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Liu J, Vernikovskaya D, Bora G, Carlo A, Burchett W, Jordan S, Tang LWT, Yang J, Che Y, Chang G, Troutman MD, Di L. Novel Multiplexed High Throughput Screening of Selective Inhibitors for Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Using Human Hepatocytes. AAPS J 2024; 26:36. [PMID: 38546903 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective chemical inhibitors are critical for reaction phenotyping to identify drug-metabolizing enzymes that are involved in the elimination of drug candidates. Although relatively selective inhibitors are available for the major cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP), they are quite limited for the less common CYPs and non-CYPs. To address this gap, we developed a multiplexed high throughput screening (HTS) assay using 20 substrate reactions of multiple enzymes to simultaneously monitor the inhibition of enzymes in a 384-well format. Four 384-well assay plates can be run at the same time to maximize throughput. This is the first multiplexed HTS assay for drug-metabolizing enzymes reported. The HTS assay is technologically enabled with state-of-the-art robotic systems and highly sensitive modern LC-MS/MS instrumentation. Virtual screening is utilized to identify inhibitors for HTS based on known inhibitors and enzyme structures. Screening of ~4600 compounds generated many hits for many drug-metabolizing enzymes including the two time-dependent and selective aldehyde oxidase inhibitors, erlotinib and dibenzothiophene. The hit rate is much higher than that for the traditional HTS for biological targets due to the promiscuous nature of the drug-metabolizing enzymes and the biased compound selection process. Future efforts will focus on using this method to identify selective inhibitors for enzymes that do not currently have quality hits and thoroughly characterizing the newly identified selective inhibitors from our screen. We encourage colleagues from other organizations to explore their proprietary libraries using a similar approach to identify better inhibitors that can be used across the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daria Vernikovskaya
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gary Bora
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anthony Carlo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Woodrow Burchett
- Global Biometrics and Data Management, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joy Yang
- Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ye Che
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - George Chang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew D Troutman
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA.
- Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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2
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Chen J, Tang LWT, Jordan S, Harrison M, Gualtieri GM, DaSilva E, Morris D, Bora G, Che Y, Di L. Characterization of CYP3A5 Selective Inhibitors for Reaction Phenotyping of Drug Candidates. AAPS J 2024; 26:26. [PMID: 38366061 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
CYP3A is one of the most important classes of enzymes and is involved in the metabolism of over 70% drugs. While several selective CYP3A4 inhibitors have been identified, the search for a selective CYP3A5 inhibitor has turned out to be rather challenging. Recently, several selective CYP3A5 inhibitors have been identified through high-throughput screening of ~ 11,000 compounds and hit expansion using human recombinant enzymes. We set forth to characterize the three most selective CYP3A5 inhibitors in a more physiologically relevant system of human liver microsomes to understand if these inhibitors can be used for reaction phenotyping studies in drug discovery settings. Gomisin A and T-5 were used as selective substrate reactions for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 to determine IC50 values of the two enzymes. The results showed that clobetasol propionate and loteprednol etabonate were potent and selective CYP3A5 reversible inhibitors with selectivity of 24-fold against CYP3A4 and 39-fold or more against the other major CYPs. The selectivity of difluprednate in HLM is much weaker than that in the recombinant enzymes due to hydrolysis of the acetate group in HLM. Based on the selectivity data, loteprednol etabonate can be utilized as an orthogonal approach, when experimental fraction metabolized of CYP3A5 is greater than 0.5, to understand CYP3A5 contribution to drug metabolism and its clinical significance. Future endeavors to identify even more selective CYP3A5 inhibitors are warranted to enable accurate determination of CYP3A5 contribution to metabolism versus CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Makayla Harrison
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Gualtieri
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Ethan DaSilva
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Danial Morris
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Gary Bora
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Ye Che
- Discovery Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.
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3
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Rajan SAP, Sherfey J, Ohri S, Nichols L, Smith JT, Parekh P, Kadar EP, Clark F, George BT, Gregory L, Tess D, Gosset JR, Liras J, Geishecker E, Obach RS, Cirit M. A Novel Milli-fluidic Liver Tissue Chip with Continuous Recirculation for Predictive Pharmacokinetics Applications. AAPS J 2023; 25:102. [PMID: 37891356 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A crucial step in lead selection during drug development is accurate estimation and optimization of hepatic clearance using in vitro methods. However, current methods are limited by factors such as lack of physiological relevance, short culture/incubation times that are not consistent with drug exposure patterns in patients, use of drug absorbing materials, and evaporation during long-term incubation. To address these technological needs, we developed a novel milli-fluidic human liver tissue chip (LTC) that was designed with continuous media recirculation and optimized for hepatic cultures using human primary hepatocytes. Here, we characterized the LTC using a series of physiologically relevant metrics and test compounds to demonstrate that we could accurately predict the PK of both low- and high-clearance compounds. The non-biological characterization indicated that the cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)-based LTC exhibited negligible evaporation and minimal non-specific binding of drugs of varying ionic states and lipophilicity. Biologically, the LTC exhibited functional and polarized hepatic culture with sustained metabolic CYP activity for at least 15 days. This long-term culture was then used for drug clearance studies for low- and high-clearance compounds for at least 12 days, and clearance was estimated for a range of compounds with high in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC). We also demonstrated that LTC can be induced by rifampicin, and the culture age had insignificant effect on depletion kinetic and predicted clearance value. Thus, we used advances in bioengineering to develop a novel purpose-built platform with high reproducibility and minimal variability to address unmet needs for PK applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Sherfey
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - Shivam Ohri
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - Lauren Nichols
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - J Tyler Smith
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - Paarth Parekh
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - Eugene P Kadar
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Frances Clark
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Billy T George
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Lauren Gregory
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - David Tess
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - James R Gosset
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Liras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Emily Geishecker
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Murat Cirit
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA.
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4
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Sun L, Mi K, Hou Y, Hui T, Zhang L, Tao Y, Liu Z, Huang L. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions: Research Methods and Applications. Metabolites 2023; 13:897. [PMID: 37623842 PMCID: PMC10456269 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the high research and development cost of new drugs, the long development process of new drugs, and the high failure rate at later stages, combining past drugs has gradually become a more economical and attractive alternative. However, the ensuing problem of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) urgently need to be solved, and combination has attracted a lot of attention from pharmaceutical researchers. At present, DDI is often evaluated and investigated from two perspectives: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. However, in some special cases, DDI cannot be accurately evaluated from a single perspective. Therefore, this review describes and compares the current DDI evaluation methods based on two aspects: pharmacokinetic interaction and pharmacodynamic interaction. The methods summarized in this paper mainly include probe drug cocktail methods, liver microsome and hepatocyte models, static models, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, machine learning models, in vivo comparative efficacy studies, and in vitro static and dynamic tests. This review aims to serve as a useful guide for interested researchers to promote more scientific accuracy and clinical practical use of DDI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Tianyi Hui
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Lan Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Zhenli Liu
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
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5
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Lu Y, Wang Y, He Y, Pan J, Jin Y, Zheng L, Huang Y, Li Y, Liu W. Aidi injection altered the activity of CYP2D4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP3A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2C11 in normal and diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 286:114930. [PMID: 34952190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aidi injection (ADI), a traditional chinese medicine preparation, is widely used in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of various malignant tumors, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Studies have shown that changes in cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity in disease states would affect the metabolism of drugs in vivo, especially liver diseases. However, the changes of Aidi injection on the activities of CYP2D4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP3A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2C11 in normal and HCC states are still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The cocktail probe drugs method was used to investigate the effects of ADI on the activity of CYP2D4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP3A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2C11 in normal and HCC rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The HCC rats was induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN). Then, both normal and HCC rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 6). They were given saline or ADI (10 mL/kg/d, i.p) for 2 weeks, respectively. On the fifteenth day, cocktail probe mixing solution, including metoprolol (10 mg/kg), caffeine (1.0 mg/kg), omeprazole (2.0 mg/kg), midazolam (2.0 mg/kg), chlorzoxazone (4.0 mg/kg) and tolbutamide (0.5 mg/kg), was injected into tail vein of all rats in each group. The blood sample was obtained at specified time. After the protein is precipitated, six probe drugs are analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Compared with control group, the activity of CYP3A2 and CYP2E1 was significantly lower in the ADI group. Compared with the model group, the activities of CYP1A2, CYP3A2, CYP2E1, and CYP2C11 enzymes in the ADI model group were significantly reduced. Additionally, the activity of CYP2D4, CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP3A2, CYP2E1 and CYP2C11 enzymes in model group was significantly lower than control group. CONCLUSIONS ADI can inhibit a lot of CYP450 enzyme, so it may reduce the dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs to reach the required plasma concentration of chemotherapeutic drugs, which is of great significance for the combination of anti-tumor chemotherapeutic drugs and is worthy of further in-depth study and clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28(#) Guiyi Road, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yan He
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28(#) Guiyi Road, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Wen Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 28(#) Guiyi Road, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, China.
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6
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Zhang YJ, Zhou WL, Yu F, Wang Q, Peng C, Kan JY. Evaluation of the effect of Bovis Calculus Artifactus on eight rat liver cytochrome P450 isozymes using LC-MS/MS and cocktail approach. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1010-1018. [PMID: 34294011 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1959673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovis Calculus Artifactus (BCA) is the main substitute for natural Calculus bovis, a traditional drug in China used to treat high fever, convulsion, and sore throat. The effect of BCA on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities is unknown. This study was to investigate the effect of BCA on eight rat hepatic microsomal CYPisozymes to evaluate the potential drug interactions using the cocktail approach.Metabolites of the eight isoform probe substrates of CYP isozymes were quantified by LC-MS/MS. The method was validated by incubating known CYP inhibitors α-naphthoflavone (CYP1A2), thiotepa (CYP2B1), quercetin (CYP2C7), sulfaphenazole (CYP2C6), ticlopidine (CYP2C11), quinidine (CYP2D1), ketoconazole (CYP3A1),4-methylpyrazole (CYP2E1) with individual probe substrate and rat liver microsomes. The formation rates of the corresponding metabolites of the eight probe substrates were determined to evaluate the activity of each isozyme.The results showed that BCA has different degrees of inhibitory effect on four CYP450 isoforms (CYP2C6, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, CYP3A1) (p < 0.05), but no significant influence on CYP1A2, 2B1, 2C7 or 2E1 (p > 0.05). Attention should be paid to the BCA-drug interactions by careful monitoring and appropriate dosage adjustments in the concurrent use of the drugs which are metabolized by CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Abbreviations: BCA, bovis calculus artifactus; CYP, cytochrome P450; DDIs, drug-drug interactions; ESI, electrospray ionization; MRM, multiple reaction monitoring; NBC, Natural Bovis Calculus; QC, quality control; T CM, traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China.,Anhui Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China.,Anhui Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Can Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Education Office of Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, China
| | - Jia-Yi Kan
- Anhui Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Hefei, China
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7
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Kahma H, Aurinsalo L, Neuvonen M, Katajamäki J, Paludetto MN, Viinamäki J, Launiainen T, Filppula AM, Tornio A, Niemi M, Backman JT. An automated cocktail method for in vitro assessment of direct and time-dependent inhibition of nine major cytochrome P450 enzymes - application to establishing CYP2C8 inhibitor selectivity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 162:105810. [PMID: 33753217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We developed an in vitro high-throughput cocktail assay with nine major drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes, optimized for screening of time-dependent inhibition. The method was applied to determine the selectivity of the time-dependent CYP2C8 inhibitors gemfibrozil 1-O-β-glucuronide and clopidogrel acyl-β-D-glucuronide. In vitro incubations with CYP selective probe substrates and pooled human liver microsomes were conducted in 96-well plates with automated liquid handler techniques and metabolite concentrations were measured with quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. After determination of inter-substrate interactions and Km values for each reaction, probe substrates were divided into cocktails I (tacrine/CYP1A2, bupropion/CYP2B6, amodiaquine/CYP2C8, tolbutamide/CYP2C9 and midazolam/CYP3A4/5) and II (coumarin/CYP2A6, S-mephenytoin/CYP2C19, dextromethorphan/CYP2D6 and astemizole/CYP2J2). Time-dependent inhibitors (furafylline/CYP1A2, selegiline/CYP2A6, clopidogrel/CYP2B6, gemfibrozil 1-O-β-glucuronide/CYP2C8, tienilic acid/CYP2C9, ticlopidine/CYP2C19, paroxetine/CYP2D6 and ritonavir/CYP3A) and direct inhibitor (terfenadine/CYP2J2) showed similar inhibition with single substrate and cocktail methods. Established time-dependent inhibitors caused IC50 fold shifts ranging from 2.2 to 30 with the cocktail method. Under time-dependent inhibition conditions, gemfibrozil 1-O-β-glucuronide was a strong (>90% inhibition) and selective (<< 20% inhibition of other CYPs) inhibitor of CYP2C8 at concentrations ranging from 60 to 300 μM, while the selectivity of clopidogrel acyl-β-D-glucuronide was limited at concentrations above its IC80 for CYP2C8. The time-dependent IC50 values of these glucuronides for CYP2C8 were 8.1 and 38 µM, respectively. In conclusion, a reliable cocktail method including the nine most important drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes was developed, optimized and validated for detecting time-dependent inhibition. Moreover, gemfibrozil 1-O-β-glucuronide was established as a selective inhibitor of CYP2C8 for use as a diagnostic inhibitor in in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helinä Kahma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Aurinsalo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani Katajamäki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie-Noëlle Paludetto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Viinamäki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Terhi Launiainen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksi Tornio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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8
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Lu C, Di L. In vitro
and
in vivo
methods to assess pharmacokinetic drug– drug interactions in drug discovery and development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:3-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lu
- Department of DMPKSanofi Company Waltham MA 02451
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and MetabolismPfizer Worldwide Research & Development Groton CT 06340
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9
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HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry with polarity switching for increasing throughput of human in vitro cocktail drug-drug interaction assay. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:659-671. [PMID: 29749249 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Evaluation of HPLC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) full scan with polarity switching for increasing throughput of human in vitro cocktail drug-drug interaction assay. MATERIALS & METHODS Microsomal incubates were analyzed using a high resolution and high mass accuracy Q-Exactive mass spectrometer to collect integrated qualitative and quantitative (qual/quant) data. RESULTS Within assay, positive-to-negative polarity switching HPLC-HRMS method allowed quantification of eight and two probe compounds in the positive and negative ionization modes, respectively, while monitoring for LOR and its metabolites. CONCLUSION LOR-inhibited CYP2C19 and showed higher activity for CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4. Overall, LC-HRMS-based nontargeted full scan quantitation allowed to improve the throughput of the in vitro cocktail drug-drug interaction assay.
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10
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Lee KL, Ambler CM, Anderson DR, Boscoe BP, Bree AG, Brodfuehrer JI, Chang JS, Choi C, Chung S, Curran KJ, Day JE, Dehnhardt CM, Dower K, Drozda SE, Frisbie RK, Gavrin LK, Goldberg JA, Han S, Hegen M, Hepworth D, Hope HR, Kamtekar S, Kilty IC, Lee A, Lin LL, Lovering FE, Lowe MD, Mathias JP, Morgan HM, Murphy EA, Papaioannou N, Patny A, Pierce BS, Rao VR, Saiah E, Samardjiev IJ, Samas BM, Shen MWH, Shin JH, Soutter HH, Strohbach JW, Symanowicz PT, Thomason JR, Trzupek JD, Vargas R, Vincent F, Yan J, Zapf CW, Wright SW. Discovery of Clinical Candidate 1-{[(2S,3S,4S)-3-Ethyl-4-fluoro-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl]methoxy}-7-methoxyisoquinoline-6-carboxamide (PF-06650833), a Potent, Selective Inhibitor of Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4), by Fragment-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5521-5542. [PMID: 28498658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Through fragment-based drug design focused on engaging the active site of IRAK4 and leveraging three-dimensional topology in a ligand-efficient manner, a micromolar hit identified from a screen of a Pfizer fragment library was optimized to afford IRAK4 inhibitors with nanomolar potency in cellular assays. The medicinal chemistry effort featured the judicious placement of lipophilicity, informed by co-crystal structures with IRAK4 and optimization of ADME properties to deliver clinical candidate PF-06650833 (compound 40). This compound displays a 5-unit increase in lipophilic efficiency from the fragment hit, excellent kinase selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties suitable for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heidi M Morgan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. , 1070 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiangli Yan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. , 1070 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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11
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Felts AS, Rodriguez AL, Blobaum AL, Morrison RD, Bates BS, Thompson Gray A, Rook JM, Tantawy MN, Byers FW, Chang S, Venable DF, Luscombe VB, Tamagnan GD, Niswender CM, Daniels JS, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA. Discovery of N-(5-Fluoropyridin-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-(pyrimidin-5-yloxy)picolinamide (VU0424238): A Novel Negative Allosteric Modulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 Selected for Clinical Evaluation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5072-5085. [PMID: 28530802 PMCID: PMC5484149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Preclinical evidence in support of
the potential utility of mGlu5 NAMs for the treatment of
a variety of psychiatric and neurodegenerative
disorders is extensive, and multiple such molecules have entered clinical
trials. Despite some promising results from clinical studies, no small
molecule mGlu5 NAM has yet to reach market. Here we present
the discovery and evaluation of N-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-(pyrimidin-5-yloxy)picolinamide
(27, VU0424238), a compound selected for clinical evaluation.
Compound 27 is more than 900-fold selective for mGlu5 versus the other mGlu receptors, and binding studies established
a Ki value of 4.4 nM at a known allosteric
binding site. Compound 27 had a clearance of 19.3 and
15.5 mL/min/kg in rats and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. Imaging
studies using a known mGlu5 PET ligand demonstrated 50%
receptor occupancy at an oral dose of 0.8 mg/kg in rats and an intravenous
dose of 0.06 mg/kg in baboons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohammed N Tantawy
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Gilles D Tamagnan
- Molecular NeuroImaging, a Division of inviCRO , New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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12
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Sasaki T, Sato Y, Kumagai T, Yoshinari K, Nagata K. Effect of health foods on cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2017; 3:14. [PMID: 28496987 PMCID: PMC5424325 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-017-0083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health foods have been widely sold and consumed in Japan. There has been an increase in reports of adverse effects in association with the expanding health food market. While health food-drug interactions are a particular concern from the viewpoint of safe and effective use of health foods, information regarding such interactions is limited owing to the lack of established methods to assess the effects of health food products on drug metabolism. We therefore developed cells that mimicked the activities of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, which strongly contribute to drug metabolism in human hepatocytes, and established a system to assess the inhibitory activity of health foods toward P450-mediated metabolism. Methods We simultaneously infected HepG2 cells with five P450-expressing adenoviruses (Ad-CYP1A2, Ad-CYP2C9, Ad-CYP2C19, Ad-CYP2D6, and Ad-CYP3A4) to mimic the activity levels of these P450s in human hepatocytes, and named them Ad-P450 cells. The activity levels of P450s in Ad-P450 cells and human hepatocytes were calculated via simultaneous liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis utilizing a P450 substrate cocktail. Results We established Ad-P450 cells mimicking the activity levels of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes. We determined the Km values of P450 substrates and IC50 values of P450 inhibitors in Ad-P450 cells. These values were approximately equivalent to those obtained in previous studies. We investigated the inhibitory effects of 172 health foods that were recently in circulation in Japan on P450-mediated metabolism using Ad-P450 cells. Of the 172 health foods, five products (two products having dietary effects, one turmeric-based product, one collagen-based product, and one propolis-containing product) simultaneously inhibited the five P450s by more than 50%. Another 29 products were also confirmed to inhibit one or more P450s. Conclusions We established a comprehensive assessment system to elucidate the effects of health foods on P450-mediated metabolism and identified the inhibitory activity of 34 of 172 health foods toward the drug-metabolizing P450s. Our results may provide useful information to predict health food-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Sasaki
- Department of Environmental and Health Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558 Japan.,Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Environmental and Health Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558 Japan
| | - Takeshi Kumagai
- Department of Environmental and Health Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558 Japan
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Nagata
- Department of Environmental and Health Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558 Japan
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13
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Amano H, Kazamori D, Itoh K. Evaluation of the Effects of S-Allyl-L-cysteine, S-Methyl-L-cysteine, trans-S-1-Propenyl-L-cysteine, and Their N-Acetylated and S-Oxidized Metabolites on Human CYP Activities. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:1701-1707. [PMID: 27725449 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three major organosulfur compounds of aged garlic extract, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), S-methyl-L-cysteine (SMC), and trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (S1PC), were examined for their effects on the activities of five major isoforms of human CYP enzymes: CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. The metabolite formation from probe substrates for the CYP isoforms was examined in human liver microsomes in the presence of organosulfur compounds at 0.01-1 mM by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Allicin, a major component of garlic, inhibited CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 activity by 21-45% at 0.03 mM. In contrast, a CYP2C9-catalyzed reaction was enhanced by up to 1.9 times in the presence of allicin at 0.003-0.3 mM. SAC, SMC, and S1PC had no effect on the activities of the five isoforms, except that S1PC inhibited CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam 1'-hydroxylation by 31% at 1 mM. The N-acetylated metabolites of the three compounds inhibited the activities of several isoforms to a varying degree at 1 mM. N-Acetyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine and N-acetyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine inhibited the reactions catalyzed by CYP2D6 and CYP1A2, by 19 and 26%, respectively, whereas trans-N-acetyl-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine showed weak to moderate inhibition (19-49%) of CYP1A2, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 activities. On the other hand, both the N-acetylated and S-oxidized metabolites of SAC, SMC, and S1PC had little effect on the reactions catalyzed by the five isoforms. These results indicated that SAC, SMC, and S1PC have little potential to cause drug-drug interaction due to CYP inhibition or activation in vivo, as judged by their minimal effects (IC50>1 mM) on the activities of five major isoforms of human CYP in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Amano
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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14
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N-Alkylpyrido[1',2':1,5]pyrazolo-[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines: A new series of negative allosteric modulators of mGlu1/5 with CNS exposure in rodents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1894-900. [PMID: 26988308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of each of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5) have been well characterized in the literature and offer potential as therapeutics in several disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Still, compounds that are potent mGlu1/5 NAMs with selectivity versus the other six members of the mGlu family as well as the balance of properties required for use in vivo are lacking. A medicinal chemistry effort centered on the identification of a lead series with the potential of delivering such compounds is described in this Letter. Specifically, a new class of pyrido[1',2':1,5]pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines was designed as a novel isosteric replacement for 4-aminoquinazolines, and compounds from within this chemotype exhibited dual NAM activity at both group I mGlus. One compound, VU0467558 (29), demonstrated near equipotent activity at both receptors, selectivity versus other mGlus, a favorable ancillary pharmacology profile, and CNS exposure in rodents.
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15
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Eng H, Scialis RJ, Rotter CJ, Lin J, Lazzaro S, Varma MV, Di L, Feng B, West M, Kalgutkar AS. The Antimicrobial Agent Fusidic Acid Inhibits Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide-Mediated Hepatic Clearance and May Potentiate Statin-Induced Myopathy. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:692-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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16
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Application of a cocktail approach to screen cytochrome P450 BM3 libraries for metabolic activity and diversity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1425-43. [PMID: 26753974 PMCID: PMC4723632 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the validity of using a cocktail screening method in combination with a chemometrical data mining approach to evaluate metabolic activity and diversity of drug-metabolizing bacterial Cytochrome P450 (CYP) BM3 mutants was investigated. In addition, the concept of utilizing an in-house-developed library of CYP BM3 mutants as a unique biocatalytic synthetic tool to support medicinal chemistry was evaluated. Metabolic efficiency of the mutant library towards a selection of CYP model substrates, being amitriptyline (AMI), buspirone (BUS), coumarine (COU), dextromethorphan (DEX), diclofenac (DIC) and norethisterone (NET), was investigated. First, metabolic activity of a selection of CYP BM3 mutants was screened against AMI and BUS. Subsequently, for a single CYP BM3 mutant, the effect of co-administration of multiple drugs on the metabolic activity and diversity towards AMI and BUS was investigated. Finally, a cocktail of AMI, BUS, COU, DEX, DIC and NET was screened against the whole in-house CYP BM3 library. Different validated quantitative and qualitative (U)HPLC-MS/MS-based analytical methods were applied to screen for substrate depletion and targeted product formation, followed by a more in-depth screen for metabolic diversity. A chemometrical approach was used to mine all data to search for unique metabolic properties of the mutants and allow classification of the mutants. The latter would open the possibility of obtaining a more in-depth mechanistic understanding of the metabolites. The presented method is the first MS-based method to screen CYP BM3 mutant libraries for diversity in combination with a chemometrical approach to interpret results and visualize differences between the tested mutants.
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17
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Dahlinger D, Duechting S, Nuecken D, Sydow K, Fuhr U, Frechen S. Development and validation of an in vitro, seven-in-one human cytochrome P450 assay for evaluation of both direct and time-dependent inhibition. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 77:66-75. [PMID: 26528794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) raises drug safety concerns and has major implications in drug development. This study describes the development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based screening tool to simultaneously assess both the direct and the time-dependent inhibitory potential of xenobiotics on the seven major CYPs using a two-step approach. METHODS The in vitro cocktail of FDA recognized model substrates was incubated with human liver microsomes (HLM) and consisted of caffeine (CYP1A2), bupropion (CYP2B6), rosiglitazone (CYP2C8), tolbutamide (CYP2C9), omeprazole (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6) and midazolam (CYP3A4). Direct and time-dependent inhibitory profiles of direct and time-dependent reference inhibitors for each CYP were studied. For validation, the results were compared to those obtained with the traditional single substrate approach. Statistical uncertainty was quantified using the bootstrap method. RESULTS The direct inhibition assay showed an acceptable fold bias of 1.35 (geometric mean fold absolute deviation, range 1.01-2.61) in the IC50 values for the cocktail assay compared to the single substrate results with no trend for under- or overestimation. Using a single point inactivation assay to assess TDI, we were able to identify all seven tested time-dependent reference inhibitors, without any false negatives. DISCUSSION The presented design enhances throughput by assessing the seven major CYPs simultaneously and allows for detection of and discrimination between direct and time-dependent CYP inhibition via IC50 and single point inactivation experiments. For the latter, a threshold of 10% TDI is proposed for carrying out more detailed inactivation kinetic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dahlinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Duechting
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Nuecken
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konrad Sydow
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Fuhr
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Frechen
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Engers JL, Rodriguez AL, Konkol LC, Morrison RD, Thompson AD, Byers FW, Blobaum AL, Chang S, Venable DF, Loch MT, Niswender CM, Daniels JS, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA. Discovery of a Selective and CNS Penetrant Negative Allosteric Modulator of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 3 with Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Activity in Rodents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7485-500. [PMID: 26335039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous preclinical work has demonstrated the therapeutic potential of antagonists of the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus). Still, compounds that are selective for the individual group II mGlus (mGlu2 and mGlu3) have been scarce. There remains a need for such compounds with the balance of properties suitable for convenient use in a wide array of rodent behavioral studies. We describe here the discovery of a selective mGlu3 NAM 106 (VU0650786) suitable for in vivo work. Compound 106 is a member of a series of 5-aryl-6,7-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine-4(5H)-one compounds originally identified as a mGlu5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) chemotype. Its suitability for use in rodent behavioral models has been established by extensive in vivo PK studies, and the behavioral experiments presented here with compound 106 represent the first examples in which an mGlu3 NAM has demonstrated efficacy in models where prior efficacy had previously been noted with nonselective group II antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Leah C Konkol
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Analisa D Thompson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Frank W Byers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daryl F Venable
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew T Loch
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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19
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Li G, Huang K, Nikolic D, van Breemen RB. High-Throughput Cytochrome P450 Cocktail Inhibition Assay for Assessing Drug-Drug and Drug-Botanical Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1670-8. [PMID: 26285764 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of drug-drug interactions is essential during the early stages of drug discovery and development, and the understanding of drug-botanical interactions is important for the safe use of botanical dietary supplements. Among the different forms of drug interactions that are known, inhibition of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes is the most common cause of drug-drug or drug-botanical interactions. Therefore, a rapid and comprehensive mass spectrometry-based in vitro high-throughput P450 cocktail inhibition assay was developed that uses 10 substrates simultaneously against nine CYP isoforms. Including probe substrates for CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and two probes targeting different binding sites of CYP3A4/5, this cocktail simultaneously assesses at least as many P450 enzymes as previous assays while remaining among the fastest due to short incubation times and rapid analysis using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated using known inhibitors of each P450 enzyme and then shown to be useful not only for single-compound testing but also for the evaluation of potential drug-botanical interactions using the botanical dietary supplement licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ke Huang
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois
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20
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Blobaum AL, Byers FW, Bridges TM, Locuson CW, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Daniels JS. A Screen of Approved Drugs Identifies the Androgen Receptor Antagonist Flutamide and Its Pharmacologically Active Metabolite 2-Hydroxy-Flutamide as Heterotropic Activators of Cytochrome P450 3A In Vitro and In Vivo. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1718-26. [PMID: 26265743 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Once thought to be an artifact of microsomal systems, atypical kinetics with cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes have been extensively investigated in vitro and found to be substrate and species dependent. Building upon increasing reports of heterotropic CYP activation and inhibition in clinical settings, we screened a compound library of clinically approved drugs and various probe compounds to identify the frequency of heterotropism observed with different drug classes and the associated CYP enzymes thereof (1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4/5). Results of this screen revealed that the prescribed androgen receptor antagonist flutamide activated the intrinsic midazolam hydroxylase activity of CYP3A in human hepatic microsomes (66%), rat and human hepatocytes (36 and 160%, respectively), and in vivo in male Sprague-Dawley rats (>2-fold, combined area under the curve of primary rat in vivo midazolam metabolites). In addition, a screen of the pharmacologically active metabolite 2-hydroxy-flutamide revealed that this principle metabolite increased CYP3A metabolism of midazolam in human microsomes (30%) and hepatocytes (110%). Importantly, both flutamide and 2-hydroxy-flutamide demonstrated a pronounced increase in the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of commonly paired medications, nifedipine (antihypertensive) and amiodarone (antiarrhythmic), in multispecies hepatocytes (100% over baseline). These data serve to highlight the importance of an appropriate substrate and in vitro system selection in the pharmacokinetic modeling of atypical enzyme kinetics. In addition, the results of our investigation have illuminated a previously undiscovered class of heterotropic CYP3A activators and have demonstrated the importance of selecting commonly paired therapeutics in the in vitro and in vivo modeling of projected clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Blobaum
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - Frank W Byers
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - Charles W Locuson
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Departments of Pharmacology (A.L.B., F.W.B., T.M.B., C.W.L., P.J.C., C.W.L, J.S.D) and Chemistry (C.W.L), Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee (C.W.L.)
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Peng Y, Wu H, Zhang X, Zhang F, Qi H, Zhong Y, Wang Y, Sang H, Wang G, Sun J. A comprehensive assay for nine major cytochrome P450 enzymes activities with 16 probe reactions on human liver microsomes by a single LC/MS/MS run to support reliablein vitroinhibitory drug–drug interaction evaluation. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:961-77. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1036954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Moody DE, Liu F, Fang WB. Azole Antifungal Inhibition of Buprenorphine, Methadone and Oxycodone In Vitro Metabolism. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:374-86. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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23
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A cocktail approach for assessing the in vitro activity of human cytochrome P450s: An overview of current methodologies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:221-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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24
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Zientek MA, Youdim K. Reaction phenotyping: advances in the experimental strategies used to characterize the contribution of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:163-81. [PMID: 25297949 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the process of drug discovery, the pharmaceutical industry is faced with numerous challenges. One challenge is the successful prediction of the major routes of human clearance of new medications. For compounds cleared by metabolism, accurate predictions help provide an early risk assessment of their potential to exhibit significant interpatient differences in pharmacokinetics via routes of metabolism catalyzed by functionally polymorphic enzymes and/or clinically significant metabolic drug-drug interactions. This review details the most recent and emerging in vitro strategies used by drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic scientists to better determine rates and routes of metabolic clearance and how to translate these parameters to estimate the amount these routes contribute to overall clearance, commonly referred to as fraction metabolized. The enzymes covered in this review include cytochrome P450s together with other enzymatic pathways whose involvement in metabolic clearance has become increasingly important as efforts to mitigate cytochrome P450 clearance are successful. Advances in the prediction of the fraction metabolized include newly developed methods to differentiate CYP3A4 from the polymorphic enzyme CYP3A5, scaling tools for UDP-glucuronosyltranferase, and estimation of fraction metabolized for substrates of aldehyde oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Zientek
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (K.Y.)
| | - Kuresh Youdim
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (K.Y.)
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25
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Bates BS, Rodriguez AL, Felts AS, Morrison RD, Venable DF, Blobaum AL, Byers FW, Lawson KP, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA. Discovery of VU0431316: a negative allosteric modulator of mGlu5 with activity in a mouse model of anxiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3307-14. [PMID: 24969015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of SAR in an aryl ether series of mGlu5 NAMs leading to the identification of pyrazine analog VU0431316 is described in this Letter. VU0431316 is a potent and selective non-competitive antagonist of mGlu5 that binds at a known allosteric binding site. VU0431316 demonstrates an attractive DMPK profile, including moderate clearance and good bioavailability in rats. Intraperitoneal (IP) dosing of VU0431316 in a mouse marble burying model of anxiety, an assay known to be sensitive to mGlu5 antagonists and other anxiolytics, produced dose proportional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney S Bates
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew S Felts
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Daryl F Venable
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Frank W Byers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kera P Lawson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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26
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Discovery of VU0409106: A negative allosteric modulator of mGlu5 with activity in a mouse model of anxiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5779-85. [PMID: 24074843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of SAR in an aryl ether series of mGlu5 NAMs leading to the identification of tool compound VU0409106 is described in this Letter. VU0409106 is a potent and selective negative allosteric modulator of mGlu5 that binds at the known allosteric binding site and demonstrates good CNS exposure following intraperitoneal dosing in mice. VU0409106 also proved efficacious in a mouse marble burying model of anxiety, an assay known to be sensitive to mGlu5 antagonists as well as clinically efficacious anxiolytics.
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27
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Qin CZ, Ren X, Tan ZR, Chen Y, Yin JY, Yu J, Qu J, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. A high-throughput inhibition screening of major human cytochrome P450 enzymes using anin vitrococktail and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:197-203. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhen Qin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Ren
- Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd; Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
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Manka JT, Rodriguez AL, Morrison RD, Venable DF, Cho HP, Blobaum AL, Daniels JS, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Emmitte KA. Octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole negative allosteric modulators of mGlu1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5091-6. [PMID: 23932792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of SAR in an octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole series of negative allosteric modulators of mGlu1 using a functional cell-based assay is described in this Letter. The octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole scaffold was chosen as an isosteric replacement for the piperazine ring found in the initial hit compound. Characterization of selected compounds in protein binding assays was used to identify the most promising analogs, which were then profiled in P450 inhibition assays in order to further assess the potential for drug-likeness within this series of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Manka
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Zientek M, Youdim K. Simultaneous determination of multiple CYP inhibition constants using a cocktail-probe approach. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 987:11-23. [PMID: 23475664 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-321-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To identify cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of a new chemical entity, the use of a specific clinically relevant probe substrate in the presence of a test compound is common place. In early discovery of new chemical entities, a balance of rigor, the ability to predict clinical DDI, and throughput is desired in an in vitro assay. This chapter describes a high-throughput CYP-mediated DDI assay method that balances these characteristics. The method utilizes a cassette approach using a cocktail of five selective probe substrates for the major clinically relevant CYPs involved in drug interactions. CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A activities are assessed with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantification of metabolite formation. The method also outlines specific inhibitors to evaluate dynamic range and as a positive control. The benefits and needs for caution of this method are noted and discussed.
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Holdgate G, Geschwindner S, Breeze A, Davies G, Colclough N, Temesi D, Ward L. Biophysical methods in drug discovery from small molecule to pharmaceutical. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1008:327-355. [PMID: 23729258 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-398-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biophysical methods have become established in many areas of drug discovery. Application of these methods was once restricted to a relatively small number of scientists using specialized, low throughput technologies and methods. Now, automated high-throughput instruments are to be found in a growing number of laboratories. Many biophysical methods are capable of measuring the equilibrium binding constants between pairs of molecules crucial for molecular recognition processes, encompassing protein-protein, protein-small molecule, and protein-nucleic acid interactions, and several can be used to measure the kinetic or thermodynamic components controlling these biological processes. For a full characterization of a binding process, determinations of stoichiometry, binding mode, and any conformational changes associated with such interactions are also required. The suite of biophysical methods that are now available represents a powerful toolbox of techniques which can effectively deliver this full characterization.The aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of the drug discovery process and how biophysical methods, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry (MS), and thermal unfolding methods can answer specific questions in order to influence project progression and outcomes. The selection of these examples is based upon the experiences of the authors at AstraZeneca, and relevant approaches are highlighted where they have utility in a particular drug discovery scenario.
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Pillai VC, Strom SC, Caritis SN, Venkataramanan R. A sensitive and specific CYP cocktail assay for the simultaneous assessment of human cytochrome P450 activities in primary cultures of human hepatocytes using LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 74:126-32. [PMID: 23245243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific CYP cocktail assay for simultaneous measurement of the activities of major human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A2 (phenacetin), CYP3A4/5 (midazolam), CYP2C9 (diclofenac), CYP2C19 (S-mephenytoin) and CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan)) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes, was developed and validated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Hepatocyte incubation medium was processed by a solid phase extraction (SPE) using Oasis SPE extraction cartridges prior to chromatography. The metabolites derived from each of the substrates were simultaneously quantitated using the corresponding stable isotope-labeled internal standards by a positive electrospray ionization mode using multiple reactions monitoring with a single eight minute run. The mean accuracy was in the range of 98-114%. The interday and intraday precision over the concentration ranges evaluated for all the analytes were lower than 15%, and 14%, respectively. All the generated metabolites were stable under the conditions used for sample analysis. Additionally, the interaction of a cocktail substrate on other CYP substrates was also analyzed. Due to substantial inter-substrate interaction, chlorzoxazone (CYP2E1) and bupropion (CYP2B6) were removed from the initial seven probes CYP cocktail assay. Therefore, the final CYP cocktail assay consisting of five probes provides a robust method to simultaneously measure activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4/5 in primary cultures of human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswaran C Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Tralau T, Luch A. "Drugs on oxygen": an update and perspective on the role of cytochrome P450 testing in pharmacology. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1357-62. [PMID: 22970688 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.722620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Low hit rates for lead compounds and high attrition remain a major problem for drug development. The reasons for compound failure range from poor pharmacokinetics to toxic metabolites and adverse drug interactions; all of which are frequently mediated by cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYPs). However, despite some 30 years of assay development and refinement, CYP metabolism remains a critical issue during drug development. While current testing strategies succeed in characterizing single substance toxicity, they are challenged by practical issues such as assay standardization or complex scenarios such as multidrug usage. This editorial summarizes where we stand and highlights the major challenges we face with CYPs in drug development today. The article also tries to spell out the future direction of CYP testing. The latter will depend on the extended inclusion of polypharmacy into testing strategies, as well as on our capability to make use of upcoming complex in vitro test systems and their inclusion into tiered testing strategies.
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Development of a high-speed, multiplexed sample-delivery instrument for LC–MS/MS bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1039-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The number of new chemical entities and types of in vitro and in vivo samples that require bioanalysis in drug discovery is large and diverse. In addition, method development time is limited as data turnaround is the highest priority. These circumstances require that a well-defined set of bioanalysis options be available in short timeframes to triage samples for analysis. Method: The Apricot Designs Dual Arm (ADDA) instrument is an LC–MS/MS sample delivery system that features a flexible hardware design coupled with software automation to enhance throughput in LC–MS/MS bioanalysis drug discovery. The instrument can perform high-throughput LC–MS/MS (8–10 s/sample) for screening and in vitro bioanalysis, as well as multiplexed LC for traditional gradient or isocratic LC approaches. The instrument control software is designed to integrate with DiscoveryQuant™ software (AB Sciex) and a global database of MS/MS conditions. Conclusion: Development of the sample delivery platform and its application in high-throughput and gradient LC will be described.
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Strelevitz TJ, Orozco CC, Obach RS. Hydralazine As a Selective Probe Inactivator of Aldehyde Oxidase in Human Hepatocytes: Estimation of the Contribution of Aldehyde Oxidase to Metabolic Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1441-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Wu X, Wang J, Tan L, Bui J, Gjerstad E, McMillan K, Zhang W. In vitro ADME profiling using high-throughput rapidfire mass spectrometry: cytochrome p450 inhibition and metabolic stability assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:761-72. [PMID: 22460176 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112441013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of drug candidates has become an essential component of modern drug discovery. ADME characterization is important in identifying compounds early that are likely to fail in later clinical development because of suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties or undesirable drug-drug interactions. Proper utilization of ADME results, meanwhile, can prioritize candidates that are more likely to have good pharmacokinetic properties and also minimize potential drug-drug interactions. By integrating a RapidFire system with an API4000 mass spectrometer (RF-MS), we have established a high-throughput capability to profile compounds (>100 compounds/wk) in a panel of ADME assays in parallel with biochemical and cellular characterizations. Cytochrome P450 inhibition and time-dependent inhibition assays and microsomal stability assays were developed and fully optimized on the system. Compared with the classic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, the RF-MS system generates consistent data with approximately 20-fold increase in throughput. The lack of chromatographic separation of compounds, substrates, and metabolites can complicate data interpretation, but this occurs in a small number of cases that are readily identifiable. Overall, this system has enabled a real-time and quantitative measurement of a large number of ADME samples, providing a rapid evaluation of clinically important drug-drug interaction potential and drug metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- New Lead Discovery, Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Stepan AF, Subramanyam C, Efremov IV, Dutra JK, O'Sullivan TJ, DiRico KJ, McDonald WS, Won A, Dorff PH, Nolan CE, Becker SL, Pustilnik LR, Riddell DR, Kauffman GW, Kormos BL, Zhang L, Lu Y, Capetta SH, Green ME, Karki K, Sibley E, Atchison KP, Hallgren AJ, Oborski CE, Robshaw AE, Sneed B, O'Donnell CJ. Application of the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane motif as a nonclassical phenyl ring bioisostere in the design of a potent and orally active γ-secretase inhibitor. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3414-24. [PMID: 22420884 DOI: 10.1021/jm300094u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the central, para-substituted fluorophenyl ring in the γ-secretase inhibitor 1 (BMS-708,163) with the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane motif led to the discovery of compound 3, an equipotent enzyme inhibitor with significant improvements in passive permeability and aqueous solubility. The modified biopharmaceutical properties of 3 translated into excellent oral absorption characteristics (~4-fold ↑ C(max) and AUC values relative to 1) in a mouse model of γ-secretase inhibition. In addition, SAR studies into other fluorophenyl replacements indicate the intrinsic advantages of the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane moiety over conventional phenyl ring replacements with respect to achieving an optimal balance of properties (e.g., γ-secretase inhibition, aqueous solubility/permeability, in vitro metabolic stability). Overall, this work enhances the scope of the [1.1.1]-bicycle beyond that of a mere "spacer" unit and presents a compelling case for its broader application as a phenyl group replacement in scenarios where the aromatic ring count impacts physicochemical parameters and overall drug-likeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia F Stepan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Kimoto E, Walsky R, Zhang H, Bi YA, Whalen KM, Yang YS, Linder C, Xiao Y, Iseki K, Fenner KS, El-Kattan AF, Lai Y. Differential Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Activity and the Effect of 1-Aminobenzotriazole on Hepatic Transport in Sandwich-Cultured Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 40:407-11. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.039297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Meisenheimer PL, Uyeda HT, Ma D, Sobol M, McDougall MG, Corona C, Simpson D, Klaubert DH, Cali JJ. Proluciferin acetals as bioluminogenic substrates for cytochrome P450 activity and probes for CYP3A inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2403-10. [PMID: 21890735 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450) assays use probe substrates to interrogate the influence of new chemical entities toward P450 enzymes. We report the synthesis and study of a family of bioluminogenic luciferin acetal substrates that are oxidized by P450 enzymes to form luciferase substrates. The luciferin acetals were screened against a panel of purified P450 enzymes. In particular, one proluciferin acetal has demonstrated sensitive and selective CYP3A4-catalyzed oxidation to a luciferin ester-K(m) and k(cat) are 2.88 μM and 5.87 pmol metabolite · min(-1) · pmol enzyme(-1), respectively. The proluciferin acetal was used as a probe substrate to measure IC(50) values of known inhibitors against recombinant CYP3A4 or human liver microsomes. IC(50) values for the known inhibitors correlate strongly with IC(50) values calculated from the traditional high-performance liquid chromatography-based probe substrate testosterone. Luciferin acetals are rapidly oxidized to unstable hemi-orthoesters by CYP3A resulting in luciferin esters and, therefore, are conducive to simple rapid CYP3A bioluminescent assays.
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Smith D, Tella M, Rahavendran SV, Shen Z. Quantitative analysis of PD 0332991 in mouse plasma using automated micro-sample processing and microbore liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2860-5. [PMID: 21889427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In the oncology therapeutic area, the mouse is the primary animal model used for efficacy studies. Often with mouse pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies, less than 20 μL of total plasma sample volume is available for bioanalysis due to the small size of the animal and the need to split samples for other measurements such as biomarker analyses. The need to conduct automated "small volume" sample processing for quantitative bioanalysis has therefore increased. An automated fit for purpose protein precipitation (PPT) method using a Hamilton MicroLab Star (Reno, NV, USA) to support mouse PK and PK/PD studies for an oncology drug candidate PD 0332991, (a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK-4) currently in development) for processing "small volumes" was developed. The automated PPT method was achieved by extracting and processing 10 μL out of a minimum sample volume of 15 μL plasma utilizing the Hamilton MicroLab Star. A 96-conical shallow well plate by Agilent Technologies, Inc (Wilmington, DE, USA) was the labware of choice used in the automated Hamilton "small volume" method platform. Analyses of a 10 μL plasma aliquot from 15 μL of plasma study samples were conducted by both automated and manual PPT method. All plasma samples were quantitated using a Sciex API 4000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled with an Eksigent Express HT Ultra HPLC system. The chromatography was achieved using an Agilent microbore C(18) Extend, 1.0 × 50 mm, 3.5 μm column at a flow rate of 0.150 mL/min with a total run time of 1.8 min. Accuracy and precision of standard and QC concentration levels were within 90-107% and <14%, respectively. Calibration curves were linear over the dynamic range of 1.0-1000 ng/mL. PK studies for PD 0332991 were conducted in female C3H mice following intravenous administration at 1mg/kg and oral administration at 2mg/kg. PK values such as area under curve (AUC), volume of distribution (Vd), clearance (Cl), half life (T(1/2)) and bioavailability (F%) demonstrated less than 11% difference between the automated Hamilton and manual PPT methods. The results demonstrate that the automated Hamilton PPT method can accurately and precisely aliquot 10 μL of plasma from 15 μL or larger volume plasma samples. The fit for purpose Hamilton PPT method is suitable for routine analyses of plasma samples from micro-sampling PK and PK/PD samples to support discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Smith
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, 10628 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Nath A, Zientek MA, Burke BJ, Jiang Y, Atkins WM. Quantifying and predicting the promiscuity and isoform specificity of small-molecule cytochrome P450 inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:2195-203. [PMID: 20841376 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.034645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug promiscuity (i.e., inhibition of multiple enzymes by a single compound) is increasingly recognized as an important pharmacological consideration in the drug development process. However, systematic studies of functional or physicochemical characteristics that correlate with drug promiscuity are handicapped by the lack of a good way of quantifying promiscuity. In this article, we present a new entropy-based index of drug promiscuity. We apply this index to two high-throughput data sets describing inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms by small-molecule drugs and drug candidates, and we demonstrate how drug promiscuity or specificity can be quantified. For these drug-metabolizing enzymes, we find that there is essentially no correlation between a drug's potency and specificity. We also present an index to quantify the susceptibilities of different enzymes to inhibition by diverse substrates. Finally, we use partial least-squares regression to successfully predict isoform specificity and promiscuity of small molecules, using a set of fingerprint-based descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Nath
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208114, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA.
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Luo X, Krumrine JR, Shenvi AB, Pierson ME, Bernstein PR. Calculation and application of activity discriminants in lead optimization. J Mol Graph Model 2010; 29:372-81. [PMID: 20800520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present a technique for computing activity discriminants of in vitro (pharmacological, DMPK, and safety) assays and the application to the prediction of in vitro activities of proposed synthetic targets during the lead optimization phase of drug discovery projects. This technique emulates how medicinal chemists perform SAR analysis and activity prediction. The activity discriminants that are functions of 6 commonly used medicinal chemistry descriptors can be interpreted easily by medicinal chemists. Further, visualization with Spotfire allows medicinal chemists to analyze how the query molecule is related to compounds tested previously, and to evaluate easily the relevance of the activity discriminants to the activities of the query molecule. Validation with all compounds synthesized and tested in AstraZeneca Wilmington since 2006 demonstrates that this approach is useful for prioritizing new synthetic targets for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincai Luo
- Department of Chemistry, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 1800 Concord Pike, Wilmington, DE 19850, USA.
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Hanapi N, Azizi J, Ismail S, Mansor S. Evaluation of Selected Malaysian Medicinal Plants on Phase I Drug Metabolizing Enzymes, CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 Activities in vitro. INT J PHARMACOL 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2010.494.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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A review of LC–MS techniques and high-throughput approaches used to investigate drug metabolism by cytochrome P450s. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1326-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Zientek M, Stoner C, Ayscue R, Klug-McLeod J, Jiang Y, West M, Collins C, Ekins S. Integrated in Silico−in Vitro Strategy for Addressing Cytochrome P450 3A4 Time-Dependent Inhibition. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:664-76. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900417f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zientek
- Dynamics & Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego California, Groton, Connecticut, and Sandwich, United Kingdom, Computational Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, Arnold Consultancy and Technology LLC, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10119, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
| | - Chad Stoner
- Dynamics & Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego California, Groton, Connecticut, and Sandwich, United Kingdom, Computational Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, Arnold Consultancy and Technology LLC, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10119, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
| | - Robyn Ayscue
- Dynamics & Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego California, Groton, Connecticut, and Sandwich, United Kingdom, Computational Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, Arnold Consultancy and Technology LLC, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10119, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
| | - Jacquelyn Klug-McLeod
- Dynamics & Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego California, Groton, Connecticut, and Sandwich, United Kingdom, Computational Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, Arnold Consultancy and Technology LLC, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10119, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
| | - Ying Jiang
- Dynamics & Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego California, Groton, Connecticut, and Sandwich, United Kingdom, Computational Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, Arnold Consultancy and Technology LLC, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10119, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
| | - Michael West
- Dynamics & Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego California, Groton, Connecticut, and Sandwich, United Kingdom, Computational Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, Arnold Consultancy and Technology LLC, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10119, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
| | - Claire Collins
- Dynamics & Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego California, Groton, Connecticut, and Sandwich, United Kingdom, Computational Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, Arnold Consultancy and Technology LLC, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10119, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
| | - Sean Ekins
- Dynamics & Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, San Diego California, Groton, Connecticut, and Sandwich, United Kingdom, Computational Center of Emphasis, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, Arnold Consultancy and Technology LLC, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, New York 10119, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
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Understanding CYP2D6 interactions. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:964-72. [PMID: 19638317 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the polymorphic nature of CYP2D6, clinically significant issues can arise when drugs rely on that enzyme either for clearance, or metabolism to an active metabolite. Available screening methods to determine if the compound is likely to cause drug-drug interactions, or is likely to be a victim of inhibition of CYP2D6 by other compounds will be described. Computational models and examples will be given on strategies to design out the CYP2D6 liabilities for both heme-binding compounds and non-heme-binding compounds.
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Van Huis CA, Casimiro-Garcia A, Bigge CF, Cody WL, Dudley DA, Filipski KJ, Heemstra RJ, Kohrt JT, Leadley RJ, Narasimhan LS, McClanahan T, Mochalkin I, Pamment M, Thomas Peterson J, Sahasrabudhe V, Schaum RP, Edmunds JJ. Exploration of 4,4-disubstituted pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxamides as potent, orally active Factor Xa inhibitors with extended duration of action. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2501-11. [PMID: 19231206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Aoyama K, Yoshinari K, Kim HJ, Nagata K, Yamazoe Y. Simultaneous Expression of Plural Forms of Human Cytochrome P450 at Desired Ratios in HepG2 Cells: Adenovirus-mediated Tool for Cytochrome P450 Reconstitution. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:209-17. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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