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Elkhamary A, Gerner I, Bileck A, Oreff GL, Gerner C, Jenner F. Comparative proteomic profiling of the ovine and human PBMC inflammatory response. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14939. [PMID: 38942936 PMCID: PMC11213919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation requires robust animal models. Sheep are commonly used in immune-related studies, yet the validity of sheep as animal models for immune and inflammatory diseases remains to be established. This cross-species comparative study analyzed the in vitro inflammatory response of ovine (oPBMCs) and human PBMCs (hPBMCs) using mass spectrometry, profiling the proteome of the secretome and whole cell lysate. Of the entire cell lysate proteome (oPBMCs: 4217, hPBMCs: 4574 proteins) 47.8% and in the secretome proteome (oPBMCs: 1913, hPBMCs: 1375 proteins) 32.8% were orthologous between species, among them 32 orthologous CD antigens, indicating the presence of six immune cell subsets. Following inflammatory stimulation, 71 proteins in oPBMCs and 176 in hPBMCs showed differential abundance, with only 7 overlapping. Network and Gene Ontology analyses identified 16 shared inflammatory-related terms and 17 canonical pathways with similar activation/inhibition patterns in both species, demonstrating significant conservation in specific immune and inflammatory responses. However, ovine PMBCs also contained a unique WC1+γδ T-cell subset, not detected in hPBMCs. Furthermore, differences in the activation/inhibition trends of seven canonical pathways and the sets of DAPs between sheep and humans, emphasize the need to consider interspecies differences in translational studies and inflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elkhamary
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - I Gerner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Bileck
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G L Oreff
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Jenner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Veterm, University Equine Hospital, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Zhang ZL, Moeslund N, Hu MA, Hoffmann R, Venema LH, Van De Wauwer C, Timens W, Okamoto T, Verschuuren EAM, Leuvenink HGD, Eiskjaer H, Erasmus ME. Establishing an economical and widely accessible donation after circulatory death animal abattoir model for lung research using ex vivo lung perfusion. Artif Organs 2022; 46:2179-2190. [PMID: 35730930 PMCID: PMC9796928 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), is a platform that allows simultaneous testing and treatment of the lungs. However, use of EVLP is costly and requires access to lab animals and accompanying facilities. To increase the use of EVLP for research, we developed a method to perform EVLP using abattoir procured lungs. Furthermore, we were also able to significantly decrease costs. METHODS Six pair of lungs were procured from abattoir sheep. The lungs were then flushed and stored in ice for 3 h. A low-flow (20% of cardiac output) approach, a tidal volume of 6 ml/kg bodyweight and total perfusion time of 3 h were chosen. Perfusion fluids and circuits were self-made. Lung biopsies, perfusate collection, respiratory values, circulatory pressures were recorded and hourly blood gas analyses were performed. RESULTS Mean pO2 remained stable from 60 min (49.3 ± 7.1 kPa) to 180 min (51.5 kPa ± 8.0), p = 0.66. Pulmonary artery pressure remained ≤15 mm Hg and the left atrial pressure remained between 3 and 5 mm Hg and peak respiratory pressures ≤20 cmH2 O. Lactate dehydrogenase increased from start (96.3 ± 56.4 U/L) to the end of perfusion (315.8 ± 85.0 U/L), p < 0.05. No difference was observed in ATP between procurement and post-EVLP, 129.7 ± 37.4 μmol/g protein to 132.0 ± 23.4 μmol/g, p = 0.92. CONCLUSIONS Sheep lungs, acquired from an abattoir, can be ex vivo perfused under similar conditions as lab animal lungs with similar results regarding e.g., oxygenation and ATP restoration. Furthermore, costs can be significantly reduced by making use of this abattoir model. By increasing accessibility and lowering costs for experiments using lung perfusion, more results may be achieved in the field of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Long Zhang
- Department of Cardio‐Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Niels Moeslund
- Department of CardiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Michiel Andy Hu
- Department of Cardio‐Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Roland Hoffmann
- Department of Cardio‐Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Leonie Harmina Venema
- Department of Surgical ResearchUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline Van De Wauwer
- Department of Cardio‐Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of PathologyUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Toshihiro Okamoto
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung TransplantationCleveland ClinicClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Erik Alfons Maria Verschuuren
- Department of Cardio‐Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Henri Gerrit Derk Leuvenink
- Department of Surgical ResearchUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Eiskjaer
- Department of CardiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - Michiel Elardus Erasmus
- Department of Cardio‐Thoracic SurgeryUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Bonhomme D, Werts C. Host and Species-Specificities of Pattern Recognition Receptors Upon Infection With Leptospira interrogans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:932137. [PMID: 35937697 PMCID: PMC9353586 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.932137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease affecting all vertebrates. It is caused by species of the genus Leptospira, among which are the highly pathogenic L. interrogans. Different mammals can be either resistant or susceptible to the disease which can present a large variety of symptoms. Humans are mostly asymptomatic after infection but can have in some cases symptoms varying from a flu-like syndrome to more severe forms such as Weil's disease, potentially leading to multiorgan failure and death. Similarly, cattle, pigs, and horses can suffer from acute forms of the disease, including morbidity, abortion, and uveitis. On the other hand, mice and rats are resistant to leptospirosis despite chronical colonization of the kidneys, excreting leptospires in urine and contributing to the transmission of the bacteria. To this date, the immune mechanisms that determine the severity of the infection and that confer susceptibility to leptospirosis remain enigmatic. To our interest, differential immune sensing of leptospires through the activation of or escape from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) by microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) has recently been described. In this review, we will summarize these findings that suggest that in various hosts, leptospires differentially escape recognition by some Toll-like and NOD-like receptors, including TLR4, TLR5, and NOD1, although TLR2 and NLRP3 responses are conserved independently of the host. Overall, we hypothesize that these innate immune mechanisms could play a role in determining host susceptibility to leptospirosis and suggest a central, yet complex, role for TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR2001, INSERM U1306, Unité de Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
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4
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Zhang M, Jin X, Yang YF. β-Glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces SBD-1 production in ovine ruminal epithelial cells via the Dectin-1–Syk–NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2019; 53:304-315. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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5
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Molecular characterization and differential mRNA expression profiling of Toll - like receptor - 2 gene in Vechur ( Bos indicus ) and crossbred ( Bos indicus X Bos taurus ) cattle of Kerala in response to anthrax vaccination. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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6
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Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8 + T and CD21 + B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00418-17. [PMID: 28424285 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00418-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has a global impact on the equine industry as the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. A distinctive feature of EAV infection is that it establishes long-term persistent infection in 10 to 70% of infected stallions (carriers). In these stallions, EAV is detectable only in the reproductive tract, and viral persistence occurs despite the presence of high serum neutralizing antibody titers. Carrier stallions constitute the natural reservoir of the virus as they continuously shed EAV in their semen. Although the accessory sex glands have been implicated as the primary sites of EAV persistence, the viral host cell tropism and whether viral replication in carrier stallions occurs in the presence or absence of host inflammatory responses remain unknown. In this study, dual immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to unequivocally demonstrate that the ampulla is the main EAV tissue reservoir rather than immunologically privileged tissues (i.e., testes). Furthermore, we demonstrate that EAV has specific tropism for stromal cells (fibrocytes and possibly tissue macrophages) and CD8+ T and CD21+ B lymphocytes but not glandular epithelium. Persistent EAV infection is associated with moderate, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic ampullitis comprising clusters of B (CD21+) lymphocytes and significant infiltration of T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD25+) lymphocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells (Iba-1+ and CD83+), with a small number of tissue macrophages expressing CD163 and CD204 scavenger receptors. This study suggests that EAV employs complex immune evasion mechanisms that warrant further investigation.IMPORTANCE The major challenge for the worldwide control of EAV is that this virus has the distinctive ability to establish persistent infection in the stallion's reproductive tract as a mechanism to ensure its maintenance in equid populations. Therefore, the precise identification of tissue and cellular tropism of EAV is critical for understanding the molecular basis of viral persistence and for development of improved prophylactic or treatment strategies. This study significantly enhances our understanding of the EAV carrier state in stallions by unequivocally identifying the ampullae as the primary sites of viral persistence, combined with the fact that persistence involves continuous viral replication in fibrocytes (possibly including tissue macrophages) and T and B lymphocytes in the presence of detectable inflammatory responses, suggesting the involvement of complex viral mechanisms of immune evasion. Therefore, EAV persistence provides a powerful new natural animal model to study RNA virus persistence in the male reproductive tract.
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Pridans C, Davis GM, Sauter KA, Lisowski ZM, Corripio-Miyar Y, Raper A, Lefevre L, Young R, McCulloch ME, Lillico S, Milne E, Whitelaw B, Hume DA. A Csf1r-EGFP Transgene Provides a Novel Marker for Monocyte Subsets in Sheep. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2297-305. [PMID: 27521343 PMCID: PMC5009875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Csf1r in adults is restricted to cells of the macrophage lineage. Transgenic reporters based upon the Csf1r locus require inclusion of the highly conserved Fms-intronic regulatory element for expression. We have created Csf1r-EGFP transgenic sheep via lentiviral transgenesis of a construct containing elements of the mouse Fms-intronic regulatory element and Csf1r promoter. Committed bone marrow macrophage precursors and blood monocytes express EGFP in these animals. Sheep monocytes were divided into three populations, similar to classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes in humans, based upon CD14 and CD16 expression. All expressed EGFP, with increased levels in the nonclassical subset. Because Csf1r expression coincides with the earliest commitment to the macrophage lineage, Csf1r-EGFP bone marrow provides a tool for studying the earliest events in myelopoiesis using the sheep as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gemma M Davis
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kristin A Sauter
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Anna Raper
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mary E McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Lillico
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; and
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8
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Thaiss CA, Levy M, Itav S, Elinav E. Integration of Innate Immune Signaling. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:84-101. [PMID: 26755064 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The last decades of research in innate immunology have revealed a multitude of sensing receptors that evaluate the presence of microorganisms or cellular damage in tissues. In the context of a complex tissue, many such sensing events occur simultaneously. Thus, the downstream pathways need to be integrated to launch an appropriate cellular response, to tailor the magnitude of the reaction to the inciting event, and to terminate it in a manner that avoids immunopathology. Here, we provide a conceptual overview of the crosstalk between innate immune receptors in the initiation of a concerted immune reaction to microbial and endogenous triggers. We classify the known interactions into categories of communication and provide examples of their importance in pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maayan Levy
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shlomik Itav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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9
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Skipor J, Szczepkowska A, Kowalewska M, Herman A, Lisiewski P. Profile of toll-like receptor mRNA expression in the choroid plexus in adult ewes. Acta Vet Hung 2015; 63:69-78. [PMID: 25374259 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2014.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) located in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (CP) forms the interface between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and pathogen components circulating in the blood. The CP is also implicated in the passage of peripheral immune signals and circulation of immune cells into the central nervous system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are patternrecognition receptors that play a crucial role in the recognition of pathogens and triggering of the innate immune response. In sheep, ten members of the TLR family have been identified and cloned. We used real-time PCR analyses to examine the profiles of TLR mRNA expression in the CP of cerebral ventricles in healthy adult ewes. The transcripts for all ten TLRs except TLR8 were present; however, we observed a high variation in the degree of expression of the TLR5 and TLR1 genes (coefficient of variation: 61% and 46%, respectively) as well as a moderate variation in the expression of the TLR4 (34%), TLR2 (27%) and TLR6 (26%) genes. The TLR9, TLR7, TLR3 and TLR10 genes were the four receptors with relatively invariable expression levels (coefficient of variation: 7%, 8%, 16% and 17%, respectively) across the six adult ewes. The concentration of cortisol in blood collected prior to sacrificing the ewes ranged from 0.18 to 78.9 ng/ml. There was no correlation between cortisol concentration and mRNA expression of any of the examined TLRs. These data suggest that the CP has the potential to sense the presence of many bacterial and viral components and mediate responses for the elimination of invading microorganisms, thereby protecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Skipor
- 1 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research ul. Tuwima 10 10-748 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczepkowska
- 1 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research ul. Tuwima 10 10-748 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Marta Kowalewska
- 1 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research ul. Tuwima 10 10-748 Olsztyn Poland
| | - Andrzej Herman
- 2 Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Endocrinology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition Jablonna n/Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł Lisiewski
- 1 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research ul. Tuwima 10 10-748 Olsztyn Poland
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10
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Ruiz-González I, Minten M, Wang X, Dunlap KA, Bazer FW. Involvement of TLR7 and TLR8 in conceptus development and establishment of pregnancy in sheep. Reproduction 2015; 149:305-16. [PMID: 25602033 DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the innate immune system and regulate inflammatory events that affect mammalian reproduction. In Study 1, we demonstrated that abundance of ovine TLR1-TLR9 mRNAs in the uterus differs due to reproductive status (TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8) and the day of the estrous cycle and pregnancy (TLR1-TLR3, TLR5-TLR7, and TLR9). Expression of TLR7 and TLR8 proteins was localized primarily to uterine epithelia and stroma and regulated in a temporal manner. In Study 2, we determined that ovine conceptuses express TLR7 and TLR8 on all days studied and that expression of the envelope protein of ovine endogenous retrovirus (enJSRV-Env) declined in conceptus trophectoderm from Day 13 to Day 16 of pregnancy. In Study 3, loss-of-function experiments were conducted in vivo using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MAOs) injected into the uterine lumen to block synthesis of TLR7 and TLR8 proteins, individually and jointly. Conceptuses were recovered on Day 16 to assess their morphology. MAO-treated conceptuses were developmentally retarded, produced less interferon tau (IFNT), and had fewer binucleate cells (BNCs) compared with MAO-Controls. Moreover, expression of enJSRV-Env mRNA in MAO-TLR7 conceptuses was greater than that for MAO-Control and MAO-TLR8 conceptuses, but similar to MAO-TLR7/TLR8 conceptuses. Results of this study indicated differences in TLR1-TLR9 expression due to reproductive status and the day of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. TLR7 and TLR8 also influence development, enJSRV-Env abundance, secretion of IFNT, and formation of BNCs by conceptuses. These findings corroborate our hypothesis that TLR7 and TLR8 mediate pathways whereby enJSRV-Env regulates key peri-implantation events in conceptus development and differentiated functions of trophectoderm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ruiz-González
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Megan Minten
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Xiaoqiu Wang
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Kathrin A Dunlap
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal ScienceTexas A&M University, Room 442 Kleberg, College Station, Texas 77843-2471, USA
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11
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Neeland MR, Elhay MJ, Meeusen ENT, de Veer MJ. Vaccination with liposomal poly(I:C) induces discordant maturation of migratory dendritic cell subsets and anti-viral gene signatures in afferent lymph cells. Vaccine 2014; 32:6183-92. [PMID: 25280435 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine formulations administered in the periphery must activate naive immune cells within the lymph node. In this study, we have directly cannulated the ovine lymphatic vessels to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that transfer information from the periphery into the local draining lymph node via the afferent lymph. Inclusion of poly(I:C) into a liposomal vaccine formulation enhances the neutrophil-associated inflammatory immune response in afferent lymph and increases antigen uptake by migratory dendritic cells (DCs). Interestingly, antigen positive migratory DCs undergo discordant maturation, with peak expression of CD86 at 4 h and CD80 at 48-72 h post vaccination. Afferent lymph monocytes up-regulate expression of genes related to inflammatory and anti-viral immune phenotypes following vaccination however show no differentiation into APCs prior to their migration to the local lymph node as measured by surface MHC II expression. Finally, this study reveals the addition of poly(I:C) increases systemic antigen-specific humoral immunity. These findings provide a detailed understanding of the real time in vivo immune response induced by liposomes incorporating the innate immune agonist poly(I:C) utilising a vaccination setting comparable to that administered in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Neeland
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Martin J Elhay
- Zoetis Research and Manufacturing Australia P/L, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Els N T Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael J de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Wellington Road Clayton VIC 3800, Australia.
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12
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Davenport R, Heawood C, Sessford K, Baker M, Baiker K, Blacklaws B, Kaler J, Green L, Tötemeyer S. Differential expression of Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines in ovine interdigital dermatitis and footrot. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:90-8. [PMID: 25124770 PMCID: PMC4157958 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Footrot is a common inflammatory bacterial disease affecting the health and welfare of sheep worldwide. The pathogenesis of footrot is complex and multifactorial. The primary causal pathogen is the anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus, with Fusobacterium necrophorum also shown to play a key role in disease. Since immune-mediated pathology is implicated, the aim of this research was to investigate the role of the host response in interdigital dermatitis (ID) and footrot. We compared the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines and the histological appearance of clinically normal in comparison to ID and footrot affected tissues. Severe ID and footrot were characterised by significantly increased transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1β and the pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and TLR4 in the interdigital skin. This was reflected in the histopathological appearance, with ID and footrot presenting progressive chronic-active pododermatitis with a mixed lymphocytic and neutrophilic infiltration, gradually increasing from a mild form in clinically normal feet, to moderate in ID and to a focally severe form with frequent areas of purulence in footrot. Stimulation with F. necrophorum and/or D. nodosus extracts demonstrated that dermal fibroblasts, the resident cell type of the dermis, also contribute to the inflammatory response to footrot bacteria by increased expression of TNFα, IL1β and TLR2. Overall, ID and footrot lead to a local inflammatory response given that expression levels of TLRs and IL1β were dependent on the disease state of the foot not the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Davenport
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Christopher Heawood
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kate Sessford
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Melissa Baker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kerstin Baiker
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Barbara Blacklaws
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jasmeet Kaler
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Laura Green
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sabine Tötemeyer
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK.
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Brown TI, Collie DS, Shaw DJ, Rzechorzek NM, Sallenave JM. Sheep lung segmental delivery strategy demonstrates adenovirus priming of local lung responses to bacterial LPS and the role of elafin as a response modulator. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107590. [PMID: 25216250 PMCID: PMC4162618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral lung infections increase susceptibility to subsequent bacterial infection. We questioned whether local lung administration of recombinant adenoviral vectors in the sheep would alter the susceptibility of the lung to subsequent challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We further questioned whether local lung expression of elafin, a locally produced alarm anti-LPS/anti-bacterial molecule, would modulate the challenge response. We established that adenoviral vector treatment primed the lung for an enhanced response to bacterial LPS. Whereas this local effect appeared to be independent of the transgene used (Ad-o-elafin or Ad-GFP), Ad-o-elafin treated sheep demonstrated a more profound lymphopenia in response to local lung administration of LPS. The local influence of elafin in modulating the response to LPS was restricted to maintaining neutrophil myeloperoxidase activity, and levels of alveolar macrophage and neutrophil phagocytosis at higher levels post-LPS. Adenoviral vector-bacterial synergism exists in the ovine lung and elafin expression modulates such synergism both locally and systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I. Brown
- University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Collie
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Darren J. Shaw
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nina M. Rzechorzek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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14
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Abós B, Castro R, Pignatelli J, Luque A, González L, Tafalla C. Transcriptional heterogeneity of IgM+ cells in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) tissues. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82737. [PMID: 24324826 PMCID: PMC3855791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major classes of B lymphocytes have been described to date in rainbow trout: IgM+ and IgT+ cells. IgM+ cells are mainly localized in the spleen, peripheral blood and kidney but are also found in other tissues. However, differences among IgM+ cell populations attending to its location are poorly defined in fish. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the expression of different immune molecules such as chemokine receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and transcription factors on sorted IgM+ lymphocytes from different rainbow trout tissues. IgM+ populations from blood, spleen, kidney, gills, intestine and liver were isolated by cell sorting and the constitutive levels of transcription of these genes evaluated by real-time PCR. To further characterize B cells, we identified an MS4A sequence. In humans, the MS4A family includes several genes with immune functions, such as the B cell marker CD20 or FcRβ. Subsequently, we have also evaluated the mRNA levels of this MS4A gene in the different IgM+ populations. The relevant differences in transcriptional patterns observed for each of these IgM+ populations analyzed, point to the presence of functionally different tissue-specific B cell populations in rainbow trout. The data shown provides a pattern of genes transcribed in IgM+ B cells not previously revealed in teleost fish. Furthermore, the constitutive expression of all the TLR genes analyzed in IgM+ cells suggests an important role for these cells in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Luque
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia González
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Thirunavukkarasu S, de Silva K, Whittington RJ, Plain KM. In vivo and in vitro expression pattern of Toll-like receptors in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:20-31. [PMID: 24054090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic infectious disease of ruminants. Activation of the Toll-like receptors (TLR) in response to microbial stimuli, including MAP, initiates responses in immune cells of the blood and within peripheral tissues. TLR2, 4 and 9 are believed to play a critical role in the initiation of immune responses against mycobacteria. In this study we report on the in vivo expression pattern of these receptors in sheep and cattle experimentally exposed to MAP. Experiments using the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, and on isolated bovine monocytes were also carried out to assess the expression pattern of TLR2 and 4 in response to MAP and the non-pathogenic mycobacterial strain, M. smegmatis. Results from the in vivo study showed that there was a significant upregulation of TLR2 (P<0.05) at early time-points post-inoculation in the peripheral blood cells of sheep exposed to MAP S strain that went on to develop severe (multibacillary) disease. However, in the cattle during the initial months post-exposure to MAP C strain, TLR2 was significantly downregulated (P<0.05). TLR4 was significantly upregulated (P<0.05) at later stages (12 months post-inoculation) in MAP-exposed sheep with multibacillary disease; however significant differences in TLR4 expression were not observed in cattle. Expression of TLR9 was unchanged in MAP-exposed sheep and cattle. In vitro studies on mouse macrophages supported the findings of in vivo TLR2 gene expression increases seen in the sheep, in that the TLR2 receptor expression in response to MAP-infection was significantly increased in comparison to cells infected with a non-virulent mycobacterium, M. smegmatis. A likely role for TLR2 in the pathogenesis of Johne's disease is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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16
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Gamvrellis A, Walsh K, Tatarczuch L, Smooker P, Plebanski M, Scheerlinck JPY. Phenotypic analysis of ovine antigen presenting cells loaded with nanoparticles migrating from the site of vaccination. Methods 2013; 60:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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17
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Larruskain A, Bernales I, Luján L, de Andrés D, Amorena B, Jugo BM. Expression analysis of 13 ovine immune response candidate genes in Visna/Maedi disease progression. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:405-13. [PMID: 23582860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Visna/Maedi virus (VMV) is a lentivirus that infects cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in sheep. Infection with VMV may lead to Visna/Maedi (VM) disease, which causes a multisystemic inflammatory disorder causing pneumonia, encephalitis, mastitis and arthritis. The role of ovine immune response genes in the development of VM disease is not fully understood. In this work, sheep of the Rasa Aragonesa breed were divided into two groups depending on the presence/absence of VM-characteristic clinical lesions in the aforementioned organs and the relative levels of candidate gene expression, including cytokines and innate immunity loci were measured by qPCR in the lung and udder. Sheep with lung lesions showed differential expression in five target genes: CCR5, TLR7, and TLR8 were up regulated and IL2 and TNFα down regulated. TNFα up regulation was detected in the udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Larruskain
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Contreras V, Urien C, Jouneau L, Bourge M, Bouet-Cararo C, Bonneau M, Zientara S, Klonjkowski B, Schwartz-Cornil I. Canine recombinant adenovirus vector induces an immunogenicity-related gene expression profile in skin-migrated CD11b⁺ -type DCs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52513. [PMID: 23300693 PMCID: PMC3530480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression profiling of the blood cell response induced early after vaccination has previously been demonstrated to predict the immunogenicity of vaccines. In this study, we evaluated whether the analysis of the gene expression profile of skin-migrated dendritic cells (DCs) could be informative for the in vitro prediction of immunogenicity of vaccine, using canine adenovirus serotype 2 (CAV2) as vaccine vector. CAV2 has been shown to induce immunity to transgenes in several species including sheep and is an interesting alternative to human adenovirus-based vectors, based on the safety records of the parental strain in dogs and the lack of pre-existing immunity in non-host species. Skin-migrated DCs were collected from pseudo-afferent lymph in sheep. Both the CD11b(+) -type and CD103(+) -type skin-migrated DCs were transduced by CAV2. An analysis of the global gene response to CAV2 in the two skin DC subsets showed that the gene response in CD11b(+) -type DCs was far higher and broader than in the CD103(+) -type DCs. A newly released integrative analytic tool from Ingenuity systems revealed that the CAV2-modulated genes in the CD11b(+) -type DCs clustered in several activated immunogenicity-related functions, such as immune response, immune cell trafficking and inflammation. Thus gene profiling in skin-migrated DC in vitro indicates that the CD11b(+) DC type is more responsive to CAV2 than the CD103(+) DC type, and provides valuable information to help in evaluating and possibly improving viral vector vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Contreras
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Urien
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mickael Bourge
- IMAGIF, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Coraline Bouet-Cararo
- UMR Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Paris-Est and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort and Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation de l’environnement et du travail, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michel Bonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Imagerie Interventionnelle, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Paris-Est and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort and Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation de l’environnement et du travail, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR Virologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Université Paris-Est and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort and Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation de l’environnement et du travail, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Chauveau E, Doceul V, Lara E, Adam M, Breard E, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Desprat A, Meyer G, Schwartz-Cornil I, Ruscanu S, Charley B, Zientara S, Vitour D. Sensing and control of bluetongue virus infection in epithelial cells via RIG-I and MDA5 helicases. J Virol 2012; 86:11789-99. [PMID: 22915805 PMCID: PMC3486277 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00430-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arthropod-borne member of the Reoviridae family, is a double-stranded RNA virus that causes an economically important livestock disease that has spread across Europe in recent decades. Production of type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-α/β]) has been reported in vivo and in vitro upon BTV infection. However, the cellular sensors and signaling pathways involved in this process remain unknown. Here we studied the mechanisms responsible for the production of IFN-β in response to BTV serotype 8. Upon BTV infection of A549 cells, expression of IFN-β and other proinflammatory cytokines was strongly induced at both the protein and mRNA levels. This response appeared to be dependent on virus replication, since exposure to UV-inactivated virus failed to induce IFN-β. We also demonstrated that BTV infection activated the transcription factors IFN regulatory factor 3 and nuclear factor κB. We investigated the role of several pattern recognition receptors in this response and showed that expression of IFN-β was greatly reduced after small-interfering-RNA-mediated knockdown of the RNA helicase encoded by retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) or melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). In contrast, silencing of MyD88, Toll-like receptor 3, or the recently described DexD/H-box helicase DDX1 sensor had no or a weak effect on IFN-β induction, suggesting that the RIG-I-like receptor pathway is specifically engaged for BTV sensing. Moreover, we also showed that overexpression of either RIG-I or MDA5 impaired BTV expression in infected A549 cells. Overall, this indicates that RIG-I and MDA5 can both contribute to the recognition and control of BTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Chauveau
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Virginie Doceul
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Estelle Lara
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Micheline Adam
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alexandra Desprat
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Gilles Meyer
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, INRA, UMR1225 IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Suzana Ruscanu
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Charley
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, UR892 INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virology, Maisons-Alfort, France
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20
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Uddin MJ, Nuro-Gyina PK, Islam MA, Tesfaye D, Tholen E, Looft C, Schellander K, Cinar MU. Expression dynamics of Toll-like receptors mRNA and cytokines in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:211-22. [PMID: 22578850 PMCID: PMC11141511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 is critical for the recognition of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) it may cooperate with other TLRs and lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we analyzed TLR1-10 mRNA expression in porcine PBMCs stimulated with LPS over time (1-48 h) by using quantitative real-time PCR and cytokine proteins level by ELISA in culture supernatant. TLR1-10 mRNA was detectable in porcine PBMCs. When compared with the control (non-stimulated), TLR1 mRNA were increased (p<0.05) at 3 h after challenge with 1 μg/ml LPS, whereas TLR1 and TLR2 mRNA were increased (p<0.01) at 6 h after challenge with 10 μg/ml LPS. TLR4 increased (p<0.001) at 3h after challenge with LPS and remained constant. TLR5 and TLR6 mRNA increased (p<0.05) at 9 h and 1 h after of LPS stimulation, respectively. The mRNA of CD14 and MD2 were increased (p<0.001) at 1h after LPS stimulation. Additionally, at most of the time analyzed, the mRNA expression increased with the dose of LPS. The LPS concentration had influence (p<0.05) on all the TLRs expression except TLR10; whereas time had effect (p<0.05) on all TLRs expression except TLR2, 3, 6 and 10. When compared to the control, the cytokines IL1b, IL8 and TNFα proteins were increased (p<0.001) immediately at 1 h after LPS stimulation and remained constant till 48 h. IL12b was increased (p<0.001) 12 h after challenge with 10 μg/ml of LPS. Although IL8 level was the highest, the higher (p<0.05) expression of all these inflammatory cytokines indicate that upon interacting with TLRs, LPS exerted inflammatory response in PBMCs through the production of Th1 type cytokines. The production of cytokines was influenced (p<0.001) by both the dose of LPS and the stimulation time. Hence, the porcine PBMCs are likely able to express all members of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jasim Uddin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Induction of matrix metalloproteinases and TLR2 and 6 in murine colon after oral exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:545-53. [PMID: 22289202 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is suspected to be a causative agent in Crohn's disease. Recent evidence suggests that MAP can induce the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are the main proteases in the pathogenesis of mucosal ulcerations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Within the present study, we analysed whether oral MAP exposure can induce colonic MMP expression in vivo. In MAP exposed mice MAP and spheroplasts were visualized in intramucosal leukocyte aggregates. MAP exposed mice exhibited a higher colonic expression of Mmp-2, -9, -13, -14, Timp-1, Tlr2, Tlr6, Il-1β, and Tnf-α. Cell clusters of MMP-9 positive cells adjacent to intramucosal leukocyte aggregates and CD45(+) leukocytes were identified as the major cellular sources of MMP-9. Enhanced TLR2 expression was visualized on the luminal side of colonic enterocytes. Although MAP exposure did not lead to macroscopic intestinal inflammation, the observed MAP spheroplasts in intramucosal leukocyte aggregates together with increased colonic expression of toll-like receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and MMPs upon MAP exposure represents a part of the host immune response towards MAP.
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Subharat S, Shu D, de Lisle GW, Buddle BM, Wedlock DN. Altered patterns of toll-like receptor gene expression in cull cows infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 145:471-8. [PMID: 22078656 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Johne's disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic enteric disease of cattle. The mechanism how MAP can co-exist in the gastro-intestinal tract despite a massive infiltration of immune cells is not known. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known to play an important role in both innate and acquired immune responses but it is unclear what role different TLRs play in response to MAP. In this study, 38 cull cows from herds infected with MAP were classified into four groups, based on MAP culture from gut tissues and histopathological lesion scores. The expression of TLR1, 2 and 4 mRNA from MAP antigen-stimulated mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cultures and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in the MLN and ileum tissues of these animals was determined. MAP antigen-specific expression of TLR1 in MLN and PBMC was significantly lower in the MAP-infected groups than the non-infected control group, suggesting that in MAP-infected animals there is impairment in the up-regulation of TLR1 in response to MAP antigen. TLR4 expression in MLN tissues was significantly higher in the severely infected group than the control group suggesting up-regulation of endogenous TLR4 expression at a site of MAP infection in animals severely affected with Johne's disease. A preliminary screening of TLR1, 2 and 4 in the cull cows revealed the presence of polymorphisms in TLR1 and TLR2. In summary, one mechanism how MAP may subvert the immune system is that there is an apparent lack of recognition of MAP antigens as foreign by TLR1 in MAP-infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatsak Subharat
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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23
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Sequence analysis of Toll-like receptor genes 1-10 of goat (Capra hircus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 140:252-8. [PMID: 21288575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study involved cloning and sequencing of the coding regions of all 10 Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes of goat. Goat TLR 1-10 gene sequences revealed a high degree of nucleotide identity with sheep and cattle sequences (>90%) and 75-85% with pig, mouse and human sequences. At the amino acid level, 85-99% similarity was observed with sheep and cattle and 60-85% with pig, mouse and human. TLR9c DNA of goat showed the highest amino acid identity to that of sheep (99%) while TLR8 cDNA showed the lowest identity of 88.7% to that of sheep. Variations were seen in the number of leucine rich repeats (LRRs) of goat TLRs as compared to other ruminant species with maximum differences in the TLR3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis through molecular evolution and genetic analysis (MEGA) software and multi dimensional scaling revealed a high degree of conservation of goat TLRs with those from other species. However when the TIR domain of all the TLRs were compared, goat TLR7 TIR alone showed a high divergence of 19.3 as compared to sheep sequences. This is the first report of the full-length cDNA sequences of all the 10 TLR genes of goats which would be a useful tool for the study of evolutionary lineages and for phylogenetic analysis.
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Toll-like receptors in domestic animals. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:107-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Booth J, Wilson H, Jimbo S, Mutwiri G. Modulation of B cell responses by Toll-like receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:131-40. [PMID: 20824286 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are well known because of their key role in mediating humoral immune responses. Upon encounter with antigen and on cognate interaction with T cells, they differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, which are critical for protection against a variety of pathogens. In addition to their antibody-production function, B cells are efficient antigen-presenting cells and express a variety of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Engagement of these PRRs with their respective ligands results in cytokine and chemokine secretion and the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules. These events constitute innate immune responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation provides a third signal for B cell activation and is essential for optimal antigen-specific antibody responses. In some situations, TLR activation in B cells can result in autoimmunity. The purpose of this review is to provide some insights into the way that TLRs influence innate and adaptive B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum Booth
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E3
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Arnaud F, Black SG, Murphy L, Griffiths DJ, Neil SJ, Spencer TE, Palmarini M. Interplay between ovine bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2/tetherin and endogenous retroviruses. J Virol 2010; 84:4415-25. [PMID: 20181686 PMCID: PMC2863748 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00029-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous betaretroviruses (enJSRVs) of sheep are expressed abundantly in the female reproductive tract and play a crucial role in conceptus development and placental morphogenesis. Interestingly, the colonization of the sheep genome by enJSRVs is likely still ongoing. During early pregnancy, enJSRV expression correlates with the production of tau interferon (IFNT), a type I IFN, by the developing conceptus. IFNT is the pregnancy recognition signal in ruminants and possesses potent antiviral activity. In this study, we show that IFNT induces the expression of bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) (also termed CD317/tetherin) both in vitro and in vivo. The BST2 gene is duplicated in ruminants. Transfection assays found that ovine BST2 proteins (oBST2A and oBST2B) block release of viral particles produced by intact enJSRV loci and of related exogenous and pathogenic jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). Ovine BST2A appears to restrict enJSRVs more efficiently than oBST2B. In vivo, the expression of BST2A/B and enJSRVs in the endometrium increases after day 12 and remains high between days 14 and 20 of pregnancy. In situ hybridization analyses found that oBST2A is expressed mainly in the endometrial stromal cells but not in the luminal and glandular epithelial cells, in which enJSRVs are highly expressed. In conclusion, enJSRVs may have coevolved in the presence of oBST2A/B by being expressed in different cellular compartments of the same organ. Viral expression in cells unable to express BST2 may be one of the mechanisms used by retroviruses to escape restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Arnaud
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom, EPHE, Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, Lyon, France
| | - Sarah G. Black
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom, EPHE, Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, Lyon, France
| | - Lita Murphy
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom, EPHE, Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, Lyon, France
| | - David J. Griffiths
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom, EPHE, Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, Lyon, France
| | - Stuart J. Neil
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom, EPHE, Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas E. Spencer
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom, EPHE, Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom, Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Moredun Research Institute, Pentland Science Park, Penicuik, Scotland, United Kingdom, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom, EPHE, Université de Lyon, INRA, UMR754, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, IFR 128, Lyon, France
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Plain KM, Purdie AC, Begg DJ, de Silva K, Whittington RJ. Toll-like receptor (TLR)6 and TLR1 differentiation in gene expression studies of Johne's disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 137:142-8. [PMID: 20434222 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD) is a mycobacterial infection of the gut affecting ruminants and other species caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The role of toll-like receptors (TLR) in the pathogenesis of JD has been previously identified at the level of gene expression. Gene expression studies using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR are widely used and powerful, but the results obtained from such studies are dependent on the specificity of the assay. Here we describe an assay designed to detect ovine TLR6 in blood and tissues from sheep. Discrimination between TLR1 and TLR6 at the level of gene expression was challenging due to extensive tracts of homology and identity within the two sequences. Both TLR1 and 6 can form heterodimers with TLR2 in order to bind the ligands of microbial pathogens. The expression of TLR6 was increased in the ileum and jejunum of sheep infected with MAP, with a trend towards TLR6 upregulation in peripheral blood cells in response to exposure to MAP. A likely role for TLR6/TLR2 heterodimers in the pathogenesis of JD was identified. TLR6 may be a potential marker of exposure and could aid in the development of a gene signature for sheep resistant to MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karren M Plain
- Farm Animal and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
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28
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Herrmann-Hoesing LM, Noh SM, Snekvik KR, White SN, Schneider DA, Truscott T, Knowles DP. Ovine progressive pneumonia virus capsid antigen as found in CD163- and CD172a-positive alveolar macrophages of persistently infected sheep. Vet Pathol 2009; 47:518-28. [PMID: 20382821 DOI: 10.1177/0300985809359605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ detection of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) and the phenotypic identification of the cells that harbor OPPV have not been described for the OPPV-affected tissues, which include lung, mammary gland, synovial membranes of the carpal joint, and choroid plexus of the brain. In this study, the authors first developed a single enzyme-based automated immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for detection of OPPV capsid antigen (CA) on OPPV-affected tissues, using 2 anti-CAEV CA monoclonal antibodies, 5A1 and 10A1, and 2 enzyme-based IHC systems. Out of 10 naturally and persistently OPPV-infected ewes, OPPV CA was detected in intercellular regions of the carpal synovial membrane of 1 ewe, in cells resembling alveolar macrophages and pulmonary interstitial macrophages in lung tissue of 3 ewes, and in mammary alveolar cells of 1 ewe. Furthermore, dual enzyme-based automated IHC analyses revealed that OPPV CA was predominantly detected in CD172a- or CD163-positive alveolar macrophages of the lungs and mammary gland. That anti-inflammatory (CD163) and downregulatory (CD172a) types of alveolar macrophage harbor OPPV CA leads to the possibility that during persistent infection with OPPV, the host alveolar macrophage might serve to limit inflammation while OPPV persists undetected by the host adaptive immune response in the lung and mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Herrmann-Hoesing
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA. or
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29
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McNeilly TN, Devaney E, Matthews JB. Teladorsagia circumcincta in the sheep abomasum: defining the role of dendritic cells in T cell regulation and protective immunity. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:347-56. [PMID: 19527450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of the small-ruminant gastrointestinal tract pose a problem worldwide. The impact of these pathogens is worsened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistance to all three available classes of drugs. In addition to causing considerable economic loss, these parasites are detrimental to the health and welfare of sheep and goats. Vaccination offers an alternative approach to drug-based control and a great deal of investment has gone into the investigation of protective antigens for some of these nematode species. However, attempts at vaccination are hindered by a lack of understanding of how best to promote protective immunity to nematode species, such as Teladorsagia circumcincta, which inhabits the abomasum of sheep. This situation contrasts with that in murine models of gastrointestinal nematode infection, where the basis of protective immunity is increasingly well understood. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the immune effector mechanisms elicited by T. circumcincta and consider the probable role of dendritic cells in the initiation of both effector and regulatory responses in the abomasum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian, UK
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30
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Sharkey D, Symonds ME, Budge H. Adipose tissue inflammation: developmental ontogeny and consequences of gestational nutrient restriction in offspring. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3913-20. [PMID: 19423760 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing adiposity predisposes to the development of the metabolic syndrome, in part, through adipose tissue dysregulation and inflammation. In addition, offspring nutrient-restricted (NR) in utero can exhibit an increased risk of early-onset insulin resistance and obesity, although the mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to: 1) define adipose tissue ontogeny of key proinflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum stress gene expression from late fetal to early adult life and 2) examine the impact on these genes in gestational nutrient restriction. Pregnant sheep were fed 100% (control) or 50% (NR) of their nutritional requirements between early to mid (28-80 d, term approximately 147 d) or late (110-147 d) gestation. In control offspring, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and the macrophage marker CD68, peaked at 30 d of life before declining. IL-18 peaked at 6 months of age, whereas the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 peaked at birth and subsequently declined through postnatal life. TLR4 and CD68 positively correlated with relative adipose tissue mass and with each other. Early to midgestational NR offspring had decreased abundance of IL-18 at 6 months of age. In late gestational NR offspring, CD68 was significantly lower at birth, a pattern that reversed in juvenile offspring, coupled with increased TLR4 abundance. In conclusion, the in utero nutritional environment can alter the adipose tissue inflammatory profile in offspring. This may contribute to the increased risk of insulin resistance or obesity, dependent on the timing of nutrient restriction. Establishing the optimal maternal diet during pregnancy could reduce the burden of later adult disease in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Sharkey
- Centre for Reproduction and Early Life, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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31
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Wheelhouse N, Wattegedera S, Stanton J, Maley S, Watson D, Jepson C, Deane D, Buxton D, Longbottom D, Baszler T, Entrican G. Ovine trophoblast is a primary source of TNFα during Chlamydophila abortus infection. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 80:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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32
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Chang JS, Russell GC, Jann O, Glass EJ, Werling D, Haig DM. Molecular cloning and characterization of Toll-like receptors 1-10 in sheep. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 127:94-105. [PMID: 19004506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that trigger innate immune responses and stimulate adaptive immunity. Currently, only partial information is available for sheep TLR genes. The aims of this study were to clone and sequence the coding regions of all 10 ovine TLR genes and compare the sequences with those of other mammalian species. The coding sequences for ovine TLRs 1-10 and the 3'-untranslated sequences for ovine TLR1, 6 and 10 have been obtained. Ovine TLR6 exhibited a distinctive 3'-end sequence that resembled a rare splice variant of bovine TLR6, but appeared to represent the major TLR6 transcript in the sheep. qRT-PCR confirmed the presence of TLR transcripts in blood mononuclear cells, alveolar macrophages, keratinocytes and lymph node tissues. Comparative sequence analysis showed that the sheep TLRs share high sequence similarity with the respective cattle, pig, human and mouse genes and are likely derived from the same ancestral sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Su Chang
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik Midlothian, UK
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33
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Watkins C, McKellar A, Jensen K, George A, Jones D, Sharp MJ, Stevenson K, Hopkins J. Development and validation of an oligonucleotide microarray for immuno-inflammatory genes of ruminants. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:647-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Tourais-Esteves I, Bernardet N, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Ferret-Bernard S, Laurent F. Neonatal goats display a stronger TH1-type cytokine response to TLR ligands than adults. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1231-1241. [PMID: 18514862 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, Toll-like receptors play a critical role in initiating innate immune responses and modulating adaptive immunity, by recognizing conserved microbial molecular patterns. This study was undertaken to identify specific features of the responses to synthetic toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in goats, for the definition of tailored immunostimulation strategies. We show here, in contrast to what has been shown in mice, that mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) cells and splenocytes from neonatal goats produce much higher levels of TH1-type cytokines than adults in response to various TLR agonists. IL-12 was identified as a critical cytokine for IFNgamma production by CD8(+) neonatal cells. The higher level of IL-12 production by neonatal MLN and spleen cells than by adult cells was not correlated with a higher level of TLR expression or lower levels of production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10. In neonates, two cell populations-class II(+) CD8(+) and class II(+) CD8(-) cells-produce IL-12 in response to R848 and Poly I:C, respectively. Thus, goat kids have characteristics that could be exploited to favor development of the TH1-type responses critical for the control of intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Tourais-Esteves
- Laboratoire Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-né, UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, INRA de Tours, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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35
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McNeilly T, McClure S, Huntley J. Mucosal immunity in sheep and implications for mucosal vaccine development. Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Differential expression of pattern recognition receptors in the three pathological forms of sheep paratuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:598-604. [PMID: 18457974 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gut caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Three forms have been described in sheep--paucibacillary, multibacillary and asymptomatic. The pauci- and multibacillary forms are characterized by type 1 and type 2 immune responses respectively; asymptomatic animals have no clinical signs or pathology. What determines this polarization is unknown, although pattern recognition receptors (PRR) have been implicated in other mycobacterial diseases. To investigate this in sheep paratuberculosis we used real-time RT-PCR to quantify the expression of fifteen PRR and adaptor genes from forty infected and nine control animals. These data show that there is a relationship between the different pathological forms and PRR transcript profiles. Nine PRRs were up-regulated in asymptomatic animals; with TLR9 being significantly raised in relation to the other three groups. Comparison of the three infected groups showed increases in many PRRs, with CARD15 and Dectin-2 being particularly high in both diseased groups. Significant differences between the pauci- and multibacillary animals included TLR2, CD14 and Dectin-1. Sequence analysis of TLR2 exon 2 and CARD15 exon 11 in the forty animals failed to identify any relationship between SNPs and pathological form.
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37
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Nalubamba KS, Gossner AG, Dalziel RG, Hopkins J. Differential expression of pattern recognition receptors during the development of foetal sheep. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:869-874. [PMID: 18262265 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Immunological competence of foetal lambs occurs progressively throughout gestation, and in order to understand the role played by PRRs in foetal immunological competence, we quantified transcript expression, in the skin and spleen, of the TLRs, key C-type lectins and CARD15 during the critical second trimester. These data show that lambs express the same spectrum of PRRs as the adult but that the level of expression for most is dependent on developmental age. Key findings include: TLR1 and TLR5 are expressed at high levels in the foetus but are low in the adult; in contrast, TLR4, CD14 and CARD15 increase with age. In addition, TLR9 and TLR10 are expressed by the spleen and not the skin, while CARD15 is low in the spleen and high in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- King S Nalubamba
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK
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