1
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Yang Y, Chen YZ, Xia T. Optimizing antigen selection for the development of tuberculosis vaccines. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100163. [PMID: 38572176 PMCID: PMC10987857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a prevalent global infectious disease caused by genetically closely related tubercle bacilli in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). For a century, the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been the primary preventive measure against TB. While it effectively protects against extrapulmonary forms of pediatric TB, it lacks consistent efficacy in providing protection against pulmonary TB in adults. Consequently, the exploration and development of novel TB vaccines, capable of providing broad protection to populations, have consistently constituted a prominent area of interest in medical research. This article presents a concise overview of the novel TB vaccines currently undergoing clinical trials, discussing their classification, protective efficacy, immunogenicity, advantages, and limitations. In vaccine development, the careful selection of antigens that can induce strong and diverse specific immune responses is essential. Therefore, we have summarized the molecular characteristics, biological function, immunogenicity, and relevant studies associated with the chosen antigens for TB vaccines. These insights gained from vaccines and immunogenic proteins will inform the development of novel mycobacterial vaccines, particularly mRNA vaccines, for effective TB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, 730046, China
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2
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Streicker DG, Griffiths ME, Antia R, Bergner L, Bowman P, de Moraes MVDS, Esvelt K, Famulare M, Gilbert A, He B, Jarvis MA, Kennedy DA, Kuzma J, Wanyonyi CN, Remien C, Rocke T, Rosenke K, Schreiner C, Sheen J, Simons D, Yordanova IA, Bull JJ, Nuismer SL. Developing transmissible vaccines for animal infections. Science 2024; 384:275-277. [PMID: 38669579 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically safe designs and a staged transparent development process will be essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rustom Antia
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Laura Bergner
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Peter Bowman
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | | | - Kevin Esvelt
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Mike Famulare
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Amy Gilbert
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Biao He
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | | | - David A Kennedy
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Jennifer Kuzma
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | | | | | - Tonie Rocke
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | | | - Justin Sheen
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - David Simons
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | | | - James J Bull
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
| | - Scott L Nuismer
- Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials
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3
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Poria R, Kala D, Nagraik R, Dhir Y, Dhir S, Singh B, Kaushik NK, Noorani MS, Kaushal A, Gupta S. Vaccine development: Current trends and technologies. Life Sci 2024; 336:122331. [PMID: 38070863 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of vaccination in reducing or eradicating diseases caused by pathogens, there remain certain diseases and emerging infections for which developing effective vaccines is inherently challenging. Additionally, developing vaccines for individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions presents significant difficulties. As well as traditional vaccine different methods such as inactivated or live attenuated vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and subunit vaccines, emerging non-viral vaccine technologies, including viral-like particle and nanoparticle vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, and rational vaccine design, offer new strategies to address the existing challenges in vaccine development. These advancements have also greatly enhanced our understanding of vaccine immunology, which will guide future vaccine development for a broad range of diseases, including rapidly emerging infectious diseases like COVID-19 and diseases that have historically proven resistant to vaccination. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of emerging non-viral vaccine production methods and their application in addressing the fundamental and current challenges in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Poria
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India
| | - Deepak Kala
- Centera Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rupak Nagraik
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Yashika Dhir
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India
| | - Sunny Dhir
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India
| | - Bharat Singh
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Kaushik
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Salik Noorani
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ankur Kaushal
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India.
| | - Shagun Gupta
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be) University, Mullana, Ambala 134003, India.
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4
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Dutta SK, Langenburg T. A Perspective on Current Flavivirus Vaccine Development: A Brief Review. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040860. [PMID: 37112840 PMCID: PMC10142581 DOI: 10.3390/v15040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavivirus genus contains several clinically important pathogens that account for tremendous global suffering. Primarily transmitted by mosquitos or ticks, these viruses can cause severe and potentially fatal diseases ranging from hemorrhagic fevers to encephalitis. The extensive global burden is predominantly caused by six flaviviruses: dengue, Zika, West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis. Several vaccines have been developed, and many more are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, flavivirus vaccine development is still confronted with many shortcomings and challenges. With the use of the existing literature, we have studied these hurdles as well as the signs of progress made in flavivirus vaccinology in the context of future development strategies. Moreover, all current licensed and phase-trial flavivirus vaccines have been gathered and discussed based on their vaccine type. Furthermore, potentially relevant vaccine types without any candidates in clinical testing are explored in this review as well. Over the past decades, several modern vaccine types have expanded the field of vaccinology, potentially providing alternative solutions for flavivirus vaccines. These vaccine types offer different development strategies as opposed to traditional vaccines. The included vaccine types were live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, VLPs, viral vector-based, epitope-based, DNA and mRNA vaccines. Each vaccine type offers different advantages, some more suitable for flaviviruses than others. Additional studies are needed to overcome the barriers currently faced by flavivirus vaccine development, but many potential solutions are currently being explored.
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5
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Hossaini Alhashemi S, Ahmadi F, Dehshahri A. Lessons learned from COVID-19 pandemic: Vaccine platform is a key player. Process Biochem 2023; 124:269-279. [PMID: 36514356 PMCID: PMC9731819 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and emergence of COVID-19 resulted in the development of different vaccines based on various platforms to combat the disease. While the conventional platforms of inactivated/live attenuated, subunit proteins and virus-like particles (VLPs) have provided efficient and safe vaccines, novel platforms of viral vector- and nucleic acid-based vaccines opened up new horizons for vaccine development. The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic showed that the availability of platforms with high possibility of quick translation from bench to bedside is a prerequisite step in vaccine development in pandemics. Moreover, parallel development of different platforms as well as considering the shipping, storage condition, distribution infrastructure and route of administration are key players for successful and robust response. This review highlights the lessons learned from the current COVID-19 pandemic in terms of vaccine development to provide quick response to future outbreaks of infectious diseases and the importance of vaccine platform in its storage condition and shipping. Finally, the potential application of current COVID-19 vaccine platforms in the treatment of non-infectious diseases has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence to: School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence to: School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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6
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Kumar S, Basu M, Ghosh P, Ansari A, Ghosh MK. COVID-19: Clinical status of vaccine development to date. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 89:114-149. [PMID: 36184710 PMCID: PMC9538545 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced COVID-19 is a complicated disease. Clinicians are continuously facing difficulties to treat infected patients using the principle of repurposing of drugs as no specific drugs are available to treat COVID-19. To minimize the severity and mortality, global vaccination is the only hope as a potential preventive measure. After a year-long global research and clinical struggle, 165 vaccine candidates have been developed and some are currently still in the pipeline. A total of 28 candidate vaccines have been approved for use and the remainder are in different phases of clinical trials. In this comprehensive report, the authors aim to demonstrate, classify and provide up-to-date clinical trial status of all the vaccines discovered to date and specifically focus on the approved candidates. Finally, the authors specifically focused on the vaccination of different types of medically distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of MicrobiologyDhruba Chand Halder CollegeIndia
| | - Pratyasha Ghosh
- Department of Economics, Bethune CollegeUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
| | - Aafreen Ansari
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
| | - Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
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7
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Lu L, Fang T, Pang T, Chen Z, Cheng L, Ma D, Xi Z. The potential application of branch-PCR assembled PTEN gene nanovector in lung cancer gene therapy. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200387. [PMID: 36073901 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy offers an alternative and promising avenue to lung cancer treatment. Here, we used dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-branched primers to construct a kind of PTEN gene nanovector (NP-PTEN) through branch-PCR. NP-PTEN showed the nanoscale structure with the biocompatible size (84.7 ± 11.2 nm) and retained the improved serum stability compared to linear DNA. When transfected into NCI-H1299 cancer cells, NP-PTEN could overexpress PTEN protein to restore PTEN function through the deactivation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis. The apoptosis rate of NCI-H1299 cancer cells could reach up to 54.5% ± 4.6% when the transfection concentration of NP-PTEN was 4.0 μg/mL. In mice bearing NCI-H1299 tumor xenograft intratumorally administrated with NP-PTEN, the average tumor volume and tumor weight was separately reduced by 61.7% and 63.9% compared with the PBS group on the 18 th day of administration. The anticancer efficacy of NP-PTEN in NCI-H1299 tumor xenograft suggested the promising therapeutic potential of this branch-PCR assembled PTEN gene nanovectors in lung cancer gene therapy and also provided more opportunities to introduce two or more tumor suppressor genes as the all-in-one gene nanovectors for multiple gene-based cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Lu
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, CHINA
| | - Tian Fang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, CHINA
| | - Tuo Pang
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, CHINA
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, CHINA
| | - Longhuai Cheng
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, CHINA
| | - Dejun Ma
- Nankai University College of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, CHINA
| | - Zhen Xi
- Nankai University, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Bi, 94 weijin road, 300071, Tianjin, CHINA
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8
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Ju JH, Lee N, Kim SH, Chang S, Yang M, Shin J, Lee E, Sung S, Kim JH, Hong JT, Oh HJ. Points to consider for COVID-19 vaccine quality control and national lot release in Republic of Korea: focus on a viral vector platform. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:4-14. [PMID: 35255674 PMCID: PMC8907614 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the global public health crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the importance of vaccine development has increased. In particular, a rapid supply of vaccines and prompt deployment of vaccination programs are essential to prevent and overcome the spread of COVID-19. As a part of the vaccine regulations, national lot release is regulated by the responsible authorities, and this process involves the assessment of the lot before a vaccine is marketed. A lot can be released for use when both summary protocol (SP) review and quality control testing are complete. Accelerated lot release is required to distribute COVID-19 vaccines in a timely manner. In order to expedite the process by simultaneously undertaking the verification of quality assessment and application for approval, it is necessary to prepare the test methods before marketing authorization. With the prolonged pandemic and controversies regarding the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine against new variants, public interest for the development of a new vaccine are increasing. Domestic developers have raised the need to establish standard guidance on the requirements for developing COVID-19 vaccine. This paper presents considerations for quality control in the manufacturing process, test items, and SP content of viral vector vaccines.
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9
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Montano D. Frequency and Associations of Adverse Reactions of COVID-19 Vaccines Reported to Pharmacovigilance Systems in the European Union and the United States. Front Public Health 2022; 9:756633. [PMID: 35186864 PMCID: PMC8850379 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.756633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThis study aims to provide a risk assessment of the adverse reactions related to the COVID-19 vaccines manufactured by AstraZeneca, Janssen, Moderna, and Pfizer-BioNTech which have been in use in the European Union and the United States between December 2020 and October 2021.MethodsData from the European Database of Suspected Adverse Drug Reaction (EudraVigilance) and the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) from 2020 to October 2021 are analysed. More than 7.8 million adverse reactions of about 1.6 million persons are included. The adverse reactions are classified with the Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) categories. COVID-19 vaccine exposures and adverse reactions reported between December 2020 and October 2021 are compared to influenza vaccine exposures and adverse reactions reported between 2020 and 2021. The population-level vaccine exposures to COVID-19 and influenza vaccines comprised about 451 million and 437 million exposures, respectively. Absolute and relative risk estimates are calculated by CTC categories and COVID-19 vaccines for the EU and US populations aged 18 years and older.ResultsA higher risk of reporting serious adverse reactions was observed for the COVID-19 vaccines in comparison to the influenza vaccines. Individuals age 65 and older were associated with a higher frequency of death, hospitalisations, and life-threatening reactions than younger individuals (relative risk estimates between 1.49 99% CI [1.44–1.55] and 8.61 99% CI [8.02–9.23]). Outcome onset of serious adverse reactions occurred within the first 7 days after vaccination in about 77.6–89.1% of cases. The largest absolute risks were observed for allergic, constitutional reactions, dermatological, gastrointestinal, neurological reactions, and localised and non-localised pain. The largest relative risks between COVID-19 vs. influenza vaccines were observed for allergic reactions, arrhythmia, general cardiovascular events, coagulation, haemorrhages, gastrointestinal, ocular, sexual organs reactions, and thrombosis.ConclusionThe present study provides an overview of adverse reactions frequently reported to the pharmacovigilance systems following COVID-19 vaccination in the EU and US populations. Despite the limitations of passive reporting systems, these results may inform further clinical research investigating in more detail the pathophysiological mechanisms potentially associated with the COVID-19 vaccines.
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10
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Wei SC, Hsu WT, Chiu CH, Chang FY, Lo HR, Liao CY, Yang HI, Chou YC, Tsai CH, Chao YC. An Integrated Platform for Serological Detection and Vaccination of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 12:771011. [PMID: 35003088 PMCID: PMC8734241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic. Detection and vaccination are essential for disease control, but they are distinct and complex operations that require significant improvements. Here, we developed an integrated detection and vaccination system to greatly simplify these efforts. We constructed recombinant baculoviruses to separately display the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Insect cells infected by the recombinant baculoviruses were used to generate a cell-based system to accurately detect patient serum. Notably, although well-recognized by our newly developed detection system in which S-displaying insect cells acted as antigen, anti-S antibodies from many patients were barely detectable by Western blot, evidencing that COVID-19 patients primarily produce conformation-dependent anti-S antibodies. Furthermore, the same baculovirus constructs can display N (N-Bac) or S (S-Bac) on the baculovirus envelope and serve as vector vaccines. Animal experiments show that S-Bac or N-Bac immunization in mice elicited a strong and specific antibody response, and S-Bac in particular stimulated effective neutralizing antibodies without the need for adjuvant. Our integrated system maintains antigen conformation and membrane structure to facilitate serum detection and antibody stimulation. Thus, compared with currently available technologies, our system represents a simplified and efficient platform for better SARS-CoV-2 detection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Chan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Chiu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yee Chang
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ru Lo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yu Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-I Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chou
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Nature Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Verdecia M, Kokai-Kun JF, Kibbey M, Acharya S, Venema J, Atouf F. COVID-19 vaccine platforms: Delivering on a promise? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2873-2893. [PMID: 34033528 PMCID: PMC8381795 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1911204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the novel SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has brought into sharp focus the need for a vaccine to prevent this disease. Vaccines have saved millions of lives since their introduction to the public over 200 years ago. The potential for vaccination reached new heights in the mid-20th century with the development of technologies that expanded the ability to create novel vaccines. Since then, there has been continued technological advancement in vaccine development. The resulting platforms provide the promise for solutions for many infectious diseases, including those that have been with us for decades as well as those just now emerging. Each vaccine platform represents a different technology with a unique set of advantages and challenges, especially when considering manufacturing. Therefore, it is essential to understand each platform as a separate product and process with its specific quality considerations. This review outlines the relevant platforms for developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Verdecia
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Maura Kibbey
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sarita Acharya
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jaap Venema
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Fouad Atouf
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
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12
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Zuber PLF, Gruber M, Kaslow DC, Chen RT, Giersing BK, Friede MH. Evolving pharmacovigilance requirements with novel vaccines and vaccine components. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:bmjgh-2020-003403. [PMID: 34011500 PMCID: PMC8137242 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper explores the pipeline of new and upcoming vaccines as it relates to monitoring their safety. Compared with most currently available vaccines, that are constituted of live attenuated organisms or inactive products, future vaccines will also be based on new technologies. Several products that include such technologies are either already licensed or at an advanced stage of clinical development. Those include viral vectors, genetically attenuated live organisms, nucleic acid vaccines, novel adjuvants, increased number of antigens present in a single vaccine, novel mode of vaccine administration and thermostabilisation. The Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) monitors novel vaccines, from the time they become available for large scale use. GACVS maintains their safety profile as evidence emerges from post-licensure surveillance and observational studies. Vaccines and vaccine formulations produced with novel technologies will have different safety profiles that will require adapting pharmacovigilance approaches. For example, GACVS now considers viral vector templates developed on the model proposed by Brighton Collaboration. The characteristics of those novel products will also have implications for the risk management plans (RMPs). Questions related to the duration of active monitoring for genetic material, presence of adventitious agents more easily detected with enhanced biological screening, or physiological mechanisms of novel adjuvants are all considerations that will belong to the preparation of RMPs. In addition to assessing those novel products and advising experts, GACVS will also consider how to more broadly communicate about risk assessment, so vaccine users can also benefit from the committee’s advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L F Zuber
- Access to Medicines and Health Products Division, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marion Gruber
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drugs Administration, Silver Spring, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Robert T Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Brigitte K Giersing
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martin H Friede
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Sun C, Chen XC, Kang YF, Zeng MS. The Status and Prospects of Epstein-Barr Virus Prophylactic Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:677027. [PMID: 34168649 PMCID: PMC8218244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.677027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that is common among the global population, causing an enormous disease burden. EBV can directly cause infectious mononucleosis and is also associated with various malignancies and autoimmune diseases. In order to prevent primary infection and subsequent chronic disease, efforts have been made to develop a prophylactic vaccine against EBV in recent years, but there is still no vaccine in clinical use. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global cooperation in vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 provide insights for next-generation antiviral vaccine design and opportunities for developing an effective prophylactic EBV vaccine. With improvements in antigen selection, vaccine platforms, formulation and evaluation systems, novel vaccines against EBV are expected to elicit dual protection against infection of both B lymphocytes and epithelial cells. This would provide sustainable immunity against EBV-associated malignancies, finally enabling the control of worldwide EBV infection and management of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Damase TR, Sukhovershin R, Boada C, Taraballi F, Pettigrew RI, Cooke JP. The Limitless Future of RNA Therapeutics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:628137. [PMID: 33816449 PMCID: PMC8012680 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.628137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the generation, purification and cellular delivery of RNA have enabled development of RNA-based therapeutics for a broad array of applications. RNA therapeutics comprise a rapidly expanding category of drugs that will change the standard of care for many diseases and actualize personalized medicine. These drugs are cost effective, relatively simple to manufacture, and can target previously undruggable pathways. It is a disruptive therapeutic technology, as small biotech startups, as well as academic groups, can rapidly develop new and personalized RNA constructs. In this review we discuss general concepts of different classes of RNA-based therapeutics, including antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers, small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, and messenger RNA. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the RNA-based therapies that are currently being evaluated in clinical trials or have already received regulatory approval. The challenges and advantages associated with use of RNA-based drugs are also discussed along with various approaches for RNA delivery. In addition, we introduce a new concept of hospital-based RNA therapeutics and share our experience with establishing such a platform at Houston Methodist Hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulsi Ram Damase
- RNA Therapeutics Program, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roman Sukhovershin
- RNA Therapeutics Program, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christian Boada
- Colleges of Medicine, Engineering, Texas A&M University and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Roderic I. Pettigrew
- Colleges of Medicine, Engineering, Texas A&M University and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John P. Cooke
- RNA Therapeutics Program, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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Mathew S, Faheem M, Hassain NA, Benslimane FM, Al Thani AA, Zaraket H, Yassine HM. Platforms Exploited for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:11. [PMID: 33375677 PMCID: PMC7824029 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the only zoonotic-origin coronavirus (CoV) that has reached the pandemic stage. The virus uses its spike (S) glycoprotein to attach to the host cells and initiate a cascade of events that leads to infection. It has sternly affected public health, economy, education, and social behavior around the world. Several scientific and medical communities have mounted concerted efforts to limit this pandemic and the subsequent wave of viral spread by developing preventative and potential vaccines. So far, no medicine or vaccine has been approved to prevent or treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review describes the latest advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for humans, mainly focusing on the lead candidates in clinical trials. Moreover, we seek to provide both the advantages and the disadvantages of the leading platforms used in current vaccine development, based on past vaccine delivery efforts for non-SARS CoV-2 infections. We also highlight the population groups who should receive a vaccine against COVID-19 in a timely manner to eradicate the pandemic rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Mathew
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2173, Qatar; (S.M.); (F.M.B.); (A.A.A.T.)
| | - Muhammed Faheem
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada;
| | - Neeraja A. Hassain
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tamil Nadu 620020, India;
| | - Fatiha M. Benslimane
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2173, Qatar; (S.M.); (F.M.B.); (A.A.A.T.)
| | - Asmaa A. Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2173, Qatar; (S.M.); (F.M.B.); (A.A.A.T.)
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2173, Qatar
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon;
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2173, Qatar; (S.M.); (F.M.B.); (A.A.A.T.)
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2173, Qatar
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16
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Tell JG, Coller BAG, Dubey SA, Jenal U, Lapps W, Wang L, Wolf J. Environmental Risk Assessment for rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP, a Genetically Modified Live Vaccine for Ebola Virus Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040779. [PMID: 33352786 PMCID: PMC7767225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP is a live, attenuated, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease caused by Zaire ebolavirus. As a replication-competent genetically modified organism, rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP underwent various environmental evaluations prior to approval, the most in-depth being the environmental risk assessment (ERA) required by the European Medicines Agency. This ERA, as well as the underlying methodology used to arrive at a sound conclusion about the environmental risks of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP, are described in this review. Clinical data from vaccinated adults demonstrated only infrequent, low-level shedding and transient, low-level viremia, indicating a low person-to-person infection risk. Animal data suggest that it is highly unlikely that vaccinated individuals would infect animals with recombinant virus vaccine or that rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP would spread within animal populations. Preclinical studies in various hematophagous insect vectors showed that these species were unable to transmit rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP. Pathogenicity risk in humans and animals was found to be low, based on clinical and preclinical data. The overall risk for non-vaccinated individuals and the environment is thus negligible and can be minimized further through defined mitigation strategies. This ERA and the experience gained are relevant to developing other rVSV-based vaccines, including candidates under investigation for prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan G. Tell
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Beth-Ann G. Coller
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Sheri A. Dubey
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Ursula Jenal
- Jenal & Partners Biosafety Consulting, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland;
| | - William Lapps
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Liman Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jayanthi Wolf
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (B.-A.G.C.); (S.A.D.); (W.L.); (L.W.); (J.W.)
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17
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Chauhan N, Soni S, Gupta A, Aslam M, Jain U. Interpretative immune targets and contemporary position for vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review. J Med Virol 2020; 93:1967-1982. [PMID: 33270225 PMCID: PMC7753271 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The year 2020 started with the emergence of novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which causes COVID‐19 infection. Soon after the first evidence was reported in Wuhan, China, the World Health Organization declared global public health emergency and imminent need to understand the pathogenicity of the virus was required in limited time. Once the genome sequence of the virus was delineated, scientists across the world started working on the development of vaccines. Although, some laboratories have been using previously developed vaccine platforms from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome‐related coronavirus and apply them in COVID‐19 vaccines due to genetic similarities between coronaviruses. We have conducted a literature review to assess the background and current status of COVID‐19 vaccines. The worldwide implementation and strategies for COVID‐19 vaccine development are summarized from studies reported in years 2015–2020. While discussing the vaccine candidates, we have also explained interpretative immune responses of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. There are several vaccine candidates at preclinical and clinical stages; however, only 42 vaccines are under clinical trials. Therefore, more industry collaborations and financial supports to COVID‐19 studies are needed for mass‐scale vaccine development. To develop effective vaccine platforms against SARS‐CoV‐2, the genetic resemblance with other coronaviruses are being evaluated which may further promote fast‐track trials on previously developed SARS‐CoV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Shringika Soni
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Abhinandan Gupta
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Mohammad Aslam
- Rahat Hospital and Research Centre, Noor Mahal, AVAS Vikas, Rampur, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology (AINT), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
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18
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Xiao Y, Xu H, Guo W, Zhao Y, Luo Y, Wang M, He Z, Ding Z, Liu J, Deng L, Sha F, Ma X. Update on treatment and preventive interventions against COVID-19: an overview of potential pharmacological agents and vaccines. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:16. [PMID: 34765999 PMCID: PMC7711057 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered by the new member of the coronaviridae family, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an unprecedented challenge for global health. In addition to mild to moderate clinical manifestations such as fever, cough, and fatigue, severe cases often developed lethal complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury. Given the alarming rate of infection and increasing trend of mortality, the development of underlying therapeutic and preventive treatment, as well as the verification of its effectiveness, are the top priorities. Current research mainly referred to and evaluated the application of the empirical treatment based on two precedents, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), including antiviral drugs targeting different stages of virus replication, immunotherapy modulating the overactivated inflammation response, and other therapies such as herbal medicine and mesenchymal stem cells. Besides, the ongoing development of inventing prophylactic interventions such as various vaccines by companies and institutions worldwide is crucial to decline morbidity and mortality. This review mainly focused on promising candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 and collected recently updated evidence relevant to its feasibility in clinical practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Xiao
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Hanyue Xu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Wen Guo
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yunuo Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yuling Luo
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ming Wang
- Infectious Diseases Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Zhiyao He
- Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Zhenyu Ding
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Lei Deng
- Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10465 USA
| | - Fushen Sha
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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19
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Chen RT, Kochhar S, Condit R. The Brighton Collaboration standardized templates for collection of key information for benefit-risk assessment of vaccines by technology (BRAVATO; formerly V3SWG). Vaccine 2020; 39:3050-3052. [PMID: 33168344 PMCID: PMC7647903 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, A Program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Sonali Kochhar
- Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard Condit
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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20
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Brisse M, Vrba SM, Kirk N, Liang Y, Ly H. Emerging Concepts and Technologies in Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583077. [PMID: 33101309 PMCID: PMC7554600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of vaccination to greatly mitigate or eliminate threat of diseases caused by pathogens, there are still known diseases and emerging pathogens for which the development of successful vaccines against them is inherently difficult. In addition, vaccine development for people with compromised immunity and other pre-existing medical conditions has remained a major challenge. Besides the traditional inactivated or live attenuated, virus-vectored and subunit vaccines, emerging non-viral vaccine technologies, such as viral-like particle and nanoparticle vaccines, DNA/RNA vaccines, and rational vaccine design, offer innovative approaches to address existing challenges of vaccine development. They have also significantly advanced our understanding of vaccine immunology and can guide future vaccine development for many diseases, including rapidly emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, and diseases that have not traditionally been addressed by vaccination, such as cancers and substance abuse. This review provides an integrative discussion of new non-viral vaccine development technologies and their use to address the most fundamental and ongoing challenges of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Sophia M. Vrba
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Natalie Kirk
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Comparative Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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21
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Leite Pereira A, Jouhault Q, Marcos Lopez E, Cosma A, Lambotte O, Le Grand R, Lehmann MH, Tchitchek N. Modulation of Cell Surface Receptor Expression by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara in Leukocytes of Healthy and HIV-Infected Individuals. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2096. [PMID: 33013882 PMCID: PMC7506042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are increasingly used as delivery means to induce a specific immunity in humans and animals. However, they also impact the immune system, and it depends on the given context whether this is beneficial or not. The attenuated vaccinia virus strain modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has been used as a viral vector in clinical studies intended to treat and prevent cancer and infectious diseases. The adjuvant property of MVA is thought to be due to its capability to stimulate innate immunity. Here, we confirmed that MVA induces interleukin-8 (IL-8), and this chemokine was upregulated significantly more in monocytes and HLA-DRbright dendritic cells (DCs) of HIV-infected patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) than in cells of healthy persons. The effect of MVA on cell surface receptors is mostly unknown. Using mass cytometry profiling, we investigated the expression of 17 cell surface receptors in leukocytes after ex vivo infection of human whole-blood samples with MVA. We found that MVA downregulates most of the characteristic cell surface markers in particular types of leukocytes. In contrast, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) was significantly upregulated in each leukocyte type of healthy persons. Additionally, we detected a relative higher cell surface expression of the HIV-1 co-receptors C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CXCR4 in leukocytes of HIV-ART patients than in healthy persons. Importantly, we showed that MVA infection significantly downregulated CCR5 in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and three different DC populations. CD86, a costimulatory molecule for T cells, was significantly upregulated in HLA-DRbright DCs after MVA infection of whole blood from HIV-ART patients. However, MVA was unable to downregulate cell surface expression of CD11b and CD32 in monocytes and neutrophils of HIV-ART patients to the same extent as in monocytes and neutrophils of healthy persons. In summary, MVA modulates the expression of many different kinds of cell surface receptors in leukocytes, which can vary in cells originating from persons previously infected with other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Leite Pereira
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Quentin Jouhault
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ernesto Marcos Lopez
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Antonio Cosma
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,APHP, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Michael H Lehmann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Infrastructure, CEA-Université Paris Sud 11, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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22
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Monath TP, Kortekaas J, Watts DM, Christofferson RC, Desiree LaBeaud A, Gowen B, Peters CJ, Smith DR, Swanepoel R, Morrill JC, Ksiazek TG, Pittman PR, Bird BH, Bettinger G. Theoretical risk of genetic reassortment should not impede development of live, attenuated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccines commentary on the draft WHO RVF Target Product Profile. Vaccine X 2020; 5:100060. [PMID: 32337506 PMCID: PMC7176985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
WHO published draft Target Product Profiles (TPPs) for Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) vaccines. The TPPs contain restrictive requirements aimed at reducing the risk of genetic reassortment. We find no evidence for reassortment despite use of live RVFV vaccines. If genetic reassortment occurred with wild-type RVFV it would be of no consequence. The hypothetical risks of reassortment do not outweigh the benefits of vaccination
In November 2019, The World Health Organization (WHO) issued a draft set of Target Product Profiles (TPPs) describing optimal and minimally acceptable targets for vaccines against Rift Valley fever (RVF), a Phlebovirus with a three segmented genome, in both humans and ruminants. The TPPs contained rigid requirements to protect against genomic reassortment of live, attenuated vaccines (LAVs) with wild-type RVF virus (RVFV), which place undue constraints on development and regulatory approval of LAVs. We review the current LAVs in use and in development, and conclude that there is no evidence that reassortment between LAVs and wild-type RVFV has occurred during field use, that such a reassortment event if it occurred would have no untoward consequence, and that the TPPs should be revised to provide a more balanced assessment of the benefits versus the theoretical risks of reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Monath
- Managing Partner and Chief Scientific Officer, Crozet BioPharma LLC, Devens, MA, USA
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Professor of Veterinary Arbovirology, Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas M Watts
- Executive Director of Vet Services, and Director of Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory and Co-Director of BBRC Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca C Christofferson
- Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Angelle Desiree LaBeaud
- Professor of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Stanford University School of Medicine, Senior Fellow at the Woods Institute for the Environment and Professor of Health Research and Policy (Epidemiology) at the Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Clarence J Peters
- Professor (Emeritus) Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology Director (Emeritus) for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Darci R Smith
- Immunodiagnostics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - John C Morrill
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas G Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Phillip R Pittman
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brian H Bird
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,University of California, Davis, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis 956164, CA, USA
| | - George Bettinger
- USAID Rift Valley Fever Vaccine Project at The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
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23
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Sakurai A, Ogawa T, Matsumoto J, Kihira T, Fukushima S, Miyata I, Shimizu H, Itamura S, Ouchi K, Hamada A, Tani K, Okabe N, Yamaguchi T. Regulatory aspects of quality and safety for live recombinant viral vaccines against infectious diseases in Japan. Vaccine 2019; 37:6573-6579. [PMID: 31506194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant viral vaccines expressing antigens of pathogenic microbes (e.g., HIV, Ebola virus, and malaria) have been designed to overcome the insufficient immune responses induced by the conventional vaccines. Our knowledge of and clinical experience with the new recombinant viral vaccines are insufficient, and a clear regulatory pathway is needed for the further development and evaluation of recombinant viral vaccines. In 2018, the research group supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan (MHLW) published a concept paper to address the development of recombinant viral vaccines against infectious diseases. Herein we summarize the concept paper-which explains the Japanese regulatory concerns about recombinant viral vaccines-and provide a focus of discussion about the development of recombinant viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sakurai
- Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg., 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg., 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
| | - Jun Matsumoto
- Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg., 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
| | - Tetsunari Kihira
- Office of Vaccines and Blood Products, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Shin-Kasumigaseki Bldg., 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan.
| | - Shinji Fukushima
- Travellers' Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Ippei Miyata
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-Shi, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Shimizu
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Life Science and Environment (LiSE) Research Center 2F, 3-25-13 Tono-Machi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-City, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Shigeyuki Itamura
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-Shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kazunobu Ouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-Shi, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Atsuro Hamada
- Travellers' Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Life Science and Environment (LiSE) Research Center 2F, 3-25-13 Tono-Machi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki-City, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Teruhide Yamaguchi
- Divison of Pharmacology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.
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Bull JJ, Nuismer SL, Antia R. Recombinant vector vaccine evolution. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006857. [PMID: 31323032 PMCID: PMC6668849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicating recombinant vector vaccines consist of a fully competent viral vector backbone engineered to express an antigen from a foreign transgene. From the perspective of viral replication, the transgene is not only dispensable but may even be detrimental. Thus vaccine revertants that delete or inactivate the transgene may evolve to dominate the vaccine virus population both during the process of manufacture of the vaccine as well as during the course of host infection. A particular concern is that this vaccine evolution could reduce its antigenicity—the immunity elicited to the transgene. We use mathematical and computational models to study vaccine evolution and immunity. These models include evolution arising during the process of manufacture, the dynamics of vaccine and revertant growth, plus innate and adaptive immunity elicited during the course of infection. Although the selective basis of vaccine evolution is easy to comprehend, the immunological consequences are not. One complication is that the opportunity for vaccine evolution is limited by the short period of within-host growth before the viral population is cleared. Even less obvious, revertant growth may only weakly interfere with vaccine growth in the host and thus have a limited effect on immunity to vaccine. Overall, we find that within-host vaccine evolution can sometimes compromise vaccine immunity, but only when the extent of evolution during vaccine manufacture is severe, and this evolution can be easily avoided or mitigated. Recombinant vector vaccines are live replicating viruses that are engineered to carry extra genes derived from a pathogen—and these extra genes produce proteins against which we want to generate immunity. These vaccine genomes may evolve to lose the extra genes during the process of manufacture of the vaccine or during replication within an individual, and there is a concern that this evolution might severely limit the vaccine’s efficacy. The dynamics of this process are studied here with mathematical models. The potential for vaccine evolution within the host is somewhat limited by the short-term growth of the vaccine population before it is suppressed by the immune response. We find that evolution is a problem only when the process of manufacture results in the majority of the vaccine virus being revertant. We show that increasing the vaccine inoculum size or reducing the level of revertant in the vaccine inoculum can largely avoid the loss of immunity arising from evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Bull
- Department Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott L. Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Altanta, Georgia, United States of America
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25
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Arsenović-Ranin N. New vaccines on the horizon. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm1906385a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Kochhar S, Excler JL, Bok K, Gurwith M, McNeil MM, Seligman SJ, Khuri-Bulos N, Klug B, Laderoute M, Robertson JS, Singh V, Chen RT. Defining the interval for monitoring potential adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) after receipt of live viral vectored vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 37:5796-5802. [PMID: 30497831 PMCID: PMC6535369 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Live viral vectors that express heterologous antigens of the target pathogen are being investigated in the development of novel vaccines against serious infectious agents like HIV and Ebola. As some live recombinant vectored vaccines may be replication-competent, a key challenge is defining the length of time for monitoring potential adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in clinical trials and epidemiologic studies. This time period must be chosen with care and based on considerations of pre-clinical and clinical trials data, biological plausibility and practical feasibility. The available options include: (1) adapting from the current relevant regulatory guidelines; (2) convening a panel of experts to review the evidence from a systematic literature search to narrow down a list of likely potential or known AEFI and establish the optimal risk window(s); and (3) conducting "near real-time" prospective monitoring for unknown clustering's of AEFI in validated large linked vaccine safety databases using Rapid Cycle Analysis for pre-specified adverse events of special interest (AESI) and Treescan to identify previously unsuspected outcomes. The risk window established by any of these options could be used along with (4) establishing a registry of clinically validated pre-specified AESI to include in case-control studies. Depending on the infrastructure, human resources and databases available in different countries, the appropriate option or combination of options can be determined by regulatory agencies and investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Kochhar
- Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India; Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Karin Bok
- National Vaccine Program Office, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Michael M McNeil
- Immunization Safety Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen J Seligman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, NY, USA; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Najwa Khuri-Bulos
- Division of Infectious Disease, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bettina Klug
- Division Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - James S Robertson
- Independent Adviser (formerly of National Institute for Biological Standards and Control), Potters Bar, UK
| | - Vidisha Singh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), USA
| | - Robert T Chen
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.
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27
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Rauch S, Jasny E, Schmidt KE, Petsch B. New Vaccine Technologies to Combat Outbreak Situations. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1963. [PMID: 30283434 PMCID: PMC6156540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the development of the first vaccine more than 200 years ago, vaccinations have greatly decreased the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, famously leading to the eradication of small pox and allowing the restriction of diseases such as polio, tetanus, diphtheria, and measles. A multitude of research efforts focuses on the improvement of established and the discovery of new vaccines such as the HPV (human papilloma virus) vaccine in 2006. However, radical changes in the density, age distribution and traveling habits of the population worldwide as well as the changing climate favor the emergence of old and new pathogens that bear the risk of becoming pandemic threats. In recent years, the rapid spread of severe infections such as HIV, SARS, Ebola, and Zika have highlighted the dire need for global preparedness for pandemics, which necessitates the extremely rapid development and comprehensive distribution of vaccines against potentially previously unknown pathogens. What is more, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria calls for new approaches to prevent infections. Given these changes, established methods for the identification of new vaccine candidates are no longer sufficient to ensure global protection. Hence, new vaccine technologies able to achieve rapid development as well as large scale production are of pivotal importance. This review will discuss viral vector and nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA and mRNA vaccines) as new approaches that might be able to tackle these challenges to global health.
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28
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Gong W, Liang Y, Wu X. The current status, challenges, and future developments of new tuberculosis vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1697-1716. [PMID: 29601253 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1458806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex causes tuberculosis (TB), one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. TB results in more fatalities than multi-drug resistant (MDR) HIV strain related coinfection. Vaccines play a key role in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, the only licensed preventive vaccine against TB, bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), is ineffective for prevention of pulmonary TB in adults. Therefore, it is very important to develop novel vaccines for TB prevention and control. This literature review provides an overview of the innate and adaptive immune response during M. tuberculosis infection, and presents current developments and challenges to novel TB vaccines. A comprehensive understanding of vaccines in preclinical and clinical studies provides extensive insight for the development of safer and more efficient vaccines, and may inspire new ideas for TB prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Yan Liang
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- a Army Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute for Tuberculosis Research , Haidian District, Beijing , China
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