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Hong Q, Liu J, Wei Y, Wei X. Application of Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1218. [PMID: 37515034 PMCID: PMC10386281 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies to control epidemics. With the deepening of people's awareness of vaccination, there is a high demand for vaccination. Hence, a flexible, rapid, and cost-effective vaccine platform is urgently needed. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has emerged as a promising technology for vaccine production due to its high safety, rapid production, flexible product design, and scalability. In this review, we introduced the development history of BEVS and the procedures for preparing recombinant protein vaccines using the BEVS platform and summarized the features and limitations of this platform. Furthermore, we highlighted the progress of the BEVS platform-related research, especially in the field of vaccine. Finally, we provided a new prospect for BEVS in future vaccine manufacturing, which may pave the way for future BEVS-derived vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaonan Hong
- Department of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Maina TW, Grego EA, Broderick S, Sacco RE, Narasimhan B, McGill JL. Immunization with a mucosal, post-fusion F/G protein-based polyanhydride nanovaccine protects neonatal calves against BRSV infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186184. [PMID: 37359514 PMCID: PMC10289034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of death in young children and there are no FDA approved vaccines. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is antigenically similar to HRSV, and the neonatal calf model is useful for evaluation of HRSV vaccines. Here, we determined the efficacy of a polyanhydride-based nanovaccine encapsulating the BRSV post-fusion F and G glycoproteins and CpG, delivered prime-boost via heterologous (intranasal/subcutaneous) or homologous (intranasal/intranasal) immunization in the calf model. We compared the performance of the nanovaccine regimens to a modified-live BRSV vaccine, and to non-vaccinated calves. Calves receiving nanovaccine via either prime-boost regimen exhibited clinical and virological protection compared to non-vaccinated calves. The heterologous nanovaccine regimen induced both virus-specific cellular immunity and mucosal IgA, and induced similar clinical, virological and pathological protection as the commercial modified-live vaccine. Principal component analysis identified BRSV-specific humoral and cellular responses as important correlates of protection. The BRSV-F/G CpG nanovaccine is a promising candidate vaccine to reduce RSV disease burden in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresia W. Maina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Grego
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Scott Broderick
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Nanovaccine Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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3
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Leroux-Roels I, Bruhwyler J, Stergiou L, Sumeray M, Joye J, Maes C, Lambert PH, Leroux-Roels G. Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating Study Evaluating the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Epitope-Specific Chemically Defined Nanoparticle RSV Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020367. [PMID: 36851245 PMCID: PMC9967611 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND V-306 is a virus-like particle-based vaccine candidate displaying respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F site II protein mimetics (FsIIm) as an antigenic epitope. METHODS This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalating, first-in-human study, conducted in 60 women aged 18-45 years. Twenty subjects per cohort (15 vaccine and five placebo) received two V-306 intramuscular administrations on Days 0 and 56 at 15 µg, 50 µg, or 150 µg. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed after each vaccination and for 1 year in total. RESULTS V-306 was safe and well tolerated at all dose levels, with no increase in reactogenicity and unsolicited adverse events between the first and second administrations. At 50 µg and 150 µg, V-306 induced an increase in FsIIm-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers, which lasted at least 4 months. This did not translate into an increase in RSV-neutralizing antibody titers, which were already high at baseline. No increase in the anti-F protein-specific IgG titers was observed, which were also high in most subjects at baseline due to past natural infections. CONCLUSIONS V-306 was safe and well-tolerated. Future modifications of the vaccine and assay conditions will likely improve the results of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacques Bruhwyler
- Expert Clinical Services Organization (ECSOR) sa/nv, Rue de la Station 78, B-1630 Linkebeek, Belgium
| | - Lilli Stergiou
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-4343-38660
| | - Mark Sumeray
- Virometix AG, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Joye
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cathy Maes
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Department of Paediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Geneva, Rue du Général Dufour 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Long-Lasting Protection Induced by a Polyanhydride Nanovaccine against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in an Outbred Mouse Model. J Virol 2022; 96:e0150222. [PMID: 36314826 PMCID: PMC9683007 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01502-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. In humans, natural infection with RSV affords only partial long-term protection from reinfection, and there is no licensed RSV vaccine currently available. We have developed a new vaccine candidate, termed RSVNanoVax, composed of polyanhydride nanoparticles encapsulating the RSV prefusion F protein and a CpG 1668 oligodeoxynucleotide adjuvant. We recently reported that vaccination of inbred BALB/c mice with RSVNanoVax induced both RSV-specific cellular and humoral immunity, which provided protection from viral replication and RSV-induced disease. To further assess the efficacy of RSVNanoVax, here, we utilized outbred Swiss Webster mice to examine vaccine efficacy in a more genetically diverse population. Following intranasal prime-boost vaccination with RSVNanoVax, Swiss Webster mice exhibited robust titers of systemic RSV F-directed IgG antibodies and RSV F-directed IgA within the lungs and nasal passages that were sustained out to at least 1 year post-vaccination. Serum antibodies maintained robust neutralizing activity against both RSV A and B strains. Following RSV challenge, vaccinated Swiss Webster mice exhibited rapid viral clearance from the lungs. Overall, our results indicate that RSVNanoVax represents a promising RSV vaccine candidate capable of providing long-term protection and immunity in a genetically diverse population. IMPORTANCE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection causes thousands of infections and deaths in children and elderly adults each year. Research in this field is of great importance as there remains no licensed vaccine to prevent RSV infections. We developed a novel vaccine candidate, RSVNanoVax, utilizing the RSV prefusion F protein encapsulated in polyanhydride nanoparticles. Here, we show that the intranasal delivery of RSVNanoVax protected outbred mice from viral replication within the lungs when challenged with RSV out to 1 year post-vaccination. Additionally, RSV-specific antibody responses were generated in both the serum and lung tissue and sustained long-term. These results demonstrate that our vaccine is an encouraging candidate for driving long-term protection in the lungs in a genetically diverse population.
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5
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Michalik M, Djahanschiri B, Leo JC, Linke D. An Update on "Reverse Vaccinology": The Pathway from Genomes and Epitope Predictions to Tailored, Recombinant Vaccines. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2412:45-71. [PMID: 34918241 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the computational approaches that have led to a new generation of vaccines in recent years. There are many alternative routes to develop vaccines based on the concept of reverse vaccinology. They all follow the same basic principles-mining available genome and proteome information for antigen candidates, and recombinantly expressing them for vaccine production. Some of the same principles have been used successfully for cancer therapy approaches. In this review, we focus on infectious diseases, describing the general workflow from bioinformatic predictions of antigens and epitopes down to examples where such predictions have been used successfully for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bardya Djahanschiri
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jack C Leo
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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6
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Virus-Like Particle Vaccines Against Respiratory Viruses and Protozoan Parasites. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 433:77-106. [PMID: 33650036 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The field of vaccinology underwent massive advances over the past decades with the introduction of virus-like particles (VLPs), a supra-molecular nanoparticle vaccine platform that resembles viral structures without the ability to replicate in hosts. This innovative approach has been remarkably effective, as evidenced by its profound immunogenicity and safety. These highly desirable intrinsic properties enabled their further development as vaccines against a multitude of diseases. To date, several VLP-based vaccines have already been commercialized and many more are undergoing clinical evaluation prior to FDA approval. However, efficacious vaccines against a plethora of pathogens are still lacking, which imposes a tremendous socioeconomic burden and continues to threaten public health throughout the globe. This is especially the case for several respiratory pathogens and protozoan parasites. In this review, we briefly describe the fundamentals of VLP vaccines and the unique properties that enable these to be such valuable vaccine candidates and summarize current advances in VLP-based vaccines targeting respiratory and parasitic diseases of global importance.
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7
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Lim J, Cheong Y, Kim YS, Chae W, Hwang BJ, Lee J, Jang YH, Roh YH, Seo SU, Seong BL. RNA-dependent assembly of chimeric antigen nanoparticles as an efficient H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccine platform. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 37:102438. [PMID: 34256061 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) pose a significant threat to human health, with high mortality rates, and require effective vaccines. We showed that, harnessed with novel RNA-mediated chaperone function, hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 HPAIV could be displayed as an immunologically relevant conformation on self-assembled chimeric nanoparticles (cNP). A tri-partite monomeric antigen was designed including: i) an RNA-interaction domain (RID) as a docking tag for RNA to enable chaperna function (chaperna: chaperone + RNA), ii) globular head domain (gd) of HA as a target antigen, and iii) ferritin as a scaffold for 24 mer-assembly. The immunization of mice with the nanoparticles (~46 nm) induced a 25-30 fold higher neutralizing capacity of the antibody and provided cross-protection from homologous and heterologous lethal challenges. This study suggests that cNP assembly is conducive to eliciting antibodies against the conserved region in HA, providing potent and broad protective efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Birds/virology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Mice
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Pandemics
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/immunology
- RNA/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkwan Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yucheol Cheong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Chae
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jeung Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Roh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Innovative Technology Alliance-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Drysdale SB, Barr RS, Rollier CS, Green CA, Pollard AJ, Sande CJ. Priorities for developing respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in different target populations. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/535/eaax2466. [PMID: 32188721 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been hampered by major difficulties that occurred in the 1960s when a formalin-inactivated vaccine led to increased severity of RSV disease after acquisition of the virus in the RSV season after vaccination. Recent renewed efforts to develop a vaccine have resulted in about 38 candidate vaccines and monoclonal antibodies now in clinical development. The target populations for effective vaccination are varied and include neonates, young children, pregnant women, and older adults. The reasons for susceptibility to infection in each of these groups may be different and, therefore, could require different vaccine types for induction of protective immune responses, adding a further challenge for vaccine development. Here, we review the current knowledge of RSV vaccine development for these target populations and propose a view and rationale for prioritizing RSV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK. .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Rachael S Barr
- Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton TA1 5DA, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Christopher A Green
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.,Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Charles J Sande
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK. .,KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi 80108, Kenya
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9
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Ortega MA, Fraile-Martínez O, García-Montero C, García-Gallego S, Sánchez-Trujillo L, Torres-Carranza D, Álvarez-Mon MÁ, Pekarek L, García-Honduvilla N, Bujan J, Álvarez-Mon M, Asúnsolo Á, De La Torre B. An integrative look at SARS‑CoV‑2 (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:415-434. [PMID: 33416095 PMCID: PMC7797443 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS‑CoV‑2 is a newly discovered member of the betacoronaviruses and the etiological agent of the disease COVID‑19. SARS‑CoV‑2 is responsible for the worldwide pandemic which has been taking place in 2020, and is causing a markedly higher number of infections and deaths compared to previous coronaviruses, such as SARS‑CoV or MERS‑CoV. Based on updated scientific literature, the present review compiles the most relevant knowledge of SARS‑CoV‑2, COVID‑19 and the clinical and typical responses that patients have exhibited against this virus, discussing current and future therapies, and proposing strategies with which to combat the disease and prevent a further global threat. The aggressiveness of SARS‑CoV‑2 arises from its capacity to infect, and spread easily and rapidly through its tight interaction with the human angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE‑2) receptor. While not all patients respond in a similar manner and may even be asymptomatic, a wide range of manifestations associated with COVID‑19 have been described, particularly in vulnerable population groups, such as the elderly or individuals with other underlying conditions. The proper function of the immune system plays a key role in an individual's favorable response to SARS‑CoV‑2 infection. A hyperactivated response, on the contrary, could account for the more severe cases of COVID‑19, and this may finally lead to respiratory insufficiency and other complications, such as thrombotic or thromboembolic events. The development of novel therapies and vaccines designed to control and regulate a proper immune system response will be key to clinical management, prevention measures and effective population screening to attenuate the transmission of this novel RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Tumor Registry, Pathological Anatomy Service, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | - Cielo García-Montero
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | - Sandra García-Gallego
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, 'Andrés M. del Río' Institute of Chemistry (IQAR), University of Alcalá, CIBER-BBN, 28805 Madrid
| | - Lara Sánchez-Trujillo
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Tumor Registry, Pathological Anatomy Service, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, 28031 Madrid
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
| | - Julia Bujan
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Internal Medicine Service, Prince of Asturias University Hospital, CIBEREHD, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid
| | - Ángel Asúnsolo
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Basilio De La Torre
- Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28801 Madrid, Spain
- Traumatology Service, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Krueger S, Curtis JE, Scott DR, Grishaev A, Glenn G, Smith G, Ellingsworth L, Borisov O, Maynard EL. Structural Characterization and Modeling of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Glycoprotein Nanoparticle Vaccine in Solution. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:359-376. [PMID: 33322901 PMCID: PMC10467610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein/polysorbate 80 (PS80) nanoparticle vaccine is the most clinically advanced vaccine for maternal immunization and protection of newborns against RSV infection. It is composed of a near-full-length RSV F glycoprotein, with an intact membrane domain, formulated into a stable nanoparticle with PS80 detergent. To understand the structural basis for the efficacy of the vaccine, a comprehensive study of its structure and hydrodynamic properties in solution was performed. Small-angle neutron scattering experiments indicate that the nanoparticle contains an average of 350 PS80 molecules, which form a cylindrical micellar core structure and five RSV F trimers that are arranged around the long axis of the PS80 core. All-atom models of full-length RSV F trimers were built from crystal structures of the soluble ectodomain and arranged around the long axis of the PS80 core, allowing for the generation of an ensemble of conformations that agree with small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic size of the RSV F nanoparticle was found to be modulated by the molar ratio of PS80 to protein, suggesting a mechanism for nanoparticle assembly involving addition of RSV F trimers to and growth along the long axis of the PS80 core. This study provides structural details of antigen presentation and conformation in the RSV F nanoparticle vaccine, helping to explain the induction of broad immunity and observed clinical efficacy. Small-angle scattering methods provide a general strategy to visualize surface glycoproteins from other pathogens and to structurally characterize nanoparticle vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Krueger
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph E Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Daniel R Scott
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Alexander Grishaev
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Greg Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Larry Ellingsworth
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Oleg Borisov
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
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11
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Stephens LM, Varga SM. Nanoparticle vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus. Future Virol 2020; 15:763-778. [PMID: 33343684 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease in infants, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Despite the global burden, there is no licensed vaccine for RSV. Recent advances in the use of nanoparticle technology have provided new opportunities to address some of the limitations of conventional vaccines. Precise control over particle size and surface properties enhance antigen stability and prolong antigen release. Particle size can also be modified to target specific antigen-presenting cells in order to induce specific types of effector T-cell responses. Numerous nanoparticle-based vaccines are currently being evaluated for RSV including inorganic, polymeric and virus-like particle-based formulations. Here, we review the potential advantages of using different nanoparticle formulations in a vaccine for RSV, and discuss many examples of safe, and effective vaccines currently in both preclinical and clinical stages of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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12
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Gunjegaonkar SM, Shanmugarajan TS, Arunsundar M, Arjun UVNV, Devi K, Wankhede SB, Ravichandiran V. Harnessing immunotherapy to combat COVID-19: A modern snake oil or silver bullet? Therapie 2020; 76:335-345. [PMID: 34238584 PMCID: PMC7603945 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged into a global health and economic menace. Amidst the COVID-19 turmoil, recent failures/uncertain outcomes in clinical trials involving the anti-malarial (hydroxychloroquine), anti-viral (remdesivir) or the combination of anti-malarial/antibiotic (hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin) regimens have predisposed the physicians to distrust these “highly-touted” drugs for COVID-19. In this milieu, immunotherapy might be a credible modality to target or modify specific/non-specific immune responses that interfere with the survival of intracellular pathogens. This scientific review throws light on the epidemiology of COVID-19, its pathogenesis and the current clinical scenario of immunotherapeutics including convalescent plasma (CP), type-1 interferons (IFN–I) and human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to combat COVID-19. The treatment outcomes underscore that immunotherapy might be a reliable tool to assuage COVID-19-associated immunopathology. However, specific patient pool studies are warranted to ascertain the precise (re)purposing of immunotherapeutics for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thukani Sathanantham Shanmugarajan
- Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117 Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohanasundaram Arunsundar
- Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uppuluri Varuna Naga Venkata Arjun
- Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadirrel Devi
- Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Pallavaram, Chennai, 600117 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sagar Baliram Wankhede
- JSPM's Charak College of Pharmacy and Research, Pune-Nagar Road, Wagholi, Pune, 412207 Maharashtra, India
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13
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Patel N, Tian JH, Flores R, Jacobson K, Walker M, Portnoff A, Gueber-Xabier M, Massare MJ, Glenn G, Ellingsworth L, Smith G. Flexible RSV Prefusogenic Fusion Glycoprotein Exposes Multiple Neutralizing Epitopes that May Collectively Contribute to Protective Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040607. [PMID: 33066540 PMCID: PMC7711572 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, young children, and older adults. There is no licensed vaccine and prophylactic treatment options are limited. The RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is a target of host immunity and thus a focus for vaccine development. F-trimers are metastable and undergo significant rearrangements from the prefusion to a stable postfusion structure with neutralizing epitopes on intermediate structures. We hypothesize that vaccine strategies that recapitulate the breathable F quaternary structure, and provide accessibility of B-cells to epitopes on intermediate conformations, may collectively contribute to protective immunity, while rigid prefusion F structures restrict access to key protective epitopes. To test this hypothesis, we used the near full-length prefusogenic F as a backbone to construct three prefusion F variants with substitutions in the hydrophobic head cavity: (1) disulfide bond mutant (DS), (2) space filling hydrophobic amino acid substitutions (Cav1), and (3) DS, Cav1 double mutant (DS-Cav1). In this study, we compared the immunogenicity of prefusogenic F to prefusion F variants in two animal models. Native prefusogenic F was significantly more immunogenic, producing high titer antibodies to prefusogenic, prefusion, and postfusion F structures, while animals immunized with DS or DS-Cav1 produced antibodies to prefusion F. Importantly, prefusogenic F elicited antibodies that target neutralizing epitopes including prefusion-specific site zero (Ø) and V and conformation-independent neutralizing sites II and IV. Immunization with DS or DS-Cav1 elicited antibodies primarily to prefusion-specific sites Ø and V with little or no antibodies to other key neutralizing sites. Animals immunized with prefusogenic F also had significantly higher levels of antibodies that cross-neutralized RSV A and B subtypes, while immunization with DS or DS-Cav1 produced antibodies primarily to the A subtype. We conclude that breathable trimeric vaccines that closely mimic the native F-structure, and incorporate strategies for B-cell accessibility to protective epitopes, are important considerations for vaccine design. F structures locked in a single conformation restrict access to neutralizing epitopes that may collectively contribute to destabilizing F-trimers important for broad protection. These results also have implications for vaccine strategies targeting other type 1 integral membrane proteins.
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14
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Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040558. [PMID: 32987691 PMCID: PMC7712002 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.
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15
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Frederiksen LSF, Zhang Y, Foged C, Thakur A. The Long Road Toward COVID-19 Herd Immunity: Vaccine Platform Technologies and Mass Immunization Strategies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1817. [PMID: 32793245 PMCID: PMC7385234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for effective countermeasures against the current emergence and accelerating expansion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Induction of herd immunity by mass vaccination has been a very successful strategy for preventing the spread of many infectious diseases, hence protecting the most vulnerable population groups unable to develop immunity, for example individuals with immunodeficiencies or a weakened immune system due to underlying medical or debilitating conditions. Therefore, vaccination represents one of the most promising counter-pandemic measures to COVID-19. However, to date, no licensed vaccine exists, neither for SARS-CoV-2 nor for the closely related SARS-CoV or Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV. In addition, a few vaccine candidates have only recently entered human clinical trials, which hampers the progress in tackling COVID-19 infection. Here, we discuss potential prophylactic interventions for SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the challenges existing for vaccine development, and we review pre-clinical progress and ongoing human clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Although COVID-19 vaccine development is currently accelerated via so-called fast-track programs, vaccines may not be timely available to have an impact on the first wave of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, COVID-19 vaccines will be essential in the future for reducing morbidity and mortality and inducing herd immunity, if SARS-CoV-2 becomes established in the population like for example influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yibang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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17
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Muňoz FM, Swamy GK, Hickman SP, Agrawal S, Piedra PA, Glenn GM, Patel N, August AM, Cho I, Fries L. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion (F) Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine in Healthy Third-Trimester Pregnant Women and Their Infants. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1802-1815. [PMID: 31402384 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of infant lower respiratory tract disease and hospitalization worldwide. METHODS Safety and immunogenicity of RSV fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine or placebo were evaluated in 50 healthy third-trimester pregnant women. Assessments included vaccine tolerability and safety in women and infants, and RSV-specific antibody measures in women before and after vaccination, at delivery and post partum. RESULTS The vaccine was well tolerated; no meaningful differences in pregnancy or infant outcomes were observed between study groups. RSV-specific antibody levels increased significantly among vaccine recipients, including responses competitive with well-described monoclonal antibodies specific for multiple RSV neutralizing epitopes. No significant antibody increase was seen among placebo recipients, although a shallow upward trend across the RSV season was noted. Transplacental antibody transfer was 90%-120% across assays for infants of vaccinated women. Women with an interval of ≥30 days between vaccination and delivery demonstrated higher placental antibody transfer rates than women with an interval <30 days. Half-lives of RSV-specific antibodies in infants approximated 40 days. There was no evidence of severe RSV disease in infants of vaccinated mothers. CONCLUSIONS Data from this phase 2 study support a maternal immunization strategy to protect infants from RSV disease. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02247726.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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18
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Ogonczyk Makowska D, Hamelin MÈ, Boivin G. Engineering of Live Chimeric Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus. Pathogens 2020; 9:E135. [PMID: 32093057 PMCID: PMC7168645 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important human pathogen that, along with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in young infants. Development of an effective vaccine against Pneumoviruses has proven to be particularly difficult; despite over 50 years of research in this field, no vaccine against HMPV or RSV is currently available. Recombinant chimeric viruses expressing antigens of other viruses can be generated by reverse genetics and used for simultaneous immunization against more than one pathogen. This approach can result in the development of promising vaccine candidates against HMPV, and several studies have indeed validated viral vectors expressing HMPV antigens. In this review, we summarize current efforts in generating recombinant chimeric vaccines against HMPV, and we discuss their potential optimization based on the correspondence with RSV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy Boivin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; (D.O.M.); (M.-È.H.)
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19
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Quan FS, Basak S, Chu KB, Kim SS, Kang SM. Progress in the development of virus-like particle vaccines against respiratory viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:11-24. [PMID: 31903811 PMCID: PMC7103727 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Influenza virus, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) are important human respiratory pathogens. Recombinant virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are suggested to be potential promising platforms to protect against these respiratory viruses. This review updates important progress in the development of VLP vaccines against respiratory viruses.Areas Covered: This review summarizes progress in developing VLP and nanoparticle-based vaccines against influenza virus, RSV, and HMPV. The PubMed was mainly used to search for important research articles published since 2010 although earlier key articles were also referenced. The research area covered includes VLP and nanoparticle platform vaccines against seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza viruses as well as RSV and HMPV respiratory viruses. The production methods, immunogenic properties, and vaccine efficacy of respiratory VLP vaccines in preclinical animal models and clinical studies were reviewed in this article.Expert opinion: Previous and current preclinical and clinical studies suggest that recombinant VLP and nanoparticle vaccines are expected to be developed as promising alternative platforms against respiratory viruses in future. Therefore, continued research efforts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Swarnendu Basak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Welliver RC, Papin JF, Preno A, Ivanov V, Tian JH, Lu H, Guebre-Xabier M, Flyer D, Massare MJ, Glenn G, Ellingsworth L, Smith G. Maternal immunization with RSV fusion glycoprotein vaccine and substantial protection of neonatal baboons against respiratory syncytial virus pulmonary challenge. Vaccine 2019; 38:1258-1270. [PMID: 31761502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Globally, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory infection in infants and young children. There are no licensed vaccines despite the high worldwide disease burden. RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein vaccine is the most advanced candidate for maternal immunization. In this report, a baboon maternal immunization model was used to assess the immunogenicity and protection of infants against pulmonary challenge with human RSV/A. Vaccination in the third trimester produced high anti-RSV F IgG titers and virus-neutralizing antibodies. Infants born to immunized females had high levels of serum RSV antibodies that were comparable to maternal levels at birth and persisted for over 50 days with a half-life of 14-24 days. Furthermore, infants from immunized females and challenged with RSV/A were healthy, developed less severe disease, and had only mild pulmonary inflammatory changes whereas infants born to non-vaccinated females developed more severe disease with marked to moderate interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and bronchiolar obstruction. These results support the further development of the RSV F vaccine for maternal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Welliver
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1100 North Lindsay Ave., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104 USA.
| | - James F Papin
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, 1100 North Lindsay Ave., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104 USA; Division of Comparative Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104 USA.
| | - Alisha Preno
- Division of Comparative Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104 USA.
| | - Vadim Ivanov
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1100 North Lindsay Ave., Oklahoma City, OK, 73104 USA.
| | - Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | - Hanxin Lu
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | | - David Flyer
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Greg Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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21
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Kwon YM, Lee Y, Kim KH, Jung YJ, Li Z, Jeeva S, Lee S, Moore ML, Kang SM. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of unique prefusion-mimic F proteins presented on enveloped virus-like particles. Vaccine 2019; 37:6656-6664. [PMID: 31542260 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pre-fusion stabilizing mutations (DS-Cav1) in soluble fusion (F) proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were previously reported. Here we investigated the antigenic and immunogenic properties of pre-fusion like RSV F proteins on enveloped virus-like particles (VLP). Additional mutations were introduced to DS-Cav1 (F-dcmTM VLP); fusion peptide deletion and cleavage mutation site 1 (F1d-dcmTM VLP) or both sites (F12d-dcmTM VLP). F1d-dcmTM VLP and F12d-dcmTM VLP displayed higher reactivity against pre-fusion specific site Ø and antigenic site I and II specific monoclonal antibodies, compared to F-dcmTM VLP with DS-Cav1 only. Mice immunized with F1d-dcmTM VLP and F12d-dcmTM VLP induced higher levels of DS-Cav1 pre-fusion specific IgG antibodies, RSV neutralizing activity titers, and effective lung viral clearance after challenge. These results suggest that cleavage site mutations and fusion peptide deletion in addition to DS-Cav1 mutations have contributed to structural stabilization of pre-fusion like F conformation on enveloped VLP, capable of inducing high levels of pre-fusion F specific and RSV neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ki Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Subbiah Jeeva
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the recently defined Pneumoviridae family, Orthopneumovirus genus. It is a negative sense, single stranded RNA virus that results in epidemics of respiratory infections that typically peak in the winter in temperate climates and during the rainy season in tropical climates. Generally, one of the two genotypes (A and B) predominates in a single season, alternating annually, although regional variation occurs. RSV is a cause of disease and death in children, older people, and immunocompromised patients, and its clinical effect on adults admitted to hospital is clarified with expanded use of multiplex molecular assays. Among adults, RSV produces a wide range of clinical symptoms including upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infections, and exacerbations of underlying disease. Here we discuss the latest evidence on the burden of RSV related disease in adults, especially in those with immunocompromise or other comorbidities. We review current therapeutic and prevention options, as well as those in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Nam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael G Ison
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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23
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Beugeling M, De Zee J, Woerdenbag HJ, Frijlink HW, Wilschut JC, Hinrichs WLJ. Respiratory syncytial virus subunit vaccines based on the viral envelope glycoproteins intended for pregnant women and the elderly. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:935-950. [PMID: 31446807 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1657013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes high morbidity and mortality rates among infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide. Unfortunately, a safe and effective vaccine is still unavailable. In 1966, a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine failed and resulted in the death of two young children. This failure shifted research toward the development of subunit-based vaccines for pregnant women (to passively vaccinate infants) and the elderly. Among these subunit-based vaccines, the viral envelope glycoproteins show great potential as antigens. Areas covered: In this review, progress in the development of safe and effective subunit RSV vaccines based on the viral envelope glycoproteins and intended for pregnant women and the elderly, are reviewed and discussed. Studies published in the period 2012-2018 were included. Expert opinion: Researchers are close to bringing safe and effective subunit-based RSV vaccines to the market using the viral envelope glycoproteins as antigens. However, it remains a major challenge to elicit protective immunity, with a formulation that has sufficient (storage) stability. These issues may be overcome by using the RSV fusion protein in its pre-fusion conformation, and by formulating this protein as a dry powder. It may further be convenient to administer this powder via the pulmonary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Beugeling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jildou De Zee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Herman J Woerdenbag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Wilschut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wouter L J Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Respiratory syncytial virus prefusogenic fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine: Structure, antigenic profile, immunogenicity, and protection. Vaccine 2019; 37:6112-6124. [PMID: 31416644 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory disease in the very young, elderly, and immunocompromised for which there is no vaccine. The surface exposed RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is required for membrane fusion and infection and is a desirable vaccine candidate. RSV F glycoprotein structure is dynamic and undergoes significant rearrangements during virus assembly, fusion, and infection. We have previously described an RSV fusion-inactive prefusogenic F with a mutation of one of two furin cleavage sites resulting in the p27 region on the N-terminus of F1 with a truncated fusion peptide covalently linked to F2. A processing intermediate RSV prefusogenic F has been reported in infected cells, purified F, budded virus, and elicited a strong immune response against p27 in RSV infected young children. In this report, we demonstrate that prefusogenic F, when expressed on the cell surface of Sf9 insect and human 293T cells, binds monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target prefusion-specific antigenic sites Ø and VIII, and mAbs targeting epitopes common to pre- and postfusion F sites II and IV. Purified prefusogenic F bound prefusion F specific mAbs to antigenic sites Ø and VIII and mAbs targeting pre- and postfusion sites II, IV, and p27. Mice immunized with prefusogenic F antigen produced significantly higher levels of anti-F IgG and RSV neutralizing antibodies than prefusion or postfusion F antigens and induced antibodies competitive with mAbs to sites Ø, VIII, II, and IV. RSV prefusogenic F neutralization antibody responses were enhanced with aluminum phosphate adjuvant and significantly higher than prefusion F. Prefusogenic F vaccine protected cotton rats against upper and lower respiratory tract infection by RSV/A. For the first time, we present the structure, antigenic profile, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of RSV prefusogenic F nanoparticle vaccine.
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Russell MS, Creskey M, Muralidharan A, Li C, Gao J, Chen W, Larocque L, Lavoie JR, Farnsworth A, Rosu-Myles M, Hashem AM, Yauk CL, Cao J, Van Domselaar G, Cyr T, Li X. Unveiling Integrated Functional Pathways Leading to Enhanced Respiratory Disease Associated With Inactivated Respiratory Syncytial Viral Vaccine. Front Immunol 2019; 10:597. [PMID: 30984178 PMCID: PMC6449435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a severe threat to young children and the elderly. Despite decades of research, no vaccine has been approved. Notably, instead of affording protection, a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine induced severe respiratory disease including deaths in vaccinated children in a 1960s clinical trial; however, recent studies indicate that other forms of experimental vaccines can also induce pulmonary pathology in pre-clinical studies. These findings suggest that multiple factors/pathways could be involved in the development of enhanced respiratory diseases. Clearly, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying such adverse reactions is critically important for the development of safe and efficacious vaccines against RSV infection, given the exponential growth of RSV vaccine clinical trials in recent years. By employing an integrated systems biology approach in a pre-clinical cotton rat model, we unraveled a complex network of pulmonary canonical pathways leading to disease development in vaccinated animals upon subsequent RSV infections. Cytokines including IL-1, IL-6 GRO/IL-8, and IL-17 in conjunction with mobilized pulmonary inflammatory cells could play important roles in disease development, which involved a wide range of host responses including exacerbated pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperreactivity, and homeostatic imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Moreover, the observed elevated levels of MyD88 implicate the involvement of this critical signal transduction module as the central node of the inflammatory pathways leading to exacerbated pulmonary pathology. Finally, the immunopathological consequences of inactivated vaccine immunization and subsequent RSV exposure were further substantiated by histological analyses of these key proteins along with inflammatory cytokines, while hypercoagulation was supported by increased pulmonary fibrinogen/fibrin accompanied by reduced levels of plasma D-dimers. Enhanced respiratory disease associated with inactivated RSV vaccine involves a complex network of host responses, resulting in significant pulmonary lesions and clinical manifestations such as tachypnea and airway obstruction. The mechanistic insight into the convergence of different signal pathways and identification of biomarkers could help facilitate the development of safe and effective RSV vaccine and formulation of new targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha S Russell
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marybeth Creskey
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Abenaya Muralidharan
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Louise Larocque
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jessie R Lavoie
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Vaccines, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch (HECSB), Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Terry Cyr
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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26
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Bin Lu, Liu H, Tabor DE, Tovchigrechko A, Qi Y, Ruzin A, Esser MT, Jin H. Emergence of new antigenic epitopes in the glycoproteins of human respiratory syncytial virus collected from a US surveillance study, 2015-17. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3898. [PMID: 30846850 PMCID: PMC6405860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and elderly. To understand the evolution of neutralizing epitopes on the RSV glycoprotein (G) and fusion (F) proteins, we conducted a multi-year surveillance program (OUTSMART-RSV) in the US. Analysis of 1,146 RSV samples from 2015-2017 revealed a slight shift in prevalence from RSV A (58.7%) to B (53.7%) between the two seasons. RSV B was more prevalent in elderly (52.9% and 73.4%). Approximately 1% of the samples contained both RSV A and B viruses. All RSV A isolates were ON1 and almost all the B isolates were BA9 genotypes. Compared with the 2013 reference sequences, changes at the F antigenic sites of RSV B were greater than RSV A, which mainly occurred at antigenic sites V (L172Q/S173L at 99.6%), Ø (I206M/Q209K at 18.6%) and IV (E463D at 7%) of RSV B F. Sequence diversities in the G protein second hypervariable region were observed in the duplicated regions for RSV A and B, and at the G stop codon resulting in extension of 7 amino acids (22.1%) for RSV B in 2016-17. Thus, RSV surface glycoproteins are continuously evolving, and continued surveillance is important for the clinical evaluation of immunoprophylactic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yanping Qi
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Hong Jin
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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27
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Epitope-Specific Serological Assays for RSV: Conformation Matters. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010023. [PMID: 30813394 PMCID: PMC6466065 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children and older adults. An effective vaccine must elicit neutralizing antibodies targeting the RSV fusion (F) protein, which exists in two major conformations, pre-fusion (pre-F) and post-fusion (post-F). Although 50% of the surface is shared, pre-F contains highly neutralization-sensitive antigenic sites not present on post-F. Recent advancement of several subunit F-based vaccine trials has spurred interest in quantifying and understanding the protective potential of antibodies directed to individual antigenic sites. Monoclonal antibody competition ELISAs are being used to measure these endpoints, but the impact of F conformation and competition from antibodies binding to adjacent antigenic sites has not been thoroughly investigated. Since this information is critical for interpreting clinical trial outcomes and defining serological correlates of protection, we optimized assays to evaluate D25-competing antibodies (DCA) to antigenic site Ø on pre-F, and compared readouts of palivizumab-competing antibodies (PCA) to site II on both pre-F and post-F. We show that antibodies to adjacent antigenic sites can contribute to DCA and PCA readouts, and that cross-competition from non-targeted sites is especially confounding when PCA is measured using a post-F substrate. While measuring DCA and PCA levels may be useful to delineate the role of antibodies targeting the apex and side of the F protein, respectively, the assay limitations and caveats should be considered when conducting immune monitoring during vaccine trials and defining correlates of protection.
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28
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Nyiro JU, Kiyuka PK, Mutunga MN, Sande CJ, Munywoki PK, Scott JAG, Nokes DJ. Agreement between ELISA and plaque reduction neutralisation assay in Detection of respiratory syncytial virus specific antibodies in a birth Cohort from Kilifi, coastal Kenya. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:33. [PMID: 30906883 PMCID: PMC6426078 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15108.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe disease associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection occurs predominantly among infants under 6 months of age. Vaccines for prevention are in clinical development. Assessment of the vaccine effectiveness in large epidemiological studies requires serological assays which are rapid, economical and standardised between laboratories. The objective of this study was to assess the agreement between two enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and the plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) in quantifying RSV specific antibodies. Methods: Archived sera from 99 participants of the Kilifi Birth Cohort (KBC) study (conducted 2002-2007) were screened for RSV antibodies using 3 methods: ELISA using crude RSV lysate as antigen, a commercial RSV immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA kit from IBL International GmbH, and PRNT. Pearson correlation, Bland-Altman plots and regression methods were used in analysis. Results: There was high positive correlation between the IBL RSV IgG ELISA and PRNT antibodies (Pearson r=0.75), and moderate positive correlation between the crude RSV lysate IgG ELISA and PRNT antibodies (r= 0.61). Crude RSV lysate IgG ELISA showed a wider 95% limit of agreement (-1.866, 6.157) with PRNT compared to the IBL RSV IgG ELISA (1.392, 7.595). Mean PRNT titres were estimated within a width of 4.8 log 2PRNT and 5.6 log 2PRNT at 95% prediction interval by IBL RSV IgG and crude RSV lysate IgG ELISA, respectively. Conclusion: Although, the IBL RSV IgG ELISA is observed to provide a reasonable correlate for PRNT assay in detecting RSV specific antibodies, it does not provide an accurate prediction for neutralizing antibody levels. An RSV neutralising antibody level is likely to fall within 2.4 fold higher and 2.4 fold lower than the true value if IBL RSV IgG ELISA is used to replace PRNT assay. The utility of an ELISA assay in vaccine studies should be assessed independent of the PRNT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce U. Nyiro
- Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patience K. Kiyuka
- Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Martin N. Mutunga
- Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Charles J. Sande
- Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - J. Anthony G. Scott
- Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - D. James Nokes
- Epidemiology and Demography, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Conventry, UK
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29
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Xie Q, Wang Z, Ni F, Chen X, Ma J, Patel N, Lu H, Liu Y, Tian JH, Flyer D, Massare MJ, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G, Wang Q. Structure basis of neutralization by a novel site II/IV antibody against respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210749. [PMID: 30730999 PMCID: PMC6366758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in newborns, young children, and the elderly for which there is no vaccine. The RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is a major target for vaccine development. Here, we describe a novel monoclonal antibody (designated as R4.C6) that recognizes both pre-fusion and post-fusion RSV F, and binds with nanomole affinity to a unique neutralizing site comprised of antigenic sites II and IV on the globular head. A 3.9 Å-resolution structure of RSV F-R4.C6 Fab complex was obtained by single particle cryo-electron microscopy and 3D reconstruction. The structure unraveled detailed interactions of R4.C6 with antigenic site II on one protomer and site IV on a neighboring protomer of post-fusion RSV F protein. These findings significantly further our understanding of the antigenic complexity of the F protein and provide new insights into RSV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Xie
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhao Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fengyun Ni
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jianpeng Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hanxin Lu
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ye Liu
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Flyer
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gregory Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GS); (QW)
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GS); (QW)
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30
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Guerra-Maupome M, Palmer MV, McGill JL, Sacco RE. Utility of the Neonatal Calf Model for Testing Vaccines and Intervention Strategies for Use against Human RSV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010007. [PMID: 30626099 PMCID: PMC6466205 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of pediatric respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that two-thirds of infants are infected with RSV during the first year of life and it is one of the leading causes of death in this age group worldwide. Similarly, bovine RSV is a primary viral pathogen in cases of pneumonia in young calves and plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex. Importantly, naturally occurring infection of calves with bovine RSV shares many features in common with human RSV infection. Herein, we update our current understanding of RSV infection in cattle, with particular focus on similarities between the calf and human infection, and the recent reports in which the neonatal calf has been employed for the development and testing of vaccines and therapeutics which may be applied to hRSV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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31
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Gilbert BE, Patel N, Lu H, Liu Y, Guebre-Xabier M, Piedra PA, Glenn G, Ellingsworth L, Smith G. Respiratory syncytial virus fusion nanoparticle vaccine immune responses target multiple neutralizing epitopes that contribute to protection against wild-type and palivizumab-resistant mutant virus challenge. Vaccine 2018; 36:8069-8078. [PMID: 30389195 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in newborns, young children, elderly, and immune-compromised. The RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein is a major focus of vaccine development and the target of palivizumab (Synagis®) which is licensed as an immuno-prophylactic for use in newborn children at high risk of infection. However, clinical use of a narrowly targeted monoclonal antibodies leads to the generation of escape mutant strains that are fully resistant to neutralization by the antibody. Herein, we evaluated the RSV F nanoparticle vaccine (RSV F vaccine), produced as near-full-length, pre-fusogenic F trimers that form stable protein-detergent nanoparticles. The RSV F vaccine induces polyclonal antibodies that bind to antigenic site II as well as other epitopes known to be broadly neutralizing. Cotton rats immunized with the RSV F vaccine produced antibodies that were both neutralizing and protected against wild-type RSV infection, as well as against a palivizumab-resistant mutant virus. Use of aluminum phosphate adjuvant with the RSV F vaccine increased site II antibody avidity 100 to 1000-fold, which correlated with enhanced protection against challenge. The breadth of the vaccine-induced antibody response was demonstrated using competitive binding with monoclonal antibodies targeting antigenic sites Ø, II, IV, and VIII found on pre-fusion and post-fusion conformations of RSV F. In summary, we found the RSV F vaccine induced antibodies that bind to conserved epitopes including those defined as pre-fusion F specific; that use of adjuvant increased antibody avidity that correlated with enhanced protection in the cotton rat challenge model; and the polyclonal, high-avidity antibodies neutralized and protected against both wild-type and palivizumab-resistant mutant virus. These data support the ongoing clinical development of the aluminum phosphate adjuvanted RSV F nanoparticle vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Hanxin Lu
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | - Ye Liu
- Regenxbio, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA(1).
| | | | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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32
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Mazur NI, Higgins D, Nunes MC, Melero JA, Langedijk AC, Horsley N, Buchholz UJ, Openshaw PJ, McLellan JS, Englund JA, Mejias A, Karron RA, Simões EA, Knezevic I, Ramilo O, Piedra PA, Chu HY, Falsey AR, Nair H, Kragten-Tabatabaie L, Greenough A, Baraldi E, Papadopoulos NG, Vekemans J, Polack FP, Powell M, Satav A, Walsh EE, Stein RT, Graham BS, Bont LJ. The respiratory syncytial virus vaccine landscape: lessons from the graveyard and promising candidates. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e295-e311. [PMID: 29914800 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is increasingly recognised, not only in infants, but also in older adults (aged ≥65 years). Advances in knowledge of the structural biology of the RSV surface fusion glycoprotein have revolutionised RSV vaccine development by providing a new target for preventive interventions. The RSV vaccine landscape has rapidly expanded to include 19 vaccine candidates and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in clinical trials, reflecting the urgency of reducing this global health problem and hence the prioritisation of RSV vaccine development. The candidates include mAbs and vaccines using four approaches: (1) particle-based, (2) live-attenuated or chimeric, (3) subunit, (4) vector-based. Late-phase RSV vaccine trial failures highlight gaps in knowledge regarding immunological protection and provide lessons for future development. In this Review, we highlight promising new approaches for RSV vaccine design and provide a comprehensive overview of RSV vaccine candidates and mAbs in clinical development to prevent one of the most common and severe infectious diseases in young children and older adults worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie I Mazur
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Deborah Higgins
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marta C Nunes
- Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit and Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - José A Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annefleur C Langedijk
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nicole Horsley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Openshaw
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccines and Immunity at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Af Simões
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Epidemiology Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ivana Knezevic
- Norms and Standards for Biologicals, Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccines and Immunity at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Harish Nair
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Leyla Kragten-Tabatabaie
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Julius Clinical, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Anne Greenough
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenio Baraldi
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Women's and Children's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nikolaos G Papadopoulos
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Allergy Department, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Johan Vekemans
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fernando P Polack
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mair Powell
- Licensing Division, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), London, UK
| | - Ashish Satav
- Mahatma Gandhi Tribal Hospital, Karmagram, Utavali, Tahsil, Dharni, India
| | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Renato T Stein
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands; Pontificia Universidade Católica RGS (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louis J Bont
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Network (ReSViNET) Foundation, Zeist, Netherlands.
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Blanco JCG, Boukhvalova MS, Morrison TG, Vogel SN. A multifaceted approach to RSV vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1734-1745. [PMID: 29771625 PMCID: PMC6067850 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1472183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, RSV infections occur throughout different ages, thus, maintaining the virus in circulation, and increasing health risk to more susceptible populations such as infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. To date, there is no vaccine approved to prevent RSV infection or minimize symptoms of infection. Current clinical trials for vaccines against RSV are being carried out in four very different populations. There are vaccines that target two different pediatric populations, infants 2 to 6 month of age and seropositive children over 6 months of age, as well as women (non-pregnant or pregnant in their third trimester). There are vaccines that target adult and elderly populations. In this review, we will present and discuss RSV vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials. We will describe the preclinical studies instrumental for their advancement, with the goal of introducing new preclinical models that may more accurately predict the outcome of clinical vaccine studies.
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Joyce C, Scallan CD, Mateo R, Belshe RB, Tucker SN, Moore AC. Orally administered adenoviral-based vaccine induces respiratory mucosal memory and protection against RSV infection in cotton rats. Vaccine 2018; 36:4265-4277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bayer L, Fertey J, Ulbert S, Grunwald T. Immunization with an adjuvanted low-energy electron irradiation inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine shows immunoprotective activity in mice. Vaccine 2018; 36:1561-1569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Efficacy of mucosal polyanhydride nanovaccine against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the neonatal calf. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3021. [PMID: 29445124 PMCID: PMC5813012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is closely related to HRSV and a significant cause of morbidity in young cattle. BRSV infection in calves displays many similarities to RSV infection in humans, including similar age dependency and disease pathogenesis. Polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., nanovaccines) have shown promise as adjuvants and vaccine delivery vehicles due to their ability to promote enhanced immunogenicity through the route of administration, provide sustained antigen exposure, and induce both antibody- and cell-mediated immunity. Here, we developed a novel, mucosal nanovaccine that encapsulates the post-fusion F and G glycoproteins from BRSV into polyanhydride nanoparticles and determined the efficacy of the vaccine against RSV infection using a neonatal calf model. Calves receiving the BRSV-F/G nanovaccine exhibited reduced pathology in the lungs, reduced viral burden, and decreased virus shedding compared to unvaccinated control calves, which correlated with BRSV-specific immune responses in the respiratory tract and peripheral blood. Our results indicate that the BRSV-F/G nanovaccine is highly immunogenic and, with optimization, has the potential to significantly reduce the disease burden associated with RSV infection in both humans and animals.
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New Insights Contributing to the Development of Effective Vaccines and Therapies to Reduce the Pathology Caused by hRSV. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081753. [PMID: 28800119 PMCID: PMC5578143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is one of the major causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTI) worldwide, leading to significant levels of immunocompromisation as well as morbidity and mortality in infants. Its main target of infection is the ciliated epithelium of the lungs and the host immune responses elicited is ineffective at achieving viral clearance. It is thought that the lack of effective immunity against hRSV is due in part to the activity of several viral proteins that modulate the host immune response, enhancing a Th2-like pro-inflammatory state, with the secretion of cytokines that promote the infiltration of immune cells to the lungs, with consequent damage. Furthermore, the adaptive immunity triggered by hRSV infection is characterized by weak cytotoxic T cell responses and secretion of low affinity antibodies by B cells. These features of hRSV infection have meant that, to date, no effective and safe vaccines have been licensed. In this article, we will review in detail the information regarding hRSV characteristics, pathology, and host immune response, along with several prophylactic treatments and vaccine prototypes. We will also expose significant data regarding the newly developed BCG-based vaccine that promotes protective cellular and humoral response against hRSV infection, which is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.
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Villafana T, Falloon J, Griffin MP, Zhu Q, Esser MT. Passive and active immunization against respiratory syncytial virus for the young and old. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:1-13. [PMID: 28525961 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1333425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide and also causes significant disease in the elderly. Despite 60 years of RSV research and vaccine development, there is only one approved medicine to prevent RSV infections. Palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the RSV fusion (F) protein, is indicated for preterm infants and children at high-risk for RSV infections. It is an active time in RSV vaccine and mAb development with 14 vaccines and 2 mAbs currently being tested in clinical trials as of 13 February 2017. Active vaccination of women in the third trimester or passive immunization of infants with a mAb are particularly attractive approaches as the most severe disease occurs within the first 6 months of life. Areas covered: Here, we review current approaches for preventing RSV in the young and old, describe proposed clinical endpoints for studies in pediatric and adult clinical trials and highlight results from recent and ongoing clinical studies. Expert commentary: With 16 candidates in clinical development, approval of the first RSV vaccine or mAb for the prevention of RSV in all infants or the elderly is likely to occur in the next five years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qing Zhu
- a MedImmune LLC , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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August A, Glenn GM, Kpamegan E, Hickman SP, Jani D, Lu H, Thomas DN, Wen J, Piedra PA, Fries LF. A Phase 2 randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of aluminum-adjuvanted respiratory syncytial virus F particle vaccine formulations in healthy women of childbearing age. Vaccine 2017; 35:3749-3759. [PMID: 28579233 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in infants. We are developing an RSV fusion (F) protein nanoparticle vaccine for immunization of third trimester pregnant women to passively protect infants through transfer of RSV-specific maternal antibodies. The present trial was performed to assess the immunogenicity and safety of several formulations of RSV F vaccine in 1-dose or 2-dose schedules. METHODS Placebo, or vaccine with 60μg or 120μg RSV F protein and 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8mg aluminum, were administered intramuscularly on Days 0 and 28 to healthy women 18-35years old. Immunogenicity was assessed from Days 0 through 91 based on anti-F IgG and palivizumab-competitive antibody (PCA) by ELISA, and RSV A and B neutralizing antibodies by microneutralization (MN) assay. Solicited adverse events were collected through Day 7 and unsolicited adverse events through Day 91. RESULTS All formulations were well-tolerated, with no treatment-related serious adverse events. Anti-F IgG and PCA responses were correlated and increased after both doses, while MN increased significantly only after the first dose, then plateaued. The timeliest and most robust antibody responses followed one dose of 120μg RSV F protein and 0.4mg aluminum, but persistence through 91days was modestly (∼25%) superior following two doses of 60μg RSV F protein and 0.8mg aluminum. Western blot analysis showed RSV infections in active vaccinees were reduced by 52% overall (p=0.009 overall) over the Day 0 through 90 period. CONCLUSIONS RSV F nanoparticle vaccine formulations were well tolerated and immunogenic. The optimal combination of convenience and rapid response for immunization in the third trimester occurred with 120μg RSV F and 0.4mg aluminum, which achieved peak immune responses in 14days and sufficient persistence through 91days to allow for passive transfer of IgG antibodies to the fetus. NCT01960686.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison August
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Gregory M Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Eloi Kpamegan
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Somia P Hickman
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Dewal Jani
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Hanxin Lu
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - D Nigel Thomas
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Judy Wen
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Louis F Fries
- Novavax, Inc., 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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40
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Fries L, Shinde V, Stoddard JJ, Thomas DN, Kpamegan E, Lu H, Smith G, Hickman SP, Piedra P, Glenn GM. Immunogenicity and safety of a respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein (RSV F) nanoparticle vaccine in older adults. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2017; 14:8. [PMID: 28413427 PMCID: PMC5389002 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-017-0090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background A preventative strategy for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection constitutes an under-recognized unmet medical need among older adults. Four formulations of a novel recombinant RSV F nanoparticle vaccine (60 or 90 μg RSV F protein, with or without aluminum phosphate adjuvant) administered concurrently with a licensed inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) in older adult subjects were evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in this randomized, observer-blinded study. Results A total of 220 healthy males and females ≥ 60 years of age, without symptomatic cardiopulmonary disease, were vaccinated concurrently with TIV and RSV F vaccine or placebo. All vaccine formulations produced an acceptable safety profile, with no vaccine-related serious adverse events or evidence of systemic toxicity. Vaccine-induced immune responses were rapid, rising as early as 7 days post-vaccination; and were comparable in all formulations in terms of magnitude, with maximal levels attained within 28 (unadjuvanted) or 56 (adjuvanted) days post-vaccination. Peak anti-F protein IgG antibody levels rose 3.6- to 5.6-fold, with an adjuvant effect observed at the 60 μg dose, and a dose-effect observed between the unadjuvanted 60 and 90 μg regimens. The anti-F response persisted through 12 months post-vaccination. Palivizumab-competitive antibodies were below quantifiable levels (<33 μg/mL) at day 0. The rise of antibodies with specificity for Site II peptide, and the palivizumab-competitive binding activity, denoting antibodies binding at, or in proximity to, antigenic Site II on the F protein, closely paralleled the anti-F response. However, a larger proportion of antibodies in adjuvanted vaccine recipients bound to the Site II peptide at high avidity. Day 0 neutralizing antibodies were high in all subjects and rose 1.3- to 1.7-fold in response to vaccination. Importantly, the RSV F vaccine co-administered with TIV did not impact the serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody responses to a standard-dose TIV, and TIV did not impact the immune response to the RSV F vaccine. Conclusions RSV F protein nanoparticle vaccine induced increases in measures of functional immunity to RSV in older adults and demonstrated an acceptable safety profile. Adjuvanted formulations provided additional immunogenicity benefit as compared to increasing antigen dose alone. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01709019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Fries
- Novavax, Inc, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Vivek Shinde
- Novavax, Inc, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - D Nigel Thomas
- Novavax, Inc, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Eloi Kpamegan
- Novavax, Inc, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Hanxin Lu
- Novavax, Inc, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Somia P Hickman
- Novavax, Inc, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | - Pedro Piedra
- Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Gregory M Glenn
- Novavax, Inc, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
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Wu X, Chen P, Lin H, Su Y, Hao X, Cao Y, Li L, Zhu F, Liang Z. Dynamics of 8G12 competitive antibody in "prime-boost" vaccination of Hepatitis E vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1-6. [PMID: 28272983 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1291105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus still poses a great threat to public health worldwide. To date, Hecolin® is the only licensed HEV vaccine in China. Total anti-HEV antibody has been used to reflect vaccine induced immune response in clinical trials for the lack of robust HEV neutralizing antibody detection methods. In this study, we applied a broad neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody 8G12 to develop a competitive ELSIA assay and quantified 8G12 competitive antibody (8G12-like antibody) in serum samples. The presence of 8G12-like antibody was detected both from participants from HEV vaccine clinical trial and mice immunized with HEV vaccine. Furthermore, 8G12-like antibody was found to have a similar dynamic pattern as anti-HEV antibody during "prime-boost" vaccination, and the proportion of 8G12-like antibody in anti-HEV antibody increased along boost vaccination. Together with previously reported finding that 8G12 could block the most binding of HEV vaccine induced serum antibody to vaccine antigen, we proposed that 8G12-like antibody might be a promising surrogate for vaccine induced HEV neutralizing antibody and had potential to be used as a convenient indicator for HEV vaccine potency evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wu
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Pan Chen
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- b R&D Department , Shanghai Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd. , Shanghai , China
| | - Yao Su
- c Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., China National Biotech Corporation , Changchun , China
| | - Xiaotian Hao
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Yufeng Cao
- c Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., China National Biotech Corporation , Changchun , China
| | - Li Li
- c Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co. Ltd., China National Biotech Corporation , Changchun , China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- d Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Nanjing , China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- a National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
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Nyiro JU, Sande CJ, Mutunga M, Kiyuka PK, Munywoki PK, Scott JAG, Nokes DJ. Absence of Association between Cord Specific Antibody Levels and Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Disease in Early Infants: A Case Control Study from Coastal Kenya. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166706. [PMID: 27851799 PMCID: PMC5113039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The target group for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease prevention is infants under 6 months of age. Vaccine boosting of antibody titres in pregnant mothers could protect these young infants from severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) associated disease. Quantifying protective levels of RSV-specific maternal antibody at birth would inform vaccine development. Methods A case control study nested in a birth cohort (2002–07) was conducted in Kilifi, Kenya; where 30 hospitalised cases of RSV-associated severe disease were matched to 60 controls. Participants had a cord blood and 2 subsequent 3-monthly blood samples assayed for RSV-specific neutralising antibody by the plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT). Two sample paired t test and conditional logistic regression were used in analyses of log2PRNT titres. Results The mean RSV log2PRNT titre at birth for cases and controls were not significantly different (P = 0.4) and remained so on age-stratification. Cord blood PRNT titres showed considerable overlap between cases and controls. The odds of RSV disease decreased with increase in log2PRNT cord blood titre. There was a 30% reduction in RSV disease per unit increase in log2PRNT titre (<3months age group) but not significant (P = 0.3). Conclusions From this study, there is no strong evidence of protection by maternal RSV specific antibodies from severe RSV disease. Cord antibody levels show wide variation with considerable overlap between cases and controls. It is likely that, there are additional factors to specific PRNT antibody levels which determine susceptibility to severe RSV disease. In addition, higher levels of neutralizing antibody beyond the normal range may be required for protection; which it is hoped can be achieved by a maternal RSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Uchi Nyiro
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Jumba Sande
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mutunga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patience Kerubo Kiyuka
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Patrick Kioo Munywoki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - John Anthony G. Scott
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - David James Nokes
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) -Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- School of Life Sciences and WIDER Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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The Respiratory Syncytial Virus Phosphoprotein, Matrix Protein, and Fusion Protein Carboxy-Terminal Domain Drive Efficient Filamentous Virus-Like Particle Formation. J Virol 2016; 90:10612-10628. [PMID: 27654298 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01193-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are attractive as a vaccine concept. For human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), VLP assembly is poorly understood and appears inefficient. Hence, hRSV antigens are often incorporated into foreign VLP systems to generate anti-RSV vaccine candidates. To better understand the assembly, and ultimately to enable efficient production, of authentic hRSV VLPs, we examined the associated requirements and mechanisms. In a previous analysis in HEp-2 cells, the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), and fusion protein (F) were required for formation of filamentous VLPs, which, similar to those of wild-type virus, were associated with the cell surface. Using fluorescence and electron microscopy combined with immunogold labeling, we examined the surfaces of transfected HEp-2 cells and further dissected the process of filamentous VLP formation. Our results show that N is not required. Coexpression of P plus M plus F, but not P plus M, M plus F, or P plus F, induced both viral protein coalescence and formation of filamentous VLPs that resembled wild-type virions. Despite suboptimal coalescence in the absence of P, the M and F proteins, when coexpressed, formed cell surface-associated filaments with abnormal morphology, appearing longer and thinner than wild-type virions. For F, only the carboxy terminus (Fstem) was required, and addition of foreign protein sequences to Fstem allowed incorporation into VLPs. Together, the data show that P, M, and the F carboxy terminus are sufficient for robust viral protein coalescence and filamentous VLP formation and suggest that M-F interaction drives viral filament formation, with P acting as a type of cofactor facilitating the process and exerting control over particle morphology. IMPORTANCE hRSV is responsible for >100,000 deaths in children worldwide, and a vaccine is not available. Among the potential anti-hRSV approaches are virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, which, based on resemblance to virus or viral components, can induce protective immunity. For hRSV, few reports are available concerning authentic VLP production or testing, in large part because VLP production is inefficient and the mechanisms underlying particle assembly are poorly understood. Here, we took advantage of the cell-associated nature of RSV particles and used high-resolution microscopy analyses to examine the viral proteins required for formation of wild-type-virus-resembling VLPs, the contributions of these proteins to morphology, and the domains involved in incorporation of the antigenically important viral F protein. The results provide new insights that will facilitate future production of hRSV VLPs with defined shapes and compositions and may translate into improved manufacture of live-attenuated hRSV vaccines.
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Mousa JJ, Sauer MF, Sevy AM, Finn JA, Bates JT, Alvarado G, King HG, Loerinc LB, Fong RH, Doranz BJ, Correia BE, Kalyuzhniy O, Wen X, Jardetzky TS, Schief WR, Ohi MD, Meiler J, Crowe JE. Structural basis for nonneutralizing antibody competition at antigenic site II of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E6849-E6858. [PMID: 27791117 PMCID: PMC5098655 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609449113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palivizumab was the first antiviral monoclonal antibody (mAb) approved for therapeutic use in humans, and remains a prophylactic treatment for infants at risk for severe disease because of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Palivizumab is an engineered humanized version of a murine mAb targeting antigenic site II of the RSV fusion (F) protein, a key target in vaccine development. There are limited reported naturally occurring human mAbs to site II; therefore, the structural basis for human antibody recognition of this major antigenic site is poorly understood. Here, we describe a nonneutralizing class of site II-specific mAbs that competed for binding with palivizumab to postfusion RSV F protein. We also describe two classes of site II-specific neutralizing mAbs, one of which escaped competition with nonneutralizing mAbs. An X-ray crystal structure of the neutralizing mAb 14N4 in complex with F protein showed that the binding angle at which human neutralizing mAbs interact with antigenic site II determines whether or not nonneutralizing antibodies compete with their binding. Fine-mapping studies determined that nonneutralizing mAbs that interfere with binding of neutralizing mAbs recognize site II with a pose that facilitates binding to an epitope containing F surface residues on a neighboring protomer. Neutralizing antibodies, like motavizumab and a new mAb designated 3J20 that escape interference by the inhibiting mAbs, avoid such contact by binding at an angle that is shifted away from the nonneutralizing site. Furthermore, binding to rationally and computationally designed site II helix-loop-helix epitope-scaffold vaccines distinguished neutralizing from nonneutralizing site II antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mutagenesis
- Palivizumab/pharmacology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod J Mousa
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Marion F Sauer
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Alexander M Sevy
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John T Bates
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Gabriela Alvarado
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Hannah G King
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Leah B Loerinc
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | | | - Bruno E Correia
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xiaolin Wen
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
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45
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Esposito S, Pietro GD. Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines: an update on those in the immediate pipeline. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1479-1490. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is among the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection among infants and the elderly worldwide. Despite its long history, no licensed vaccine is available. Recently, advances in the knowledge of RSV biology and pathology as well as the development of new techniques to generate vaccine candidates have increased the number of promising vaccines. The aim of this review is to analyze RSV characteristics, to consider the history of RSV vaccines and to discuss RSV vaccines currently in development. Among the candidates in clinical trials, nanoparticle and subunit vaccines seem to be the most promising for pregnant women and the elderly, whereas live-attenuated or vector-based vaccines appear to be optimal for the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Di Pietro
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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46
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Englund JA, Chu HY. Vaccines Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus: The Time Has Come. J Infect Dis 2016; 215:4-7. [PMID: 27694634 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Englund
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Seattle Children's Research Institute.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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47
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Novel Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Composed of the Postfusion and Prefusion Conformations of the F Glycoprotein. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:451-9. [PMID: 27030590 PMCID: PMC4895010 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00720-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and children and represents an important global health burden for the elderly and the immunocompromised. Despite decades of research efforts, no licensed vaccine for RSV is available. We have developed virus-like particle (VLP)-based RSV vaccines assembled with the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) matrix protein (M) as the structural scaffold and the RSV fusion glycoprotein (F) in either the postfusion or prefusion conformation as its prime surface immunogen. Vaccines were composed of postfusion F, prefusion F, or a combination of the two conformations and formulated with a squalene-based oil emulsion as adjuvant. Immunization with these VLP vaccines afforded full protection against RSV infection and prevented detectable viral replication in the mouse lung after challenge. Analyses of lung cytokines and chemokines showed that VLP vaccination mostly induced the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), a marker of the Th1-mediated immune response, which is predominantly required for viral protection. Conversely, immunization with a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine induced high levels of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines of the Th2- and Th17-mediated types of immune responses, as well as severe lung inflammation and histopathology. The VLP vaccines showed restricted production of these immune mediators and did not induce severe bronchiolitis or perivascular infiltration as seen with the FI-RSV vaccine. Remarkably, analysis of the serum from immunized mice showed that the VLP vaccine formulated using a combination of postfusion and prefusion F elicited the highest level of neutralizing antibody and enhanced the Th1-mediated immune response.
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48
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Hwang HS, Lee YT, Kim KH, Park S, Kwon YM, Lee Y, Ko EJ, Jung YJ, Lee JS, Kim YJ, Lee YN, Kim MC, Cho M, Kang SM. Combined virus-like particle and fusion protein-encoding DNA vaccination of cotton rats induces protection against respiratory syncytial virus without causing vaccine-enhanced disease. Virology 2016; 494:215-24. [PMID: 27123586 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) should confer protection without causing vaccine-enhanced disease. Here, using a cotton rat model, we investigated the protective efficacy and safety of an RSV combination vaccine composed of F-encoding plasmid DNA and virus-like particles containing RSV fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins (FFG-VLP). Cotton rats with FFG-VLP vaccination controlled lung viral replication below the detection limit, and effectively induced neutralizing activity and antibody-secreting cell responses. In comparison with formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) causing severe RSV disease after challenge, FFG-VLP vaccination did not cause weight loss, airway hyper-responsiveness, IL-4 cytokines, histopathology, and infiltrates of proinflammatory cells such as eosinophils. FFG-VLP was even more effective in preventing RSV-induced pulmonary inflammation than live RSV infections. This study provides evidence that FFG-VLP can be developed into a safe and effective RSV vaccine candidate.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Rats
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/pathology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/adverse effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
- Sigmodontinae
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Hwang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Soojin Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Young-Man Kwon
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youri Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeonggi-do, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyeonggi-do, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbukdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyoung Cho
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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49
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Antigenic Fingerprinting following Primary RSV Infection in Young Children Identifies Novel Antigenic Sites and Reveals Unlinked Evolution of Human Antibody Repertoires to Fusion and Attachment Glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005554. [PMID: 27100289 PMCID: PMC4839671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the major cause of pneumonia among infants. Here we elucidated the antibody repertoire following primary RSV infection and traced its evolution through adolescence and adulthood. Whole genome-fragment phage display libraries (GFPDL) expressing linear and conformational epitopes in the RSV fusion protein (F) and attachment protein (G) were used for unbiased epitope profiling of infant sera prior to and following RSV infection. F-GFPDL analyses demonstrated modest changes in the anti-F epitope repertoires post-RSV infection, while G-GFPDL analyses revealed 100-fold increase in number of bound phages. The G-reactive epitopes spanned the N- and C-terminus of the G ectodomain, along with increased reactivity to the central conserved domain (CCD). Panels of F and G antigenic sites were synthesized to evaluate sera from young children (<2 yr), adolescents (14–18 yr) and adults (30–45 yr) in SPR real-time kinetics assays. A steady increase in RSV-F epitope repertoires from young children to adults was observed using peptides and F proteins. Importantly, several novel epitopes were identified in pre-fusion F and an immunodominant epitope in the F-p27. In all age groups, antibody binding to pre-fusion F was 2–3 folds higher than to post-fusion form. For RSV-G, antibody responses were high following early RSV infection in children, but declined significantly in adults, using either G proteins or peptides. This study identified unlinked evolution of anti-F and anti G responses and supportive evidence for immune pressure driven evolution of RSV-G. These findings could help development of effective countermeasures including vaccines. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis among infants and children globally. In the United States, RSV infections lead to 57,000 hospitalizations among young children, especially in those less than one year old. Furthermore, despite the development of immunity following RSV infection during childhood, individuals remain susceptible to RSV upper respiratory tract reinfection. In the current study we explored the antibody repertoires following primary RSV infection and their evolution in adolescents and adults. Whole genome-fragment phage display libraries (GFPDL) expressing linear and conformational epitopes from RSV fusion protein (F) and attachment protein (G) were used for unbiased epitope profiling of sera prior to and following RSV infection. In addition, Plasmon Surface Resonance (SPR) was used to measure antibody binding to F and G peptides and proteins. A steady increase in RSV-F epitope repertoires from young children to adults was observed. Several novel epitopes were identified in pre-fusion F and an immunodominant epitope in F0-p27. For RSV-G, antibody responses were high following RSV infection in children, but declined in adults. This study identified unlinked evolution of anti-F and anti G responses that could help development of better RSV vaccines and therapies.
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50
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Michalik M, Djahanshiri B, Leo JC, Linke D. Reverse Vaccinology: The Pathway from Genomes and Epitope Predictions to Tailored Recombinant Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1403:87-106. [PMID: 27076126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3387-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review the computational approaches that have led to a new generation of vaccines in recent years. There are many alternative routes to develop vaccines based on the technology of reverse vaccinology. We focus here on bacterial infectious diseases, describing the general workflow from bioinformatic predictions of antigens and epitopes down to examples where such predictions have been used successfully for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Michalik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bardya Djahanshiri
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department for Applied Bioinformatics, Goethe-University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jack C Leo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Linke
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0371, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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