of
phytochemicals present in medicinal plants, possess anti-viral activity and can be strong drug candidates against viruses. NS1
glycoprotein of Dengue virus is involved in its RNA replication and can be a strong target for screening of drugs against this virus.
Current study focuses on the identification of flavonoids which can block Asn-130 glycosylation site of Dengue virus NS1 to inhibit
viral replication as glycosylation of NS1 is required for its biological functioning. Molecular docking approach was used in this
study and the results revealed that flavonoids have strong potential interactions with active site of NS1. Six flavonoids
(Deoxycalyxin A; 3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavonol-3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside; (3R)-3',8-Dihydroxyvestitol; Sanggenon O;
Epigallocatechin gallate; Chamaejasmin) blocked the Asn-130 glycosylation site of NS1 and could be able to inhibit the viral
replication. It can be concluded from this study that these flavonoids could serve as antiviral drugs for dengue infections. Further
in-vitro analyses are required to confirm their efficacy and to evaluate their drug potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Ul Qamar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Arooj Mumtaz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rabbia Naseem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amna Ali
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tabeer Fatima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tehreem Jabbar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Ahmad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF), 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
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45
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Suen WW, Prow NA, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Mechanism of West Nile virus neuroinvasion: a critical appraisal. Viruses 2014; 6:2796-825. [PMID: 25046180 PMCID: PMC4113794 DOI: 10.3390/v6072796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging neurotropic virus, responsible for increasingly severe encephalitis outbreaks in humans and horses worldwide. However, the mechanism by which the virus gains entry to the brain (neuroinvasion) remains poorly understood. Hypotheses of hematogenous and transneural entry have been proposed for WNV neuroinvasion, which revolve mainly around the concepts of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and retrograde axonal transport, respectively. However, an over‑representation of in vitro studies without adequate in vivo validation continues to obscure our understanding of the mechanism(s). Furthermore, WNV infection in the current rodent models does not generate a similar viremia and character of CNS infection, as seen in the common target hosts, humans and horses. These differences ultimately question the applicability of rodent models for pathogenesis investigations. Finally, the role of several barriers against CNS insults, such as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the CSF-brain and the blood-spinal cord barriers, remain largely unexplored, highlighting the infancy of this field. In this review, a systematic and critical appraisal of the current evidence relevant to the possible mechanism(s) of WNV neuroinvasion is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy W Suen
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, 4343, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Prow
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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46
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Fan J, Liu Y, Yuan Z. Critical role of Dengue Virus NS1 protein in viral replication. Virol Sin 2014; 29:162-9. [PMID: 24903593 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a highly conserved 46-kDa protein that contains 2 glycosylation sites (Asn-130 and Asn-207) and 12 conserved cysteine (Cys) residues. Here, we performed site-directed mutagenesis to generate systematic mutants of viral strain TSV01. The results of the subsequent analysis showed that an alanine substitution at the second N-linked glycan Asn-207 in NS1 delayed viral RNA synthesis, reduced virus plaque size, and weakened the cytopathic effect. Three mutants at Cys sites (Cys-4, Cys-55, Cys-291) and a C-terminal deletion (ΔC) mutant significantly impaired RNA synthesis, and consequently abolished viral growth, whereas alanine mutations at Asn-130 and Glu-173 resulted in phenotypes that were similar to the wild-type (WT) virus. Further analysis showed that the Asn-207 mutation slightly delayed viral replication. These results suggest that the three conserved disulfide bonds and the second N-linked glycan in NS1 are required for DENV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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47
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Morrison CR, Scholle F. Abrogation of TLR3 inhibition by discrete amino acid changes in the C-terminal half of the West Nile virus NS1 protein. Virology 2014; 456-457:96-107. [PMID: 24889229 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, which causes significant disease in humans. The innate immune system is a first-line defense against invading microorganism and many flaviviruses, including WNV, have evolved multifunctional proteins, which actively suppress its activation and antiviral actions. The WNV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) inhibits signal transduction originating from Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and also critically contributes to virus genome replication. In this study we developed a novel FACS-based screen to attempt to separate these two functions. The individual amino acid changes P320S and M333V in NS1 restored TLR3 signaling in virus-infected HeLa cells. However, virus replication was also attenuated, suggesting that the two functions are not easily separated and may be contained within overlapping domains. The residues we identified are completely conserved among several mosquito- and tick-borne flaviviruses, indicating that they are of biological importance to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton R Morrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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48
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Amanna IJ, Slifka MK. Current trends in West Nile virus vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:589-608. [PMID: 24689659 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.906309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has become endemic in the United States. From 1999-2012, there have been 37088 reported cases of WNV and 1549 deaths, resulting in a 4.2% case-fatality rate. Despite development of effective WNV vaccines for horses, there is no vaccine to prevent human WNV infection. Several vaccines have been tested in preclinical studies and to date there have been eight clinical trials, with promising results in terms of safety and induction of antiviral immunity. Although mass vaccination is unlikely to be cost effective, implementation of a targeted vaccine program may be feasible if a safe and effective vaccine can be brought to market. Further evaluation of new and advanced vaccine candidates is strongly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Amanna
- Najít Technologies, Inc., 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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49
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Magnusson SE, Karlsson KH, Reimer JM, Corbach-Söhle S, Patel S, Richner JM, Nowotny N, Barzon L, Bengtsson KL, Ulbert S, Diamond MS, Stertman L. Matrix-M™ adjuvanted envelope protein vaccine protects against lethal lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus infection in mice. Vaccine 2013; 32:800-8. [PMID: 24380682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus and an emerging pathogen in many parts of the world. In the elderly and immunosuppressed, infection can progress rapidly to debilitating and sometimes fatal neuroinvasive disease. Currently, no WNV vaccine is approved for use in humans. As there have been several recent outbreaks in the United States and Europe, there is an increasing need for a human WNV vaccine. In this study, we formulated the ectodomain of a recombinant WNV envelope (E) protein with the particulate saponin-based adjuvant Matrix-M™ and studied the antigen-specific immune responses in mice. Animals immunized with Matrix-M™ formulated E protein developed higher serum IgG1 and IgG2a and neutralizing antibody titers at antigen doses ranging from 0.5 to 10 μg compared to those immunized with 3 or 10 μg of E alone, E adjuvanted with 1% Alum, or with the inactivated virion veterinary vaccine, Duvaxyn(®) WNV. This phenotype was accompanied by strong cellular recall responses as splenocytes from mice immunized with Matrix-M™ formulated vaccine produced high levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Addition of Matrix-M™ prolonged the duration of the immune response, as elevated humoral and cellular responses were maintained for more than 200 days. Importantly, mice vaccinated with Matrix-M™ formulated E protein were protected from lethal challenge with both lineage 1 and 2 WNV strains. In summary, Matrix-M™ adjuvanted E protein elicited potent and durable immune responses that prevented lethal WNV infection, and thus is a promising vaccine candidate for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sameera Patel
- University of Zürich, Institute of Virology, Switzerland
| | - Justin M Richner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
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50
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Replication cycle and molecular biology of the West Nile virus. Viruses 2013; 6:13-53. [PMID: 24378320 PMCID: PMC3917430 DOI: 10.3390/v6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Flaviviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and modify the host cell environment. Although much has been learned about virion structure and virion-endosomal membrane fusion, the cell receptor(s) used have not been definitively identified and little is known about the early stages of the virus replication cycle. Members of the genus Flavivirus differ from members of the two other genera of the family by the lack of a genomic internal ribosomal entry sequence and the creation of invaginations in the ER membrane rather than double-membrane vesicles that are used as the sites of exponential genome synthesis. The WNV genome 3' and 5' sequences that form the long distance RNA-RNA interaction required for minus strand initiation have been identified and contact sites on the 5' RNA stem loop for NS5 have been mapped. Structures obtained for many of the viral proteins have provided information relevant to their functions. Viral nonstructural protein interactions are complex and some may occur only in infected cells. Although interactions between many cellular proteins and virus components have been identified, the functions of most of these interactions have not been delineated.
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