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Drexel VEM, Göbel TW, Früh SP. Characterization of a novel chicken γδ TCR-specific marker. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 161:105250. [PMID: 39159844 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Chickens are a species with a high number of γδ T cells in various tissues. Despite their abundance, γδ T cells are poorly characterized in chickens, partially due to a lack of specific reagents to characterize these cells. Up until now, the TCR1 clone has been the only γδ T cell-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) in chickens and additional reagents for γδ T cell subsets are needed. In order to address this issue, new mAb were generated in our laboratory by immunizing mice with in vitro cultured γδ T cells. In an initial flow cytometric screen a new mAb, clone "8D2", displayed an interesting staining pattern that mirrored γδ TCR up- and downregulation in the γδ T cell line D4 over time, prompting us to characterize this antibody further. We compared the expression of the unknown 8D2 epitope in combination with TCR1 staining across various primary cells. In splenocytes, peripheral blood lymphocytes and intestinal epithelial cells, 8D2 consistently labeled a subset of TCR1+ cells. To determine, whether specific γδ T cell receptors were recognized by 8D2, we sorted γδ T cells according to their 8D2 and TCR1 expression and analyzed their TCR V(D)J gene usage by TCR profiling. Strikingly, sorted 8D2+ cells preferentially expressed Vγ3 genes, whereas the TCR Vγ genes used by TCR1+ 8D2- cells were more variable. γδ TCR in 8D2+ cells were most frequently comprised of gamma chain VJ genes TRGV3-8 and TRGJ3, and delta chain VDJ genes TRDV1-2, TRDD2, TRDJ1. To confirm binding of 8D2 to specific γδ TCR, the preferentially utilized combination of TRG and TRD was expressed in HEK293 cells in combination with CD3, demonstrating surface binding of the 8D2 mAb to this Vγ3 γδ TCR-expressing cell line. Conversely, HEK293 cells expressing either Vγ1 or Vγ2 TCR did not react with 8D2. In conclusion, 8D2 is a novel tool for identifying specific Vγ3 bearing γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika E M Drexel
- Department of Veterinary Immunology, LMU Munich, Lena-Christ-Straße 48, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas W Göbel
- Department of Veterinary Immunology, LMU Munich, Lena-Christ-Straße 48, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Simon P Früh
- Department of Veterinary Immunology, LMU Munich, Lena-Christ-Straße 48, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, FU Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 7, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Lee DH, Lee J, Ahn SY, Ho TL, Kim K, Ko EJ. Monophosphoryl lipid A and poly I:C combination enhances immune responses of equine influenza virus vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 271:110743. [PMID: 38522410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Equine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease caused by H3N8 type A influenza virus. Vaccination against equine influenza is conducted regularly; however, infection still occurs globally because of the short immunity duration and suboptimal efficacy of current vaccines. Hence the objective of this study was to investigate whether an adjuvant combination can improve immune responses to equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccines. Seventy-two mice were immunized with an EIV vaccine only or with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), or MPL + Poly I:C. Prime immunization was followed by boost immunization after 2 weeks. Mice were euthanized at 4, 8, and 32 weeks post-prime immunization, respectively. Sera were collected to determine humoral response. Bone marrow, spleen, and lung samples were harvested to determine memory cell responses, antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, and lung viral titers. MPL + Poly I:C resulted in the highest IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition titers among the groups and sustained their levels until 32 weeks post-prime immunization. The combination enhanced memory B cell responses in the bone marrow and spleen. At 8 weeks post-prime immunization, the combination induced higher CD8+ central memory T cell frequencies in the lungs and CD8+ central memory T cells in the spleen. In addition, the combination group exhibited enhanced antigen-specific T cell proliferation, except for CD4+ T cells in the lungs. Our results demonstrated improved immune responses when using MPL + Poly I:C in EIV vaccines by inducing enhanced humoral responses, memory cell responses, and antigen-specific T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Len Ho
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Limpavithayakul K, Charoenvisal N, Pakpinyo S. Molecular assay for detecting MS-H vaccine strain and immune response mechanisms in chickens receiving one or two doses of live MS-H vaccine. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:33-43. [PMID: 37791564 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2023.2267022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The MS-H vaccine, containing a live strain of Mycoplasma synoviae, is a feasible option for controlling M. synoviae infection in poultry flocks. A comprehensive understanding of vaccinated chickens, including strain differentiation and immune response mechanisms, is required to optimize vaccination strategy. This study aimed to verify the PCR-RFLP molecular assay as a convenient technique for detecting the MS-H vaccine strain and to characterize the immune response mechanisms in experimental layer-type chickens receiving one of three different vaccination programmes; a single dose at either 9 or 12 weeks of age or two doses at both 9 and 12 weeks of age. The PCR-RFLP assay, using restriction enzyme TasI to digest vlhA gene-targeted PCR amplicons, was performed to evaluate vaccine administration by detecting the MS-H vaccine strain in vaccinated chickens and differentiating it from non-vaccine strains such as WVU1853 reference strain and Thai M. synoviae field strains. Results demonstrated that vaccination in layer-type chickens, whether as one or two doses, stimulated immune response mechanisms with no significant advantages of two administrations over a single administration. Serological responses in vaccinated chickens, examined by RPA test and ELISA, were initially detected at 2 weeks post-vaccination, continuously increased, and then remained at the baseline levels from 6 to 9 weeks post-vaccination. Cellular immune responses against both homologous and heterologous antigens, examined by the MTS tetrazolium assay, were similar in the early period post-vaccination, whereas cellular immune response against the homologous MS-H antigen was improved in the late period post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriengwich Limpavithayakul
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nataya Charoenvisal
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsak Pakpinyo
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Shah BR, Hakeem WA, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. Effect of synbiotic supplementation on production performance and severity of necrotic enteritis in broilers during an experimental necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102959. [PMID: 37619505 PMCID: PMC10470215 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of synbiotic during a necrotic enteritis (NE) infection, a total of 360 day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups in a 2 × 2 factorial setup: control, challenge, synbiotic (1 g/kg), and challenge + synbiotic, with 6 replicates. NE was induced by gavaging 1 × 104Eimeria maxima oocysts and 1 × 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens on d 14 (D14) and D19, 20, and 21, respectively. At D35, the NE challenge decreased the BW gain (P < 0.001) and increased feed conversion ratio (P = 0.03), whereas synbiotic supplementation decreased the feed intake (P = 0.04). At D21, NE challenge increased gut permeability (P < 0.001), decreased regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the cecal tonsil (CT) (P = 0.02), increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.02), decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in the spleen (P = 0.04) and decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.02), whereas synbiotic supplementation increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P < 0.001) and decreased interferon (IFN)-γ expression in the jejunum (P = 0.07), however, synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased mid-gut lesion score (P < 0.001), increased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT and decreased IgA production in bile (P < 0.001), compared to the control group. At D28, synbiotic supplementation decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in CT (P < 0.001), whereas synbiotic supplementation during NE challenge decreased Tregs in CT (P < 0.001) and increased NO production in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to the control group. At D35, the NE challenge decreased CD4+:CD8+ T cells in the spleen (P = 0.03), decreased IgA production in bile (P = 0.02), decreased IL-10 expression in CT (P = 0.04), and decreased IL-10 (P = 0.009), IFN-γ (P = 0.03) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (P = 0.02) expression in the jejunum, whereas synbiotic supplementation increased Tregs in the spleen (P = 0.04), compared to control group. Synbiotic supplementation during the NE challenge decreased both IL-1β (P = 0.02) and IFN-γ (P = 0.001) expression in CT, compared to the control group. It can be concluded that synbiotic supplementation increases production performance by decreasing mid-gut lesions and enhancing protective immunity against NE, and efficiency of synbiotic could be improved by blending additional probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikas R Shah
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Walid A Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ramesh K Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Dai M, Sun H, Zhao L, Wu Q, You B, Xu F, Liao J, Zhu S, Li Z, Yao Y, Nair V, Liao M. Duck CD8 + T Cell Response to H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection In Vivo and In Vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:979-990. [PMID: 35940633 PMCID: PMC10613577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Domestic ducks are the important host for H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection and epidemiology, but little is known about the duck T cell response to H5N1 AIV infection. In infection experiments of mallard ducks, we detected significantly increased CD8+ cells and augmented expression of cytotoxicity-associated genes, including granzyme A and IFN-γ, in PBMCs from 5 to 9 d postinfection when the virus shedding was clearly decreased, which suggested the importance of the duck cytotoxic T cell response in eliminating H5N1 infection in vivo. Intriguingly, we found that a CD8high+ population of PBMCs was clearly upregulated in infected ducks from 7 to 9 d postinfection compared with uninfected ducks. Next, we used Smart-Seq2 technology to investigate the heterogeneity and transcriptional differences of the duck CD8+ cells. Thus, CD8high+ cells were likely to be more responsive to H5N1 AIV infection, based on the high level of expression of genes involved in T cell responses, activation, and proliferation, including MALT1, ITK, LCK, CD3E, CD247, CFLAR, IL-18R1, and IL-18RAP. More importantly, we have also successfully cultured H5N1 AIV-specific duck T cells in vitro, to our knowledge, for the first time, and demonstrated that the CD8high+ population was increased with the duck T cell activation and response in vitro, which was consistent with results in vivo. Thus, the duck CD8high+ cells represent a potentially effective immune response to H5N1 AIV infection in vivo and in vitro. These findings provide novel insights and direction for developing effective H5N1 AIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Dai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China;
| | - Hui Sun
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen You
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengxiang Xu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sufang Zhu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; and
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China;
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Chicken Immune Cell Assay to Model Adaptive Immune Responses In Vitro. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123600. [PMID: 34944374 PMCID: PMC8697874 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge about the modes of action of immunomodulating compounds such as pathogens, drugs, or feed additives, e.g., probiotics, will allow the development of targeted nutrition strategies, prevent infectious diseases and the usage of antimicrobials, and promote the health of animals. To investigate the mechanisms of action of immunomodulating compounds, controlled in vitro systems using freshly isolated immune cells from blood represent a promising alternative to animal experiments. Immune cell isolation from the blood of chickens is a complex and difficult process since the immune cell fractions are significantly contaminated with red blood cells and platelets. To our knowledge, a robust protocol for immune cell isolation from chicken blood and the subsequent cultivation of immune cells is not available. Here, we established a protocol for blood sampling and immune cell isolation and cultivation from chicken blood, which could be applied for the investigation of direct effects of immunomodulating compounds. This protocol, combining different techniques of immune cell isolation, cultivation, and differentiation of distinct immune cell populations, will serve as a potential alternative to animal testing in vivo. By gaining knowledge about the mechanisms of action of immunomodulating compounds, this in vitro model will contribute to promote health and welfare in chicken farming. Abstract Knowledge about the modes of action of immunomodulating compounds such as pathogens, drugs, or feed additives, e.g., probiotics, gained through controlled but animal-related in vitro systems using primary cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) will allow the development of targeted nutrition strategies. Moreover, it could contribute to the prevention of infectious diseases and the usage of antimicrobials, and further promote the health of the animals. However, to our knowledge, a protocol for the isolation of PBMCs with reduced thrombocyte count from chicken blood and subsequent cell culture over several days to assess the effects of immunomodulating compounds is not available. Therefore, we established an optimized protocol for blood sampling and immune cell isolation, culture, and phenotyping for chicken PBMCs. For blood sampling commercial Na–citrate tubes revealed the highest count of vital cells compared to commercial Li–heparin (p < 0.01) and K3EDTA (p < 0.05) tubes. Using combined dextran and ficoll density gradient separation, the thrombocyte count was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) compared to slow-speed centrifugation with subsequent ficoll. For cell culture, the supplementation of RPMI-1640 medium with 10% chicken serum resulted in the lowest relative cell count of thrombocytes compared to fetal calf serum (FCS) (p < 0.05). To validate the ability of the cell culture system to respond to stimuli, concanavalin A (conA) was used as a positive control. The optimized protocol allows the isolation and cultivation of vital PBMCs with reduced thrombocyte count from chicken blood for subsequent investigation of the modes of action of immunomodulating compounds.
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Barboza-Solis C, Najimudeen SM, Perez-Contreras A, Ali A, Joseph T, King R, Ravi M, Peters D, Fonseca K, Gagnon CA, van der Meer F, Abdul-Careem MF. Evaluation of Recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkey Laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) Vaccine against Genotype VI Canadian Wild-Type Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1425. [PMID: 34960175 PMCID: PMC8707389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alberta, infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infection is endemic in backyard poultry flocks; however, outbreaks are only sporadically observed in commercial flocks. In addition to ILTV vaccine revertant strains, wild-type strains are among the most common causes of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). Given the surge in live attenuated vaccine-related outbreaks, the goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of a recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rHVT-LT) vaccine against a genotype VI Canadian wild-type ILTV infection. One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) White Leghorn chickens were vaccinated with the rHVT-LT vaccine or mock vaccinated. At three weeks of age, half of the vaccinated and the mock-vaccinated animals were challenged. Throughout the experiment, weights were recorded, and feather tips, cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected for ILTV genome quantification. Blood was collected to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and quantify CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. At 14 dpi, the chickens were euthanized, and respiratory tissues were collected to quantify genome loads and histological examination. Results showed that the vaccine failed to decrease the clinical signs at 6 days post-infection. However, it was able to significantly reduce ILTV shedding through the oropharyngeal route. Overall, rHVT-LT produced a partial protection against genotype VI ILTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Barboza-Solis
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Shahnas M. Najimudeen
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Ana Perez-Contreras
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
- Department of Pathology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries, Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada;
| | - Robin King
- Agri Food Laboratories, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 4P2, Canada;
| | - Madhu Ravi
- Animal Health and Assurance, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 4P2, Canada; (M.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Delores Peters
- Animal Health and Assurance, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 4P2, Canada; (M.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Kevin Fonseca
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Calgary, AB T2N 4W4, Canada;
| | - Carl A. Gagnon
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (C.B.-S.); (S.M.N.); (A.P.-C.); (A.A.); (F.v.d.M.)
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8
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Guriec N, Bussy F, Gouin C, Mathiaud O, Le Goff M, Delarue J, Collén PN. Activation of chicken gamma-delta T lymphocytes by a purified ulvan extract. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110255. [PMID: 33965691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chicken γδ T lymphocytes are present in a variety of tissues such as blood, spleen and intestine. They constitute a major cytotoxic population. In chicken, Salmonella immunization as well as vaccination against Newcastle disease virus are accompanied by an increase of γδ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood, which may be activated, and thus represent a protective immune response. It has been published that activation of avian γδ T cells can occur in a MHC non-restricted manner. Ulvans are complex sulfated polysaccharides composed of disaccharide repetitions found in the cell walls of green algae belonging to the genus Ulva. We recently demonstrated that a purified ulvan extract activates chicken heterophils and monocytes in vivo through TLR2 and TLR4 receptors when given in drinking water. We demonstrate here, that the same extract given once in drinking water at 25 and 50 mg/l, results in increased membrane expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex class 2 as soon as day 2, as detected using flow cytometry. We conclude chicken γδ T lymphocytes to be activated, or at least primed, in vivo, with the extract. Further experiments are required to fully understand whether their activation or priming is the result of direct and/or indirect mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Guriec
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brest, France.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacques Delarue
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brest, France.
| | - Pi Nyvall Collén
- Amadeite SAS, 56580, Bréhan, France; R&D Breizh, 56500 Moustoir Ac, France.
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Naghizadeh M, Hatamzade N, Larsen FT, Kjaerup RB, Wattrang E, Dalgaard TS. Kinetics of activation marker expression after in vitro polyclonal stimulation of chicken peripheral T cells. Cytometry A 2021; 101:45-56. [PMID: 33455046 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of T cell activation markers in chicken is lacking. Kinetics of T cell activation markers (CD25, CD28, CD5, MHC-II, CD44, and CD45) in response to in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with concanavalin A (Con A) were evaluated between two chicken lines selected for high and low levels of mannose-binding lectin in serum (L10H and L10L, respectively) by flow cytometry. L10H chickens showed a stronger response to Con A based on the frequency of T cell blasts in both the CD4+ and CD8+ compartment. The majority of the proliferating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed CD25. Proliferating T cells were seen both in the CD4+ MHC-II+/- and CD8+ MHC-II+/- population. For both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, frequencies of CD25+ and MHC-II+ T cells were increased 24 h after stimulation. CD28+ frequencies were only increased on CD8+ T cells 48 h after stimulation. An increase in the relative surface expression based on mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) upon activation was observed for most markers except CD5. For CD4+ T cells, CD28 expression increased 24 h after stimulation whereas MHC-II expression increased after 48 h. For CD8+ T cells, a tendency toward an increase in CD25 expression was observed. CD28 expression started to increase 24 h after stimulation and only a transient peak in MHC-II expression on CD8+ T cells was observed after 24 h. CD44 and CD45 expressed on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased 24-72 h after stimulation. In summary, the frequency of CD25+ and MHC-II+ T cells were shown to be early markers (24 h) for in vitro activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Frequency of CD28+ T cells was a later marker (48 h) and only for CD8+ T cells. Surface expression of all markers (MFI) increased permanently or transiently upon activation except for CD5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasim Hatamzade
- Department of Poultry Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rikke B Kjaerup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Eva Wattrang
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tina S Dalgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Hao X, Li S, Chen L, Dong M, Wang J, Hu J, Gu M, Wang X, Hu S, Peng D, Liu X, Shang S. Establishing a Multicolor Flow Cytometry to Characterize Cellular Immune Response in Chickens Following H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121396. [PMID: 33291218 PMCID: PMC7762099 DOI: 10.3390/v12121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged and has continued to re-emerge, continuously posing great threats to animal and human health. The detection of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) or virus neutralization antibodies (NA) is essential for assessing immune protection against AIV. However, the HI/NA-independent immune protection is constantly observed in vaccines’ development against H7N9 subtype AIV and other subtypes in chickens and mammals, necessitating the analysis of the cellular immune response. Here, we established a multi-parameter flow cytometry to examine the innate and adaptive cellular immune responses in chickens after intranasal infection with low pathogenicity H7N9 AIV. This assay allowed us to comprehensively define chicken macrophages, dendritic cells, and their MHC-II expression, NK cells, γδ T cells, B cells, and distinct T cell subsets in steady state and during infection. We found that NK cells and KUL01+ cells significantly increased after H7N9 infection, especially in the lung, and the KUL01+ cells upregulated MHC-II and CD11c expression. Additionally, the percentages and numbers of γδ T cells and CD8 T cells significantly increased and exhibited an activated phenotype with significant upregulation of CD25 expression in the lung but not in the spleen and blood. Furthermore, B cells showed increased in the lung but decreased in the blood and spleen in terms of the percentages or/and numbers, suggesting these cells may be recruited from the periphery after H7N9 infection. Our study firstly disclosed that H7N9 infection induced local and systemic cellular immune responses in chickens, the natural host of AIV, and that the flow cytometric assay developed in this study is useful for analyzing the cellular immune responses to AIVs and other avian infectious diseases and defining the correlates of immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Lina Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Maoli Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-514-879-914-16 (X.L.); +86-514-879-770-81 (S.S.)
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-514-879-914-16 (X.L.); +86-514-879-770-81 (S.S.)
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Yang Y, Dong M, Hao X, Qin A, Shang S. Revisiting cellular immune response to oncogenic Marek's disease virus: the rising of avian T-cell immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3103-3116. [PMID: 32080753 PMCID: PMC7391395 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly T-cell lymphomas and serves as a natural virus-induced tumor model in chickens. Although Marek's disease (MD) is well controlled by current vaccines, the evolution of MDV field viruses towards increasing virulence is concerning as a better vaccine to combat very virulent plus MDV is still lacking. Our understanding of molecular and cellular immunity to MDV and its immunopathogenesis has significantly improved, but those findings about cellular immunity to MDV are largely out-of-date, hampering the development of more effective vaccines against MD. T-cell-mediated cellular immunity was thought to be of paramount importance against MDV. However, MDV also infects macrophages, B cells and T cells, leading to immunosuppression and T-cell lymphoma. Additionally, there is limited information about how uninfected immune cells respond to MDV infection or vaccination, specifically, the mechanisms by which T cells are activated and recognize MDV antigens and how the function and properties of activated T cells correlate with immune protection against MDV or MD tumor. The current review revisits the roles of each immune cell subset and its effector mechanisms in the host immune response to MDV infection or vaccination from the point of view of comparative immunology. We particularly emphasize areas of research requiring further investigation and provide useful information for rational design and development of novel MDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Maoli Dong
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Alvarez KLF, Poma-Acevedo A, Fernández-Sánchez M, Fernández-Díaz M. An EdU-based flow cytometry assay to evaluate chicken T lymphocyte proliferation. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:230. [PMID: 32631319 PMCID: PMC7336446 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the poultry industry, quantitative analysis of chicken T cell proliferation is important in many biological applications such as drug screening, vaccine production, and cytotoxicity assessment. Several assays have been established to evaluate this immunological response in chicken cells. However, these assays have some disadvantages including use of radioactive labels ([3H]-Thymidine assay), necessity of DNA denaturation or digestion (BrdU incorporation assay), lack of sensitivity and underestimation of anti-proliferative effects (MTT assay), and modulation of activation molecules and cell viability reduction (CFSE assay). Overcoming these limitations, the EdU proliferation assay is sensitive and advantageous compared to [3H]-Thymidine radioactive labels in studies on cell proliferation in vitro and allows simultaneous identification of T cell populations. However, this assay has not been established using primary chicken cells to evaluate T cell proliferation by flow cytometry. Results Here, we established an assay to evaluate the proliferation of primary chicken splenocytes based on the incorporation of a thymidine analog (EdU) and a click reaction with a fluorescent azide, detected by a flow cytometer. We also established a protocol that combines EdU incorporation and immunostaining to detect CD4+ and CD8+ proliferating T cells. By inducing cell proliferation with increasing concentrations of a mitogen (Concanavalin A), we observed a linear increase in EdU positive cells, indicating that our protocol does not present any deficiency in the quantity and quality of reagents that were used to perform the click reaction. Conclusions In summary, we established a reliable protocol to evaluate the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ chicken T cells by flow cytometry. Moreover, as this is an in-house protocol, the cost per sample using this protocol is low, allowing its implementation in laboratories that process a large number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Lucía F Alvarez
- Research and Development Laboratories, FARVET, Carretera Panamericana Sur N°766 Km 198.5, Ica, Peru.
| | - Astrid Poma-Acevedo
- Research and Development Laboratories, FARVET, Carretera Panamericana Sur N°766 Km 198.5, Ica, Peru
| | - Manolo Fernández-Sánchez
- Research and Development Laboratories, FARVET, Carretera Panamericana Sur N°766 Km 198.5, Ica, Peru
| | - Manolo Fernández-Díaz
- Research and Development Laboratories, FARVET, Carretera Panamericana Sur N°766 Km 198.5, Ica, Peru
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Wattrang E, Jäderblom V, Jinnerot T, Eriksson H, Bagge E, Persson M, Dalgaard TS, Söderlund R. Detection and quantification of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in blood from infected chickens - addressing challenges with detection of DNA from infectious agents in host species with nucleated red blood cells. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1003-1011. [PMID: 31172912 PMCID: PMC6939158 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to establish pretreatment protocols as well as real-time and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodologies to detect and quantify Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) DNA in blood samples from infected chickens, as tools for routine diagnostics and monitoring of experimental infections. Chicken blood is a problematic matrix for PCR analysis because nucleated erythrocytes contribute large amounts of host DNA that inhibit amplification. METHODOLOGY Using artificially spiked samples of fresh chicken blood, as well as blood samples from three experimental infection studies, the performance of pretreatment protocols, including choice of blood stabilization agent, centrifugation speeds and Ficoll gradient separation, was evaluated. The results were compared with those from traditional culture-based protocols combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).Results/Key findings. Simple preparations producing cell-free samples performed well on artificial spike-in samples, providing high sensitivity. However, performance was poor in clinical samples or artificial samples where the bacteria were incubated for 4 h or more in fresh blood prior to DNA extraction. In these samples, a Ficoll separation protocol that creates samples rich in lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes prior to DNA extraction was far more effective. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ER bacteria undergo rapid phagocytosis in chicken blood and that analysis of a blood fraction enriched for phagocytic cells is necessary for reliable detection and quantification. The presented results explain the poor performance of PCR detection reported in previously published experimental ER infection studies, and the proposed solutions are likely to have broader implications for PCR-based veterinary diagnostics in non-mammalian host species such as poultry and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wattrang
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victoria Jäderblom
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jinnerot
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Eriksson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, SE-75189 National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Bagge
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, SE-75189 National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Persson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, SE-75189 National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Robert Söderlund
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Parasite-specific proliferative responses of chicken spleen cells upon in vitro stimulation with Eimeria tenella antigen. Parasitology 2018; 146:625-633. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aimed to set up methodology to monitor parasite-specific T-cell activation in vitro using Eimeria tenella-infected chickens. A sonicated E. tenella sporozoite protein preparation was used for the activation of chicken spleen cell cultures. Proliferation assessed by 3H-thymidin incorporation or blast transformation of T-cells assessed by immunofluorescence labelling and flow cytometry were used as read-outs for activation. Results showed that E. tenella-specific proliferation was detected in cultures of spleen cells collected in a ‘window’ between 8 and 14 days after primary infection. However, due to high variation in proliferative responses between individuals and to high background proliferation, large numbers of observations were needed to obtain significant results. Moreover, the outcome was not improved by increasing the infection dose to chickens or by depletion of T-cell receptor (TCR) γ/δ expressing cells from cultures. An E. tenella-specific blast transformation response was observed for TCRα/β expressing cells within the same ‘window’, confirming the identity of the responding cells as classic T-cells. Thus, it is possible to study the kinetics of E. tenella-specific T-cell responses in vitro. However, more in-depth phenotypic identification of the responding T-cells could improve the methodology.
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Alteration of Mevalonate Pathway in Rat Splenic Lymphocytes: Possible Role in Cytokines Secretion Regulated by L-Theanine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1497097. [PMID: 29568741 PMCID: PMC5820649 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1497097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
L-Theanine is a nonprotein amino acid in tea, and its immunomodulatory function has been confirmed. This study aimed to investigate the effect of L-theanine addition on cytokines secretion in rat splenic lymphocytes and explore its potential immunomodulatory effects on the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway. Our results showed that L-theanine treatment did not influence the proliferation and division indexes of the splenic lymphocytes subsets. Interestingly, L-theanine treatment had regulated the contents of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α (P < 0.001) except IL-6 and upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of Ras-related protein Rap-1A (Rap1A), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPs) (P < 0.001). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between Rap1A and HMGCR proteins expression and IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-6 levels. In conclusion, L-theanine regulated the secretion of cytokines probably by activating expression of Rap1A and HMGCR proteins involved in the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway in rat splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, L-theanine might be a promising potential drug candidate as immunopotentiator.
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Gates KV, Griffiths LG. Chronic graft-specific cell-mediated immune response toward candidate xenogeneic biomaterial. Immunol Res 2018; 66:288-298. [PMID: 29446013 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-8985-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite rabbits becoming an increasingly popular animal model, a flow cytometry panel that combines T cell markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, FOXP3) with a method for monitoring proliferation is lacking in this species. It has been shown that the rabbit model can be used to identify xenoantigens within bovine pericardium (BP), a common biological heart valve replacement material; however, these methods rely on monitoring the humoral immune response. The development of a rabbit T cell proliferation assay has utility in monitoring graft-specific cell-mediated immune responses toward bovine pericardium. Isolation and culture conditions were optimized to avoid cell death, red blood cell contamination, and non-specific proliferation. Effect of cell culture and stimulation on distribution and intensity of T cell markers was analyzed and compared between cells isolated from naïve and BP-immunized rabbits. Submaximal levels (0.25 μg/mL) of concavalin A were used to stimulate proliferation toward BP extract, with resultant proliferation compared between naïve and BP-immunized rabbits. Density stratification followed by ammonium potassium chloride (ACK) lysis yielded the greatest number of viable peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the least amount of erythrocyte contamination. Flat-bottomed plates were necessary to reduce non-specific proliferation in culture. T cells responded appropriately to maximal mitogenic stimulation (5 μg/mL concavalin A). Interestingly, immunization increased the intensity of FOXP3 in T regulatory cells compared to cells from naïve animals. With addition of submaximal levels of concavalin A, T cells from immunized rabbits proliferated in response to BP protein extract, while cells from naïve rabbits did not. In immunized rabbits, not only did more CD4+ T cells proliferate in response to BP re-stimulation, but the intensity of CD25 was increased indicating cell activation. This research provides a functional cell-mediated screening assay for assessment of BP-based biomaterials in rabbits, overcoming the limitations of previous humoral immune system-based assessments of biomaterial antigenicity in this important experimental animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine V Gates
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Stabile 4-58, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Stabile 4-58, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Quantification and phenotypic characterisation of peripheral IFN-γ producing leucocytes in chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 193-194:18-28. [PMID: 29129224 PMCID: PMC5697524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
An avian ICS assay for detection of chIFN-γ was established. Commercially available chIFN-γ antibodies were evaluated using tranfected CHO cells. Functional T cell responses were addressed in NDV vaccination study. Circulating T cells producing IFN-γ were quantified and phenotyped by flow cytometry.
The aim of this study was to optimise and evaluate an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assay for assessment of T cell IFN-γ responses in chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND). We aimed to validate currently available antibodies to chicken IFN-γ using transfected CHO cells. Moreover, this ICS assay was evaluated for use to detect mitogen and antigen induced IFN-γ production in chicken peripheral blood leucocytes. Chickens from an inbred white leghorn line containing two MHC haplotypes, B19 and B21, were divided into three experimental groups; one group was kept as naive controls, one group was vaccinated intramuscularly twice with a commercial inactivated ND virus (NDV) vaccine, and the last group was vaccinated orally twice with a commercial live attenuated NDV vaccine. PBMC were ex vivo stimulated with ConA or with NDV antigen. The ICS assay was used to determine the phenotype and frequency of IFN-γ positive cells. ConA stimulation induced extensive IFN-γ production in both CD3+TCRγδ+ (γδ T cells) cells and CD3+TCRγδ− cells (αβ T cells), but no significant differences were observed between the experimental groups. Furthermore, a large proportion of the IFN-γ producing cells were CD3− indicating that other cells than classic T cells, secreted this cytokine. NDV antigen stimulation induced IFN-γ production but to a lower extent than ConA and with a large variation between individuals. The CD3+TCR1γδ−CD8α+ (CTL) population produced the highest NDV specific IFN-γ responses, with significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ producing cells in the B19 chickens vaccinated orally with live attenuated NDV vaccine. This was not the case in the B21 animals, indicating a haplotype restricted variation. In contrast, the CD3+TCR1γδ−CD4+ (Th) population did not show a significant increase in IFN-γ production in NDV stimulated samples which was in part due to a high number of IFN-γ producing cells after incubation with medium alone. In conclusion, an ICS assay for phenotyping of IFN-γ producing chicken leukocytes was set up that proved useful in identifying cytokine producing cells upon either mitogen or antigen-specific stimulation.
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Kjærup RB, Juul-Madsen HR, Norup LR, Sørensen P, Dalgaard TS. Comparison of growth performance and immune parameters of three commercial chicken lines used in organic production. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 187:69-79. [PMID: 28494932 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the higher demands for avoiding medication and antibiotics, health status of the production animals plays an important role in the poultry industry, especially in organic poultry systems. Immunity plays a major role in keeping the host free from disease, and it is evident that the host's genetic make-up influences immunity and disease resistance/susceptibility in chickens. Previously, breeding strategies aimed at selection for resistance against specific diseases with the risk of creating less disease resistance against other pathogens. Changing breeding strategies towards selection of chickens with a more general and broad disease resistance or robustness may therefore improve the overall health status, animal welfare, and food security in the poultry production. The aim of this study was therefore to compare the immunocompetence of the presumed "robust" Hellevad chickens with two chicken lines widely used in organic production, Bovans Brown (Bovans) and Hisex White (Hisex). The chickens were subjected to a routine vaccination program comprising one parasite and four viral vaccines. The current study indicates that considerable differences in immunocompetence may exist between commercial layer lines used in organic production. The Hellevad chickens were found to have higher body weight at the end of the experiment (17 weeks of age) than the other two lines. Furthermore, Hellevad and Hisex chickens were found to have higher levels of humoral innate immunity with regard to sample to positive ratio of natural antibodies in serum and concentration of mannose-binding lectin in serum as compared to Bovans. Moreover, indications of an inflammatory response were observed in the Bovans at week 5, corresponding to 1 week after vaccination with live infectious bursal disease virus. With regard to adaptive immune parameters such as IgY concentration in blood and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)-specific antibody titres, the Hellevad and Hisex chickens had lower levels than the Bovans. How the differences observed in growth and immune parameters in the three chicken lines influence the immune protection against infection needs to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Kjærup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - H R Juul-Madsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L R Norup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - T S Dalgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Abstract
Live attenuated viral vaccines are widely used in commercial poultry production, but the development of new effective inactivated/subunit vaccines is needed. Studies of avian antigen-specific T cells are primarily based on analyses ex vivo after activating the cells with recall antigen. There is a particular interest in developing robust high-throughput assays as chicken vaccine trials usually comprise many individuals. In many respects, the avian immune system differs from the mammalian, and T cell assessment protocols must be adjusted accordingly to account for, e.g., differences in leukocyte subsets.The carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) method described in this chapter has been adapted to chicken cells. In this test, cells of interest are stained with CFSE. The succinimidyl ester group covalently binds to cellular amines forming fluorescent conjugates that are retained in the cells even throughout division. This leads to daughter cells containing half the fluorescence of their parents. When lymphocytes are loaded with CFSE prior to ex vivo stimulation with specific antigen, the measurement of serial halving of its fluorescence by flow cytometry identifies the cells responding to the stimulation. This method has been successfully applied to studies of chicken antigen-specific T cells.
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Melgaço JG, Soriani FM, Sucupira PHF, Pinheiro LA, Vieira YR, de Oliveira JM, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Araújo CCV, Pacheco-Moreira LF, Menezes GB, Cruz OG, Vitral CL, Pinto MA. Changes in cellular proliferation and plasma products are associated with liver failure. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1370-1383. [PMID: 27917263 PMCID: PMC5114473 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i32.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the differences in immune response and cytokine profile between acute liver failure and self-limited acute hepatitis.
METHODS Forty-six patients with self-limited acute hepatitis (AH), sixteen patients with acute liver failure (ALF), and twenty-two healthy subjects were involved in this study. The inflammatory and anti-inflammatory products in plasma samples were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunoassays and quantitative real-time PCR. The cellular immune responses were measured by proliferation assay using flow cytometry. The groups were divided into viral- and non-viral-induced self-limited AH and ALF. Thus, we worked with five groups: Hepatitis A virus (HAV)-induced self-limited acute hepatitis (HAV-AH), HAV-induced ALF (HAV-ALF), non-viral-induced self-limited acute hepatitis (non-viral AH), non-viral-induced acute liver failure (non-viral ALF), and healthy subjects (HC). Comparisons among HAV and non-viral-induced AH and ALF were performed.
RESULTS The levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the cytokines investigated [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor] were significantly increased in ALF patients, independently of etiology (P < 0.05). High plasma mtDNA and IL-10 were the best markers associated with ALF [mtDNA: OR = 320.5 (95%CI: 14.42-7123.33), P < 0.0001; and IL-10: OR = 18.8 (95%CI: 1.38-257.94), P = 0.028] and death [mtDNA: OR = 12.1 (95%CI: 2.57-57.07), P = 0.002; and IL-10: OR = 8.01 (95%CI: 1.26-50.97), P = 0.027]. In the cellular proliferation assay, NKbright, NKT and regulatory T cells (TReg) predominated in virus-specific stimulation in HAV-induced ALF patients with an anergic behavior in the cellular response to mitotic stimulation. Therefore, in non-viral-induced ALF, anergic behavior of activated T cells was not observed after mitotic stimulation, as expected and as described by the literature.
CONCLUSION mtDNA and IL-10 may be predictors of ALF and death. TReg cells are involved in immunological disturbance in HAV-induced ALF.
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Olbert M, Römer-Oberdörfer A, Herden C, Malberg S, Runge S, Staeheli P, Rubbenstroth D. Viral vector vaccines expressing nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein genes of avian bornaviruses ameliorate homologous challenge infections in cockatiels and common canaries. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36840. [PMID: 27830736 PMCID: PMC5103271 DOI: 10.1038/srep36840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian bornaviruses are causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), an often fatal disease of parrots and related species (order Psittaciformes) which is widely distributed in captive psittacine populations and may affect endangered species. Here, we established a vaccination strategy employing two different well described viral vectors, namely recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) that were engineered to express the phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein genes of two avian bornaviruses, parrot bornavirus 4 (PaBV-4) and canary bornavirus 2 (CnBV-2). When combined in a heterologous prime/boost vaccination regime, NDV and MVA vaccine viruses established self-limiting infections and induced a bornavirus-specific humoral immune response in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and common canaries (Serinus canaria forma domestica). After challenge infection with a homologous bornavirus, shedding of bornavirus RNA and viral loads in tissue samples were significantly reduced in immunized birds, indicating that vaccination markedly delayed the course of infection. However, cockatiels still developed signs of PDD if the vaccine failed to prevent viral persistence. Our work demonstrates that avian bornavirus infections can be repressed by vaccine-induced immunity. It represents a first crucial step towards a protective vaccination strategy to combat PDD in psittacine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Olbert
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angela Römer-Oberdörfer
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald – Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University Justus Liebig Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 96, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sara Malberg
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, University Justus Liebig Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 96, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Solveig Runge
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute for Virology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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A single dose of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine promotes HAV-specific memory cellular response similar to that induced by a natural infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:3813-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Awad F, Forrester A, Baylis M, Lemiere S, Jones R, Ganapathy K. Immune responses and interactions following simultaneous application of live Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and avian metapneumovirus vaccines in specific-pathogen-free chicks. Res Vet Sci 2014; 98:127-33. [PMID: 25482324 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between live Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines following simultaneous vaccination of day old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks were evaluated. The chicks were divided into eight groups: seven vaccinated against NDV, aMPV and IBV (single, dual or triple) and one unvaccinated as control. Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) NDV antibody titres were similar across all groups but were above protective titres. aMPV vaccine when given with other live vaccines suppressed levels of aMPV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies. Cellular and local immunity induced by administration of NDV, aMPV or IBV vaccines (individually or together) showed significant increase in CD4+, CD8+ and IgA bearing B-cells in the trachea compared to the unvaccinated group. Differences between the vaccinated groups were insignificant. Simultaneous vaccination with live NDV, aMPV and IBV did not affect the protection conferred against aMPV or IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faez Awad
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK; University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Bayda, Libya
| | - Anne Forrester
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Stephane Lemiere
- Merial S.A.S., 29 avenue Tony Garnier, 69348 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Richard Jones
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Kannan Ganapathy
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK.
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An infected chicken kidney cell co-culture ELISpot for enhanced detection of T cell responses to avian influenza and vaccination. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:40-8. [PMID: 25450002 PMCID: PMC4334094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the immune responses of chickens to the influenza virus is essential for the development of new strategies of vaccination and control. We have developed a method incorporating infected chicken kidney cells (CKC) in culture with splenocytes in an IFNγ ELISpot assay to enumerate ex vivo responses against influenza virus antigens. Splenocytes from birds challenged with influenza showed specific responses to the influenza virus, with responding cells being mainly CD8 positive. The utility of the assay was also demonstrated in the detection of an antigen specific enhancement of IFNγ producing cells from birds vaccinated with recombinant Fowlpox vectored influenza nucleoprotein and matrix protein. Chickens infected with avian influenza developed IFNγ responses. The use of infected CKC in ELISpot overcomes limitations at detection of responses. This methods allows the quantification of influenza specific CD8 T cells. The use of recombinant virus to infect CKC can further define antigen specificity.
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Yin G, Qin M, Liu X, Suo J, Tang X, Tao G, Han Q, Suo X, Wu W. An Eimeria vaccine candidate based on Eimeria tenella immune mapped protein 1 and the TLR-5 agonist Salmonella typhimurium FliC flagellin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:437-42. [PMID: 24076159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune mapped protein-1 (IMP1) is a new protective protein in apicomplexan parasites, and exits in Eimeria tenella. But its structure and immunogenicity in E. tenella are still unknown. In this study, IMPI in E. tenella was predicted to be a membrane protein. To evaluate immunogenicity of IMPI in E. tenella, a chimeric subunit vaccine consisting of E. tenella IMP1 (EtIMP1) and a molecular adjuvant (a truncated flagellin, FliC) was constructed and over-expressed in Escherichia coli and its efficacy against E. tenella infection was evaluated. Three-week-old AA broiler chickens were vaccinated with the recombinant EtIMP1-truncated FliC without adjuvant or EtIMP1 with Freund's Complete Adjuvant. Immunization of chickens with the recombinant EtIMP1-truncated FliC fusion protein resulted in stronger cellular immune responses than immunization with only recombinant EtIMP1 with adjuvant. The clinical effect of the EtIMP1-truncated FliC without adjuvant was also greater than that of the EtIMP1 with adjuvant, which was evidenced by the differences between the two groups in body weight gain, oocyst output and caecal lesions of E. tenella-challenged chickens. The results suggested that the EtIMP1-flagellin fusion protein can be used as an effective immunogen in the development of subunit vaccines against Eimeria infection. This is the first demonstration of antigen-specific protective immunity against avian coccidiosis using a recombinant flagellin as an apicomplexan parasite vaccine adjuvant in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Yin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Yin G, Qin M, Liu X, Suo J, Suo X. Interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay as a tool to study T cell responses to Eimeria tenella infection in chickens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1758-63. [PMID: 23776262 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay is a sensitive and easy-to-use tool to quantify the number of interferon (IFN)-γ-producing cells and offers a viable alternative for the quantitative measurement of T cell functions in chickens. To study the development of cell-mediated immunity in Eimeria-infected chickens, we measured the number of IFN-γ-producing cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by ELISPOT after 3 oral inoculations of Eimeria tenella oocysts at 2-wk intervals. We found that the number of IFN-γ-producing cells was significantly increased at 2 wk after the primary infection compared with the control group. The IFN-γ-producing cells were further increased after repeated infections, and there was a statistically significant increase in the number of IFN-γ-producing cells after the third infection than after the first infection. Our results indicated that the ELISPOT assay can be used to quantitatively measure antigen-specific T cell responses to coccidia or other avian pathogens.
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Lewis CA, Cristol DA, Swaddle JP, Varian-Ramos CW, Zwollo P. Decreased immune response in zebra finches exposed to sublethal doses of mercury. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:327-336. [PMID: 23229191 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous contaminant with deleterious effects on many wildlife species. Most studies to date have focused on fish-eating birds and mammals because much historical Hg pollution is aquatic. Recently, however, comparable blood-Hg levels have been found in terrestrial insectivorous songbirds. As a result, research is needed to clarify the effects of Hg exposure on songbirds. One fundamental end point that is still poorly understood is the effect of Hg on the songbird immune system. If Hg affects the functioning of the immune system, exposed songbirds may be less able to mount an appropriate immune response against invading pathogens. To gain insight into how Hg affects songbird immune function on a cellular level, a flow cytometric assay was developed to measure lipopolysaccharide-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). This is the first experimental (dosing) study of the potential effect of Hg on songbird immune system functioning. Decreased B cell proliferation was observed after lipopolysaccharide exposure in individuals with greater concentrations of Hg in their blood and tissues. In addition, these individuals had decreased ratios of proliferating-to-resting B cells. This decrease in lymphocyte proliferation in response to an effective mitogen suggests that environmental exposure to sublethal levels of Hg may inhibit or delay B cell proliferation in songbirds, potentially increasing susceptibility to disease and decreasing survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Lewis
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Institute for Integrative Bird Behavior Studies, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
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Yan GR, Xu SH, Tan ZL, Yin XF, He QY. Proteomics characterization of gastrokine 1-induced growth inhibition of gastric cancer cells. Proteomics 2011; 11:3657-64. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rue CA, Susta L, Cornax I, Brown CC, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, King DJ, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Virulent Newcastle disease virus elicits a strong innate immune response in chickens. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:931-9. [PMID: 21177922 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.025486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. There is limited knowledge about the avian immune response to infection with virulent NDVs, and how this response may contribute to disease. In this study, pathogenesis and the transcriptional host response of chickens to a virulent NDV strain that rapidly causes 100% mortality was characterized. Using microarrays, a strong transcriptional host response was observed in spleens at early times after infection with the induction of groups of genes involved in innate antiviral and pro-inflammatory responses. There were multiple genes induced at 48 h post-infection including: type I and II interferons (IFNs), several cytokines and chemokines, IFN effectors and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The increased transcription of nitric oxide synthase was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for iNOS in spleens and measured levels of nitric oxide in serum. In vitro experiments showed strong induction of the key host response genes, alpha IFN, beta interferon, and interleukin 1β and interleukin 6, in splenic leukocytes at 6 h post-infection in comparison to a non-virulent NDV. The robust host response to virulent NDV, in conjunction with severe pathological damage observed, is somewhat surprising considering that all NDV encode a gene, V, which functions as a suppressor of class I IFNs. Taken together, these results suggest that the host response itself may contribute to the pathogenesis of this highly virulent strain in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Rue
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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