1
|
Lan X, Qi D, Ren H, Liu T, Shao H, Zhang J. Chicoric acid ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory injury in bovine lamellar keratinocytes by modulating the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21963. [PMID: 38082032 PMCID: PMC10713547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to lamellar keratinocytes, an essential cellular component of the epidermal layer of hoof tissue, can have a detrimental effect on hoof health and the overall production value of dairy cows. We isolated and cultured cow lamellar keratinocytes using the Dispase II and collagenase methods. We purified them by differential digestion and differential velocity adherent methods at each passaging and identified them by keratin 14 immunofluorescence. We established an in vitro model of inflammation in laminar keratinocytes using LPS and investigated whether chicoric acid protects against inflammatory responses by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. The results showed that cow lamellar keratinocytes were successfully isolated and cultured by Dispase II combined with the collagenase method. In the in vitro inflammation model established by LPS, the Chicoric acid decreased the concentration of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), down-regulated the mRNA expression of TLR4 and MyD88 (P < 0.01), down-regulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, p-ERK, p-p38, IKKβ, p-p65, p-p50 (P < 0.05), and increased the IκBα protein expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Chicoric acid successfully protected cow lamellar keratinocytes from LPS-induced inflammatory responses by modulating the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulating inflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elliott J, Bailey SR. A review of cellular and molecular mechanisms in endocrinopathic, sepsis-related and supporting limb equine laminitis. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:350-375. [PMID: 36847165 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Equine laminitis has both fascinated and frustrated veterinary researchers and clinicians for many years. The recognition that many ponies suffering from pasture-associated laminitis have an insulin-dysregulated phenotype (endocrinopathic laminitis, EL) and that prolonged insulin and glucose infusions can experimentally induce laminar pathology and functional failure are seminal discoveries in this field. Researchers have studied the molecular basis for disease pathogenesis in models of EL, sepsis-related laminitis and supporting limb laminitis and generated much data over the last 15 years. This review attempts to synthesise those data, drawing comparisons between models and naturally occurring laminitis. A hypothesis is proposed that the basal epithelial cell stress is a central event in each category of laminitis. Furthermore, in naturally occurring pasture-associated laminitis, pathways that predominate in each type of laminitis contribute to laminar lamellar pathology to varying extents. Based on the molecular mechanisms determined in experimental models, interactions between these pathways are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cota LO, Júnior OS, Oliveira APL, Paz CFR, Maróstica TP, Duarte PC, Leme FOP, Faleiros RR. Oral supplementation with Lithothamnion extract in horses subjected to oligofructose overload intake: effects on systemic inflammation and multiple organ function. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 117:104082. [PMID: 35850436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a common condition in horses with gastrointestinal disorders. If not prevented or controlled, SIRS promotes multiple organ dysfunctions that may culminate in serious disabilities or even death. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Lithothamnion supplementation on systemic inflammatory response and organ function variables in horses undergoing oligofructose overload (OFO) intake. Twelve healthy horses were randomly divided into control and treated groups. The treated group received Lithothamnion (100 mg/kg bw PO BID) for 7 days before oligofructose intake (10 g/kg PO). Horses underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation immediately before and 6, 12, 18, and 24 h following administration of oligofructose. Parametric data were subjected to ANOVA in randomized blocks, followed by Tukey, and Student's t-tests for mean comparsions. Non-parametric data were analyzed by the Friedman, Dunn's, and Mann-Whitney tests (P < .05). Systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction was evident in both groups; however, these changes were milder and delayed in the treated group. Supplementation attenuated and delayed the tachycardia, tachypnea, leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperalbuminemia and hyperglycemia in treated horses undergoing OFO. Furthermore, increases in packed cell volume, red blood cells, hemoglobin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, indirect and direct bilirubin and creatinine were observed only in the control group, remaining unchanged in the treated group. These findings demonstrate the potential of oral supplementation with Lithothamnion to ameliorate systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction in horses at risk of acquiring gastrointestinal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia O Cota
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Odael S Júnior
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alvaro P L Oliveira
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cahuê F R Paz
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thairê P Maróstica
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Duarte
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiola O P Leme
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; MULTILAB, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Faleiros
- EQUINOVA Research Group, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; MULTILAB, Veterinary School of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Leise BS, Fugler LA. Laminitis Updates: Sepsis/Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome-Associated Laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:639-656. [PMID: 34782098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) -associated laminitis is a sequela to primary inflammatory conditions (eg, colitis, ischemic intestinal injury, pneumonia, metritis) and results from a dysregulated systemic inflammatory response that ultimately affects the digital lamellae. Local chemokine production, leukocyte migration, and proinflammatory mediator production occur within the lamellae that can lead to catastrophic lamellar failure. Controlling the primary disease, providing supportive care and anti-inflammatory therapy, applying digital cryotherapy, and providing mechanical support are cornerstones to the prevention of sepsis/SIRS-associated laminitis. Novel therapies targeting specific signaling pathways may provide additional therapeutic options in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Sigrid Leise
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Lee Ann Fugler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Samimi AS, Poostfroush S, Samimi K, Tajik J. Comparative anti‐inflammatory effects of insulin and dexamethasone on cardiovascular biomarkers and antioxidants in miniature donkeys subjected to induced carbohydrate overload. EQUINE VET EDUC 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Samimi
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | | | | | - J. Tajik
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lindenberg FC, Lützhøft DO, Krych L, Fielden J, Kot W, Frøkiær H, van Galen G, Nielsen DS, Hansen AK. An Oligosaccharide Rich Diet Increases Akkermansia spp. Bacteria in the Equine Microbiota. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:666039. [PMID: 34093482 PMCID: PMC8176217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some oligosaccharides induce growth of anti-inflammatory bacterial species and induce regulatory immunity in humans as well as animals. We have shown that the equine gut microbiota and the immune-microbial homeostasis largely stabilize within the first 50 days of life. Furthermore, we have previously established that certain bacterial species in the equine gut correlated with regulatory immunity. Accordingly, we hypothesized that an oligosaccharide rich diet fed to foals during the first 50 days would increase the abundance of bacterial species associated with regulatory immunity, and that this would influence immune responses in the foals. Eight pregnant mares and their foals were fed an oligosaccharide rich diet from 4 weeks before expected parturition until 49 days post-partum. Six mares and foals served as control. Fecal microbiota from mares and foals was characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon high throughput sequencing. On Day 49 the test foals had significantly higher abundances of Akkermansia spp. Blood sampled from the foals in the test group on Day 7, 28, and 49 showed non-significant increases in IgA, and decreases in IgG on Day 49. In BALB/cBomTac mice inoculated with gut microbiota from test and control foals we found increased species richness, increased relative abundance of several species identified as potentially anti-inflammatory in horses, which were unclassified Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus, Oscilospira, and Coprococcus. We also found increased il10 expression in the ileum if inoculated with test foal microbiota. We conclude that an oligosaccharide diet fed to foals in the "window of opportunity," the first 50 days of life, increases the abundance of anti-inflammatory species in the microbiota with potentially anti-inflammatory effects on regulatory immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke Christine Lindenberg
- Brogaarden ApS, Lynge, Denmark.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Olsen Lützhøft
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lukasz Krych
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaby van Galen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Sandris Nielsen
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wimmer-Scherr C, Taminiau B, Renaud B, van Loon G, Palmers K, Votion D, Amory H, Daube G, Cesarini C. Comparison of Fecal Microbiota of Horses Suffering from Atypical Myopathy and Healthy Co-Grazers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020506. [PMID: 33672034 PMCID: PMC7919468 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine atypical myopathy (AM) is caused by hypoglycin A (HGA) and methylenecyclopropylglycine (MCPG) intoxication resulting from the ingestion of seeds or seedlings of some Acer tree species. Interestingly, not all horses pasturing in the same toxic environment develop signs of the disease. In other species, it has been shown that the intestinal microbiota has an impact on digestion, metabolism, immune stimulation and protection from disease. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare fecal microbiota of horses suffering from AM and healthy co-grazers. Furthermore, potential differences in fecal microbiota regarding the outcome of diseased animals were assessed. This prospective observational study included 59 horses with AM (29 survivors and 30 non-survivors) referred to three Belgian equine hospitals and 26 clinically healthy co-grazers simultaneously sharing contaminated pastures during spring and autumn outbreak periods. Fresh fecal samples (rectal or within 30 min of defecation) were obtained from all horses and bacterial taxonomy profiling obtained by 16S amplicon sequencing was used to identify differentially distributed bacterial taxa between AM-affected horses and healthy co-grazers. Fecal microbial diversity and evenness were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in AM-affected horses as compared with their non-affected co-grazers. The relative abundance of families Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Akkermansiaceae were higher (p ≤ 0.001) whereas those of the Lachnospiraceae (p = 0.0053), Bacteroidales (p < 0.0001) and Clostridiales (p = 0.0402) were lower in horses with AM, especially in those with a poor prognosis. While significant shifts were observed, it is still unclear whether they result from the disease or might be involved in the onset of disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wimmer-Scherr
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.W.-S.); (H.A.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
- Department of Food Sciences–Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, Bât. B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoît Renaud
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
- Department of Functional Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Gent University, 9820 Gent, Belgium;
| | | | - Dominique Votion
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Hélène Amory
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.W.-S.); (H.A.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
| | - Georges Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
- Department of Food Sciences–Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, Bât. B43b, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Carla Cesarini
- Equine Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bât. B41, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (C.W.-S.); (H.A.)
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sart Tilman, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.T.); (B.R.); (D.V.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ding J, Li S, Jiang L, Li Y, Zhang X, Song Q, Hayat MA, Zhang JT, Wang H. Laminar Inflammation Responses in the Oligofructose Overload Induced Model of Bovine Laminitis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:351. [PMID: 32766286 PMCID: PMC7381234 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine laminitis causes substantial economic losses and animal welfare problems in dairy farms worldwide. Previously published studies have reported that the inflammatory response plays a central role in the pathogenesis of the disease. To our knowledge, inflammation associated with bovine laminitis induced by high levels of exposure to oligofructose (OF) has not been reported and characterized. In fact, the disease manifestations in this model closely approximate those of clinical laminitis. The objective of this study was to characterize the inflammatory response in OF-induced bovine laminitis. A total of 12 Chinese Holstein dairy heifers were utilized in this study. The heifers were randomly divided into two groups, treatment (n = 6) and control (n = 6). The treatment group heifers were administered OF solutions via a stomach tube (dose: 17 g/kg of body weight). Upon development of a lameness score of 2 with consecutive positive reactions in the same claw, they would be humanely euthanized. Control heifers were administered deionized water (dose: 2 L/100 kg of body weight) and humanely euthanized at 72 h. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were performed to determine the messenger RNA (mRNA) concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the lamellae. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-1 (CXCL-1), macrophage cationic peptide-2 (MCP-2), E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase-1 (iNOS-1), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the treatment group. No significant difference was found for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, CXCL-6, and MCP-1. These results demonstrated and characterized the laminar inflammatory response leading to the pathogenesis of bovine laminitis at the early stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Ding
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuaichen Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yuepeng Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaozhi Song
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad A Hayat
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Tao Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bacterial Endotoxins and Their Role in Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows: Mucosal Vaccine Perspectives. DAIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the periparturient period there is a significant increase in the incidence of multiple metabolic and infectious diseases in dairy cows. Dairy cows are fed high-grain diets immediately after calving to support production of large amounts of milk. Mounting evidence indicates these types of diets are associated with the release of high amounts of endotoxins in the rumen fluid. If infected, the udder and uterus additionally become important sources of endotoxins during the postpartum period. There is increasing evidence that endotoxins translocate from rumen, uterus, or udder into the systemic circulation and trigger chronic low-grade inflammatory conditions associated with multiple diseases including fatty liver, mastitis, retained placenta, metritis, laminitis, displaced abomasum, milk fever, and downer cow syndrome. Interestingly, endotoxin-related diseases are triggered by a bacterial component and not by a specific bacterium. This makes prevention of these type of diseases different from classical infectious diseases. Prevention of translocation of endotoxins into the host systemic circulation needs to take priority and this could be achieved with a new approach: mucosal vaccination. In this review article, we discuss all the aforementioned issues in detail and also report some of our trials with regards to mucosal vaccination of periparturient dairy cows.
Collapse
|
10
|
Li S, Ding J, Jiang L, Hayat MA, Song Q, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang J. Dynamic ROS Production and Gene Expression of Heifers Blood Neutrophil in a Oligofructose Overload Model. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:211. [PMID: 32373641 PMCID: PMC7186304 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alimentary oligofructose (OF) overload can induce several diseases in cattle, such as ruminal acidosis, laminitis, and synovitis. The role of blood polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) remains unclear during OF overload. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression profile of genes in blood PMN in a model of OF overload. Twelve clinically healthy and non-pregnant Chinese Holstein heifers, aged between 18 and 26 mo, weighing 335–403 kg, BCS (5-point scale) ranges 2.7–3.3 were used for the experiments. OF heifers (n = 6) received 17 g/kg of BW oligofructose dissolved in 2 L/100 kg of BW tap water and the CON heifers (n = 6) received 2 L/100 kg of BW tap water. Blood PMN was isolated for each heifer 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h after administration. PMN was analyzed either by endogenous and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced ROS production or by quantitative real-time PCR. After 12 h, PMA-induced ROS production decreased, which was sustained until 48 h. The expressions of inflammation markers (IL1α, IL1β, IL6, IL10, TNFα, STAT3, TLR4, MMP9, and HP) and eicosanoids (ALOX5, ALOX5AP, and PLA2G4A) were upregulated. The expression of adhesion and migration (CXCR2, CXCL8, CD62L, ITGA4, ITGAM, and ITGB2) in OF heifers was increased compared with CON heifers. The expression of oxidative stress (SOD2 and S100A8) was upregulated, while SOD1 and MPO were downregulated. In metabolism and receptor genes, the expressions of GRα and INSR decreased after 12 h, while Fas increased until 6 h and then decreased at 18 h. The expression of LDHA and PANX1 did not show any differences after OF overload. These findings indicate that OF overload induced systemic activation of PMN, which provides a step toward a better understanding of the role of innate immune responses in response to oral OF administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Muhammad Abid Hayat
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiaozhi Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yuepeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xianhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang Q, Lopez MJ. The Equine Hoof: Laminitis, Progenitor (Stem) Cells, and Therapy Development. Toxicol Pathol 2019; 49:1294-1307. [PMID: 31741428 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319880469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The equine hoof capsule, composed of modified epidermis and dermis, is vital for protecting the third phalanx from forces of locomotion. There are descriptions of laminitis, defined as inflammation of sensitive hoof tissues but recognized as pathologic changes with or without inflammatory mediators, in the earliest records of domesticated horses. Laminitis can range from mild to serious, and signs can be acute, chronic, or transition from acute, severe inflammation to permanently abnormal tissue. Damage within the intricate dermal and epidermal connections of the primary and secondary lamellae is often associated with lifelong changes in hoof growth, repair, and conformation. Decades of research contribute to contemporary standards of care that include systemic and local therapies as well as mechanical hoof support. Despite this, consistent mechanisms to restore healthy tissue formation following a laminitic insult are lacking. Endogenous and exogenous progenitor cell contributions to healthy tissue formation is established for most tissues. There is comparably little information about equine hoof progenitor cells. Equine hoof anatomy, laminitis, and progenitor cells are covered in this review. The potential of progenitor cells to advance in vitro equine hoof tissue models and translate to clinical therapies may significantly improve prevention and treatment of a devastating condition that has afflicted equine companions throughout history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiu Yang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mandi J Lopez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Satué K, Fazio E, Ferlazzo A, Medica P. Intrafollicular and systemic serotonin, oestradiol and progesterone concentrations in cycling mares. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:1411-1418. [PMID: 31373734 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that a local serotonergic network might also exist in the follicle of mares remains poorly documented, with exception for humans and laboratory species. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to clarify this possibility, investigating intrafollicular serotonin concentrations of the cycling mare at ovulation time. Sixty ovaries collected from 30 clinically healthy mares of slaughterhouse meat production with clinically normal reproductive tracts after slaughtering were evaluated. Blood samples were taken prior to sacrifice. Follicles were classified in three categories in relation to size, as small (20-30 mm), medium (31-40 mm) and large (>41 mm), and the follicular fluid samples were extracted from each follicle. Intrafollicular and systemic serotonin (5-HT), oestradiol-17β (E2 ) and progesterone (P4 ) were determined by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and RIA, respectively. Intrafollicular 5-HT, E2 and P4 concentrations were higher than systemic ones (p < .05). 5-HT concentrations increased in larger compared to medium follicles, without differences compared to small size follicles (p < .05). 5-HT and E2 (r = .79) and 5-HT and P4 (r = .79; p < .05) were positively correlated. 5-HT and P4 concentrations in follicular fluid increased progressively with the increase in follicular size (p < .05). Follicle diameter and E2 (r = .85) and P4 (r = .68) were correlated (p < .05). Since serotonin interacts with steroids, its role on steroidogenesis during growth of the dominant follicle may be suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Adriana Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Sicilia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Norris JW, Watson JL, Tablin F, Kozikowski TA, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics and competitive pharmacodynamics of ADP-induced platelet activation after oral administration of clopidogrel to horses. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:505-512. [PMID: 31034271 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.5.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after oral administration of a single dose of clopidogrel to horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Blood samples were collected before and at various times up to 24 hours after oral administration of clopidogrel (2 mg/kg). Reactivity of platelets from each blood sample was determined by optical aggregometry and phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Concentrations of clopidogrel and the clopidogrel active metabolite derivative (CAMD) were measured in each blood sample by use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with a noncompartmental model. RESULTS Compared with results for preadministration samples, platelet aggregation in response to 12.5μM ADP decreased significantly within 4 hours after clopidogrel administration for 5 of 6 horses. After 24 hours, platelet aggregation was identical to that measured before administration. Platelet aggregation in response to 25μM ADP was identical between samples obtained before and after administration. Phosphorylation of VASP in response to ADP (20μM) and prostaglandin E1 (3.3μM) was also unchanged by administration of clopidogrel. Time to maximum concentration of clopidogrel and CAMD was 0.54 and 0.71 hours, respectively, and calculated terminal-phase half-life of clopidogrel and CAMD was 1.81 and 0.97 hours, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clopidogrel or CAMD caused competitive inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation during the first 24 hours after clopidogrel administration. Because CAMD was rapidly eliminated from horses, clopidogrel administration may be needed more frequently than in other species in which clopidogrel causes irreversible platelet inhibition. (Am J Vet Res 2019;80:505-512).
Collapse
|
14
|
Are There Shared Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology of Different Clinical Forms of Laminitis and What Are the Implications for Prevention and Treatment? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:379-398. [PMID: 31126692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminitis is a consequence of primary disease processes elsewhere in the body. The key pathophysiologic events are insulin dysregulation in endocrinopathic laminitis, ischemia in supporting limb laminitis, and inflammation in sepsis-related laminitis. These apparently disparate mechanisms converge to cause lamellar attachment failure through epithelial cell adhesion loss and stretch, possibly mediated by common growth factor signaling pathways. Tissue damage through mechanical distraction, inflammation, pain, and a proliferative epithelial healing response are features of acute laminitis regardless of the cause. Preventive and treatment strategies based on knowledge of these unique and common mechanistic events are likely to improve clinical outcomes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Tian MY, Fan JH, Zhuang ZW, Dai F, Wang CY, Hou HT, Ma YZ. Effects of silymarin on p65 NF-κB, p38 MAPK and CYP450 in LPS-induced hoof dermal inflammatory cells of dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:127. [PMID: 31039823 PMCID: PMC6492397 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laminitis is considered as one of the most important causes of hoof lameness in dairy cows, which can lead to enormous economic losses. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of laminitis have not been clarified yet. Besides, it is of great significant to find alternative herbs for the prevention and treatment of dairy hooves to avoid the antibiotic abuse. In this study, the primary hoof dermal cells of dairy cows were isolated, the inflammatory model was induced by LPS, and treated with silymarin to find whether silymarin has protective effect on the inflammatory dermal cells. The viability of dermal cells, the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, the degree of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, the expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 were measured. Results Hoof dermal cells of dairy cows were successfully isolated and cultured by tissue adherent culture method. Certain concentrations of LPS can increase the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, promote the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and inhibit the mRNA expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1. The optimal concentration for LPS to establish a hoof dermal cells inflammatory model was 10 μg/mL. Certain concentrations of silymarin can markedly decrease the secretions of IL-1β and TNF-α, inhibit the phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and promote the mRNA expressions of CYP3A4 and CYP1A1 in LPS-induced dermal inflammatory model. Conclusions LPS can be used for inducing the hoof dermal cells inflammatory model of dairy cows. Silymarin has protective effects on the LPS-induced inflammatory model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yue Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jing-Hui Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhuang
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Co. Ltd, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Hai-Ting Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bino E, Lauková A, Ščerbová J, Kubašová I, Kandričáková A, Strompfová V, Miltko R, Belzecki G. Fecal coagulase-negative staphylococci from horses, their species variability, and biofilm formation. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:719-726. [PMID: 30706301 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has enormous impact on the health and performance of horses. Staphylococci belong in the phylum Firmicutes, and their occurrence, especially of methicillin-resistant strains and species, has been reported in horses previously. Moreover, biofilm formation is one of the virulence factors; it has been not completely studied in fecal coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from horses. Therefore, this study was focused on biofilm formation by various species of fecal CoNS from horses because it has been never reported before. In addition, their antibiotic profile was tested. Horses (42) of various breeds from Slovakia/Poland were sampled. Variability in the species of CoNS was detected in feces of horses. Thirty-two strains were identified by using the MALDI-TOF system and classified into nine species and three subspecies of CoNS: Staphylococcus capitis, S. cohnii subsp. cohnii, S. cohnii subsp. urealyticus, S. cohnii subsp. casei, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. pasteuri, S. sciuri, S. vitulinus, S. warneri, and S. xylosus. The most frequent species was S. vitulinus. Twenty-two strains showed high biofilm production; 10 strains showed low-grade biofilm production. The highest biofilm formation was measured in the species S. xylosus. Eleven strains (of 32) were methicillin-resistant; the others were susceptible to methicillin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Bino
- Institute of Animal Physiology of the Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Lauková
- Institute of Animal Physiology of the Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
| | - J Ščerbová
- Institute of Animal Physiology of the Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - I Kubašová
- Institute of Animal Physiology of the Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - A Kandričáková
- Institute of Animal Physiology of the Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Strompfová
- Institute of Animal Physiology of the Centre of Biosciences of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - R Miltko
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05 110, Jablonna, Poland
| | - G Belzecki
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05 110, Jablonna, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Grimm P, Pais de Barros J, Julliand V. Impact of diet on bacterial lipopolysaccharides in equine feces and blood. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Jamieson CA, Hanzlicek AS, Payton ME, Holbrook TC. Normal reference intervals and the effects of sample handling on dynamic viscoelastic coagulometry (Sonoclot) in healthy adult horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 28:39-44. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla A. Jamieson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK 74078
| | - Andrew S. Hanzlicek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK 74078
| | - Mark E. Payton
- Department of Statistics; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK 74078
| | - Todd C. Holbrook
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK 74078
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zizzadoro C, Caruso M, Punzi S, Crescenzo G, Zongoli F, Belloli C. A comparative study between responses of isolated bovine and equine digital arteries to vasoactive mediators. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:51-59. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Zizzadoro
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Bari; Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - M. Caruso
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Bari; Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - S. Punzi
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Bari; Valenzano Bari Italy
| | - G. Crescenzo
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Bari; Valenzano Bari Italy
| | | | - C. Belloli
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Bari; Valenzano Bari Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Roscher KA, Failing K, Schenk I, Moritz A. Suspected aspirin resistance in individual healthy adult warmblood horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 40:e16-e22. [PMID: 28390056 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reasons for this prospective experimental study were to determine a dosing scheme with loading and maintenance dose of aspirin inducing inhibition of platelet function measured by whole blood impedance aggregometry. Ten horses received aspirin orally in the morning with one loading dose of 4.7-5 mg/kg and maintenance doses of 1-1.3 mg/kg daily the following 4 days. Aggregometries (COLtest, ASPItest, ADPtest) and serum salicylic acid were measured. ASPItest showed significant difference in inhibition at 24 and 48 hr (p < .05) and 96 hr (p < .01). Significant change for ADPtest and COLtest couldn't be detected. Serum salicylic acid concentrations were significantly (p < .01) increased at 6 and 12 hr. Despite this, three horses failed any inhibitory effect of platelet function, suspecting an aspirin resistance. Regarding the other seven horses platelet aggregation induced by ASPItest was reduced between 37% and 100% from baseline at 6 and 12 hr and between 0 and 98% during the next 4 days. Correlations of serum concentration of salicylic acid and aggregometries couldn't be detected. It can be presumed that equine platelets are less susceptible to aspirin what may compromise eventually the anticoagulatory effects and efficacy in preventing and treating diseases with increased platelet activation as endotoxaemia or laminitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Roscher
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - I Schenk
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Moritz
- Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Anderson SL, Singh B. Neutrophil apoptosis is delayed in an equine model of colitis: Implications for the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:383-388. [PMID: 27037704 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horses that develop colitis invariably exhibit signs of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A significant contributor to the development of SIRS in human subjects is delayed neutrophil apoptosis, but this has not been specifically studied in horses. OBJECTIVES To determine the occurrence of ex vivo neutrophil apoptosis and its contribution to the development of SIRS in an equine colitis model. STUDY DESIGN Experiment using a colitis model. METHODS Neutrophils were isolated before and after the induction of colitis using an oligofructose overdose model, placed into culture for 12 h or 24 h with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at various concentrations, and assessed for the occurrence of apoptosis using Annexin V and propidium iodide staining with flow cytometric quantification. Levels of caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity were measured after 12 h of incubation in neutrophil lysates. RESULTS Ex vivo neutrophil apoptosis was significantly delayed in neutrophils isolated after the induction of colitis (12-h incubation: P = 0.004; 24-h incubation: P = 0.003) with concomitant reductions in caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity (caspase-3: P = 0.004; caspase-8: P = 0.02; caspase-9: P = 0.02). Neutrophils isolated after the induction of colitis were refractory to LPS-delayed apoptosis. Neutrophil apoptosis was delayed with increasing cell concentration in vitro. MAIN LIMITATIONS The main limitation of the study is the that the exact mechanism for delayed neutrophil apoptosis following the induction of colitis was not fully elucidated. CONCLUSIONS The data show that neutrophil apoptosis is delayed in horses following the induction of colitis as a result of interference with the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, which may contribute to the development of equine SIRS. Concurrent development of neutrophilia may contribute to a prolonged neutrophil lifespan through a concentration-dependent delay in apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Anderson
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - B Singh
- Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Reisinger N, Dohnal I, Nagl V, Schaumberger S, Schatzmayr G, Mayer E. Fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) Induces Lamellar Separation and Alters Sphingolipid Metabolism of In Vitro Cultured Hoof Explants. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:89. [PMID: 27023602 PMCID: PMC4848616 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important hoof diseases is laminitis. Yet, the pathology of laminitis is not fully understood. Different bacterial toxins, e.g. endotoxins or exotoxins, seem to play an important role. Additionally, ingestion of mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, might contribute to the onset of laminitis. In this respect, fumonsins are of special interest since horses are regarded as species most susceptible to this group of mycotoxins. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on primary isolated epidermal and dermal hoof cells, as well as on the lamellar tissue integrity and sphingolipid metabolism of hoof explants in vitro. There was no effect of FB1 at any concentration on dermal or epidermal cells. However, FB1 significantly reduced the separation force of explants after 24 h of incubation. The Sa/So ratio was significantly increased in supernatants of explants incubated with FB1 (2.5–10 µg/mL) after 24 h. Observed effects on Sa/So ratio were linked to significantly increased sphinganine concentrations. Our study showed that FB1 impairs the sphingolipid metabolism of explants and reduces lamellar integrity at non-cytotoxic concentrations. FB1 might, therefore, affect hoof health. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to elucidate the effects of FB1 on the equine hoof in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilse Dohnal
- BIOMIN Research Center, Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Reisinger N, Schaumberger S, Nagl V, Hessenberger S, Schatzmayr G. Concentration Dependent Influence of Lipopolysaccharides on Separation of Hoof Explants and Supernatant Lactic Acid Concentration in an Ex Vivo/In Vitro Laminitis Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143754. [PMID: 26599864 PMCID: PMC4657978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminitis is one of the most common diseases in horses. It is not only painful for the animal, but also has a significant financial impact on the equine industry. This multifactorial disease affects the connective tissue of the hoof. However, the pathogenesis of laminitis is still not fully understood. Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and bacterial exotoxins seem to play an important role during the development of laminitis. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of increasing LPS concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 100 μg/mL) on cell viability of isolated epidermal and dermal hoof cells as well as on the tissue integrity of hoof explants. Furthermore, glucose, acetic acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid concentrations in explant supernatants were measured to evaluate the energy metabolism in the hoof tissue. LPS did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on epidermal or dermal cells. Force required to separate LPS treated hoof explants decreased in a concentration dependent manner. Specifically, explants incubated with 10 and 100 μg/mL needed significantly less force to separate compared to control explants. Lactic acid concentrations were significantly decreased in explants incubated with 5, 10, or 100 μg/mL LPS, while glucose, acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations were unaffected by LPS treatment. Our study indicates that LPS has no cytotoxic effect on epidermal and dermal cells isolated from hoof tissue, but impairs integrity of hoof explants. In addition, LPS led to an alteration of the lactic acid production in the lamellar tissue. Since our data highlight that LPS can affect the integrity of the equine hoof tissue in vitro, endotoxins should be further explored for their contribution to facilitate the development of laminitis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Gardner AK, Kelly CS, van Eps AW, Burns TA, Watts MR, Belknap JK. Mitogen-activated kinase pathway activation in epidermal lamellae in the acute stages of carbohydrate overload laminitis models and the effect of regional deep hypothermia on signalling pathways. Equine Vet J 2015. [PMID: 26222495 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY In sepsis models, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are reported to incite inflammatory injury to tissues and are purported to be a therapeutic target. OBJECTIVES To assess MAPK signalling in lamellae in sepsis-related laminitis (SRL) at different time points after induction of laminitis via carbohydrate overload, and to determine the effect of regional deep hypothermia (RDH) on MAPK signalling. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study using archived tissue samples. METHODS Lamellar concentrations of MAPKs were assessed in archived lamellar samples from 2 studies: 1) the starch gruel model of SRL with 3 groups (n = 6/group) of horses (control, onset of fever [DEV] Obel Grade 1 lameness [OG1]); and 2) from limbs maintained at ambient (AMB) and hypothermic (ICE) temperatures (n = 6/group) in animals given a bolus of oligofructose. Immunoblotting and immunolocalisation were used to assess lamellar concentrations and cellular localisation of total and activated (phosphorylated) forms of p38 MAPK, extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun N terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) 1/2. RESULTS Lamellar samples had statistically significant increased concentrations of activated ERK 1/2 at the onset of OG1 laminitis (vs. control) in the starch gruel model, but showed no significant change between ICE and AMB limbs in the RDH model. Phospho-SAPK/JNK 1/2 exhibited a similar significant increase in the OG1 samples, but was also increased in ICE (vs. AMB) limbs. No statistically significant changes in lamellar p38 MAPK concentrations were noted. CONCLUSIONS Increased concentrations of activated ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK in the acute stages of SRL indicate a possible role of these signalling proteins in lamellar injury. Signalling related to ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK 1/2 pathways should be further investigated to determine if these play a detrimental role in laminitis and may be therapeutic targets to be manipulated independently of RDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Gardner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, USA
| | - C S Kelly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, USA
| | - A W van Eps
- School of Veterinaary Science, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - T A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, USA
| | - M R Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, USA
| | - J K Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Underwood C, Pollitt CC, Metselaar JM, Laverman P, van Bloois L, van den Hoven JM, Storm G, van Eps AW. Distribution of technetium-99m PEG-liposomes during oligofructose-induced laminitis development in horses. Vet J 2015; 206:218-25. [PMID: 26403954 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are phospholipid nanoparticles used for targeted drug delivery. This study aimed to determine whether intravenous liposomes accumulate in lamellar tissue during laminitis development in horses so as to assess their potential for targeted lamellar drug delivery. Polyethylene-glycol (PEG) coated liposomes were prepared according to the film hydration method and labelled using (99m)Tc-hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime. Six horses received 10 g/kg oligofructose via nasogastric tube to induce laminitis, and four control horses received water via nasogastric tube. All horses received 300 µmol (99m)Tc-PEG-liposomes (5.5 GBq) plus 5.5 µmol/kg PEG-liposomes by slow intravenous infusion. Scintigraphic imaging was performed at 0, 6 and 12 h post-infusion. Technetium-99m liposome uptake was measured in regions of interest over the hoof, fetlock and metacarpus. At the study end-point horses were euthanased, tissue samples collected and tissue liposome levels were calculated as the percentage of the injected dose of (99m)Tc-liposomes per kilogram of tissue. Data were analysed non-parametrically. All horses receiving oligofructose developed clinical and histological signs of laminitis. Technetium-99m liposome uptake in the hoof increased with time in laminitis horses (P = 0.04), but decreased with time in control horses (P = 0.01). Technetium-99m liposome levels in lamellar tissue from laminitis horses were 3.2-fold higher than controls (P = 0.02) and were also higher in laminitis vs. control skin, muscle, jejunum, colon, and kidney (P < 0.05). Liposomes accumulated in lamellar tissue during oligofructose-induced laminitis development and demonstrated potential for targeted lamellar drug delivery in acute laminitis. This study provides further evidence that lamellar inflammation occurs during laminitis development. Liposome accumulation also occurred in the skin, muscle, jejunum, colon and kidneys, suggesting systemic inflammation in this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Underwood
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| | - Christopher C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Laverman
- Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Louis van Bloois
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew W van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Suagee JK, Splan RK, Swyers KL, Geor RJ, Corl BA. Effects of High-Sugar and High-Starch Diets on Postprandial Inflammatory Protein Concentrations in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
27
|
Roscher KA, Failing K, Moritz A. Inhibition of platelet function with clopidogrel, as measured with a novel whole blood impedance aggregometer in horses. Vet J 2015; 203:332-6. [PMID: 25736876 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate a loading and maintenance clopidogrel dosing scheme for the inhibition of platelet function, measured by whole blood impedance aggregometry in healthy adult horses. Ten Warmblood horses received oral clopidogrel once daily. Doses were based on 50 kg weight categories and resulted in one loading dose of 6-6.5 mg/kg bodyweight and maintenance doses of 1.2-1.4 mg/kg over the next 4 days. Platelet function was measured via whole blood multiple electrode impedance aggregometry prior to (T0) and at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144, 192 and 240 h following the loading dose. Aggregometries for collagen (COLtest), arachidonic acid (ASPItest), adenosine diphosphate (ADPtest) and ADP with prostaglandin E1 (ADPtestHS) were performed. Statistical analyses included one way repeated measures ANOVAs and subsequent Dunnett's tests. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen remained unchanged. There were significant inhibitions in the ASPItest (P <0.01 at 192 h, and P <0.05 at 240 h) and the ADPtest and ADPtestHS (P < 0.01, with the exception of 240 h). The loading dose of clopidogrel induced rapid inhibition of platelet function within hours, and the low dose was suitable for maintaining the inhibition over the 4 days of therapy. Recovery of platelet function was restored 6 days after the cessation of medication, determined with the ADPtest and ADPtestHS, but remained inhibited with the ASPItest. The prolonged effect of clopidogrel may indicate differences in the activation of platelets between horses and humans that were previously unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Roscher
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Str. 95, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Clinical Pathophysiology and Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Str. 126, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Watts AE, Ness SL, Divers TJ, Fubini SL, Frye AH, Stokol T, Cummings KJ, Brooks MB. Effects of clopidogrel on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:760-9. [PMID: 25061708 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.8.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of clopidogrel on clinical and clinicopathologic variables in healthy horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. ANIMALS 12 adult mares. Procedures-Horses were assigned with a randomization procedure to receive clopidogrel (4 mg/kg, once, then 2 mg/kg, q 24 h; n = 6) or a placebo (6) through a nasogastric tube. After 72 hours of treatment, horses received lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 30 ng/kg, IV). Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, CBC variables, plasma fibrinogen concentration, serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentration, plasma von Willebrand factor concentration, and measures of platelet activation (including ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation and closure times, thrombelastography variables, and results of flow cytometric detection of platelet membrane P-selectin, phosphatidylserine, and microparticles) were determined at various times before and after LPS administration by investigators unaware of the treatment groups. Statistical analyses were performed with repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS 4 of 6 clopidogrel-treated horses had significant decreases in ADP-induced platelet aggregation before and after LPS administration. Heart rate increased significantly after LPS administration only for the placebo group. No significant differences were detected between groups for CBC variables, closure time, and plasma concentration of fibrinogen or serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α, and no clinically relevant differences were detected for other hemostatic variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, administration of LPS did not induce platelet hyperreactivity in horses on the basis of measures of platelet adhesion, aggregation, degranulation, and procoagulant activity. Administration of clopidogrel was associated with variable platelet antiaggregatory activity and attenuated some clinical signs of endotoxemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reisinger N, Schaumberger S, Nagl V, Hessenberger S, Schatzmayr G. Milk thistle extract and silymarin inhibit lipopolysaccharide induced lamellar separation of hoof explants in vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2962-74. [PMID: 25290524 PMCID: PMC4210879 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of laminitis is not completely identified and the role of endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides, LPS) in this process remains unclear. Phytogenic substances, like milk thistle (MT) and silymarin, are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and might therefore have the potential to counteract endotoxin induced effects on the hoof lamellar tissue. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of endotoxins on lamellar tissue integrity and to test if MT and silymarin are capable of inhibiting LPS-induced effects in an in vitro/ex vivo model. In preliminary tests, LPS neutralization efficiency of these phytogenics was determined in an in vitro neutralization assay. Furthermore, tissue explants gained from hooves of slaughter horses were tested for lamellar separation after incubation with different concentrations of LPS. By combined incubation of explants with LPS and either Polymyxin B (PMB; positive control), MT or silymarin, the influence of these substances on LPS-induced effects was assessed. In the in vitro neutralization assay, MT and silymarin reduced LPS concentrations by 64% and 75%, respectively, in comparison PMB reduced 98% of the LPS concentration. In hoof explants, LPS led to a concentration dependent separation. Accordantly, separation force was significantly decreased by 10 µg/mL LPS. PMB, MT and silymarin could significantly improve tissue integrity of explants incubated with 10 µg/mL LPS. This study showed that LPS had a negative influence on the structure of hoof explants in vitro. MT and silymarin reduced endotoxin activity and inhibited LPS-induced effects on the lamellar tissue. Hence, MT and silymarin might be used to support the prevention of laminitis and should be further evaluated for this application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronika Nagl
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Patan-Zugaj B, Gauff FC, Plendl J, Licka TF. Effect of endotoxin on leukocyte activation and migration into laminar tissue of isolated perfused equine limbs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:842-50. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.9.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
Bruschetta G, Di Pietro P, Fazio E, Ferlazzo AM. Plasma serotonin, tryptophan, hematological, and functional responses to horse trekking. J Vet Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
32
|
Leise BS, Watts MR, Roy S, Yilmaz AS, Alder H, Belknap JK. Use of laser capture microdissection for the assessment of equine lamellar basal epithelial cell signalling in the early stages of laminitis. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:478-88. [PMID: 24750316 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Dysadhesion of laminar basal epithelial cells (LBECs) from the underlying dermis is the central event leading to structural failure in equine laminitis. Although many studies of sepsis-related laminitis have reported multiple events occurring throughout the lamellar tissue, there is minimal information regarding signalling events occurring specifically in LBECs. OBJECTIVES To determine signalling events in the LBECs during the early stages of carbohydrate-induced laminitis. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Eight horses were given an overload of carbohydrate (CHO) consisting of corn starch mixture via nasogastric tube. Prior to administration of CHO, lamellar biopsies were taken from the left forefoot (control [CON]). Biopsies were taken from the left hind foot at the onset of fever (developmental [DEV]) and from the right forefoot at the onset of Obel grade 1 lameness (OG1). Laminar basal epithelial cells were isolated from cryosections using a laser capture microdissection (LCM) microscope. Next generation sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to identify transcripts expressed in the LBECs for each time point and bioinformatic analysis was performed with thresholds for between group comparisons set at a greater than 2-fold change and P value ≤0.05. RESULTS Forty genes (22 increased/18 decreased) were significantly different from DEV time vs. CON and 107 genes (57 increased/50 decreased) were significantly different from OG1 time vs. CON. Significant increases in inflammatory genes were present in addition to significantly altered expression of genes related to extracellular matrix composition, stability and turnover. CONCLUSIONS Signalling related to inflammatory response and extracellular matrix regulation was strongly represented at the DEV and OG1 times. These results indicate that the LBEC is not only a casualty but also an active participant in lamellar events leading to structural failure of the digital lamellae in equine laminitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Leise
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - M R Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - S Roy
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - A S Yilmaz
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - H Alder
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - J K Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kullmann A, Holcombe SJ, Hurcombe SD, Roessner HA, Hauptman JG, Geor RJ, Belknap J. Prophylactic digital cryotherapy is associated with decreased incidence of laminitis in horses diagnosed with colitis. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:554-9. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kullmann
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; USA
| | - S. J. Holcombe
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; USA
| | - S. D. Hurcombe
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; USA
| | - H. A. Roessner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; USA
| | - J. G. Hauptman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; USA
| | - R. J. Geor
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; USA
| | - J. Belknap
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
van Eps AW, Pollitt CC, Underwood C, Medina-Torres CE, Goodwin WA, Belknap JK. Continuous digital hypothermia initiated after the onset of lameness prevents lamellar failure in the oligofructose laminitis model. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:625-30. [PMID: 24004323 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Prophylactic digital hypothermia reduces the severity of acute laminitis experimentally but there is no evidence for its efficacy as a treatment once lameness has already developed. OBJECTIVES To investigate the therapeutic effects of digital hypothermia, applied after the onset of lameness, in an experimental acute laminitis model. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, controlled (within subject), blinded, experimental trial. METHODS Eight Standardbred horses underwent laminitis induction using the oligofructose model. Once lameness was detected at the walk, one forelimb was continuously cooled (CRYO), with the other forelimb maintained at ambient temperature (NON-RX). Dorsal lamellar sections (proximal, middle and distal) harvested 36 h after the onset of lameness/initiation of cryotherapy were analysed by 2 blinded observers: laminitis pathology was scored (0 [normal] to 4 [severe]) and morphometric analyses performed. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) histological scores were greater (P<0.05) in NON-RX (proximal 2.8 [2.5-4]; middle 3.5 [2-4]; distal 2.5 [2-3.8]) compared with CRYO limbs (proximal 0.5 [0.5-1.4]; middle 1 [0.6-1]; distal 0.75 [0.5-1]). There was complete physical separation of lamellar dermis from epidermis (score of 4) in 4 of the NON-RX feet at one or more section level(s), which was not observed in any CRYO sections. Histomorphometry was thus limited to sections that remained intact; there was a trend of increased total (TELL) and secondary (SELL) epidermal lamellar length and decreased secondary epidermal lamellar width (SELW) in NON-RX limbs compared with CRYO at all 3 levels; differences were significant (P<0.05) for SELL and SELW in the distal sections. CONCLUSIONS Digital hypothermia reduced the severity of lamellar injury and prevented lamellar structural failure (complete dermoepidermal separation) when initiated at the detection of lameness in an acute laminitis model. This study provides the first evidence to support the use of therapeutic digital hypothermia as a treatment for acute laminitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A W van Eps
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tadros EM, Frank N, Donnell RL. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflammatory responses of horses to intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1010-9. [PMID: 23802673 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.7.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that inflammatory responses to endotoxemia differ between healthy horses and horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Animals-6 healthy horses and 6 horses with EMS. PROCEDURES Each horse randomly received an IV infusion of lipopolysaccharide (20 ng/kg [in 60 mL of sterile saline {0.9% NaCl} solution]) or saline solution, followed by the other treatment after a 7-day washout period. Baseline data were obtained 30 minutes before each infusion. After infusion, a physical examination was performed hourly for 9 hours and at 15 and 21 hours; a whole blood sample was collected at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes for assessment of inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Liver biopsy was performed between 240 and 360 minutes after infusion. Results-Following lipopolysaccharide infusion in healthy horses and horses with EMS, mean rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate increased, compared with baseline findings, as did whole blood gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The magnitude of blood cytokine responses did not differ between groups, but increased expression of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α persisted for longer periods in EMS-affected horses. Lipopolysaccharide infusion increased liver tissue gene expressions of IL-6 in healthy horses and IL-8 in both healthy and EMS-affected horses, but these gene expressions did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results supported the hypothesis that EMS affects horses' inflammatory responses to endotoxin by prolonging cytokine expression in circulating leukocytes. These findings are relevant to the association between obesity and laminitis in horses with EMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Tadros
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dougal K, de la Fuente G, Harris PA, Girdwood SE, Pinloche E, Newbold CJ. Identification of a core bacterial community within the large intestine of the horse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77660. [PMID: 24204908 PMCID: PMC3812009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The horse has a rich and complex microbial community within its gastrointestinal tract that plays a central role in both health and disease. The horse receives much of its dietary energy through microbial hydrolysis and fermentation of fiber predominantly in the large intestine/hindgut. The presence of a possible core bacterial community in the equine large intestine was investigated in this study. Samples were taken from the terminal ileum and 7 regions of the large intestine from ten animals, DNA extracted and the V1-V2 regions of 16SrDNA 454-pyrosequenced. A specific group of OTUs clustered in all ileal samples and a distinct and different signature existed for the proximal regions of the large intestine and the distal regions. A core group of bacterial families were identified in all gut regions with clear differences shown between the ileum and the various large intestine regions. The core in the ileum accounted for 32% of all sequences and comprised of only seven OTUs of varying abundance; the core in the large intestine was much smaller (5-15% of all sequences) with a much larger number of OTUs present but in low abundance. The most abundant member of the core community in the ileum was Lactobacillaceae, in the proximal large intestine the Lachnospiraceae and in the distal large intestine the Prevotellaceae. In conclusion, the presence of a core bacterial community in the large intestine of the horse that is made up of many low abundance OTUs may explain in part the susceptibility of horses to digestive upset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Dougal
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel de la Fuente
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E. Girdwood
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Pinloche
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - C. Jamie Newbold
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Biddle AS, Black SJ, Blanchard JL. An in vitro model of the horse gut microbiome enables identification of lactate-utilizing bacteria that differentially respond to starch induction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77599. [PMID: 24098591 PMCID: PMC3788102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminitis is a chronic, crippling disease triggered by the sudden influx of dietary starch. Starch reaches the hindgut resulting in enrichment of lactic acid bacteria, lactate accumulation, and acidification of the gut contents. Bacterial products enter the bloodstream and precipitate systemic inflammation. Hindgut lactate levels are normally low because specific bacterial groups convert lactate to short chain fatty acids. Why this mechanism fails when lactate levels rapidly rise, and why some hindgut communities can recover is unknown. Fecal samples from three adult horses eating identical diets provided bacterial communities for this in vitro study. Triplicate microcosms of fecal slurries were enriched with lactate and/or starch. Metabolic products (short chain fatty acids, headspace gases, and hydrogen sulfide) were measured and microbial community compositions determined using Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing over 12-hour intervals. We report that patterns of change in short chain fatty acid levels and pH in our in vitro system are similar to those seen in in vivo laminitis induction models. Community differences between microcosms with disparate abilities to clear excess lactate suggest profiles conferring resistance of starch-induction conditions. Where lactate levels recover following starch induction conditions, propionate and acetate levels rise correspondingly and taxa related to Megasphaeraelsdenii reach levels exceeding 70% relative abundance. In lactate and control cultures, taxa related to Veillonellamontpellierensis are enriched as lactate levels fall. Understanding these community differences and factors promoting the growth of specific lactate utilizing taxa may be useful to prevent acidosis under starch-induction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Biddle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Samuel J. Black
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Blanchard
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tadros EM, Frank N, Horohov DW. Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Blood During the Development of Oligofructose-Induced Laminitis in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
39
|
Disparate effects of LPS infusion and carbohydrate overload on inflammatory gene expression in equine laminae. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
40
|
Brooks MB, Divers TJ, Watts AE, Ness SL, Frye AH, Stokol T, Fubini SL. Effects of clopidogrel on the platelet activation response in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:1212-22. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.9.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
41
|
Aktan Í, Dunkel B, Cunningham F. Equine platelets inhibit E. coli growth and can be activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid although superoxide anion production does not occur and platelet activation is not associated with enhanced production by neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
42
|
Katz LM, Bailey SR. A review of recent advances and current hypotheses on the pathogenesis of acute laminitis. Equine Vet J 2013; 44:752-61. [PMID: 23106629 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing number of studies being published on the different experimental models used to induce and study acute laminitis, the pathophysiological events associated with these various models (i.e. starch overload, oligofructose overload, black walnut extract and hyperinsulinaemia) can be compared more realistically. Within this review, the mechanisms for metabolic vs. inflammatory laminitis are discussed, and the question of how pasture laminitis may fit into any of the proposed mechanisms is addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Katz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KLP, Newton JR. A cohort study of equine laminitis in Great Britain 2009-2011: Estimation of disease frequency and description of clinical signs in 577 cases. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:681-7. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. E. Wylie
- Epidemiology Department; Centre for Preventive Medicine; Animal Health Trust; UK
| | - S. N. Collins
- School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Australia
| | - K. L. P. Verheyen
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; UK
| | - J. R. Newton
- Epidemiology Department; Centre for Preventive Medicine; Animal Health Trust; UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Patan-Zugaj B, Gauff FC, Licka TF. Effects of the addition of endotoxin during perfusion of isolated forelimbs of equine cadavers. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1462-8. [PMID: 22924729 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of endotoxins on metabolism and histopathologic changes of isolated perfused equine forelimbs. SAMPLE Forelimbs (comprising the metacarpus and digit) were collected from cadavers of 12 healthy adult horses after slaughter at an abattoir (14 limbs; 1 forelimb of 10 horses and both forelimbs of 2 horses). PROCEDURES Forelimbs were perfused for 10 hours with autologous blood, with and without the addition of endotoxin (80 ng of lipopolysaccharide [LPS]/L). Two limbs of the endotoxin exposure group and 2 nonperfused limbs were loaded to failure of the suspensory apparatus of the pedal bone to evaluate the effect of body weight. Metabolic and histologic variables were evaluated. RESULTS Blood pressure increased during the first hour and did not differ between groups. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was similar in both groups and increased significantly during the 10-hour period; glucose consumption at 5 hours and lactate concentration at 8 hours were significantly higher in limbs exposed to endotoxin. The width of secondary epidermal lamellae was greater in LPS limbs. In the primary dermal lamellae of LPS limbs, there were significantly more vessels with an open lumen and aggregates of intravascular neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the blood-perfused isolated forelimbs of equine cadavers, exposure to LPS led to significant changes in the laminar tissue as well as to metabolic changes. Therefore, endotoxin should be considered as a causative factor for laminitis and not merely as a risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Patan-Zugaj
- Department for Horses and Small Animals, Veterinary University Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tadros EM, Frank N. Effects of continuous or intermittent lipopolysaccharide administration for 48 hours on the systemic inflammatory response in horses. Am J Vet Res 2013; 73:1394-402. [PMID: 22924721 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the method of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (intermittent vs continuous) affects the magnitude and duration of the systemic inflammatory response in horses and whether prolonged (48 hours) endotoxemia induces laminitis. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult horses (10 mares and 2 geldings). PROCEDURES Horses were randomly assigned to receive LPS (total dose, 80 μg; n = 4) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (80 mL/h; 4) via constant rate infusion or 8 bolus IV injections of LPS (10 μg, q 6 h;4) during a 48-hour period. Physical examinations were performed every 4 hours, inflammatory cytokine gene expression was determined for blood samples obtained every 8 hours, and IV glucose tolerance tests were performed. RESULTS All LPS-treated horses had signs of depression and mild colic; those signs abated as the study progressed. Administration of LPS increased expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, but results were not significantly different between LPS treatment groups. Cytokine expression was significantly higher on the first day versus the second day of LPS treatment. Interleukin-1β expression was positively correlated with rectal temperature and expression of other cytokines. Glucose and insulin dynamics for both LPS groups combined did not differ significantly from those of the saline solution group. Signs of laminitis were not detected in any of the horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses developed LPS tolerance within approximately 24 hours after administration was started, and the method of LPS administration did not affect the magnitude or duration of systemic inflammation. Laminitis was not induced in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Tadros
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bailey SR, Bamford NJ. Metabolic responses of horses and ponies to high and low glycaemic feeds: implications for laminitis. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/an13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine laminitis is the painful condition resulting from disruption of the laminar bonds within the foot. Understanding the dietary triggers may facilitate strategies to prevent laminitis in susceptible animals. The purpose of this review is to examine how dietary factors may lead to insulin resistance and/or excessive insulin production from the pancreas, and why certain breeds or types of horses are more predisposed to this form of laminitis than others. Understanding these relationships will be very important when considering appropriate feeds and the dietary countermeasures necessary for preventing this condition. It is important to note the breed type when considering the likely metabolic effects of dietary carbohydrate, because there are major differences between the Thoroughbred/Standardbred type and some other breeds of horses and ponies. Ponies and certain breeds of horses produce excessive amounts of insulin in response to dietary carbohydrates and this may lead to the development of the three main features of the equine metabolic syndrome, namely obesity, insulin resistance and laminitis. Relative glycaemic index or glycaemic load may be useful in predicting peak plasma insulin (with due consideration for breed type), but carbohydrates such as starch and fructans may have particularly marked effects on insulin sensitivity. Although it is normal for ponies and certain horse breeds to be relatively insulin resistant, it may be possible to reduce the likelihood of exacerbating insulin resistance in obese animals with careful dietary modification. This may help to some extent in reducing hyperinsulinaemia and thereby reducing the risk of laminitis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Onishi JC, Park JW, Prado J, Eades SC, Mirza MH, Fugaro MN, Häggblom MM, Reinemeyer CR. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth includes potential pathogens in the carbohydrate overload models of equine acute laminitis. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:354-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
Fossum C, Hjertner B, Olofsson KM, Lindberg R, Ahooghalandari P, Camargo MM, Bröjer J, Edner A, Nostell K. Expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 in equine blood leukocytes during endotoxin infusion and in intestinal tissues from healthy horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:141-8. [PMID: 23036528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The expression of tlr4, md2 and cd14 was studied in equine blood leukocytes and in intestinal samples using real time PCR. The stability of three commonly used reference genes, glyceraldehyde-3P-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), hypoxantine ribosyltransferase (HPRT) and succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), was evaluated using qbase(PLUS). The equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (eqPBMC) examined were either stimulated in vitro with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin or with the CpG oligodeoxynuclotide 2216 (CpG-ODN 2216) or obtained from horses before, during and after infusion of endotoxin. Intestinal tissue from healthy horses was sampled at ileum, right dorsal colon and rectum. Ranking of the three reference genes used for normalisation identified the combination HPRT/SDHA as most suitable both when determined ex vivo in leukocytes obtained from experimentally induced endotoxaemia and in eqPBMC activated in vitro while HPRT/GAPDH were most appropriate for the intestinal samples. The relative amounts of mRNA for TLR4 and MD-2 increased threefold during in vitro activation of the cells with CpG-ODN 2216 but was decreased in cultures stimulated with PMA/ionomycin. A transient elevation in the transcription of tlr4 and md2 was also evident for equine blood leukocytes following endotoxaemia. The levels of mRNA for CD14 on the other hand remained unaffected both during the induction of endotoxaemia and in the in vitro stimulated PBMCs. A low steady expression of TLR4, MD-2 and CD14 mRNA was demonstrated for the intestinal samples with no variation between the intestinal segments analysed. Thus, the foundation for real time PCR based levels of analysis of mRNA for all three components in the equine LPS receptor complex in different intestinal segments was set, making it possible to carry out future expression studies on clinical material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Osorio JS, Fraser BC, Graugnard DE, Singh SS, Drackley JK, Garrett EF, Loor JJ. Corium tissue expression of genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and keratin formation in relation to lameness in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6388-96. [PMID: 22959934 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Objectives were to (1) determine the feasibility of performing hoof biopsies without impairing locomotion; (2) evaluate the feasibility of using biopsied tissue for quantitative PCR; and (3) compare relative gene expression among claws for several target genes. Biopsies were performed on 6 Holstein cows, yielding 4 tissue specimens per cow from front leg, right limb, and medial claw (claw position 3); rear leg, left limb, and lateral claw (claw position 5); and rear leg, right limb, medial claw (claw position 7). Cows were monitored for lameness daily for 7 d post-biopsy and then weekly for 8 wk. Histopathological analysis confirmed that tissue collected was from between the stratum corneum and dermis. Biopsied tissue was used for RNA extraction, including evaluation of yield and purity. The profile by claw position of 19 genes with key functions in cell differentiation, proliferation, inflammation, and keratin formation was assessed via quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Other than transient disturbances in locomotion score in some cows during 2 to 4 d post-biopsy, no signs of pain, locomotion impairment, or clinical lameness were observed post-biopsy. Total RNA yields averaged 259.7±100, 447.8±288, and 496.4±118 μg/mg of tissue for claw positions 3, 5, and 7, respectively. The biopsy procedure was successful for obtaining corium for gene expression. Among 5 keratin proteins analyzed, only keratin 5 was expressed. Transcripts related to inflammation and oxidative stress (STAT3, MYD88, SOD2, and TLR4) were among the more abundant in corium tissue, but expression did not differ between claws. Biotinidase (BTD) expression was greater in claw 3 versus claw 5, whereas the ligand-activated nuclear receptor retinoic acid receptor-α (RXRA) was greater in claws 3 + 5 compared with claw 7. Overall, results from this pilot study revealed modest differences at the transcriptome level, suggesting that biotin availability and lipid metabolism differ between claw positions, whereas inflammation and oxidative stress seem to play an important role across claws. More comprehensive studies of the hoof transcriptome are required to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that link environmental and dietary factors to development of lameness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Osorio
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana 61801, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tadros EM, Frank N, Newkirk KM, Donnell RL, Horohov DW. Effects of a "two-hit" model of organ damage on the systemic inflammatory response and development of laminitis in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:90-100. [PMID: 23026157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of endotoxemia in the development of laminitis remains unclear. Although systemic inflammation is a risk factor for laminitis in hospitalized horses, experimental endotoxin administration fails to induce the disease. While not sufficient to cause laminitis by itself, endotoxemia might predispose laminar tissue to damage from other mediators during systemic inflammation. In "two-hit" models of organ damage, sequential exposure to inflammatory stimuli primes the immune system and causes exaggerated inflammatory responses during sepsis. Acute laminitis shares many characteristics with sepsis-associated organ failure, therefore an equine "two-hit" sepsis model was employed to test the hypothesis that laminitis develops with increased frequency and severity when repeated inflammatory events exacerbate systemic inflammation and organ damage. Twenty-four light breed mares (10) and geldings (14) with chronic disease conditions or behavioral abnormalities unrelated to laminitis that warranted euthanasia were obtained for the study. Horses were randomly assigned to receive an 8-h intravenous infusion of either lipopolysaccharide (5 ng/kg/h) or saline beginning at -24h, followed by oligofructose (OF; 5 g/kg) via nasogastric tube at 0 h. Euthanasia and tissue collection occurred at Obel grade 2 laminitis, or at 48 h if laminitis had not developed. Liver biopsies were performed at 24h in laminitis non-responders. Blood cytokine gene expression was measured throughout the study period. Lipopolysaccharide and OF administration independently increased mean rectal temperature (P<0.001), heart rate (P=0.003), respiratory rate (P<0.001), and blood interleukin (IL)-1β gene expression (P<0.0016), but responses to OF were not exaggerated in endotoxin-pretreated horses. The laminitis induction rate did not differ between treatment groups and was 63% overall. When horses were classified as laminitis responders and non-responders, area under the blood IL-1β expression curve (P=0.010) and liver and lung gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (P<0.05) were higher in responders following OF administration. The results indicate that endotoxin pretreatment did not enhance responses to OF. However, systemic inflammation was more pronounced in laminitis responders compared to non-responders, and tissue-generated inflammatory mediators could pose a greater risk than those produced by circulating leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Tadros
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|