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Robinson E, Sawhney S, Cortina-Borja M, David AL, Smith CM, Smyth RL. Neutrophil responses to RSV infection show differences between infant and adult neutrophils. Thorax 2024; 79:545-552. [PMID: 38050163 PMCID: PMC11137455 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2023-220081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a severe respiratory condition, bronchiolitis, in infants but not in adults. Bronchiolitis is characterised by neutrophilic infiltration in the airways, but whether neutrophils enhance recovery from infection or contribute to its pathology remains unknown. METHODS We used a novel in-vitro model to compare term umbilical cord blood (infant) (n=17 donors) and adult neutrophils (n=15 donors) during migration across RSV-infected differentiated human nasal airway epithelial cells (AECs) in a basolateral to apical direction. RESULTS Greater numbers of infant neutrophils (mean (95% CI)) (336 684 (242 352 to 431 015)) migrated across RSV-infected AECs to the apical compartment (equivalent to the airway lumen) compared with adult neutrophils (56 586 (24 954 to 88 218)) (p<0.0001). Having reached the apical compartment of infected AECs, much greater numbers of infant neutrophils (140 787 (103 117 to 178 456)) became apoptotic compared with adult (5853 (444 to 11 261)) (p=0.002). Infant neutrophils displayed much greater expression of CD11b, CD64, neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) than adult neutrophils at baseline and at all points of migration. However, as adult neutrophils migrated, expression of CD11b, CD64, NE and MPO became greater than at baseline. DISCUSSION The high proportion of infant neutrophils migrating across RSV-infected AECs correlates with the neutrophilic infiltrate seen in infants with severe RSV bronchiolitis, with large numbers undergoing apoptosis, which may represent a protective mechanism during infection. Compared with adult neutrophils, infant neutrophils already have high expression of surface markers before contact with AECs or migration, with less capacity to increase further in response to RSV infection or migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyam Sawhney
- School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anna L David
- UCL Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Institute of Women's Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Claire M Smith
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Rosalind L Smyth
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
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2
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Brunet J, Choucha Z, Gransagne M, Tabbal H, Ku MW, Buchrieser J, Fernandes P, Batalie D, Lopez J, Ma L, Dufour E, Simon E, Hardy D, Petres S, Guinet F, Strick-Marchand H, Monot M, Charneau P, Majlessi L, Duprex WP, Gerke C, Martin A, Escriou N. A measles-vectored vaccine candidate expressing prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein brought to phase I/II clinical trials: candidate selection in a preclinical murine model. J Virol 2024; 98:e0169323. [PMID: 38563763 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01693-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In the early COVID-19 pandemic with urgent need for countermeasures, we aimed at developing a replicating viral vaccine using the highly efficacious measles vaccine as vector, a promising technology with prior clinical proof of concept. Building on our successful pre-clinical development of a measles virus (MV)-based vaccine candidate against the related SARS-CoV, we evaluated several recombinant MV expressing codon-optimized SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Candidate V591 expressing a prefusion-stabilized spike through introduction of two proline residues in HR1 hinge loop, together with deleted S1/S2 furin cleavage site and additional inactivation of the endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal, was the most potent in eliciting neutralizing antibodies in mice. After single immunization, V591 induced similar neutralization titers as observed in sera of convalescent patients. The cellular immune response was confirmed to be Th1 skewed. V591 conferred long-lasting protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in a murine model with marked decrease in viral RNA load, absence of detectable infectious virus loads, and reduced lesions in the lungs. V591 was furthermore efficacious in an established non-human primate model of disease (see companion article [S. Nambulli, N. Escriou, L. J. Rennick, M. J. Demers, N. L. Tilston-Lunel et al., J Virol 98:e01762-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01762-23]). Thus, V591 was taken forward into phase I/II clinical trials in August 2020. Unexpected low immunogenicity in humans (O. Launay, C. Artaud, M. Lachâtre, M. Ait-Ahmed, J. Klein et al., eBioMedicine 75:103810, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103810) revealed that the underlying mechanisms for resistance or sensitivity to pre-existing anti-measles immunity are not yet understood. Different hypotheses are discussed here, which will be important to investigate for further development of the measles-vectored vaccine platform.IMPORTANCESARS-CoV-2 emerged at the end of 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide causing the COVID-19 pandemic that urgently called for vaccines. We developed a vaccine candidate using the highly efficacious measles vaccine as vector, a technology which has proved highly promising in clinical trials for other pathogens. We report here and in the companion article by Nambulli et al. (J Virol 98:e01762-23, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01762-23) the design, selection, and preclinical efficacy of the V591 vaccine candidate that was moved into clinical development in August 2020, 7 months after the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan. These unique in-human trials of a measles vector-based COVID-19 vaccine revealed insufficient immunogenicity, which may be the consequence of previous exposure to the pediatric measles vaccine. The three studies together in mice, primates, and humans provide a unique insight into the measles-vectored vaccine platform, raising potential limitations of surrogate preclinical models and calling for further refinement of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Brunet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Département de Santé Globale, Paris, France
| | - Zaineb Choucha
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Département de Santé Globale, Paris, France
| | - Marion Gransagne
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Département de Santé Globale, Paris, France
| | - Houda Tabbal
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
| | - Min-Wen Ku
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Priyanka Fernandes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Innate Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Damien Batalie
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
| | - Jodie Lopez
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Ma
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biomics, C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Simon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
| | - David Hardy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Histopathology Platform, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Petres
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Guinet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocytes and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Helene Strick-Marchand
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Innate Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Marc Monot
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Biomics, C2RT, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Pasteur-TheraVectys Joint Lab, Paris, France
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christiane Gerke
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Innovation Office, Vaccine Programs, Paris, France
| | - Annette Martin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Escriou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Département de Santé Globale, Paris, France
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Lučiūnaitė A, Mašalaitė K, Plikusiene I, Maciulis V, Juciute S, Norkienė M, Žvirblienė A. Structural properties of immune complexes formed by viral antigens and specific antibodies shape the inflammatory response of macrophages. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:53. [PMID: 38664730 PMCID: PMC11046781 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Data on the course of viral infections revealed severe inflammation as a consequence of antiviral immune response. Despite extensive research, there are insufficient data on the role of innate immune cells in promoting inflammation mediated by immune complexes (IC) of viral antigens and their specific antibodies. Recently, we demonstrated that antigens of human polyomaviruses (PyVs) induce an inflammatory response in macrophages. Here, we investigated macrophage activation by IC. We used primary murine macrophages as a cell model, virus-like particles (VLPs) of PyV capsid protein as antigens, and a collection of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b subclasses. The inflammatory response was investigated by analysing inflammatory chemokines and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. We observed a diverse pattern of chemokine secretion in macrophages treated with different IC compared to VLPs alone. To link IC properties with cell activation status, we characterised the IC by advanced optical and acoustic techniques. Ellipsometry provided precise real-time kinetics of mAb-antigen interactions, while quartz crystal microbalance measurements showed changes in conformation and viscoelastic properties during IC formation. These results revealed differences in mAb-antigen interaction and mAb binding parameters of the investigated IC. We found that IC-mediated cell activation depends more on IC characteristics, including mAb affinity, than on mAb affinity for the activating Fc receptor. IC formed by the highest affinity mAb showed a significant enhancement of inflammasome activation. This may explain the hyperinflammation related to viral infection and vaccination. Our findings demonstrate that IC promote the viral antigen-induced inflammatory response depending on antibody properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Lučiūnaitė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Kristina Mašalaitė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Plikusiene
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Pharmacy and Pharmacology Center, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vincentas Maciulis
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Silvija Juciute
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Milda Norkienė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Žvirblienė
- Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
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4
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Verwey C, Dangor Z, Madhi SA. Approaches to the Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Children: Rationale and Progress to Date. Paediatr Drugs 2024; 26:101-112. [PMID: 38032456 PMCID: PMC10891269 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-023-00606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, and is associated with long-term pulmonary sequelae for up to 30 years after infection. The mainstay of RSV management is supportive therapy such as supplemental oxygen. Palivizumab (Synagis™-AstraZeneca), a monoclonal antibody targeting the RSV F protein site II, has been licensed for the prevention of RSV in high-risk groups since 1998. There has been recent promising progress in preventative strategies that include vaccines and long-acting, high-potency monoclonal antibodies. Nirsevimab (Beyfortus™-AstraZeneca/Sanofi), a monoclonal antibody with an extended half-life, has recently been registered in the European Union and granted licensure by the US Food and Drug Administration. Furthermore, a pre-fusion sub-unit protein vaccine has been granted licensure for pregnant women, aimed at protecting their young infants, following established safety and efficacy in clinical trials (Abrysvo™-Pfizer). Also, multiple novel antiviral therapeutic options are in early phase clinical trials. The next few years have the potential to change the landscape of LRTI through improvements in the prevention and management of RSV LRTI. Here, we discuss these new approaches, current research, and clinical trials in novel therapeutics, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines against RSV infection in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charl Verwey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ziyaad Dangor
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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5
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Vanderven HA, Kent SJ. Fc-mediated functions and the treatment of severe respiratory viral infections with passive immunotherapy - a balancing act. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1307398. [PMID: 38077353 PMCID: PMC10710136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1307398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunotherapies have been used to treat severe respiratory infections for over a century, with convalescent blood products from recovered individuals given to patients with influenza-related pneumonia as long ago as the Spanish flu pandemic. However, passive immunotherapy with convalescent plasma or hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) has not provided unequivocal evidence of a clinical benefit for severe respiratory infections including influenza and COVID-19. Efficacy trials, primarily conducted in late-stage disease, have demonstrated inconsistent efficacy and clinical benefit for hIVIG treatment of severe respiratory infections. To date, most serological analyses of convalescent plasma and hIVIG trial samples have focused on the measurement of neutralizing antibody titres. There is, however, increasing evidence that baseline antibody levels and extra-neutralizing antibody functions influence the outcome of passive immunotherapy in humans. In this perspective, findings from convalescent plasma and hIVIG trials for severe influenza, COVID-19 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) will be described. Clinical trial results will be discussed in the context of the potential beneficial and deleterious roles of antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions, with a focus on natural killer cells and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Overall, we postulate that treating respiratory viral infections with hIVIG represents a delicate balance between protection and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A. Vanderven
- Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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6
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Matveev A, Pyankov O, Khlusevich Y, Tyazhelkova O, Emelyanova L, Timofeeva A, Shipovalov A, Chechushkov A, Zaitseva N, Kudrov G, Yusubalieva G, Yussubaliyeva S, Zhukova O, Baklaushev V, Sedykh S, Lifshits G, Tikunov A, Tikunova N. Antibodies Capable of Enhancing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Can Circulate in Patients with Severe COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10799. [PMID: 37445984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has been shown previously for SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. In this study, the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) that causes ADE in a SARS-CoV-2 in vivo model was identified. mAb RS2 against the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein was developed using hybridoma technology. mAb RS2 demonstrated sub-nanomolar affinity and ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro with IC50 360 ng/mL. In an animal model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dose-dependent protective efficacy of mAb RS2 was revealed. However, in post-exposure prophylaxis, the administration of mAb RS2 led to an increase in the viral load in the respiratory tract of animals. Three groups of blood plasma were examined for antibodies competing with mAb RS2: (1) plasmas from vaccinated donors without COVID-19; (2) plasmas from volunteers with mild symptoms of COVID-19; (3) plasmas from patients with severe COVID-19. It was demonstrated that antibodies competing with mAb RS2 were significantly more often recorded in sera from volunteers with severe COVID-19. The results demonstrated for the first time that in animals, SARS-CoV-2 can induce antibody/antibodies that can elicit ADE. Moreover, in the sera of patients with severe COVID-19, there are antibodies competing for the binding of an epitope that is recognized by the ADE-eliciting mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Matveev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Yana Khlusevich
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Tyazhelkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Emelyanova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna Timofeeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Shipovalov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Anton Chechushkov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Zaitseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Biodiversity of Viruses, Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gleb Kudrov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Gaukhar Yusubalieva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, FMBA of Russia, 117513 Moscow, Russia
| | - Saule Yussubaliyeva
- Department of General Medical Practice with the Course of Evidence-Based Medicine, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Oxana Zhukova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Baklaushev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
- Pulmonology Research Institute, FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Sedykh
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina Lifshits
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Artem Tikunov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nina Tikunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Verwey C, Madhi SA. Review and Update of Active and Passive Immunization Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. BioDrugs 2023; 37:295-309. [PMID: 37097594 PMCID: PMC10127166 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in children, causing approximately 3.6 million hospitalizations per year, and has been associated with long-term pulmonary sequelae for up to 30 years after infection, yet preventative strategies and active treatment options remain elusive. The associated morbidity and healthcare related costs could be decreased substantially with the development of these much-needed medications. After an initial false start in the development of an RSV vaccine, gradual progress is now being made with the development of multiple vaccine candidates using numerous different mechanisms of action. Furthermore, nirsevimab, a new monoclonal antibody for the prevention of RSV, has recently been registered in the European Union. New novel treatments for RSV infection are also in the pipeline, which would provide the clinician with much needed ammunition in the management of the acute disease. The next few years have the potential to change the landscape of LRTI forever through the prevention and management of RSV LRTI and thereby decrease the mortality and morbidity associated with it. In this review, we discuss these new approaches, current research, and clinical trials in monoclonal antibody and vaccine development against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charl Verwey
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Science, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (ALIVE), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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8
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Attoui H, Mohd Jaafar F, Monsion B, Klonjkowski B, Reid E, Fay PC, Saunders K, Lomonossoff G, Haig D, Mertens PPC. Increased Clinical Signs and Mortality in IFNAR (-/-) Mice Immunised with the Bluetongue Virus Outer-Capsid Proteins VP2 or VP5, after Challenge with an Attenuated Heterologous Serotype. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040602. [PMID: 37111488 PMCID: PMC10141489 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue is an economically important disease of domesticated and wild ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). There are at least 36 different serotypes of BTV (the identity of which is determined by its outer-capsid protein VP2), most of which are transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. IFNAR(-/-) mice immunised with plant-expressed outer-capsid protein VP2 (rVP2) of BTV serotypes -1, -4 or -8, or the smaller outer-capsid protein rVP5 of BTV-10, or mock-immunised with PBS, were subsequently challenged with virulent strains of BTV-4 or BTV-8, or with an attenuated clone of BTV-1 (BTV-1RGC7). The mice that had received rVP2 generated a protective immune response against the homologous BTV serotype, reducing viraemia (as detected by qRT-PCR), the severity of clinical signs and mortality levels. No cross-serotype protection was observed after challenge with the heterologous BTV serotypes. However, the severity of clinical signs, viraemia and fatality levels after challenge with the attenuated strain of BTV-1 were all increased in mice immunised with rVP2 of BTV-4 and BTV-8, or with rVP5 of BTV10. The possibility is discussed that non-neutralising antibodies, reflecting serological relationships between the outer-capsid proteins of these different BTV serotypes, could lead to 'antibody-dependent enhancement of infection' (ADE). Such interactions could affect the epidemiology and emergence of different BTV strains in the field and would therefore be relevant to the design and implementation of vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Attoui
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Elizabeth Reid
- One Virology, The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Petra C Fay
- One Virology, The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Keith Saunders
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - George Lomonossoff
- John Innes Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - David Haig
- One Virology, The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- One Virology, The Wolfson Centre for Global Virus Research, Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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9
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Zhou X, Jiang M, Wang F, Qian Y, Song Q, Sun Y, Zhu R, Wang F, Qu D, Cao L, Ma L, Xu Y, De R, Zhao L. Immune escaping of the novel genotypes of human respiratory syncytial virus based on gene sequence variation. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1084139. [PMID: 36703972 PMCID: PMC9871593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Immune escaping from host herd immunity has been related to changes in viral genomic sequences. The study aimed to understand the diverse immune responses to different subtypes or genotypes of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in pediatric patients. Methods The genomic sequences of different subtypes or RSV genotypes, isolated from Beijing patients, were sequenced and systematically analyzed. Specifically, the antiviral effects of Palivizumab and the cross-reactivity of human sera from RSV-positive patients to different subtypes or genotypes of RSV were determined. Then, the level of 38 cytokines and chemokines in respiratory and serum samples from RSV-positive patients was evaluated. Results The highest nucleotide and amino acid variations and the secondary and tertiary structure diversities among different subtypes or genotypes of RSV were found in G, especially for genotype ON1 with a 72bp-insertion compared to NA1 in subtype A, while more mutations of F protein were found in the NH-2 terminal, including the antigenic site II, the target of Palivizumab, containing one change N276S. Palivizumab inhibited subtype A with higher efficiency than subtype B and had stronger inhibitory effects on the reference strains than on isolated strains. However, RSV-positive sera had stronger inhibitory effects on the strains in the same subtypes or genotypes of RSV. The level of IFN-α2, IL-1α, and IL-1β in respiratory specimens from patients with NA1 was lower than those with ON1, while there were higher TNFα, IFNγ, IL-1α, and IL-1β in the first serum samples from patients with ON1 compared to those with BA9 of subtype B. Conclusions Diverse host immune responses were correlated with differential subtypes and genotypes of RSV in pediatric patients, demonstrating the impact of viral genetics on host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohe Zhou
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Mingli Jiang
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qinwei Song
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Runan Zhu
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Qu
- Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Department of Respiratory, Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yanpeng Xu
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ri De
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Linqing Zhao, ; Ri De,
| | - Linqing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Linqing Zhao, ; Ri De,
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10
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Cunningham CK, Karron RA, Muresan P, Kelly MS, McFarland EJ, Perlowski C, Libous J, Oliva J, Jean-Philippe P, Moye J, Schappell E, Barr E, Rexroad V, Johnston B, Chadwick EG, Cielo M, Paul M, Deville JG, Aziz M, Yang L, Luongo C, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Evaluation of Recombinant Live-Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccines RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L and RSV/276 in RSV-Seronegative Children. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:2069-2078. [PMID: 35732186 PMCID: PMC10205613 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This United States-based study compared 2 candidate vaccines: RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L, attenuated by NS2 gene-deletion and temperature-sensitivity mutation in the polymerase gene; and RSV/276, attenuated by M2-2 deletion. METHODS RSV-seronegative children aged 6-24 months received RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L (106 plaque-forming units [PFU]), RSV/276 (105 PFU), or placebo intranasally. Participants were monitored for vaccine shedding, reactogenicity, and RSV serum antibodies, and followed over the subsequent RSV season. RESULTS Enrollment occurred September 2017 to October 2019. During 28 days postinoculation, upper respiratory illness and/or fever occurred in 64% of RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L, 84% of RSV/276, and 58% of placebo recipients. Symptoms were generally mild. Cough was more common in RSV/276 recipients than RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L (48% vs 12%; P = .012) or placebo recipients (17%; P = .084). There were no lower respiratory illness or serious adverse events. Eighty-eight and 96% of RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L and RSV/276 recipients were infected with vaccine (shed vaccine and/or had ≥4-fold rises in RSV antibodies). Serum RSV-neutralizing titers and anti-RSV F IgG titers increased ≥4-fold in 60% and 92% of RSV/ΔNS2/Δ1313/I1314L and RSV/276 vaccinees, respectively. Exposure to community RSV during the subsequent winter was associated with strong anamnestic RSV-antibody responses. CONCLUSIONS Both vaccines had excellent infectivity and were well tolerated. RSV/276 induced an excess of mild cough. Both vaccines were immunogenic and primed for strong anamnestic responses. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03227029 and NCT03422237.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen K Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California, USA
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Petronella Muresan
- Statistical and Data Management Center/Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Brookline, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew S Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth J McFarland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Oliva
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Jean-Philippe
- Maternal, Adolescent and Pediatric Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Moye
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schappell
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Vivian Rexroad
- Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Johnston
- Frontier Science and Technology Research Foundation, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ellen G Chadwick
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mikhaela Cielo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Maternal Child and Adolescent Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jaime G Deville
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mariam Aziz
- Rush University Medical Center, Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy Luongo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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11
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Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) and the role of complement system in disease pathogenesis. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:172-182. [PMCID: PMC9647202 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Kolb P, Giese S, Voll RE, Hengel H, Falcone V. Immune complexes as culprits of immunopathology in severe COVID-19. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 212:185-191. [PMID: 35871171 PMCID: PMC9308473 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infection with the pandemic human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 elicits a respiratory tract disease, termed Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While a variable degree of disease-associated symptoms may emerge, severe COVID-19 is commonly associated with respiratory complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the necessity for mechanical ventilation or even extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Amongst others, disease outcome depends on age and pre-existing conditions like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders but also age and biological sex. Intriguingly, increasing experimental and clinical evidence suggests that an exacerbated inflammatory response and in particular IgG immune complexes (ICs), significantly contribute to severe and prolonged COVID-19 disease progression. Vast amounts of deposited, unresolved ICs in tissue are capable to initiate an exaggerated Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) mediated signalling cascade which eventually results in common IC-associated organ diseases such as vasculitis, glomerulonephritis and arthritis, comorbidities that have been frequently reported for COVID-19. Moreover and independent of deposited ICs, very recent work identified soluble ICs (sIC) to be also present in the circulation of a majority of severely ill patients, where their systemic abundance correlated with disease severity. Thus, detection of circulating sICs in patients represents a potential marker for critical COVID-19 disease progression. Their detection early after clinical deterioration might become an indicator for the requirement of prompt anti-inflammatory treatment. Here, we review the role of ICs in COVID-19 progression, their possible origins and potential intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kolb
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Giese
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Edmund Voll
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Stokes AH, Planty C, Pion J, Ancian P, Rogue A, Bansard C, Silvano J, Papineau D, Ben Abdeljelil N, Maruggi G, Song H, Spickler C, Blouin K, Dubois G, Rodriguez LA, Baumeister J, Steff AM, Destexhe E. Repeated-Dose Toxicity, Biodistribution, and Shedding Assessments With a ChAd155 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Candidate Evaluated in Rabbits and Rats. Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:263-275. [PMID: 35653115 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants, and toddlers and vaccines are not yet available. A pediatric RSV vaccine (ChAd155-RSV) is being developed to protect infants against RSV disease. The ChAd155-RSV vaccine consists of a recombinant replication-deficient chimpanzee-derived adenovirus (ChAd) group C vector engineered to express the RSV antigens F, N, and M2-1. The local and systemic effects of three bi-weekly intramuscular injections of the ChAd155-RSV vaccine was tested in a repeated-dose toxicity study in rabbits. After three intramuscular doses, the ChAd155-RSV vaccine was considered well-tolerated. Changes due to the vaccine-elicited inflammatory reaction/immune response were observed along with transient decreases in platelet count without physiological consequences, already reported for other adenovirus-based vaccines. In addition, the biodistribution and shedding of ChAd155-RSV were also characterized in two studies in rats. The distribution and persistence of the ChAd155-RSV vaccine candidate was consistent with other similar adenovector-based vaccines, with quantifiable levels of ChAd155-RSV observed at the injection site (muscle) and the draining lymph nodes up to 69 days post administration. The shedding results demonstrated that ChAd155-RSV was generally not detectable in any secretions or excreta samples. In conclusion, the ChAd155-RSV vaccine was well-tolerated locally and systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camille Planty
- 33139GSK, Rixensart, Belgium.,Current affiliation: CapGemini Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johanne Pion
- Charles River Laboratories, Laval (Québec), Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haifeng Song
- 33139GSK, Rockville, MD, USA.,Current affiliation: Suzhou Abogen Bioscience Ltd, Suzhou (Jiangsu), China
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14
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Saied AA, Nascimento MSL, Rangel AHDN, Skowron K, Grudlewska-Buda K, Dhama K, Shah J, Abdeen A, El-Mayet FS, Ahmed H, Metwally AA. Transchromosomic bovines (TcB)-derived broadly neutralizing antibodies as potent biotherapeutics to counter important emerging viral pathogens with a special focus on SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, Ebola, Zika, HIV-1 and Influenza A virus. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4599-4610. [PMID: 35655326 PMCID: PMC9347534 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically, passive immunotherapy is an approved approach for protecting and treating humans against various diseases when other alternative therapeutic options are unavailable. Human polyclonal antibodies (hpAbs) can be made from convalescent human donor serum, although it is considered limited due to pandemics and the urgent requirement. Additionally, polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) could be generated from animals, but they may cause severe immunoreactivity and, once "humanized," may have lower neutralization efficiency. Transchromosomic bovines (TcBs) have been developed to address these concerns by creating robust neutralizing hpAbs, which are useful in preventing and/or curing human infections in response to hyperimmunization with vaccines holding adjuvants and/or immune stimulators over an extensive period. Unlike other animal‐derived pAbs, potent hpAbs could be promptly produced from TcB in large amounts to assist against an outbreak scenario. Some of these highly efficacious TcB‐derived antibodies have already neutralized and blocked diseases in clinical studies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has numerous variants classified into variants of concern (VOCs), variants of interest (VOIs), and variants under monitoring. Although these variants possess different mutations, such as N501Y, E484K, K417N, K417T, L452R, T478K, and P681R, SAB‐185 has shown broad neutralizing activity against VOCs, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, and VOIs, such as Epsilon, Iota, Kappa, and Lambda variants. This article highlights recent developments in the field of bovine‐derived biotherapeutics, which are seen as a practical platform for developing safe and effective antivirals with broad activity, particularly considering emerging viral infections such as SARS‐CoV‐2, Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Zika, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and influenza A virus. Antibodies in the bovine serum or colostrum, which have been proved to be more protective than their human counterparts, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan Branch, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.,Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan Office, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jaffer Shah
- Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan.,New York State Department of Health, New York, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt
| | - Fouad S El-Mayet
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt
| | - Hassan Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81528, Egypt
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15
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Wang S, Wang J, Yu X, Jiang W, Chen S, Wang R, Wang M, Jiao S, Yang Y, Wang W, Chen H, Chen B, Gu C, Liu C, Wang A, Wang M, Li G, Guo C, Liu D, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang L, Gui X. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviral infection requires FcγRIIB and virus-antibody complex with bivalent interaction. Commun Biol 2022; 5:262. [PMID: 35332252 PMCID: PMC8948278 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms behind ADE of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for development of safe and effective therapies. Here, we report that two neutralizing mAbs, MW01 and MW05, could enhance the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus on FcγRIIB-expressing B cells. X-ray crystal structure determination and S trimer-binding modeling showed that MW01 and MW05 could bind to RBDs in S trimer with both “up” and “down” states. While, the neutralizing mAb MW07, which has no ADE activity only binds to RBD in S trimer with “up” state. Monovalent MW01 and MW05 completely diminished the ADE activity compared with their bivalent counterparts. Moreover, both macropinocytosis and endocytosis are confirmed involving in ADE of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviral infection. Blocking endosome transportation and lysosome acidification could inhibit the ADE activity mediated by MW05. Together, our results identified a novel ADE mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in vitro, FcγRIIB-mediated uptake of SARS-CoV-2/mAb complex with bivalent interaction. By distinguishing between two types of neutralizing antibodies that either exhibit or lack antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) activity, FcγRIIB and bivalent binding are shown to be required for ADE in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Junchao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wen Jiang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Ludwig Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX37DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rongjuan Wang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shasha Jiao
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China.,Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ben Chen
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chunying Gu
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - An Wang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Min Wang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Gang Li
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Cuicui Guo
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Datao Liu
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Xun Gui
- Mabwell (Shanghai) Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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16
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Ajmeriya S, Kumar A, Karmakar S, Rana S, Singh H. Neutralizing Antibodies and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in COVID-19: A Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:671-687. [PMID: 35136306 PMCID: PMC8814804 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is an alternative route of viral entry in the susceptible host cell. In this process, antiviral antibodies enhance the entry access of virus in the cells via interaction with the complement or Fc receptors leading to the worsening of infection. SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a general concern for the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies that may fail to neutralize infection, raising the possibility of a more severe form of COVID-19. Data from various studies on respiratory viruses raise the speculation that antibodies elicited against SARS-CoV-2 and during COVID-19 recovery could potentially exacerbate the infection through ADE at sub-neutralizing concentrations; this may contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to study the effectiveness of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19-infected subjects. Theoretically, ADE remains a general concern for the efficacy of antibodies elicited during infection, most notably in convalescent plasma therapy and in response to vaccines where it could be counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ajmeriya
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, Room no 3020, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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17
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Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and its potential applications and therapeutic prospects. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:150-157. [PMID: 34645940 PMCID: PMC8513558 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic that poses a great threat to human health worldwide. As the humoral immune response plays essential roles in disease occurrence and development, understanding the dynamics and characteristics of virus-specific humoral immunity in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients is of great importance for controlling this disease. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection and further emphasize the potential applications and therapeutic prospects of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity and the critical role of this immunity in vaccine development. Notably, serological antibody testing based on the humoral immune response can guide public health measures and control strategies; however, it is not recommended for population surveys in areas with very low prevalence. Existing evidence suggests that asymptomatic individuals have a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas SARS-CoV-2-infected children have a more effective humoral immune response than adults. The correlations between antibody (especially neutralizing antibody) titers and protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection should be further examined. In addition, the emergence of cross-reactions among different coronavirus antigens in the development of screening technology and the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination should be given further attention.
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18
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Madar-Balakirski N, Rosner A, Melamed S, Politi B, Steiner M, Tamir H, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Bar-David E, Ben-Shmuel A, Sittner A, Glinert I, Weiss S, Bar-Haim E, Cohen H, Elia U, Achdout H, Erez N, Rotem S, Lazar S, Nyska A, Yitzhaki S, Beth-Din A, Levy H, Paran N, Israely T, Marcus H. Preliminary nonclinical safety and immunogenicity of an rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine in mice, hamsters, rabbits and pigs. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:859-875. [PMID: 35032184 PMCID: PMC8760087 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03214-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S is a clinical stage (Phase 2) replication competent recombinant vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. To evaluate the safety profile of the vaccine, a series of non-clinical safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies were conducted in four animal species, using multiple doses (up to 108 Plaque Forming Units/animal) and dosing regimens. There were no treatment-related mortalities or any noticeable clinical signs in any of the studies. Compared to unvaccinated controls, hematology and biochemistry parameters were unremarkable and no adverse histopathological findings. There was no detectable viral shedding in urine, nor viral RNA detected in whole blood or serum samples seven days post vaccination. The rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccination gave rise to neutralizing antibodies, cellular immune responses, and increased lymphocytic cellularity in the spleen germinal centers and regional lymph nodes. No evidence for neurovirulence was found in C57BL/6 immune competent mice or in highly sensitive type I interferon knock-out mice. Vaccine virus replication and distribution in K18-human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-transgenic mice showed a gradual clearance from the vaccination site with no vaccine virus recovered from the lungs. The nonclinical data suggest that the rVSV-ΔG-SARS-CoV-2-S vaccine is safe and immunogenic. These results supported the initiation of clinical trials, currently in Phase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Madar-Balakirski
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Melamed
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boaz Politi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Elad Bar-David
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Shmuel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Assa Sittner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Itai Glinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hila Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Hagit Achdout
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Noam Erez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahar Rotem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shlomi Lazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Yitzhaki
- Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Haim Levy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| | - Hadar Marcus
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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19
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Gartlan C, Tipton T, Salguero FJ, Sattentau Q, Gorringe A, Carroll MW. Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Disease and Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882972. [PMID: 35444667 PMCID: PMC9014240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a difficult phenomenon to define and can be confused with vaccine failure. Using studies on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination and dengue virus infection, we highlight known and theoretical mechanisms of VAED, including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibody-enhanced disease (AED) and Th2-mediated pathology. We also critically review the literature surrounding this phenomenon in pathogenic human coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Poor quality histopathological data and a lack of consistency in defining severe pathology and VAED in preclinical studies of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines in particular make it difficult to interrogate potential cases of VAED. Fortuitously, there have been only few reports of mild VAED in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in preclinical models and no observations in their clinical use. We describe the problem areas and discuss methods to improve the characterisation of VAED in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian Gartlan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Chung NH, Chen YC, Yang SJ, Lin YC, Dou HY, Hui-Ching Wang L, Liao CL, Chow YH. Induction of Th1 and Th2 in the protection against SARS-CoV-2 through mucosal delivery of an adenovirus vaccine expressing an engineered spike protein. Vaccine 2021; 40:574-586. [PMID: 34952759 PMCID: PMC8677488 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of recombinant human type 5 adenoviruses that express the full-length or membrane-truncated spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 (AdCoV2-S or AdCoV2-SdTM, respectively) was tested the efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 via intranasal (i.n.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization in a rodent model. Mucosal delivery of adenovirus (Ad) vaccines could induce anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA in the serum and in the mucosal, respectively as indicated by vaginal wash (vw) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG but not IgA in the vw and BALF was induced by AdCoV2-S s.c.. Administration of AdCoV2-S i.n. was able to induce higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody levels than s.c. injection. AdCoV2-SdTM i.n. induced a lower antibody responses than AdCoV2-S i.n.. Induced anti-S antibody responses by AdCoV2-S via i.n. or s.c. were not influenced by the pre-existing serum anti-Ad antibody. Novelty, S-specific IgG1 which represented Th2-mediated humoral response was dominantly induced in Ad i.n.-immunized serum in contrast to more IgG2a which represented Th1-mediated cellular response found in Ad s.c.-immunized serum. The activation of S-specific IFN-ɣ and IL-4 in splenic Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively, was observed in the AdCoV2-S i.n. and s.c. groups, indicating the Th1 and Th2 immunity were activated. AdCoV2-S and AdCoV2-SdTM significantly prevented body weight loss and reduced pulmonary viral loads in hamsters. A reduction in inflammation in the lungs was observed in AdCoV-S via i.n. or s.c.-immunized hamsters following a SARS-CoV-2 challenge. It correlated to Th1 cytokine but no inflammatory cytokines secretions found in AdCoV-S i.n. -immunized BALF. These results indicate that intranasal delivery of AdCoV2-S vaccines is safe and potent at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Hsiang Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Ju Yang
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yunn Dou
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Lily Hui-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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21
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Peng XL, Cheng JSY, Gong HL, Yuan MD, Zhao XH, Li Z, Wei DX. Advances in the design and development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Mil Med Res 2021; 8:67. [PMID: 34911569 PMCID: PMC8674100 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-021-00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide. The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2, which is highly infectious and prone to rapid mutation, encodes both structural and nonstructural proteins. Vaccination is currently the only effective method to prevent COVID-19, and structural proteins are critical targets for vaccine development. Currently, many vaccines are in clinical trials or are already on the market. This review highlights ongoing advances in the design of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against COVID-19, including viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines and bionic nanoparticle vaccines. In addition to traditional inactivated virus vaccines, some novel vaccines based on viral vectors, nanoscience and synthetic biology also play important roles in combating COVID-19. However, many challenges persist in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Liang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Ji-Si-Yu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Hai-Lun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Meng-Di Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634 Singapore
| | - Dai-Xu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069 China
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22
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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23
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Pascual-Iglesias A, Canton J, Ortega-Prieto AM, Jimenez-Guardeño JM, Regla-Nava JA. An Overview of Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Pathogens 2021; 10:1030. [PMID: 34451494 PMCID: PMC8402174 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 led to the COVID-19 pandemic all over the world. When the virus was first isolated and its genome was sequenced in the early months of 2020, the efforts to develop a vaccine began. Based on prior well-known knowledge about coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein was selected as the main target. Currently, more than one hundred vaccines are being investigated and several of them are already authorized by medical agencies. This review summarizes and compares the current knowledge about main approaches for vaccine development, focusing on those authorized and specifically their immunogenicity, efficacy preventing severe disease, adverse side effects, protection, and ability to cope with emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pascual-Iglesias
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Canton
- International Institute for Defense and Security (CISDE), 41007 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Ana Maria Ortega-Prieto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Jose M. Jimenez-Guardeño
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
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24
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Mathew S, Taleb S, Eid AH, Althani AA, Yassine HM. In silico virtual screening of lead compounds for major antigenic sites in respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 5:295-305. [PMID: 33969268 PMCID: PMC8090912 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading ubiquitous respiratory pathogen in newborn infants, young children, and the elderly, with no vaccine available to date. The viral fusion glycoprotein (RSV F) plays an essential role in the infection process, and it is a primary target of neutralizing antibodies, making it an attractive site for vaccine development. With this in view, there is a persistent need to identify selective antiviral drugs against RSV, targeting the major antigenic sites on the F protein. We aimed to conduct a robust in silico high-throughput drug screening of one million compounds to explore potential inhibitors that bind the major antigenic site Ø and site II on RSV F protein, which are the main target of neutralizing antibodies (NAb). We utilized the three-dimensional crystallographic structure of both antigenic site Ø on pre-F and antigenic II on post-F to screen for potential anti-RSV inhibitors. A library of one million small compounds was docked to explore lead binders in the major antigenic sites by using virtual lab bench CLC Drug Discovery. We also performed Quantitative Structure-Activity and Relationship (QSAR) for the lead best binders known for their antiviral activity. Among one million tested ligands, seven ligands (PubChem ID: 3714418, 24787350, 49828911, 24802036, 79824892, 49726463, and 3139884) were identified as the best binders to neutralizing epitopes site Ø and four ligands (PubChem ID: 865999, 17505357, 24802036, and 24285058) to neutralizing epitopes site II, respectively. These binders exhibited significant interactions with neutralizing epitopes on RSV F, with an average of six H bonds, docking energy of - 15.43 Kcal·mol-1, and minimum interaction energy of - 7.45 Kcal·mol-1. Using in silico virtual screening, we identified potential RSV inhibitors that bind two major antigenic sites on the RSV F protein. Using structure-based design and combination-based drug therapy, identified molecules could be modified to generate the next generation anti-RSV drugs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42247-021-00213-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Mathew
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
| | - Sara Taleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Asmaa A. Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
- College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
- College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
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25
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Abstract
Most viral vaccines are based on inducing neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the virus envelope or spike glycoproteins. Many viral surface proteins exist as trimers that transition from a pre-fusion state when key NAb epitopes are exposed to a post-fusion form in which the potential for virus-cell fusion no longer exists. For optimal vaccine performance, these viral proteins are often engineered to enhance stability and presentation of these NAb epitopes. The method involves the structure-guided introduction of proline residues at key positions that maintain the trimer in the pre-fusion configuration. We review how this technique emerged during HIV-1 Env vaccine development and its subsequent wider application to other viral vaccines including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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26
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McFarland EJ, Karron RA, Muresan P, Cunningham CK, Perlowski C, Libous J, Oliva J, Jean-Philippe P, Moye J, Schappell E, Barr E, Rexroad V, Fearn L, Cielo M, Wiznia A, Deville JG, Yang L, Luongo C, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Live-Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine With M2-2 Deletion and With Small Hydrophobic Noncoding Region Is Highly Immunogenic in Children. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:2050-2059. [PMID: 32006006 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of severe pediatric respiratory illness, and vaccines are needed. Live RSV vaccine D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII, attenuated by deletion of the RSV RNA regulatory protein M2-2, is based on previous candidate LID/ΔM2-2 but incorporates prominent differences from MEDI/ΔM2-2, which was more restricted in replication in phase 1. METHODS RSV-seronegative children aged 6-24 months received 1 intranasal dose (105 plaque-forming units [PFUs] of D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII [n = 21] or placebo [n = 11]) and were monitored for vaccine shedding, reactogenicity, RSV-antibody responses and RSV-associated medically attended acute respiratory illness (RSV-MAARI) and antibody responses during the following RSV season. RESULTS All 21 vaccinees were infected with vaccine; 20 (95%) shed vaccine (median peak titer, 3.5 log10 PFUs/mL with immunoplaque assay and 6.1 log10 copies/mL with polymerase chain reaction). Serum RSV-neutralizing antibodies and anti-RSV fusion immunoglobulin G increased ≥4-fold in 95% and 100% of vaccines, respectively. Mild upper respiratory tract symptoms and/or fever occurred in vaccinees (76%) and placebo recipients (18%). Over the RSV season, RSV-MAARI occurred in 2 vaccinees and 4 placebo recipients. Three vaccinees had ≥4-fold increases in serum RSV-neutralizing antibody titers after the RSV season without RSV-MAARI. CONCLUSIONS D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII had excellent infectivity and immunogenicity and primed vaccine recipients for anamnestic responses, encouraging further evaluation of this attenuation strategy. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03102034 and NCT03099291.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J McFarland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Petronella Muresan
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health/Frontier Science Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Coleen K Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer Oliva
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick Jean-Philippe
- Maternal, Adolescent and Pediatric Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Moye
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schappell
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Vivian Rexroad
- Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Fearn
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mikhaela Cielo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Maternal Child & Adolescent Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Wiznia
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jaime G Deville
- David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cindy Luongo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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27
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Neto MLR, da Silva CGL, do Socorro Vieira dos Santos M, Cândido EL, de Lima MAP, de França Lacerda Pinheiro S, Junior RFFP, Teixeira CS, Machado SSF, Pinheiro LFG, de Sousa GO, Galvão LMA, Gomes KGS, Medeiros KA, Diniz LA, de Oliveira ÍGP, Santana JRP, Rocha MAB, Damasceno IA, Cordeiro TL, da Silva Sales W. Epidemiology and Etiopathogeny of COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1352:45-71. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85109-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Lee WS, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ, DeKosky BJ. Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1185-1191. [PMID: 32908214 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based drugs and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are being expedited through preclinical and clinical development. Data from the study of SARS-CoV and other respiratory viruses suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could exacerbate COVID-19 through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Previous respiratory syncytial virus and dengue virus vaccine studies revealed human clinical safety risks related to ADE, resulting in failed vaccine trials. Here, we describe key ADE mechanisms and discuss mitigation strategies for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies in development. We also outline recently published data to evaluate the risks and opportunities for antibody-based protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam K Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Brandon J DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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29
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Berbers G, Mollema L, van der Klis F, den Hartog G, Schepp R. Antibody Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Cross-Sectional Serosurveillance Study in the Dutch Population Focusing on Infants Younger Than 2 Years. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:269-278. [PMID: 32964923 PMCID: PMC8280491 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) generally causes mild disease but can cause severe infections in (premature) infants and elderly adults. Here, we studied RSV-specific antibody concentrations throughout life with emphasis on infants and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Methods Sera (N = 2655) from 2 nationwide cross-sectional studies in the Netherlands including individuals aged 0–90 years were analyzed for IgG and IgA antibodies to RSV prefusion F, postfusion F, N, Ga, and Gb proteins and for antibody avidity in 42 COPD patients. Results Maternal IgG concentrations declined to age 10–12 months. After the first year of life, approximately 40% of children lacked infection-induced IgA antibodies and may therefore be uninfected. All Dutch children showed serological evidence of RSV infection by age 3 years. Antibody concentrations reached a plateau by age 5–9 years and remains constant throughout life. COPD patients had similar levels and avidity of RSV-specific IgG antibodies compared with age-matched healthy controls. Conclusions RSV-IgG antibody patterns throughout life can be used to estimate the degree of immunity acquisition to RSV and to identify groups at increased risk of infection. Seroprevalence of IgA could be a proxy to determine RSV infection in children younger than 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Berbers
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Mollema
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Fiona van der Klis
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger Schepp
- Center for Infectious Disease control, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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30
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Kalergis AM, Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Andrade CA, Fernandez A, Bohmwald K, Bueno SM. Pharmacological management of human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:2293-2303. [PMID: 32808830 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1806821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the primary viral cause of respiratory diseases, leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia in vulnerable populations. The only current treatment against this virus is palliative, and no efficient and specific vaccine against this pathogen is available. AREAS COVERED The authors describe the disease symptoms caused by hRSV, the economic and social impact of this infection worldwide, and how this infection can be modulated using pharmacological treatments, preventing and limiting its dissemination. The authors discuss the use of antibodies as prophylactic tools -such as palivizumab- and the use of nonspecific drugs to decrease the symptoms associated with the infection -such as bronchodilators, corticoids, and antivirals. They also discuss current vaccine candidates, new prophylactic treatments, and new antivirals options, which are currently being tested. EXPERT OPINION Today, many researchers are focused on developing different strategies to modulate the symptoms induced by hRSV. However, to achieve this, understanding how current treatments are working and their shortcomings needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Departamento De Endocrinología, Facultad De Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernandez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
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31
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Mammas IN, Drysdale SB, Rath B, Theodoridou M, Papaioannou G, Papatheodoropoulou A, Koutsounaki E, Koutsaftiki C, Kozanidou E, Achtsidis V, Korovessi P, Chrousos GP, Spandidos DA. Update on current views and advances on RSV infection (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:509-520. [PMID: 32626981 PMCID: PMC7307844 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection represents an excellent paradigm of precision medicine in modern paediatrics and several clinical trials are currently performed in the prevention and management of RSV infection. A new taxonomic terminology for RSV was recently adopted, while the diagnostic and omics techniques have revealed new modalities in the early identification of RSV infections and for better understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Coordinated clinical and research efforts constitute an important step in limiting RSV global predominance, improving epidemiological surveillance, and advancing neonatal and paediatric care. This review article presents the key messages of the plenary lectures, oral presentations and posters of the '5th workshop on paediatric virology' (Sparta, Greece, 12th October 2019) organized by the Paediatric Virology Study Group, focusing on recent advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, clinical management and prevention of RSV infection in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis N Mammas
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Barbara Rath
- Vienna Vaccine Safety Initiative, D‑10437 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Theodoridou
- First Department of Paediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Papaioannou
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, 'Mitera' Children's Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eirini Koutsounaki
- Neonatal Department, 'Alexandra' Maternity Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece
| | - Chryssie Koutsaftiki
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), 'Penteli' Children's Hospital, 15236 Penteli, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Kozanidou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, 'St Panteleimon' General Hospital of Nikaia, 18454 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Vassilis Achtsidis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Cornwall Hospitals, Cornwall TR1 3LQ, UK
| | - Paraskevi Korovessi
- Department of Paediatrics, 'Penteli' Children's Hospital, 15236 Penteli, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Paediatrics, University of Athens School of Medicine, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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32
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Pacheco GA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Antibody development for preventing the human respiratory syncytial virus pathology. Mol Med 2020; 26:35. [PMID: 32303184 PMCID: PMC7164255 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most important etiological agent causing hospitalizations associated with respiratory diseases in children under 5 years of age as well as the elderly, newborns and premature children are the most affected populations. This viral infection can be associated with various symptoms, such as fever, coughing, wheezing, and even pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Due to its severe symptoms, the need for mechanical ventilation is not uncommon in clinical practice. Additionally, alterations in the central nervous system -such as seizures, encephalopathy and encephalitis- have been associated with cases of hRSV-infections. Furthermore, the absence of effective vaccines or therapies against hRSV leads to elevated expenditures by the public health system and increased mortality rates for the high-risk population. Along these lines, vaccines and therapies can elicit different responses to this virus. While hRSV vaccine candidates seek to promote an active immune response associated with the achievement of immunological memory, other therapies -such as the administration of antibodies- provide a protective environment, although they do not trigger the activation of the immune system and therefore do not promote an immunological memory. An interesting approach to vaccination is the use of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which inhibit the entry of the pathogen into the host cells, therefore impairing the capacity of the virus to replicate. Currently, the most common molecule targeted for antibody design against hRSV is the F protein of this virus. However, other molecular components of the virus -such as the G or the N hRSV proteins- have also been explored as potential targets for the control of this disease. Currently, palivizumab is the only monoclonal antibody approved for human use. However, studies in humans have shown a protective effect only after the administration of at least 3 to 5 doses, due to the stability of this vaccine. Furthermore, other studies suggest that palivizumab only has an effectiveness close to 50% in high-risk infants. In this work, we will review different strategies addressed for the use of antibodies in a prophylactic or therapeutic context and their ability to prevent the symptoms caused by hRSV infection of the airways, as well as in other tissues such as the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins #340, 8331010, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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McFarland EJ, Karron RA, Muresan P, Cunningham CK, Libous J, Perlowski C, Thumar B, Gnanashanmugam D, Moye J, Schappell E, Barr E, Rexroad V, Fearn L, Spector SA, Aziz M, Cielo M, Beneri C, Wiznia A, Luongo C, Collins P, Buchholz UJ. Live Respiratory Syncytial Virus Attenuated by M2-2 Deletion and Stabilized Temperature Sensitivity Mutation 1030s Is a Promising Vaccine Candidate in Children. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:534-543. [PMID: 31758177 PMCID: PMC6996856 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety and immunogenicity of live respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) candidate vaccine, LID/ΔM2-2/1030s, with deletion of RSV ribonucleic acid synthesis regulatory protein M2-2 and genetically stabilized temperature-sensitivity mutation 1030s in the RSV polymerase protein was evaluated in RSV-seronegative children. METHODS Respiratory syncytial virus-seronegative children ages 6-24 months received 1 intranasal dose of 105 plaque-forming units (PFU) of LID/ΔM2-2/1030s (n = 21) or placebo (n = 11). The RSV serum antibodies, vaccine shedding, and reactogenicity were assessed. During the following RSV season, medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) and pre- and postsurveillance serum antibody titers were monitored. RESULTS Eighty-five percent of vaccinees shed LID/ΔM2-2/1030s vaccine (median peak nasal wash titers: 3.1 log10 PFU/mL by immunoplaque assay; 5.1 log10 copies/mL by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and had ≥4-fold rise in serum-neutralizing antibodies. Respiratory symptoms and fever were common (60% vaccinees and 27% placebo recipients). One vaccinee had grade 2 wheezing with rhinovirus but without concurrent LID/ΔM2-2/1030s shedding. Five of 19 vaccinees had ≥4-fold increases in antibody titers postsurveillance without RSV-MAARI, indicating anamnestic responses without significant illness after infection with community-acquired RSV. CONCLUSIONS LID/ΔM2-2/1030s had excellent infectivity without evidence of genetic instability, induced durable immunity, and primed for anamnestic antibody responses, making it an attractive candidate for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J McFarland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Petronella Muresan
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health/Frontier Science, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Coleen K Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Bhagvanji Thumar
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Devasena Gnanashanmugam
- Maternal, Adolescent and Pediatric Research Branch, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack Moye
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Schappell
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Vivian Rexroad
- Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Fearn
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Medical School and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mariam Aziz
- Section of Infectious Disease, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mikhaela Cielo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Maternal Child and Adolescent Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christy Beneri
- Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Andrew Wiznia
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Cindy Luongo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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34
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Mazur NI, Horsley NM, Englund JA, Nederend M, Magaret A, Kumar A, Jacobino SR, de Haan CAM, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Steinhoff MC, Tielsch JM, Katz J, Graham BS, Bont LJ, Leusen JHW, Chu HY. Breast Milk Prefusion F Immunoglobulin G as a Correlate of Protection Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Acute Respiratory Illness. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:59-67. [PMID: 30107412 PMCID: PMC6284547 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transplacental respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibody transfer has been characterized, but little is known about the protective effect of breast milk RSV-specific antibodies. Serum antibodies against the prefusion RSV fusion protein (pre-F) exhibit high neutralizing activity. We investigate protection of breast milk pre-F antibodies against RSV acute respiratory infection (ARI). Methods Breast milk at 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum and midnasal swabs during infant illness episodes were collected in mother-infant pairs in Nepal. One hundred seventy-four infants with and without RSV ARI were matched 1:1 by risk factors for RSV ARI. Pre-F immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels were measured in breast milk. Results The median breast milk pre-F IgG antibody concentration before illness was lower in mothers of infants with RSV ARI (1.4 [interquartile range {IQR}, 1.1-1.6] log10 ng/mL) than without RSV ARI (1.5 [IQR, 1.3-1.8] log10 ng/mL) (P = .001). There was no difference in median maternal pre-F IgA antibody concentrations in cases vs controls (1.7 [IQR, 0.0-2.2] log10 ng/mL vs 1.7 [IQR, 1.2-2.2] log10 ng/mL, respectively; P = .58). Conclusions Low breast milk pre-F IgG antibodies before RSV ARI support a potential role for pre-F IgG as a correlate of protection against RSV ARI. Induction of breast milk pre-F IgG may be a mechanism of protection for maternal RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie I Mazur
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Janet A Englund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Maaike Nederend
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shamir R Jacobino
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Steven C LeClerq
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - James M Tielsch
- Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joanne Katz
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H W Leusen
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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35
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Goldstein E, Finelli L, O’Halloran A, Liu P, Karaca Z, Steiner CA, Viboud C, Lipsitch M. Hospitalizations Associated with Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza in Children, Including Children Diagnosed with Asthma. Epidemiology 2019; 30:918-926. [PMID: 31469696 PMCID: PMC6768705 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is uncertainty about the burden of hospitalization associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza in children, including those with underlying medical conditions. METHODS We applied previously developed methodology to Health Care Cost and Utilization Project hospitalization data and additional data related to asthma diagnosis/previous history in hospitalized children to estimate RSV and influenza-associated hospitalization rates in different subpopulations of US children between 2003 and 2010. RESULTS The estimated average annual rates (per 100,000 children) of RSV-associated hospitalization with a respiratory cause (ICD-9 codes 460-519) present anywhere in the discharge diagnosis were 2,381 (95% CI(2252,2515)) in children <1 year of age; 710.6 (609.1, 809.2) (1 y old); 395 (327.7, 462.4) (2 y old); 211.3 (154.6, 266.8) (3 y old); 111.1 (62.4, 160.1) (4 y old); 72.3 (29.3, 116.4) (5-6 y of age); 35.6 (9.9,62.2) (7-11 y of age); and 39 (17.5, 60.6) (12-17 y of age). The corresponding rates of influenza-associated hospitalization were lower, ranging from 181 (142.5, 220.3) in <1 year old to 17.9 (11.7, 24.2) in 12-17 years of age. The relative risks for RSV-related hospitalization associated with a prior diagnosis of asthma in age groups <5 y ranged between 3.1 (2.1, 4.7) (<1 y old) and 6.7 (4.2, 11.8) (2 y old; the corresponding risks for influenza-related hospitalization ranged from 2.8 (2.1, 4) (<1y old) to 4.9 (3.8, 6.4) (3 y old). CONCLUSION RSV-associated hospitalization rates in young children are high and decline rapidly with age. There are additional risks for both RSV and influenza hospitalization associated with a prior diagnosis of asthma, with the rates of RSV-related hospitalization in the youngest children diagnosed with asthma being particularly high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Goldstein
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | - Alissa O’Halloran
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US CDC, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Patrick Liu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Zeynal Karaca
- Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Claudia A. Steiner
- Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Rockville, MD 20850 USA (work performed in that capacity; currently works at Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver, CO 80231 USA)
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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36
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Ivey KS, Edwards KM, Talbot HK. Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Associations With Cardiovascular Disease in Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 71:1574-1583. [PMID: 29622165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is historically known for causing respiratory illness in young children, but the appreciation of its impact on older adults is growing. Studies have shown that hospitalization for respiratory illness due to RSV is complicated by cardiovascular events in 14% to 22% of adult patients, including worsening congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, and arrhythmias. Additionally, underlying cardiovascular disease is associated with hospitalization in 45% to 63% of adults with confirmed RSV. In summary, patients with cardiopulmonary disease have higher rates of health care utilization for RSV-related illness and worse outcomes. Patients with cardiovascular disease likely represent an important target population for the rapidly developing field of RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S Ivey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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Development and Standardization of a High-Throughput Multiplex Immunoassay for the Simultaneous Quantification of Specific Antibodies to Five Respiratory Syncytial Virus Proteins. mSphere 2019; 4:4/2/e00236-19. [PMID: 31019002 PMCID: PMC6483049 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00236-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of vaccine and monoclonal development to reduce hospitalization and death due to lower respiratory tract infection caused by RSV, assessment of antibody levels against RSV is essential. This newly developed multiplex immunoassay is able to measure antibody levels against five RSV proteins simultaneously. This can provide valuable insight into the dynamics of (maternal) antibody levels and RSV infection in infants and toddlers during the first few years of life, when primary RSV infection occurs. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory disease in (premature) newborns and causes respiratory illness in the elderly. Different monoclonal antibody (MAb) and vaccine candidates are in development worldwide and will hopefully become available within the near future. To implement such RSV vaccines, adequate decisions about immunization schedules and the different target group(s) need to be made, for which the assessment of antibody levels against RSV is essential. To survey RSV antigen-specific antibody levels, we developed a serological multiplex immunoassay (MIA) that determines and distinguishes antibodies against the five RSV glycoproteins postfusion F, prefusion F, Ga, Gb, and N simultaneously. The standardized RSV pentaplex MIA is sensitive, highly reproducible, and specific for the five RSV proteins. The preservation of the conformational structure of the immunodominant site Ø of prefusion F after conjugation to the beads has been confirmed. Importantly, good correlation is obtained between the microneutralization test and the MIA for all five proteins, resulting in an arbitrarily chosen cutoff value of prefusion F antibody levels for seropositivity in the microneutralization assay. The wide dynamic range requiring only two serum sample dilutions makes the RSV-MIA a high-throughput assay very suitable for (large-scale) serosurveillance and vaccine clinical studies. IMPORTANCE In view of vaccine and monoclonal development to reduce hospitalization and death due to lower respiratory tract infection caused by RSV, assessment of antibody levels against RSV is essential. This newly developed multiplex immunoassay is able to measure antibody levels against five RSV proteins simultaneously. This can provide valuable insight into the dynamics of (maternal) antibody levels and RSV infection in infants and toddlers during the first few years of life, when primary RSV infection occurs.
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Marcandalli J, Fiala B, Ols S, Perotti M, de van der Schueren W, Snijder J, Hodge E, Benhaim M, Ravichandran R, Carter L, Sheffler W, Brunner L, Lawrenz M, Dubois P, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Lee KK, Veesler D, Correnti CE, Stewart LJ, Baker D, Loré K, Perez L, King NP. Induction of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses by a Designed Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cell 2019; 176:1420-1431.e17. [PMID: 30849373 PMCID: PMC6424820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a worldwide public health concern for which no vaccine is available. Elucidation of the prefusion structure of the RSV F glycoprotein and its identification as the main target of neutralizing antibodies have provided new opportunities for development of an effective vaccine. Here, we describe the structure-based design of a self-assembling protein nanoparticle presenting a prefusion-stabilized variant of the F glycoprotein trimer (DS-Cav1) in a repetitive array on the nanoparticle exterior. The two-component nature of the nanoparticle scaffold enabled the production of highly ordered, monodisperse immunogens that display DS-Cav1 at controllable density. In mice and nonhuman primates, the full-valency nanoparticle immunogen displaying 20 DS-Cav1 trimers induced neutralizing antibody responses ∼10-fold higher than trimeric DS-Cav1. These results motivate continued development of this promising nanoparticle RSV vaccine candidate and establish computationally designed two-component nanoparticles as a robust and customizable platform for structure-based vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Marcandalli
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michela Perotti
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Joost Snijder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edgar Hodge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Benhaim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Will Sheffler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Livia Brunner
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly K Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Biological Physics Structure and Design Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lance J Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurent Perez
- Università della Svizzera italiana, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; European Virus Bioinformatics Center, Jena, Germany.
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Yamaji Y, Sawada A, Yasui Y, Ito T, Nakayama T. Simultaneous Administration of Recombinant Measles Viruses Expressing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion (F) and Nucleo (N) Proteins Induced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Cotton Rats. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010027. [PMID: 30836661 PMCID: PMC6466305 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that recombinant measles virus expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F), MVAIK/RSV/F, induced neutralizing antibodies against RSV, and those expressing RSV-NP (MVAIK/RSV/NP) and M2-1 (MVAIK/RSV/M2-1) induced RSV-specific CD8+/IFN-γ+ cells, but not neutralizing antibodies. In the present study, MVAIK/RSV/F and MVAIK/RSV/NP were simultaneously administered to cotton rats and immune responses and protective effects were compared with MVAIK/RSV/F alone. Sufficient neutralizing antibodies against RSV and RSV-specific CD8+/IFN-γ+ cells were observed after re-immunization with simultaneous administration. After the RSV challenge, CD8+/IFN-γ+ increased in spleen cells obtained from the simultaneous immunization group in response to F and NP peptides. Higher numbers of CD8+/IFN-γ+ and CD4+/IFN-γ+ cells were detected in lung tissues from the simultaneous immunization group after the RSV challenge. No detectable RSV was recovered from lung homogenates in the immunized groups. Mild inflammatory reactions with the thickening of broncho-epithelial cells and the infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed in lung tissues obtained from cotton rats immunized with MVAIK/RSV/F alone after the RSV challenge. No inflammatory responses were observed after the RSV challenge in the simultaneous immunization groups. The present results indicate that combined administration with MVAIK/RSV/F and MVAIK/RSV/NP induces humoral and cellular immune responses and shows effective protection against RSV, suggesting the importance of cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Yamaji
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Yasui
- Health Center, Keio University, Kanagawa 223-8521, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ito
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection II, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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Epitope-Specific Serological Assays for RSV: Conformation Matters. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010023. [PMID: 30813394 PMCID: PMC6466065 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children and older adults. An effective vaccine must elicit neutralizing antibodies targeting the RSV fusion (F) protein, which exists in two major conformations, pre-fusion (pre-F) and post-fusion (post-F). Although 50% of the surface is shared, pre-F contains highly neutralization-sensitive antigenic sites not present on post-F. Recent advancement of several subunit F-based vaccine trials has spurred interest in quantifying and understanding the protective potential of antibodies directed to individual antigenic sites. Monoclonal antibody competition ELISAs are being used to measure these endpoints, but the impact of F conformation and competition from antibodies binding to adjacent antigenic sites has not been thoroughly investigated. Since this information is critical for interpreting clinical trial outcomes and defining serological correlates of protection, we optimized assays to evaluate D25-competing antibodies (DCA) to antigenic site Ø on pre-F, and compared readouts of palivizumab-competing antibodies (PCA) to site II on both pre-F and post-F. We show that antibodies to adjacent antigenic sites can contribute to DCA and PCA readouts, and that cross-competition from non-targeted sites is especially confounding when PCA is measured using a post-F substrate. While measuring DCA and PCA levels may be useful to delineate the role of antibodies targeting the apex and side of the F protein, respectively, the assay limitations and caveats should be considered when conducting immune monitoring during vaccine trials and defining correlates of protection.
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Jo YM, Kim J, Chang J. Vaccine containing G protein fragment and recombinant baculovirus expressing M2 protein induces protective immunity to respiratory syncytial virus. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2019; 8:43-53. [PMID: 30775350 PMCID: PMC6369125 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2019.8.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia, asthma, and bronchiolitis in infants and elderly or immunocompromised individuals. An RSV vaccine has yet to be developed; only prophylactic anti-RSV antibody is commercially available. So, we investigated whether our vaccine candidate is able to induce type 1 CD4+ T helper (Th1), CD8+ T-cell responses, and protective immunity without vaccine-enhanced disease (VED) against RSV. Materials and Methods We used RSV G protein fragment (Gcf A) with recombinant baculovirus capable of expressing the RSV M2 protein (Bac M2) as a vaccine candidate, and injected this vaccine (Gcf A/Bac M2) intramuscularly, and challenged with RSV intranasally into mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, plaque assay, and weight measurement were performed to confirm humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and protective immunity. Results The Gcf A/Bac M2 formulation induced a stronger IgG response to Gcf A than Gcf A inoculation alone, and the ratio of IgG1/IgG2a indicated that the responses shifted predominantly to Th1. In addition, both RSV G-specific Th1 responses and RSV M2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses were induced, and G protein-associated eosinophilic infiltration was suppressed compared to the control group. Moreover, the Gcf A/Bac M2 group showed effective protection after an RSV challenge. Conclusion Bac M2 could serve as a vaccine with intrinsic adjuvant activity, and the Gcf A/Bac M2 shows promise as a vaccine candidate for inducing protective immunity without inciting VED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Min Jo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungwoo Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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McDonald JU, Rigsby P, Dougall T, Engelhardt OG. Establishment of the first WHO International Standard for antiserum to Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Report of an international collaborative study. Vaccine 2018; 36:7641-7649. [PMID: 30389194 PMCID: PMC6838659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), a leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness, has been a focus of vaccine development efforts in recent years. RSV neutralisation assays are particularly useful in the evaluation of immunogenicity of RSV vaccine candidates. Here we report a collaborative study that was conducted with the aim to establish the 1st International Standard for antiserum to RSV, to enable the standardisation of results across multiple assay formats. Two candidate standards were produced from serum samples donated by healthy adult individuals. 25 laboratories from 12 countries, including university laboratories, manufacturers/developers of RSV vaccines and public health laboratories, participated in the study. The study samples comprised the two candidate standards, NIBSC codes 16/284 and 16/322, naturally infected adult sera, age stratified naturally infected paediatric sera, sera from RSV vaccine clinical trials in maternal and elderly subjects, a monoclonal antibody to RSV (palivizumab), two cotton rat serum samples and samples from the BEI Resources panel of human antiserum and immune globulin to RSV. The collaborative study showed that between-laboratory variability in neutralisation titres was substantially reduced when values were expressed relative to those of either of the two candidate international standards. Stability of 16/284 and 16/322 maintained for 6 months at different temperatures showed no significant loss of activity (relative to that at -20 °C storage temperature) at temperatures of up to +20 °C. Based on these results, 16/284 was established as the 1st International Standard for antiserum to RSV, with an assigned unitage of 1000 International Units (IU) of anti-RSV neutralising antibodies per vial, by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation, with 16/322 suitable as a possible replacement standard for 16/284.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline U McDonald
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Biostatistics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Thomas Dougall
- Biostatistics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
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The Morphology and Assembly of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Revealed by Cryo-Electron Tomography. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080446. [PMID: 30127286 PMCID: PMC6116276 DOI: 10.3390/v10080446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. With repeat infections throughout life, it can also cause substantial disease in the elderly and in adults with compromised cardiac, pulmonary and immune systems. RSV is a pleomorphic enveloped RNA virus in the Pneumoviridae family. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of purified RSV particles has been elucidated, revealing three distinct morphological categories: spherical, asymmetric, and filamentous. However, the native 3D structure of RSV particles associated with or released from infected cells has yet to be investigated. In this study, we have established an optimized system for studying RSV structure by imaging RSV-infected cells on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Our results demonstrate that RSV is filamentous across several virus strains and cell lines by cryo-ET, cryo-immuno EM, and thin section TEM techniques. The viral filament length varies from 0.5 to 12 μm and the average filament diameter is approximately 130 nm. Taking advantage of the whole cell tomography technique, we have resolved various stages of RSV assembly. Collectively, our results can facilitate the understanding of viral morphogenesis in RSV and other pleomorphic enveloped viruses.
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Murine Pneumonia Virus Expressing the Fusion Glycoprotein of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus from an Added Gene Is Highly Attenuated and Immunogenic in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00723-18. [PMID: 29925656 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00723-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) continues to be the leading viral cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children worldwide. A licensed vaccine or antiviral drug suitable for routine use remains unavailable. Like RSV, Murine pneumonia virus (MPV) is a member of the genus Orthopneumovirus, family Pneumoviridae Humans are not normally exposed to MPV, and MPV is not cross-protective with RSV. We evaluated MPV as an RSV vaccine vector expressing the RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein. The RSV F open reading frame (ORF) was codon optimized, and the encoded RSV F protein was made identical to an early passage of RSV strain A2. The RSV F ORF was placed under the control of MPV transcription signals and inserted at the first (rMPV-F1), third (rMPV-F3), or fourth (rMPV-F4) gene position of a version of the MPV genome that contained a codon-pair-optimized polymerase (L) gene. The recovered viruses replicated in vitro as efficiently as the empty vector, with stable expression of RSV F protein. Replication and immunogenicity of rMPV-F1 and rMPV-F3 were evaluated in rhesus macaques following intranasal and intratracheal administration. Both viruses replicated at low levels in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, maintained stable RSV F expression, and induced RSV-neutralizing serum antibodies at high levels similar to those induced by wild-type RSV replicating to a 5- to 25-fold-higher titer. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that rMPV provides a highly attenuated yet immunogenic vector for the expression of RSV F protein, with potential application in RSV-naive and RSV-experienced populations.IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen that lacks a licensed vaccine or antiviral drug suitable for routine use. We describe here the evaluation of recombinant murine pneumonia virus (rMPV) as a live-attenuated vector that expresses the RSV F protein, the major RSV neutralization antigen, as an experimental RSV vaccine. The rMPV-RSV-F vectors expressing RSV F from the first, third, or fourth gene position were genetically stable and were not restricted for replication in vitro In contrast, the vectors exhibited highly attenuated replication in the respiratory tract of rhesus macaques, maintained stable RSV F expression, and induced RSV-neutralizing serum antibodies at high titers similar to those conferred by wild-type RSV. Given the lack of preexisting immunity to MPV in humans and the lack of cross-neutralization and cross-protection between MPV and RSV, an rMPV-vectored RSV vaccine should be immunogenic in both RSV-naive children and RSV-experienced adults.
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Sun YP, Zhang W, Zhao QJ, Cao JL, Zhang LJ, Xiang JY, Si JY, Lin X, Chen L, Zheng ZZ, Xia NS. An optimized high-throughput fluorescence plate reader-based RSV neutralization assay. J Virol Methods 2018; 260:34-40. [PMID: 30003925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A licensed vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has yet to be developed, and a reliable and repeatable neutralizing assay is indispensable for vaccine development. Here, we demonstrated an optimized high-throughput RSV neutralization assay that utilizes a fluorescence plate reader (reader) as a substitute for flow cytometry to detect fluorescent signals in RSV-A2 mKate-infected cells. Furthermore, this study tested the influence of virus input and infectivity on the neutralizing assay and highlighted critical factors (together with a suggested protocol) for obtaining stable data using this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Qin-Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Jian-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Lu-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Jiang-Yan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Jun-Yu Si
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Xue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Zi-Zheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361002, PR China.
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Lederhofer J, van Lent J, Bhoelan F, Karneva Z, de Haan A, Wilschut JC, Stegmann T. Development of a Virosomal RSV Vaccine Containing 3D-PHAD® Adjuvant: Formulation, Composition, and Long-Term Stability. Pharm Res 2018; 35:172. [PMID: 29971500 PMCID: PMC6061504 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Characterization of virosomes, in late stage preclinical development as vaccines for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), with a membrane-incorporated synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A, 3D-PHAD® adjuvant. METHODS Virosomes were initially formed by contacting a lipid film containing 3D-PHAD® with viral membranes solubilized with the short chain phospholipid DCPC, followed by dialysis, later by adding solubilized 3D-PHAD to viral membranes, or to preformed virosomes from DMSO. RESULTS Virosomes formed from lipid films contained the membrane glycoproteins G and F, at similar F to G ratios but lower concentrations than in virus, and the added lipids, but only a fraction of the 3D-PHAD®. By single particle tracking (SPT), the virosome size distribution resembled that seen by cryo-electron microscopy, but dynamic light scattering showed much larger particles. These differences were caused by small virosome aggregates. Measured by SPT, virosomes were stable for 300 days. 3DPHAD ® incorporation in virosomes could be enhanced by providing the adjuvant from DCPC solubilized stock, but also by adding DMSO dissolved adjuvant to pre-formed virosomes. Virosomes with 0.1 mg/mg of 3D-PHAD®/viral protein from DMSO induced antibody titers similar to those by virosomes containing 0.2 mg/mg of DCPC-solubilized 3D-PHAD®. CONCLUSIONS Stable 3D-PHAD® adjuvanted RSV virosomes can be formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lederhofer
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J van Lent
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F Bhoelan
- Mymetics BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Z Karneva
- Mymetics BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A de Haan
- University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Boukhvalova MS, Mbaye A, Kovtun S, Yim KC, Konstantinova T, Getachew T, Khurana S, Falsey AR, Blanco JCG. Improving ability of RSV microneutralization assay to detect G-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies through immortalized cell line selection. Vaccine 2018; 36:4657-4662. [PMID: 29960801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Protection against RSV is associated with neutralizing antibodies against the fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins. Several RSV vaccine candidates are in development, but their immunogenicity is hard to compare due to the little-understood differences between multiple RSV neutralizing antibody assays used. Existing assays utilize primarily Vero or HEp-2 cells, but their ability to detect G-neutralizing antibodies or antibodies against specific RSV strains is unclear. In this work, we developed an RSV microneutralization assay (MNA) using unmodified RSV and immortalized cell line derived from human airway epithelial cells (A549). Performance of A549-, HEp-2- and Vero-based MNA was compared under the same assay conditions (fixed amount of virus and cells) with regards to detection of neutralizing antibodies against RSV A or B viruses, G-reactive neutralizing antibodies, and effect of complement. Our results indicate that A549 cells yield the highest MNA titers, particularly in the RSV A/A2 MNA, are least susceptible to complement-enhancing effect of neutralizing titer readout and are superior to Vero or HEp-2 MNA at recognizing G-reactive neutralizing antibodies when no complement is used. Vero cells, however, can be more consistent at recognizing neutralizing antibodies against multiple RSV strains. The choice of substrate cells thus affects the outcome of MNA, as some immortalized cells better support detection of broader range of neutralizing antibodies, while others facilitate detection of G-targeting neutralizing antibodies, a long-thought prerogative of primary airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Boukhvalova
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc, 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - A Mbaye
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc, 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - S Kovtun
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc, 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - K C Yim
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc, 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - T Konstantinova
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc, 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - T Getachew
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc, 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - S Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - A R Falsey
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester General Hospital, 1425 Portland Avenue, Infectious Diseases Unit, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - J C G Blanco
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc, 9610 Medical Center Drive, Suite 100, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Human respiratory syncytial virus: pathogenesis, immune responses, and current vaccine approaches. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:1817-1827. [PMID: 29876771 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus continues to pose a serious threat to the pediatric populations worldwide. With a genomic makeup of 15,200 nucleotides, the virus encodes for 11 proteins serving as envelope spikes, inner envelope proteins, and non-structural and ribonucleocapsid complexes. The fusion (F) and attachment (G) surface glycoproteins are the key targets for neutralizing antibodies. The highly variable G with altered glycosylations and the conformational alternations of F create challenges for vaccine development. The metastable F protein is responsible for RSV-host cell fusion and thus infectivity. Novel antigenic sites were identified on this form following its stabilization and solving its crystal structure. Importantly, site ø displays neutralizing activity exceeding those of post-F-specific and shared antigenic sites, such as site II which is the target for Palivizumab therapeutic antibody. Induction of high neutralizing antibody responses by pre-F immunization in animal models promoted it as a major vaccine candidate. Since RSV infection is more serious at age extremities and in individuals with undermining health conditions, vaccines are being developed to target these populations. Infants below three months of age have a suppressive immune system, making vaccines' immunogenicity weak. Therefore, a suggested strategy to protect newborns from RSV infection would be through passive immunity of maternal antibodies. Hence, pregnant women at their third trimester have been selected as an ideal target for vaccination with RSV pre-F vaccine. This review summarizes the different modes of RSV pathogenesis and host's immune response to the infection, and illustrates on the latest updates of vaccine development and vaccination approaches.
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Kuhdari P, Brosio F, Malaventura C, Stefanati A, Orsi A, Icardi G, Gabutti G. Human respiratory syncytial virus and hospitalization in young children in Italy. Ital J Pediatr 2018; 44:50. [PMID: 29728106 PMCID: PMC5935991 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is ubiquitous and causes respiratory diseases in both children and adults. Worldwide, hRSV pneumonia is the second cause of postnatal infant death after malaria. Given the high impact in terms of morbidity, mortality and costs, especially in the pediatric population, hRSV is recognized as a global health problem and the WHO, in view of the availability of new vaccines, has urged an active surveillance program of virus-related infections. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the impact of hRSV infections in the Italian population, particularly the pediatric one, in terms of hospitalizations. METHODS In the period 2001-2014, Hospital Discharge Records (HDRs) with the following diagnosis codes included in the primary diagnosis were evaluated: 466.11 (hRSV bronchiolitis), 480.1 (hRSV pneumonia) and 796 (hRSV). HDRs were supplied by the National Archive of HDRs data, Ministry of Health. RESULTS During the period 2001-2014, 57,656 hospital admissions due to hRSV pathologies were performed. Most hospitalizations (88.8%) involved patients with less than 1 year of age. Considering only primary diagnosis, 93% of the admissions were due to bronchiolitis, 5% to pneumonia and 2% to not otherwise specified hRSV infections. In the period 2001-2014, the hospitalization rate in 0-2 years old children, was equal to 224.8, 9.6 and 4.6/100,000 for hRSV bronchiolitis, hRSV pneumonia and not otherwise specified hRSV infection, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the high impact of hRSV on the pediatric population in the age class 0-4 years, with a peak in the first 12 months of life. Most hospitalizations were urgent, although the duration of the hospital stay was for the most part less than a week, with ordinary discharge at home. Pending the conclusion of ongoing clinical trials on different hRSV vaccine types, it is extremely important to have updated data on the impact of hRSV-related pathologies in the various age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvanè Kuhdari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Public Health Medicine, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 64/b, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Brosio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Public Health Medicine, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 64/b, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristina Malaventura
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Armando Stefanati
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Public Health Medicine, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 64/b, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, “Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS” teaching hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, “Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS” teaching hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gabutti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Public Health Medicine, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 64/b, Ferrara, Italy
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50
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Pusch E, Renz H, Skevaki C. Respiratory virus-induced heterologous immunity: Part of the problem or part of the solution? ALLERGO JOURNAL 2018; 27:28-45. [PMID: 32300267 PMCID: PMC7149200 DOI: 10.1007/s15007-018-1580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To provide current knowledge on respiratory virus-induced heterologous immunity (HI) with a focus on humoral and cellular cross-reactivity. Adaptive heterologous immune responses have broad implications on infection, autoimmunity, allergy and transplant immunology. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved might ultimately open up possibilities for disease prevention, for example by vaccination. Methods A structured literature search was performed using Medline and PubMed to provide an overview of the current knowledge on respiratory-virus induced adaptive HI. Results In HI the immune response towards one antigen results in an alteration of the immune response towards a second antigen. We provide an overview of respiratory virus-induced HI, including viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), coronavirus (CoV) and influenza virus (IV). We discuss T cell receptor (TCR) and humoral cross-reactivity as mechanisms of HI involving those respiratory viruses. Topics covered include HI between respiratory viruses as well as between respiratory viruses and other pathogens. Newly developed vaccines, which have the potential to provide protection against multiple virus strains are also discussed. Furthermore, respiratory viruses have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as narcolepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, type 1 diabetes or myocarditis. Finally, we discuss the role of respiratory viruses in asthma and the hygiene hypothesis, and review our recent findings on HI between IV and allergens, which leads to protection from experimental asthma. Conclusion Respiratory-virus induced HI may have protective but also detrimental effects on the host. Respiratory viral infections contribute to asthma or autoimmune disease development, but on the other hand, a lack of microbial encounter is associated with an increasing number of allergic as well as autoimmune diseases. Future research might help identify the elements which determine a protective or detrimental outcome in HI-based mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Pusch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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