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Zaragoza-Vera CV, Gonzalez-Garduño R, Arjona-Jimenez G, Zaragoza-Vera M, Aguilar-Caballero AJ, Torres-Chable OM. Optimum timing for assessing phenotypic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes in Pelibuey ewes. Helminthologia 2023; 60:348-356. [PMID: 38222487 PMCID: PMC10787634 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective was to identify the optimal stage of production to evaluate the resistance of Pelibuey ewes against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Faecal egg count (FEC) was used to classify the ewes as resistant, sensible or intermediate against GIN. Forty-seven ewes were mating during 30 d. The gestation was verified by ultrasonography, and the breeding date was used to calculate the productive stages. Faeces were taken weekly to determine the FEC. Blood samples were taken to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), the peripheral eosinophils count (PEC), plasma protein concentration (PP), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) against Haemonchus contortus. The body condition score (BCS) was recorded at each visit. Six moments during the study (early, mid and late gestation; early, mid and late lactation) were considered. The ewes were classified according to FEC (mean FEC ± three standard errors). The higher FEC occurred during all lactation stages than during early and mid-gestation stages (P<0.05). PCV, PP, and BCS during early gestation stage were higher than shown during the lactation stages (P<0.01). The PEC and IgA were higher during all lactation stages than early and mid-gestation stages (P<0.05). Concerning the type of birth, double births showed higher FEC than single birth (P<0.01). The highest values of accuracy (100 %) and concordance (Youden's J = 1.0) were found during early lactation. Therefore, it is concluded that the optimal stage of production to evaluate phenotypic resistance against GIN infections in Pelibuey ewes was during the early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. V. Zaragoza-Vera
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Tropicales y Transmitidas por Vectores, Division Academica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Km. 25, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, R/a La Huasteca 2. Seccion, C.P.86298Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - R. Gonzalez-Garduño
- Unidad Regional Universitaria Sursureste, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, km 7.5 Carretera Teapa-Vicente Guerrero, Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - G. Arjona-Jimenez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Tropicales y Transmitidas por Vectores, Division Academica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Km. 25, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, R/a La Huasteca 2. Seccion, C.P.86298Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - M. Zaragoza-Vera
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Tropicales y Transmitidas por Vectores, Division Academica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Km. 25, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, R/a La Huasteca 2. Seccion, C.P.86298Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - A. J. Aguilar-Caballero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Km. 15.5, Carretera Merida-Xmatkuil, Apdo. postal 4-116, 97100Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - O. M. Torres-Chable
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Tropicales y Transmitidas por Vectores, Division Academica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco, Km. 25, Carretera Villahermosa-Teapa, R/a La Huasteca 2. Seccion, C.P.86298Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
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Dagostin F, Vanalli C, Boag B, Casagrandi R, Gatto M, Mari L, Cattadori IM. The enemy of my enemy is my friend: Immune-mediated facilitation contributes to fitness of co-infecting helminths. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:477-491. [PMID: 36478135 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual understanding of immune-mediated interactions between parasites is rooted in the theory of community ecology. One of the limitations of this approach is that most of the theory and empirical evidence has focused on resource or immune-mediated competition between parasites and yet there is ample evidence of positive interactions that could be generated by immune-mediated facilitation. We developed an immuno-epidemiological model and applied it to long-term data of two gastrointestinal helminths in two rabbit populations to investigate, through model testing, how immune-mediated mechanisms of parasite regulation could explain the higher intensities of both helminths in rabbits with dual than single infections. The model framework was selected and calibrated on rabbit population A and then validated on the nearby rabbit population B to confirm the consistency of the findings and the generality of the mechanisms. Simulations suggested that the higher intensities in rabbits with dual infections could be explained by a weakened or low species-specific IgA response and an asymmetric IgA cross-reaction. Simulations also indicated that rabbits with dual infections shed more free-living stages that survived for longer in the environment, implying greater transmission than stages from hosts with single infections. Temperature and humidity selectively affected the free-living stages of the two helminths. These patterns were comparable in the two rabbit populations and support the hypothesis that immune-mediated facilitation can contribute to greater parasite fitness and local persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dagostin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chiara Vanalli
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Boag
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, UK
| | - Renato Casagrandi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marino Gatto
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella M Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Mpofu TJ, Nephawe KA, Mtileni B. Prevalence and resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in goats: A review. Vet World 2022; 15:2442-2452. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2442-2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly nematode infection, is a major health issue affecting goats worldwide, resulting in clinical diseases and productivity loss. Prevalent gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) affecting goats in South Africa are the Strongyloides papillosus, Eimeria spp., and Strongyles, especially the Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. According to the issues discussed in this paper and by other authors, the prevalence and intensity of various GIPs vary with an animal's location, breed, age, sex, and season. Because GIPs easily develop resistance to chemical treatment, selecting and breeding genetically GIP-resistant animals would be a relatively simple and inexpensive strategy for reducing or eliminating the current reliance on chemotherapy. Potential phenotypic indicators for selecting GIP-resistant goats include parasitological, immunological, and pathological phenotypic markers. Synergistic use of these indicators should be encouraged for a more accurate simplified genotype selection of resistant animals. Genes with Mendelian inheritance, particularly those involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, have been identified in goats. Exploring this knowledge base to develop cost-effective molecular tools that facilitate enhanced genetic improvement programs is a current challenge. Future statistical and biological models should investigate genetic variations within genomic regions and different candidate genes involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, as well as the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms known to affect GIP infection levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takalani Judas Mpofu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Khathutshelo Agree Nephawe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Bohani Mtileni
- Department of Animal Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Hassan SU, Chua EG, Kaur P, Paz EA, Tay CY, Greeff JC, Liu S, Martin GB. Contribution of the Immune Response in the Ileum to the Development of Diarrhoea caused by Helminth Infection: Studies with the Sheep Model. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:865-877. [PMID: 35576023 PMCID: PMC9550700 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminths are a global health issue, for humans as well as domestic animals. Most studies focus on the tissues that are infected with the parasite, but here we studied the ileum, a tissue that is rarely infected by helminths. We tested whether inflammation in the ileum contributes to the development and severity of diarrhoea, by comparing sheep that are susceptible (n = 4) or resistant (n = 4) to the disease. We analyzed the ileum transcriptome using RNASeq sequencing approach and various bioinformatics tools including FastQC, STAR, featureCounts, DESeq2, DAVID, clusterProfiler, Cytoscape (ClusterONE) and EnrichR. We identified 243 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 118 were up-regulated and 125 were down-regulated DEGs in the diarrhoea-susceptible animals compared to the diarrhoea-resistant animals. The resulting DEGs were functionally enriched for biological processes, pathways and gene set enrichment analysis. The up-regulated DEGs suggested that an inflammatory immune response was coupled with genes involved in 'Th2 immune response' and 'anti-inflammatory response'. The down-regulated DEGs were related to ion transport, muscle contraction and pathways preventing inflammation. We conclude that i) susceptibility to helminth-induced diarrhoea involves an inflammatory response at a non-infectious site; ii) down-regulation of pathways preventing inflammation can contribute to the severity of diarrhoea; and iii) genes involved in anti-inflammatory responses can reduce the inflammation and diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Ul Hassan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Eng Guan Chua
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Erwin A Paz
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chin Yen Tay
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Johan C Greeff
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia, 3 Baron Hay Court, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Shimin Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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ABD MAJID NOORALMAJIDAH, ISHAK MUHAMMADIQBAL, MURUGAPIRAN JAGATHISWEEVANNIAR, ABDUL AZIZ NORAZLINA, BASRIPUZI NURUL HAYYAN. MULTIPLE ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE AMONG DORPER SHEEP DETECTED WITH PHENOTYPIC MARKERS AGAINST PARASITIC GASTROENTERITIS. MALAYSIAN APPLIED BIOLOGY 2022; 51:107-115. [DOI: 10.55230/mabjournal.v51i3.2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) is a significant disease that affects small ruminant production. PGE is controlled exclusively by chemical anthelmintics but restricted by anthelmintic resistance. Hence, dependence on anthelmintics needs to be reduced. This study aimed to investigate the anthelmintic resistance status of a Dorper sheep farm while determining the phenotypic markers of resistance to PGE. Sheep that met the criteria of the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) were divided into a control and four treatment groups of 11 to 13 animals per group. Faecal and blood samples at pre- and post-treatments were subjected to faecal egg counts (FEC), faecal culture, packed cell volume (PCV) and peripheral eosinophil counts (PEC). The data were analysed by Spearman rank correlation and two-way ANOVA. FECRT showed resistance towards albendazole, levamisole, fenbendazole and ivermectin which was predominated by Haemonchus contortus. Significant negative correlations were observed between FEC and PCV in control (r=-0.88, p<0.01), fenbendazole (r=-0.58, p<0.01) and ivermectin (r=-0.69, p<0.01) groups. Significant positive correlations were detected between FEC and PEC in control (r=0.95, p<0.01) and levamisole (r=0.56, p<0.01) groups. This study shows multiple anthelmintic resistance with promising resistant characteristics against PGE among sheep.
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Morris AM, Innocent GT, Cunningham EJ, Athanasiadou S, Hutchings MR, Smith LA. Early signals of parasitism expressed through behaviour but modulated by social context. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Ramos ACS, Oliveira LM, Santos YLDCO, Dantas MCS, Walker CIB, Faria AMC, Bueno LL, Dolabella SS, Fujiwara RT. The role of IgA in gastrointestinal helminthiasis: A systematic review. Immunol Lett 2022; 249:12-22. [PMID: 36002066 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-A (IgA) is an important mediator of immunity and has been associated with protection against several pathogens, although its role in gastrointestinal infections remains unclear. Then, the aim of this systematic review was to synthesize qualitative evidence in respect of IgA as mediator of protective immunity against gastrointestinal helminths. Following recommended guidelines, we searched for articles published between January 1990 and October 2019 that evaluated IgA levels and their association with gastrointestinal helminth infections. Twenty-five articles were included after screening 1,546 titles and abstracts, as well as reading in full 52 selected articles. Consistent associations between higher IgA levels and lower parasitological parameters were only found in mice, rats, and sheep. However, the role of IgA in other host species remains uncertain, making it difficult to create a consensus. Therefore, it is too soon to claim that IgA is an effective protective factor against gastrointestinal helminths, and further studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C S Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil
| | - Luciana M Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil; Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil
| | - Yvanna L D C O Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil
| | - Marlon C S Dantas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil
| | - Cristiani I B Walker
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil
| | - Ana M C Faria
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brasil
| | - Lílian L Bueno
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brasil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil.
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, SE, Brasil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brasil.
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8
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Hassan SU, Chua EG, Paz EA, Kaur P, Tay CY, Greeff JC, Liu S, Martin GB. Investigating the development of diarrhoea through gene expression analysis in sheep genetically resistant to gastrointestinal helminth infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2207. [PMID: 35140270 PMCID: PMC8828848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminths infect livestock causing health problems including severe diarrhoea. To explore the underlying biological mechanisms relating to development and control of diarrhoea, we compared 4 sheep that were susceptible to development of diarrhoea with 4 sheep that were diarrhoea-resistant. Transcriptomes in the tissues where the parasites were located were analyzed using RNASeq. By considering low-diarrhoea sheep as control, we identified 114 genes that were down-regulated and 552 genes that were up-regulated genes in the high-diarrhoea phenotype. Functional analysis of DEGs and PPI sub-network analysis showed that down-regulated genes in the high-diarrhoea phenotype were linked to biological processes and pathways that include suppression of ‘antigen processing and presentation’, ‘immune response’, and a list of biological functional terms related to ‘suppression in immune tolerance’. On the other hand, up-regulated genes in the high-diarrhoea phenotype probably contribute to repair processes associated with tissue damage, including ‘extracellular matrix organization’, ‘collagen fibril organization’, ‘tissue morphogenesis’, ‘circulatory system development’, ‘morphogenesis of an epithelium’, and ‘focal adhesion’. The genes with important roles in the responses to helminth infection could be targeted in breeding programs to prevent diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Ul Hassan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Eng Guan Chua
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Erwin A Paz
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Chin Yen Tay
- Helicobacter Research Laboratory, The Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Johan C Greeff
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia, 3 Baron Hay Court, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Shimin Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Graeme B Martin
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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9
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Ortega L, Quesada J, Ruiz A, Conde-Felipe MM, Ferrer O, Rodríguez F, Molina JM. Local immune response of Canarian Majorera goats infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:25. [PMID: 35033166 PMCID: PMC8760786 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, alternative methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Some of the most promising alternatives are based on the immune response of the host, such as the selection of genetically resistant breeds or the use of vaccines against these parasites. Given the limited information available on the immune response against GINs in goats, this study investigated the local immune response of goat kids of an indigenous Canary Islands breed (Majorera breed) experimentally infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta, one of the most pathogenic and prevalent GIN species. METHODS For this purpose, the relationship between different parasitological (number of mature and immature worms, worm length, and number of intrauterine eggs) and immunological parameters at the local level (related to both the humoral and cellular immune response) was analyzed at early (1 week post-infection [wpi]) and late (8 wpi) stages of infection. RESULTS Primary infection of goat kids with T. circumcincta infective larvae (L3) generated a complex immune response that could be defined as Th2 type, characterized by increased infiltration in abomasal tissues of several effector cells as well as a progressive presence of specific antibodies against parasitic antigens in the gastric mucus. Cellular responses were evidenced from 1 wpi onward, showing an increase in antigen-presenting cells and various lymphocyte subsets in the gastric mucosa. CONCLUSIONS The complexity of the host response was evidenced by statistically significant changes in the number of all these subpopulations (MHCII+, CD4+, CD8+, γδ+, CD45R+, IgA+, and IgG+), as well as in the evolution of the relative cytokine gene expression. From a functional point of view, negative associations were observed between the number of most of the immune cells (CD4, IgA, IgG, and CD45R cells) and parameters that could be related to the fecundity of worms, a phenomenon that was especially evident when the number of IgG and CD45R cells or the specific IgA levels of the gastric mucus were compared with parasitological parameters such as the female worm length or fecal egg counts at 8 wpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Ortega
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jessica Quesada
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Antonio Ruiz
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - María Magnolia Conde-Felipe
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Otilia Ferrer
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Department of Anatomy and Compared Anatomy Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Manuel Molina
- Parasitology Unit. Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain.
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10
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Salivary, serum, and abomasal mucus IgA as an immune correlate of protection against Haemonchus contortus infection in naturally infected lambs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 144:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Nogueira DS, de Oliveira LM, Amorim CCO, Gazzinelli-Guimarães AC, Barbosa FS, Oliveira FMS, Kraemer L, Mattos M, Cardoso MS, Resende NM, Clímaco MDC, Negrão-Corrêa DA, Faria AMC, Caliari MV, Bueno LL, Gaze S, Russo RC, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Fujiwara RT. Eosinophils mediate SIgA production triggered by TLR2 and TLR4 to control Ascaris suum infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010067. [PMID: 34784389 PMCID: PMC8631680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ascariasis is the most prevalent but neglected tropical disease in the world, affecting approximately 450 million people. The initial phase of Ascaris infection is marked by larval migration from the host's organs, causing mechanical injuries followed by an intense local inflammatory response, which is characterized mainly by neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration, especially in the lungs. During the pulmonary phase, the lesions induced by larval migration and excessive immune responses contribute to tissue remodeling marked by fibrosis and lung dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the relationship between SIgA levels and eosinophils. We found that TLR2 and TLR4 signaling induces eosinophils and promotes SIgA production during Ascaris suum infection. Therefore, control of parasite burden during the pulmonary phase of ascariasis involves eosinophil influx and subsequent promotion of SIgA levels. In addition, we also demonstrate that eosinophils also participate in the process of tissue remodeling after lung injury caused by larval migration, contributing to pulmonary fibrosis and dysfunction in re-infected mice. In conclusion, we postulate that eosinophils play a central role in mediating host innate and humoral immune responses by controlling parasite burden, tissue inflammation, and remodeling during Ascaris suum infection. Furthermore, we suggest that the use of probiotics can induce eosinophilia and SIgA production and contribute to controlling parasite burden and morbidity of helminthic diseases with pulmonary cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Silva Nogueira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maria de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracajú, Brazil
| | - Chiara Cássia Oliveira Amorim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Marcus Silva Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Kraemer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus Mattos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Marianna de Carvalho Clímaco
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vidigal Caliari
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lacerda Bueno
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Soraya Gaze
- René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation–FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Remo Castro Russo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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12
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Quantifying the sources of variation in eosinophilia among Scottish blackface lambs with mixed, predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta nematode infection. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109590. [PMID: 34717074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils play a key role in defence against gastrointestinal nematodes. There is considerable variation among animals in the intensity of eosinophilia following nematode infection. However, the statistical distribution of eosinophils among animals has still to be determined. A better description of the variation among animals could provide biological insight and determine the most appropriate way to analyse the effect of eosinophils. We estimated blood eosinophil numbers in a flock of Scottish Blackface sheep that were naturally exposed to mixed, predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta infection. Three of the four eosinophil counts were better described by a gamma distribution than by a lognormal distribution. The scale and shape parameters of the gamma distribution varied over time. Eosinophil counts differed among animals kept on separate fields before weaning and between singletons and twins but were not significantly different between years and genders. Eosinophil counts also differed among offspring from different sires and dams. The parameters of the gamma distribution were used to enable a power analysis. Large numbers of animals were required to reliably detect even large differences between two groups. These results indicate that methods appropriate for gamma distributions, such as generalized linear mixed models, will provide more reliable inferences than traditional methods of analysis and experimental design.
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13
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Machín C, Corripio-Miyar Y, Hernández JN, Pérez-Hernández T, Hayward AD, Wright HW, Price DRG, Matthews JB, McNeilly TN, Nisbet AJ, González JF. Cellular and humoral immune responses associated with protection in sheep vaccinated against Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Res 2021; 52:89. [PMID: 34134748 PMCID: PMC8207578 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, complementary methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Vaccines are an environmentally-friendly and promising option. In a previous study, a Teladorsagia circumcincta recombinant sub-unit vaccine was administered to two sheep breeds with different levels of resistance against GIN. In the susceptible Canaria Sheep (CS) breed, vaccinates harboured smaller worms with fewer eggs in utero than the control group. Here, we extend this work, by investigating the cellular and humoral immune responses of these two sheep breeds following vaccination and experimental infection with T. circumcincta. In the vaccinated CS group, negative associations between antigen-specific IgA, IgG2 and Globule Leukocytes (GLs) with several parasitological parameters were established as well as a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio than in control CS animals, suggesting a key role in the protection induced by the vaccine. In the more resistant Canaria Hair Breed (CHB) sheep the vaccine did not significantly impact on the parasitological parameters studied and none of these humoral associations were observed in vaccinated CHB lambs, although CHB had higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells within the abomasal lymph nodes, suggesting higher mucosal T cell activation. Each of the component proteins in the vaccine induced an increase in immunoglobulin levels in vaccinated groups of each breed. However, levels of immunoglobulins to only three of the antigens (Tci-MEP-1, Tci-SAA-1, Tci-ASP-1) were negatively correlated with parasitological parameters in the CS breed and they may be, at least partially, responsible for the protective effect of the vaccine in this breed. These data could be useful for improving the current vaccine prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Machín
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | | | - Julia N Hernández
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain.
| | - Tara Pérez-Hernández
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge F González
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
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14
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Basripuzi NH, Sharma RSK, Norhadila Z, Shahar ZS, Nor-Dilaila MS, Mustapha MS, Kolandaiveloo V, Ruviniyia K, Matthews L. Interaction between abomasal blood feeder Haemonchus contortus and intestinal mucosal browser Trichostrongylus colubriformis during co-infection in Boer goats. Vet Parasitol 2020; 287:109274. [PMID: 33086185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate potential interactions between the abomasal blood feeder Haemonchus contortus and the intestinal mucosal browser Trichostrongylus colubriformis among deliberately infected Boer goats. Faecal and blood samples were collected twice a week for eight weeks from 25 parasite-naïve goats. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models were conducted to explore the association between phenotypic variables and variables taken at necropsy. Positive associations were identified between total FEC and log T. colubriformis number (r = 0.62, p < 0.05) as well as between IgA and peripheral eosinophil counts (r = 0.65, p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between T. colubriformis and log H. contortus number (r=-0.56, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression models show that H. contortus and T. colubriformis interacted with each other. T. colubriformis appeared to contribute more significantly to the variation of FEC than H. contortus. Co-infection induced an IgA response which was only effective against T. colubriformis but not protective against H. contortus infection. This could be seen via significant associations of IgA with both nematode species but with the effect of IgA differing for H. contortus and T. colubriformis. In this study, H. contortus infection was not detrimental to the goats with no observed impact on PCV. This could be because the growth of T. colubriformis as represented by its length was associated with reduced number and composite burden of H. contortus during co-infection, or possibly due to low infection dosage. Improved understanding of the impact of H. contortus and T. colubriformis and their interaction from natural co-infection studies is beneficial for a better understanding of the goat-parasite interaction and its potential impacts on the health and productivity of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hayyan Basripuzi
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16100, Malaysia.
| | - Reuben S K Sharma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Z Norhadila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Z S Shahar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - M S Nor-Dilaila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - M S Mustapha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - V Kolandaiveloo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - K Ruviniyia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia
| | - L Matthews
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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15
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Zanzani SA, Gazzonis AL, Alberti E, Neilly TM, Villa L, Manfredi MT. Gastrointestinal nematode infections in goats: differences between strongyle faecal egg counts and specific antibody responses to Teladorsagia circumcincta in Nera di Verzasca and Alpine goats. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2539-2548. [PMID: 32562068 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Strongylida are gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of greatest importance in small ruminants throughout the world. Differences in resistance and resilience to GIN among goat breeds were reported. This study aims to investigate the mechanism underlying the breed-associated differences using a cosmopolitan (Alpine, AB) and an autochthonous (Nera di Verzasca, NV) goat breed. At first, fifteen goats from the same herd (NV = 7, AB = 8) at day 0 were infected with infective larvae (L3) of mixed GIN. From the 15th day post-infection (DPI), individual parasite egg excretion (faecal egg counts, FEC) was performed on all goats, once per week, until the 63rd DPI. Afterwards, in goats under field conditions (30 AB and 30 NV reared on the same farm), individual faecal and blood samples were collected; FEC-specific antibody and PCV levels were explored. In goats with experimental GIN infection, mean eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) values were consistently lower in NV goats. In goats with natural GIN infection, EPG and prevalence values showed high variability in both breeds; among individual variables, breed had a significant influence on EPG. Further, PCV and anti-T. circumcincta IgA levels were influenced by the breed. Lower PCV values were also associated with higher strongyle EPG in AB goats, and anti-T. circumcincta IgA levels were influenced by both strongyle EPG and breed, with IgA levels being higher in AB vs. NV goats and positively associated with EPG. Neither EPG nor breed had any influence on IgE levels. Both studies on experimental and natural infection confirmed that goats of NV are more resistant to infection with gastrointestinal nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Zanzani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - A L Gazzonis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - E Alberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - T Mc Neilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - L Villa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M T Manfredi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Tombak KJ, Budischak SA, Hauck S, Martinez LA, Rubenstein DI. The non-invasive measurement of faecal immunoglobulin in African equids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:105-112. [PMID: 32528845 PMCID: PMC7283094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eco-immunological research is encumbered by a lack of basic research in a wild context and by the availability of few non-invasive tools to measure the internal state of wild animals. The recent development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring immunoglobulins in faecal samples from Soay sheep prompted us to optimize such an assay to measure immunoglobulin A (IgA: an antibody associated with parasitic nematode fecundity) in faecal samples from equids. We measured total IgA in domestic donkeys, wild plains zebras, and wild Grevy's zebras sharing the same landscape in central Kenya over two field seasons. Attempts to measure anti-nematode IgA more specifically, using a homogenized extract from a mixture of excreted nematodes, failed to clear background. However, we found that total IgA positively correlated with strongyle nematode faecal egg counts (FECs) in donkeys sampled during the wetter field season - a time when the donkeys were in good condition. Further, this relationship appeared among donkeys with high body condition but not among those with low body condition. Time lags of 1–4 days introduced between IgA and FEC measurements in repeatedly sampled donkeys did not yield correlations, suggesting that IgA and FEC roughly tracked one another without much delay in the wet field season. Such a direct IgA-FEC relationship did not appear for zebras in either the wet or dry field season, possibly due to higher interindividual variation in body condition among the free-roaming zebras than in the donkeys. However, Grevy's zebras had higher overall levels of IgA than either plains zebras or donkeys, potentially associated with their reportedly lower FECs at the population level. Our results suggest that equids may mount an IgA response to nematode egg production when the host is in good condition and that equid species may differ in baseline levels of mucosal IgA. We optimized an immunosorbent assay to non-invasively measure total IgA in faeces from equids. IgA positively correlated with nematode faecal egg count (FEC) in donkeys in good body condition. IgA and FEC were not correlated in a dry year for donkeys or in any year for wild plains and Grevy's zebras. IgA may relate to FECs at the population level only when body condition is uniformly good. IgA was higher in Grevy's than plains zebras or donkeys, suggesting differences in immune strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia J Tombak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Sarah A Budischak
- Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Hauck
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Lindsay A Martinez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Daniel I Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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17
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Immunoglobulins as Biomarkers for Gastrointestinal Nematodes Resistance in Small Ruminants: A systematic review. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7765. [PMID: 32385321 PMCID: PMC7210940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64775-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of anthelmintic resistance worldwide has led to the development of alternative control strategies for gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infections, which are one of the main constraints on the health of grazing small ruminants. Presently, breeding schemes rely mainly on fecal egg count (FEC) measurements on infected animals which are time-consuming and requires expertise in parasitology. Identifying and understanding the role of immunoglobulins in the mechanisms of resistance could provide a more efficient and sustainable method of identifying nematode-resistant animals for selection. In this study we review the findings on immunoglobulin response to GIN in the literature published to date (june 2019) and discuss the potential to use immunoglobulins as biomarkers. The literature review revealed 41 studies which measured at least one immunoglobulin: 35 focused on lamb immune response (18 used non-naïve lambs) and 7 on yearlings. In this review we propose a conceptual model summarizing the role of immunoglobulins in resistance to GIN. We highlight the need for more carefully designed and documented studies to allow comparisons across different populations on the immunoglobulin response to GIN infection.
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18
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Surprisingly long body length of the lungworm Parafilaroides gymnurus from common seals of the Dutch North Sea. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1803-1817. [PMID: 32372130 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lungworms of the genera Parafilaroides and Otostrongylus are responsible for parasitic bronchopneumonia, the foremost disease of eastern Atlantic common seals (EACS, Phoca vitulina vitulina) in the Dutch North Sea. Recently, there have been increased reports of lungworm cases and observations of unusually long Parafilaroides sp. adults in this location. The initial aim of this study was to confirm the identity of the Parafilaroides species infecting this population. Parafilaroides are usually small and delicate, making them difficult to extract from host tissue, and there is often difficulty accessing fresh specimens for morphological study. The large size of the Dutch worms and the accessibility of specimens from numerous animals enabled the description and measurement of many intact specimens (N = 64) from multiple host animals (N = 20). Species identity was confirmed by targeted sequencing of ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA amplicons from a subset of worms. Worm morphology was consistent with descriptions for P. gymnurus, but the mature females were 1.9-fold and 3.4-fold longer than those recovered from French EACS (P ≤ 0.001) and Canadian western Atlantic common seals (Phoca vitulina concolor; P ≤ 0.0001). They were also significantly longer than mature female P. gymnurus described from other seal species, with the exception of those from harp seals of Les Escoumins, Quebec. We suggest that intraspecific genetic differences in P. gymnurus and the environment within the host could contribute to the variation reported here. This study is the first to describe P. gymnurus using morphological and molecular methods and should serve as a reference for identification of the species.
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19
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Hayyan BN, Sharma RSK, Raimy N, Nisha M, Hussain K, Busin VM, Jenvey CJ, Cairns C, Stear MJ. Kinetics of IgA and eosinophils following a low-dose, predominantly Haemonchus contortus infection of Boer goats. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12707. [PMID: 32118305 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Most breeds of goat are more susceptible to nematode infection than sheep, and this appears to be a consequence of less effective immune responses. Several papers have considered the effectiveness of eosinophils and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in goats but differences in the induction of responses have not been studied in the same detail. The aim of this study was to look at the induction of eosinophil and IgA responses in Boer goats reared indoors under intensive conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS The goats were experimentally infected with a low dose of 2400 Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. at a 6:1:1 ratio. Faecal egg counts (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), IgA activity against third-stage larvae and peripheral eosinophilia were measured twice a week for eight weeks. The infection generated an IgA response but did not significantly increase peripheral eosinophilia in the 25 infected kids compared with the 4 control animals. FEC was not associated with IgA activity or eosinophilia. CONCLUSION A detailed analysis of IgA and eosinophil responses to deliberate nematode infection in Boer goats showed that there was an increase in nematode-specific IgA activity but no detectable eosinophil response. In addition, there was no association between increased IgA activity or eosinophilia with egg counts and worm burdens. These suggest that IgA and eosinophils do not act to control nematode infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basripuzi N Hayyan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Reuben S K Sharma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nurulaini Raimy
- Department of Veterinary Services, Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Mehru Nisha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.,Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Khalida Hussain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Valentina M Busin
- Veterinary Pathology, Public Health & Disease Investigation, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Caitlin J Jenvey
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Callum Cairns
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Michael J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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20
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Abstract
Eosinophils are important immune cells that have been implicated in resistance to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in both naturally and experimentally infected sheep. Proteins of particular importance appear to be IgA-Fc alpha receptor (FcαRI), C-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3), proteoglycan 3 (PRG3, major basic protein 2) and EPX (eosinophil peroxidase). We used known human nucleotide sequences to search the ruminant genomes, followed by translation to protein and sequence alignments to visualize differences between sequences and species. Where a sequence was retrieved for cow, but not for sheep and goat, this was used additionally as a reference sequence. In this review, we show that eosinophil function varies among host species. Consequently, investigations into the mechanisms of ruminant immune responses to GIN should be conducted using the natural host. Specifically, we address differences in protein sequence and structure for eosinophil proteins.
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21
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Cattadori IM, Pathak AK, Ferrari MJ. External disturbances impact helminth-host interactions by affecting dynamics of infection, parasite traits, and host immune responses. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13495-13505. [PMID: 31871660 PMCID: PMC6912924 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
External perturbations, such as multispecies infections or anthelmintic treatments, can alter host-parasite interactions with consequences on the dynamics of infection. While the overall profile of infection might appear fundamentally conserved at the host population level, perturbations can disproportionately affect components of parasite demography or host responses, and ultimately impact parasite fitness and long-term persistence.We took an immuno-epidemiological approach to this reasoning and examined a rabbit-helminth system where animals were trickle-dosed with either one or two helminth species, treated halfway through the experiment with an anthelmintic and reinfected one month later following the same initial regime. Parasite traits (body length and fecundity) and host immune responses (cytokines, transcription factors, antibodies) were quantified at fixed time points and compared before and after drug treatment, and between single and dual infections.Findings indicated a resistant host phenotype to Trichostrongylus retortaeformis where abundance, body length, and fecundity were regulated by a protective immune response. In contrast, Graphidium strigosum accumulated in the host and, while it stimulated a clear immune reaction, many genes were downregulated both following reinfection and in dual infection, suggestive of a low host resistance.External perturbations affected parasite fecundity, including body length and number of eggs in utero, more significantly than abundance; however, there was no consistency in the parasite-immune relationships.Disentangling the processes affecting parasite life history, and how they relate to host responses, can provide a better understanding of how external disturbances impact disease severity and transmission, and how parasites strategies adjust to secure persistence at the host and the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella M. Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Ashutosh K. Pathak
- Department of Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineThe University of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Matthew J. Ferrari
- Center for Infectious Disease DynamicsThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
- Department of BiologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
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22
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Aboshady HM, Mandonnet N, Stear MJ, Arquet R, Bederina M, Sarry J, Tosser-Klopp G, Klopp C, Johansson AM, Jonas E, Bambou JC. Transcriptome variation in response to gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218719. [PMID: 31220166 PMCID: PMC6586351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a major constraint for small ruminant production. Due to the rise of anthelmintic resistance throughout the world, alternative control strategies are needed. The development of GIN resistance breeding programs is a promising strategy. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying genetic resistance might lead to more effective breeding programmes. In this study, we compare transcriptome profiling of abomasal mucosa and lymph node tissues from non-infected, resistant and susceptible infected Creole goats using RNA-sequencing. A total of 24 kids, 12 susceptible and 12 GIN resistant based on the estimated breeding value, were infected twice with 10,000 L3 Haemonchus contortus. Physiological and parasitological parameters were monitored during infection. Seven weeks after the second infection, extreme kids (n = 6 resistant and 6 susceptible), chosen on the basis of the fecal egg counts (FEC), and 3 uninfected control animals were slaughtered. Susceptible kids had significantly higher FEC compared with resistant kids during the second infection with no differences in worm burden, male and female worm count or establishment rate. A higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified in infected compared with non-infected animals in both abomasal mucosa (792 DEG) and lymph nodes (1726 DEG). There were fewer DEG in resistant versus susceptible groups (342 and 450 DEG, in abomasal mucosa and lymph nodes respectively). ‘Cell cycle’ and ‘cell death and survival’ were the main identified networks in mucosal tissue when comparing infected versus non-infected kids. Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via major histocompatibility complex class I were in the top biological functions for the DEG identified in lymph nodes. The TGFβ1 gene was one of the top 5 upstream DEG in mucosal tissue. Our results are one of the fist investigating differences in the expression profile induced by GIN infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeer M. Aboshady
- AgroParisTech, Paris, France
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agriculture Science, Uppsala, Sweden
- URZ, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques, INRA, Petit Bourg (Guadeloupe), France
- Department of animal production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nathalie Mandonnet
- URZ, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques, INRA, Petit Bourg (Guadeloupe), France
| | - Michael J. Stear
- La Trobe Univ, Dept Anim Plant & Soil Sci, AgriBio, Ctr AgriBiosci, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rémy Arquet
- PTEA, Plateforme Tropicale d’Expérimentation sur l’Animal, INRA, Petit Bourg (Guadeloupe), France
| | - Malia Bederina
- URZ, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques, INRA, Petit Bourg (Guadeloupe), France
| | - Julien Sarry
- Univ Toulouse, ENVT, INPT, GenPhySE, INRA, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Christophe Klopp
- INRA, Plateforme Bioinformat Toulouse, Midi Pyrenees UBIA, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Anna M. Johansson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agriculture Science, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Jonas
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agriculture Science, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Ali AOA, Murphy L, Stear A, Fairlie-Clarke K, Nikbakht Brujeni G, Donskow-Łysoniewska K, Groth D, Buitkamp J, Stear MJ. Association of MHC class II haplotypes with reduced faecal nematode egg count and IgA activity in British Texel sheep. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12626. [PMID: 30901091 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nematode infection is one of the principal diseases suffered by sheep and the class II region of the MHC has been repeatedly associated with differences in susceptibility and resistance to infection. The aim of this study was to examine the association of MHC class II haplotypes in a flock of Texel sheep with faecal egg counts and antibody responsiveness. Two haplotypes carried the DRB1*11:01 allele which has previously been associated with reduced egg counts in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep. One of the two haplotypes was associated with reduced egg counts in the Texel breed, and both haplotypes were associated with reduced IgA activity against an extract from fourth-stage larvae. The reduced IgA activity is probably a consequence of reduced numbers of fourth-stage larvae in sheep carrying the resistance allele. The association of specific MHC alleles with reduced egg counts, reduced worm numbers and decreased IgA activity provides a mechanism for the density-dependent regulation of parasite growth and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsagher O A Ali
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lisa Murphy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Abigail Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Karen Fairlie-Clarke
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - David Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Johannes Buitkamp
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Grub, Germany
| | - Michael J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, Agribio, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Basripuzi NH, Salisi MS, Isa NMM, Busin V, Cairns C, Jenvey C, Stear MJ. Boer goats appear to lack a functional IgA and eosinophil response against natural nematode infection. Vet Parasitol 2018; 264:18-25. [PMID: 30503086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infection is one of the major diseases affecting small ruminants. Although some breeds of goats are quite resistant, many breeds of goats are relatively susceptible. This study used a combined parasitological, immunological, bioinformatic and statistical approach to examine the role of goat IgA and eosinophils in protection against Teladorsagia circumcincta. Molecular modelling suggested that the transmembrane domain of the high affinity IgA receptor was dysfunctional in goats. Statistical analyses failed to find any association in naturally infected goats between high IgA or eosinophil responses and low faecal egg counts. Together these results indicate that IgA and eosinophil responses against T. circumcincta are less effective in goats than sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hayyan Basripuzi
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag 36, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia.
| | - M Shahrom Salisi
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - N Mahiza Md Isa
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Valentina Busin
- Veterinary Pathology, Public Health & Disease Investigation, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Callum Cairns
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caitlin Jenvey
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Melbourne, Australia
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25
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Sparks AM, Watt K, Sinclair R, Pilkington JG, Pemberton JM, Johnston SE, McNeilly TN, Nussey DH. Natural Selection on Antihelminth Antibodies in a Wild Mammal Population. Am Nat 2018; 192:745-760. [PMID: 30444657 DOI: 10.1086/700115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An effective immune response is expected to confer fitness benefits through improved resistance to parasites but also incur energetic costs that negatively impact fitness-related traits, such as reproduction. The fitness costs and benefits of an immune response are likely to depend on host age, sex, and levels of parasite exposure. Few studies have examined the full extent to which patterns of natural selection on immune phenotypes vary across demographic groups and environments in the wild. Here, we assessed natural selection on plasma levels of three functionally distinct isotypes (IgA, IgE, and IgG) of antibodies against a prevalent nematode parasite measured in a wild Soay sheep population over 26 years. We found little support for environment-dependent selection or reproductive costs. However, antibody levels were negatively associated with parasite egg counts and positively associated with subsequent survival, albeit in a highly age- and isotype-dependent manner. Raised levels of antiparasite IgA best predicted reduced egg counts, but this did not predict survival in lambs. In adults increased antiparasite IgG predicted reduced egg counts, and in adult females IgG levels also positively predicted overwinter survival. Our results highlight the potential importance of age- and sex-dependent selection on immune phenotypes in nature and show that patterns of selection can vary even among functionally related immune markers.
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26
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Immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants: effector cell mechanisms and cytokines. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:471-482. [PMID: 30538343 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of ruminants are prevalent and have major economic impacts worldwide. The insight studies of immune responses triggered against GINs are of great concern to understand interaction between host's immune system and parasite. T-helper 2 cytokines drive the effector cell mechanisms which include eosinophils and mast cells. The immune responses are controlled by Th2 secreted interleukins (IL); IL3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10 and IL-13. B-Cell immune response is incorporated in defense mechanisms developed against GINs specially immunoglobulins (Ig); IgA, IgE and IgG. The immune resistance of the infected host is presented by failure of larval establishment or hypobiosis, low worm burden and decreased female fecundity. The host-parasite interaction is a complex series that affected by host's genetic constitution, nutrition, age and physiological status. The GINs have different immune evasion mechanisms to improve their survival within the host. Also, management of the host influences GINs parasitism. Thus, the aim of this review is to highlight the hallmarks of immune responses that endorse GINs parasitism. The insights studies of the triggered immune responses developed against GINs will improve the appropriate protective immune strategy.
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27
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Ghosh S, Ferrari MJ, Pathak AK, Cattadori IM. Changes in parasite traits, rather than intensity, affect the dynamics of infection under external perturbation. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006167. [PMID: 29889827 PMCID: PMC6019670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that generate complex host-parasite interactions, and how they contribute to variation between and within hosts, is important for predicting risk of infection and transmission, and for developing more effective interventions based on parasite properties. We used the T. retortaeformis (TR)-rabbit system and developed a state-space mathematical framework to capture the variation in intensity of infection and egg shedding in hosts infected weekly, then treated with an anthelminthic and subsequently re-challenged following the same infection regime. Experimental infections indicate that parasite intensity accumulates more slowly in the post-anthelminthic phase but reaches similar maximum numbers. By contrast, parasite EPG (eggs per gram of feces) shed from rabbits in the post-treatment phase is lower and less variable through time. Inference based on EPG alone suggests a decline in parasite intensity over time. Using a state-space model and incorporating all sources of cross-sectional and longitudinal data, we show that while parasite intensity remains relatively constant in both experimental phases, shedding of eggs into the environment is increasingly limited through changes in parasite growth. We suggest that host immunity directly modulates both the accumulation and the growth of the parasite, and indirectly affects transmission by limiting parasite length and thus fecundity. This study provides a better understanding of how within-host trophic interactions influence different components of a helminth population. It also suggests that heterogeneity in parasite traits should be addressed more carefully when examining and managing helminth infections in the absence of some critical data on parasite dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suma Ghosh
- Department of Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Ferrari
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh K. Pathak
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Odum School of Ecology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Isabella M. Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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28
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Chitneedi PK, Suárez-Vega A, Martínez-Valladares M, Arranz JJ, Gutiérrez-Gil B. Exploring the mechanisms of resistance to Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in sheep through transcriptome analysis of abomasal mucosa and abomasal lymph nodes. Vet Res 2018; 49:39. [PMID: 29703268 PMCID: PMC5922024 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study exploited the RNA-seq technology to analyze the transcriptome of target tissues affected by the Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in two groups of adult ewes showing different statuses against gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection with the aim of identifying genes linked to GIN infection resistance in sheep. For this, based on the accumulated faecal egg count of 18 adult Churra ewes subjected to a first experimental infection with T. circumcincta, six ewes were classified as resistant and six others as susceptible to the infection. These 12 animals were dewormed and infected again. After humanitarian sacrifice of these 12 animals at day 7 post-infection, RNA samples were obtained from abomasal mucosa and lymph node tissues and RNA-Seq datasets were generated using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencer. The distribution of the genes based on their expression level were very similar among the two different tissues and conditions. The differential expression analysis performed with two software (DESeq and EdgeR) only identified common differentially expressed genes (DEGs), a total of 106, in the lymph node samples which were considered as GIN-activated. The enrichment analysis performed for these GIN-activated genes identified some pathways related to cytokine-mediated immune response and the PPARG signaling pathway as well as disease terms related to inflammation and gastro-intestinal diseases as enriched. A systematic comparison with the results of previous studies confirmed the involvement of genes such as ITLN2, CLAC1 and galectins, in the immune mechanism activated against T. circumcincta in resistant sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Chitneedi
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Aroa Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.,Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Juan José Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
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29
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Sweeney T, Hanrahan JP, Ryan MT, Good B. Immunogenomics of gastrointestinal nematode infection in ruminants - breeding for resistance to produce food sustainably and safely. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:569-86. [PMID: 27387842 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection of ruminants represents a major health and welfare challenge for livestock producers worldwide. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance in important GIN species and the associated animal welfare concerns have stimulated interest in the development of alternative and more sustainable strategies aimed at the effective management of the impact of GINs. These integrative strategies include selective breeding using genetic/genomic tools, grazing management, biological control, nutritional supplementation, vaccination and targeted selective treatment. In this review, the logic of selecting for "resistance" to GIN infection as opposed to "resilience" or "tolerance" is discussed. This is followed by a review of the potential application of immunogenomics to genetic selection for animals that have the capacity to withstand the impact of GIN infection. Advances in relevant genomic technologies are highlighted together with how these tools can be advanced to support the integration of immunogenomic information into ruminant breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - M T Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - B Good
- Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland
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30
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Hernández JN, Meeusen E, Stear M, Rodríguez F, Piedrafita D, González JF. Modulation of Haemonchus contortus infection by depletion of γδ + T cells in parasite resistant Canaria Hair Breed sheep. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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McRae KM, Stear MJ, Good B, Keane OM. The host immune response to gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep. Parasite Immunol 2016; 37:605-13. [PMID: 26480845 PMCID: PMC4744952 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infection represents a major threat to the health, welfare and productivity of sheep populations worldwide. Infected lambs have a reduced ability to absorb nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in morbidity and occasional mortality. The current chemo‐dominant approach to nematode control is considered unsustainable due to the increasing incidence of anthelmintic resistance. In addition, there is growing consumer demand for food products from animals not subjected to chemical treatment. Future mechanisms of nematode control must rely on alternative, sustainable strategies such as vaccination or selective breeding of resistant animals. Such strategies take advantage of the host's natural immune response to nematodes. The ability to resist gastrointestinal nematode infection is considered to be dependent on the development of a protective acquired immune response, although the precise immune mechanisms involved in initiating this process remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, current knowledge on the innate and acquired host immune response to gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep and the development of immunity is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M McRae
- AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand.,Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - M J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - B Good
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Athenry, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | - O M Keane
- Animal & Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
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32
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Atlija M, Prada JM, Gutiérrez-Gil B, Rojo-Vázquez FA, Stear MJ, Arranz JJ, Martínez-Valladares M. Implementation of an extended ZINB model in the study of low levels of natural gastrointestinal nematode infections in adult sheep. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:97. [PMID: 27283535 PMCID: PMC4901511 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, two traits related with resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) were measured in 529 adult sheep: faecal egg count (FEC) and activity of immunoglobulin A in plasma (IgA). In dry years, FEC can be very low in semi-extensive systems, such as the one studied here, which makes identifying animals that are resistant or susceptible to infection a difficult task. A zero inflated negative binomial model (ZINB) model was used to calculate the extent of zero inflation for FEC; the model was extended to include information from the IgA responses. Results In this dataset, 64 % of animals had zero FEC while the ZINB model suggested that 38 % of sheep had not been recently infected with GIN. Therefore 26 % of sheep were predicted to be infected animals with egg counts that were zero or below the detection limit and likely to be relatively resistant to nematode infection. IgA activities of all animals were then used to decide which of the sheep with zero egg counts had been exposed and which sheep had not been recently exposed. Animals with zero FEC and high IgA activity were considered resistant while animals with zero FEC and low IgA activity were considered as not recently infected. For the animals considered as exposed to the infection, the correlations among the studied traits were estimated, and the influence of these traits on the discrimination between unexposed and infected animals was assessed. Conclusions The model presented here improved the detection of infected animals with zero FEC. The correlations calculated here will be useful in the development of a reliable index of GIN resistance that could be of assistance for the study of host resistance in studies based on natural infection, especially in adult sheep, and also the design of breeding programs aimed at increasing resistance to parasites. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0723-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Atlija
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - J M Prada
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK. .,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA.
| | - B Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.,Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-ULE, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - F A Rojo-Vázquez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-ULE, 24346, Grulleros, León, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
| | - M J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - J J Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain
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Abstract
Sheep are capable of developing protective immunity to Haemonchus contortus through repeated exposure to this parasite, although this immune protection is the result of a complex interaction among age, gender, physiological status, pregnancy, lactation, nutrition and innate and adaptive immunity in the host animal. There are multiple effectors of the protective immune response, which differ depending on the developmental stage of the parasite being targeted, and our understanding of the effector mechanisms has developed considerably in the 2000s. The rational design of vaccines based on 'natural' or 'exposed' antigens depends on an understanding of this exposure-induced immunity. However, the most effective current vaccines rely on protection via the induction of high circulating antibody levels to 'hidden' gut antigens of H. contortus. The success of this latter strategy has resulted in the launch of a vaccine, which is based on extracts of the parasite's gut, to aid in the control of Haemonchus in Australia. The development of recombinant subunit vaccines based on the components of the successful native vaccine has not yet been achieved and most of the recent successes with recombinant subunit vaccines have focussed on antigens unrelated to the gut antigens. The future integration of an understanding of the immunobiology of this parasite with advances in antigen identification, expression (or synthesis) and presentation is likely to be pivotal to the further development of these recombinant subunit vaccines. Recent progress in each of the components underpinning this integrated approach is summarized in this review.
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34
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Hernández JN, Hernández A, Stear MJ, Conde-Felipe M, Rodríguez E, Piedrafita D, González JF. Potential role for mucosal IgA in modulating Haemonchus contortus adult worm infection in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:153-8. [PMID: 27198794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a haematophagous parasite which causes important economic losses in small ruminants. On the island of Gran Canaria, two sheep breeds coexist which differ in their susceptibility to the infection with H. contortus; the resistant Canaria Hair Breed (CHB) sheep and the susceptible Canaria Sheep (CS) breed. The major target of resistance mechanisms in CHB sheep are directed to the adult parasite stage, reducing the worm burden, and decreased length and fecundity of surviving worms. Mucosal IgA (mIgA) has been shown to be an important regulator of immunity in Haemonchus and Teladorsagia infections; through correlations with larval stages where such mechanisms as antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and enzyme inhibition may mediate resistance. Here for the first time, we demonstrate a significant negative correlation between mIgA and adult worm length and fecundity only in the resistant CHB sheep. In contrast, and as reported in other sheep breeds, mIgA was only negatively correlated against the larval stage in the more susceptible CS breed. This study suggests mIgA may play a role in resistance to both larval and adult stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Hernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, Las Palmas 35413, Spain
| | - A Hernández
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, Las Palmas 35413, Spain
| | - M J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - M Conde-Felipe
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, Las Palmas 35413, Spain
| | - E Rodríguez
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, Las Palmas 35413, Spain
| | - D Piedrafita
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, VIC 3842, Australia
| | - J F González
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, Arucas, Las Palmas 35413, Spain.
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35
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Greer AW, Hamie JC. Relative maturity and the development of immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep: an overlooked paradigm? Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:263-72. [PMID: 26989873 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sheep display considerable variation in both the timing and magnitude of development of immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Onset of immunity is dependent on a number of factors, including antigenic stimulus, nutrition supply, age and size of the animals, the latter of which are confounded. Here, we review the factors associated with the development of immunity to GIN in sheep, particularly in the context of the role that relative maturity may have through applying the rules of genetic size scaling based on examples from published literature. Comparing animals based on their metabolic age, rather than chronological age, may provide an explanation for the timing of immune development and may reduce the variation in immune development that frequently is observed both between and within breeds. Further, this approach may help explain the phenotypic differences in animal performance between animals of varying immunological capacity to GIN through influences on mature body weight. As such, when considering factors influencing immune development to GIN, physiological age or relative maturity may be considered an overlooked paradigm. We propose it may be worthwhile to consider metabolic age when comparing the immune competence of animals to ensure the subjects are at an analogous stage of physiological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Greer
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J C Hamie
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
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36
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Prada Jiménez de Cisneros J, Stear MJ, Mair C, Singleton D, Stefan T, Stear A, Marion G, Matthews L. An explicit immunogenetic model of gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep. J R Soc Interface 2015; 11:rsif.2014.0416. [PMID: 25121649 PMCID: PMC4233724 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a global cause of disease and death in humans, wildlife and livestock. Livestock infection has historically been controlled with anthelmintic drugs, but the development of resistance means that alternative controls are needed. The most promising alternatives are vaccination, nutritional supplementation and selective breeding, all of which act by enhancing the immune response. Currently, control planning is hampered by reliance on the faecal egg count (FEC), which suffers from low accuracy and a nonlinear and indirect relationship with infection intensity and host immune responses. We address this gap by using extensive parasitological, immunological and genetic data on the sheep–Teladorsagia circumcincta interaction to create an immunologically explicit model of infection dynamics in a sheep flock that links host genetic variation with variation in the two key immune responses to predict the observed parasitological measures. Using our model, we show that the immune responses are highly heritable and by comparing selective breeding based on low FECs versus high plasma IgA responses, we show that the immune markers are a much improved measure of host resistance. In summary, we have created a model of host–parasite infections that explicitly captures the development of the adaptive immune response and show that by integrating genetic, immunological and parasitological understanding we can identify new immune-based markers for diagnosis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Prada Jiménez de Cisneros
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Michael J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Colette Mair
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Darran Singleton
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Thorsten Stefan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Abigail Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Glenn Marion
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, The King's Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - Louise Matthews
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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37
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Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes represent important sources of economic losses in farmed ruminants, and the increasing frequency of anthelmintic resistance requires an increased ability to explore alternative strategies. Theoretical approaches at the crossroads of immunology and epidemiology are valuable tools in that context. In the case of Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep, the immunological mechanisms important for resistance are increasingly well-characterized. However, despite the existence of a wide range of theoretical models, there is no framework integrating the characteristic features of this immune response into a tractable phenomenological model. Here, we propose to bridge that gap by developing a flexible modelling framework that allows for variability in nematode larval intake which can be used to track the variations in worm burdens. We parameterize this model using data from trickle infection of sheep and show that using simple immunological assumptions, our model can capture the dynamics of both adult worm burdens and nematode fecal egg counts. In addition, our analysis reveals interesting dose-dependent effects on the immune response. Finally, we discuss potential developments of this model and highlight how an improved cross-talk between empiricists and theoreticians would facilitate important advances in the study of infectious diseases.
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38
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Abstract
Two types of adaptive immune strategies are known to have evolved in vertebrates: the VLR-based system, which is present in jawless organisms and is mediated by VLRA and VLRB lymphocytes, and the BCR/TCR-based system, which is present in jawed species and is provided by B and T cell receptors expressed on B and T cells, respectively. Here we summarize features of B cells and their predecessors in the different animal phyla, focusing the review on B cells from jawed vertebrates. We point out the critical role of nonclassical species and comparative immunology studies in the understanding of B cell immunity. Because nonclassical models include species relevant to veterinary medicine, basic science research performed in these animals contributes to the knowledge required for the development of more efficacious vaccines against emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Ahmed AM, Sebastiano SR, Sweeney T, Hanrahan JP, Glynn A, Keane OM, Mukhopadhya A, Thornton K, Good B. Breed differences in humoral and cellular responses of lambs to experimental infection with the gastrointestinal nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Res 2015; 46:8. [PMID: 25827901 PMCID: PMC4329660 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While Texel lambs have increased resistance to infection with the gastrointestinal nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta compared to Suffolk lambs, the underlying resistance mechanisms are still unknown. The aim of this study was to compare parasitological, humoral and cellular responses of Texel and Suffolk lambs over time following a single experimental infection with T. circumcincta. Gastrointestinal nematode free (but not naïve) lambs received a single oral dose of 3 × 104 infective T. circumcincta larvae. The variables examined included worm burden, mucosal and serum IgA, abomasal mast cells and eosinophils, haematological parameters and plasma pepsinogen. Texel lambs had significantly lower worm burden on day 14 and lower plasma pepsinogen concentration from day 14 onwards than Suffolks and their response in mucosal IgA to infection occurred earlier. The results from the study suggest that an earlier local IgA response in the Texel contributes to the resistant characteristics of the breed, while the increased level of plasma pepsinogen in the Suffolk lambs implies greater abomasal tissue damage arising from the nematode infection.
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40
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Multitrait indices to predict worm length and number in sheep with natural, mixed predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta infection. Parasitology 2015; 142:773-82. [PMID: 25586410 PMCID: PMC4413790 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accurately identifying resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infections requires the ability to identify animals with low and high intensities of infection. The pathogenic effects of nematodes depend upon both the length and number of worms, neither of which can be measured in live animals. Indices that predict these quantities are urgently needed. Monthly fecal egg counts, bodyweights, IgA concentrations and pepsinogen concentrations were measured on Scottish Blackface sheep naturally infected with a mixture of nematodes, predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta. Worm number and average worm length were available on over 500 necropsied lambs. We derived predictive indices for worm length and number using linear combinations of traits measured in live animals. The correlations between the prediction values and the observed values were 0·55 for worm length and 0·51 for worm number. These indices can be used to identify the most resistance and susceptible lambs.
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41
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McRae KM, Good B, Hanrahan JP, Glynn A, O’Connell MJ, Keane OM. Response to Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in Scottish Blackface lambs with divergent phenotypes for nematode resistance. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Current status for gastrointestinal nematode diagnosis in small ruminants: where are we and where are we going? J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:210350. [PMID: 25258718 PMCID: PMC4166451 DOI: 10.1155/2014/210350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites pose a significant economic burden particularly in small ruminant production systems. Anthelmintic resistance is a serious concern to the effective control of GIN parasites and has fuelled the focus to design and promote sustainable control of practices of parasite control. Many facets of sustainable GIN parasite control programs rely on the ability to diagnose infection both qualitatively and quantitatively. Diagnostics are required to determine anthelmintic efficacies, for targeted treatment programs and selection of animals for parasite resistant breeding. This review describes much of the research investigated to date to improve the current diagnostic for the above practices which is based on counting the number of parasite eggs in faeces.
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Cattadori IM, Wagner BR, Wodzinski LA, Pathak AK, Poole A. Infections do not predict shedding in co-infections with two helminths from a natural system. Ecology 2014; 95:1684-92. [PMID: 25039232 DOI: 10.1890/13-1538.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Given the health and economic burden associated with the widespread occurrence of co-infections in humans and agricultural animals, understanding how coinfections contribute to host heterogeneity to infection and transmission is critical if we are to assess risk of infection based on host characteristics. Here, we examine whether host heterogeneity to infection leads to similar heterogeneity in transmission in a population of rabbits single and co-infected with two helminths and monitored monthly for eight years. Compared to single infections, co-infected rabbits carried higher Trichostrongylus retortaeformis intensities, shorter worms with fewer eggs in utero, and shed similar numbers of parasite eggs. In contrast, the same co-infected rabbits harbored fewer Graphidium strigosum with longer bodies and more eggs in utero, and shed more eggs of this helminth. A positive density-dependent relationship between fecundity and intensity was found for T. retortaeformis but not G. strigosum in co-infected rabbits. Juvenile rabbits contributed to most of the infection and shedding of T. retortaeformis, while adult hosts were more important for G. strigosum dynamics of infection and transmission, and this pattern was consistent in single and co-infected individuals. This host-parasite system suggests that we cannot predict the pattern of parasite shedding during co-infections based on intensity of infection alone. We suggest that a mismatching between susceptibility and infectiousness should be expected in helminth coinfections and should not be overlooked.
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44
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The transfer of IgA from mucus to plasma and the implications for diagnosis and control of nematode infections. Parasitology 2014; 141:875-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013002321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYImmunoglobulin A (IgA) activity has been associated with reduced growth and fecundity of Teladorsagia circumcincta. IgA is active at the site of infection in the abomasal mucus. However, while IgA activity in abomasal mucus is not easily measured in live animals without invasive methods, IgA activity can be readily detected in the plasma, making it a potentially valuable tool in diagnosis and control. We used a Bayesian statistical analysis to quantify the relationship between mucosal and plasma IgA in sheep deliberately infected with T. circumcincta. The transfer of IgA depends on mucosal IgA activity as well as its interaction with worm number and size; together these account for over 80% of the variation in plasma IgA activity. By quantifying the impact of mucosal IgA and worm number and size on plasma IgA, we provide a tool that can allow more meaningful interpretation of plasma IgA measurements and aid the development of efficient control programmes.
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45
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Gossner A, Wilkie H, Joshi A, Hopkins J. Exploring the abomasal lymph node transcriptome for genes associated with resistance to the sheep nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Res 2013; 44:68. [PMID: 23927007 PMCID: PMC3751673 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study exploited Blackface lambs that varied in their resistance to the abomasal nematode parasite, Teladorsagia circumcincta. Infection of these lambs over 3 months identified susceptible (high adult worm count, high faecal egg count and low IgA antibody) and resistant animals that had excluded all parasites. Previous work had shown that susceptibility and resistance is dependent on the differential immune response to the parasite, which occurs within the abomasal (gastric) lymph node (ALN) that drains the site of infection. The Affymetrix ovine gene array was used to interrogate the transcriptome of the ALN to identify genes and physiological pathways associated with resistance. We used a bovine RT-qPCR array of 84 genes to validate the gene array, and also report digital gene expression analysis on the same tissues, reanalysed using the Oar v3.1 sheep genome assembly. These analyses identified Humoral Immune Response, Protein Synthesis, Inflammatory Response and Hematological System Development and Function as the two top-ranked networks associated with resistance. Central genes within these networks were IL4, IL5, IL13RA2 and in particular IL13, which confirmed that differential activation of Th2 polarized responses is critical to the resistance phenotype. Furthermore, in resistant sheep there was up-regulation of genes linked to control and suppression of inflammation. The identity of differentially-expressed chemokines and receptors in the resistant and susceptible sheep also begins to explain the cellular nature of the host response to infection. This work will greatly help in the identification of candidate genes as potential selectable markers of genetic resistance.
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46
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The immunology and genetics of resistance of sheep to Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:171-81. [PMID: 23430701 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Teladorsagia circumcincta is one of the most economically important gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep in cool temperate regions, to which sheep show genetically-varying resistance to infection. This is a very common parasite and viable sheep production requires the extensive use of anthelmintic drugs. However, the emergence of drug-resistant parasites has stimulated the search for alternative control strategies to curb production losses. Lambs become infected soon after weaning and begin to control parasite burden within 8-10 weeks of continual infection. This control is an acquired characteristic mediated by the development of parasite-specific antibodies. This paper describes the immunology associated with resistance and susceptibility, focussing on differential T cell activation that regulates the production of specific effector mechanisms. It continues by summarizing the methods used to identify genes that could be exploited as molecular markers of selection for resistance. In particular it focusses on the link between understanding the molecular immunology of infection and the identification of candidate genes for selection.
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47
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Abstract
Parasites and parasitism is common. Worm macroparasites have evolved life-history traits that allow them to successfully transmit between spatially and temporally separated patches of host resource and to survive within these environments. Macroparasites have common life-history strategies to achieve this, but these general themes are modified in a myriad of ways related to the specific biology of their hosts. Parasite life histories are also dynamic, responding to conditions inside and outside of hosts, and they continue to evolve, especially in response to our attempts to control them and the harm that they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Viney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK.
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48
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Thakar J, Pathak AK, Murphy L, Albert R, Cattadori IM. Network model of immune responses reveals key effectors to single and co-infection dynamics by a respiratory bacterium and a gastrointestinal helminth. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002345. [PMID: 22253585 PMCID: PMC3257297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infections alter the host immune response but how the systemic and local processes at the site of infection interact is still unclear. The majority of studies on co-infections concentrate on one of the infecting species, an immune function or group of cells and often focus on the initial phase of the infection. Here, we used a combination of experiments and mathematical modelling to investigate the network of immune responses against single and co-infections with the respiratory bacterium Bordetella bronchiseptica and the gastrointestinal helminth Trichostrongylus retortaeformis. Our goal was to identify representative mediators and functions that could capture the essence of the host immune response as a whole, and to assess how their relative contribution dynamically changed over time and between single and co-infected individuals. Network-based discrete dynamic models of single infections were built using current knowledge of bacterial and helminth immunology; the two single infection models were combined into a co-infection model that was then verified by our empirical findings. Simulations showed that a T helper cell mediated antibody and neutrophil response led to phagocytosis and clearance of B. bronchiseptica from the lungs. This was consistent in single and co-infection with no significant delay induced by the helminth. In contrast, T. retortaeformis intensity decreased faster when co-infected with the bacterium. Simulations suggested that the robust recruitment of neutrophils in the co-infection, added to the activation of IgG and eosinophil driven reduction of larvae, which also played an important role in single infection, contributed to this fast clearance. Perturbation analysis of the models, through the knockout of individual nodes (immune cells), identified the cells critical to parasite persistence and clearance both in single and co-infections. Our integrated approach captured the within-host immuno-dynamics of bacteria-helminth infection and identified key components that can be crucial for explaining individual variability between single and co-infections in natural populations. Infections with different infecting agents can alter the immune response against any one parasite and the relative abundance and persistence of the infections within the host. This is because the immune system is not compartmentalized but acts as a whole to allow the host to maintain control of the infections as well as repair damaged tissues and avoid immuno-pathology. There is no comprehensive understanding of the immune responses during co-infections and of how systemic and local mechanisms interact. Here we integrated experimental data with mathematical modelling to describe the network of immune responses of single and co-infection by a respiratory bacterium and a gastrointestinal helminth. We were able to identify key cells and functions responsible for clearing or reducing both parasites and showed that some mechanisms differed between type of infection as a result of different signal outputs and cells contributing to the immune processes. This study highlights the importance of understanding the immuno-dynamics of co-infection as a host response, how immune mechanisms differ from single infections and how they may alter parasite persistence, impact and abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juilee Thakar
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh K. Pathak
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Murphy
- Division of Animal Production and Public Health, Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Réka Albert
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Isabella M. Cattadori
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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49
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Murphy L, Nalpas N, Stear M, Cattadori IM. Explaining patterns of infection in free-living populations using laboratory immune experiments. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:287-302. [PMID: 21272036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The host response to different helminth species can vary and have different consequences for helminth persistence. Often these differences are generated by changes in the dynamics and intensity of the immune components against parasites with distinct life history strategies. We examined the immune response of rabbits to primary infections of the gastrointestinal nematodes Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Graphidium strigosum under controlled conditions for 120 days post-challenge. Results showed that rabbits developed a robust and effective immune response against T. retortaeformis and abundance quickly decreased in the duodenum and was completely cleared in the remaining sections of the small intestine within 4 months. Infected individuals exhibited an initial strong inflammatory response (IFN-γ), IL-4 expression also increased and was coupled to a rapid serum and mucus IgG and IgA and eosinophilia. Strong IL-4, serum IgA and IgG responses and eosinophilia were also observed against G. strigosum. However, parasite abundance remained consistently high throughout the infection, and this was associated with relatively low mucus antibodies. These findings suggest that immunity plays a key role in affecting the abundance of these nematodes, and different immune mechanisms are involved in regulating the dynamics of each infection and their long-term persistence in free-living host populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Murphy
- Division of Animal Production and Public Health, Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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50
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The influence of MHC and immunoglobulins a and e on host resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. J Parasitol Res 2011; 2011:101848. [PMID: 21584228 PMCID: PMC3092517 DOI: 10.1155/2011/101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode parasites in farmed animals are of particular importance due to their effects on production. In Australia, it is estimated that the direct and indirect effects of parasite infestation cost the animal production industries hundreds of millions of dollars each year. The main factors considered by immunologists when studying gastrointestinal nematode infections are the effects the host's response has on the parasite, which immunological components are responsible for these effects, genetic factors involved in controlling immunological responses, and the interactions between these forming an interconnecting multilevel relationship. In this paper, we describe the roles of immunoglobulins, in particular IgA and IgE, and the major histocompatibility complex in resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in sheep. We also draw evidence from other animal models to support the involvement of these immune components. Finally, we examine how IgA and IgE exert their influence and how methods may be developed to manage susceptible animals.
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