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Smołucha G, Steg A, Oczkowicz M. The Role of Vitamins in Mitigating the Effects of Various Stress Factors in Pigs Breeding. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1218. [PMID: 38672365 PMCID: PMC11047633 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Good practices in farm animal care are crucial for upholding animal well-being, efficiency, and health. Pigs, like other farm animals, are exposed to various stressors, including environmental, nutritional, chemical, psychological, physiological, and metabolic stressors, which can disrupt their internal balance and compromise their well-being. Oxidative stress can adversely affect animal performance, fertility, and immunity, leading to economic losses for farmers. Dietary considerations are hugely important in attaining these objectives. This paper reviews studies investigating the impact of additional vitamin supplementation on stress reduction in pigs. Vitamin A can be beneficial in counteracting viral and parasitic threats. Vitamin B can be a potential solution for reproductive issues, but it might also be beneficial in reducing the effects of inappropriate nutrition. Vitamin C plays a vital role in reducing the effects of heat stress or exposure to toxins in pigs. Vitamin D proves to be beneficial in addressing stress induced mostly by infections and weaning, while vitamin E has been shown to mitigate the effects of toxins, heat stress, or transport stress. This review highlights the potential benefits of these dietary antioxidants in maintaining pig health, enhancing productivity, and counteracting the adverse effects of various stressors. Understanding the role of vitamins in pig nutrition and stress management is vital for optimising farm animal welfare and production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Smołucha
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, ul. Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland; (A.S.); (M.O.)
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Hasan M, Oster M, Reyer H, Wimmers K, Fischer DC. Efficacy of dietary vitamin D 3 and 25(OH)D 3 on reproductive capacities, growth performance, immunity and bone development in pigs. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1298-1307. [PMID: 36847163 PMCID: PMC10511684 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (Vit D3) and 25(OH)D3 are used as dietary sources of active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D3) in pig husbandry. Although acting primarily on intestine, kidney and bone, their use in pig nutrition has shown a wide range of effects also in peripheral tissues. However, there is an ambiguity in the existing literature about whether the effects of Vit D3 and 25(OH)D3 differ in attributing the molecular and phenotypic outcomes in pigs. We searched Web of Science and PubMed databases concerning the efficacy of Vit D3 in comparison with 25(OH)D3 on pig physiology, i.e. reproductive capacities, growth performance, immunity and bone development. Dietary intake of Vit D3 or 25(OH)D3 did not influence the reproductive capacity of sows. Unlike Vit D3, the maternal intake of 25(OH)D3 significantly improved the growth performance of piglets, which might be attributed to maternally induced micronutrient efficiency. Consequently, even in the absence of maternal vitamin D supplementation, 25(OH)D3-fed offspring also demonstrated better growth than the offspring received Vit D3. Moreover, a similar superior impact of 25(OH)D3 was seen with respect to serum markers of innate and humoral immunity. Last but not least, supplements containing 25(OH)D3 were found to be more effective than Vit D3 to improve bone mineralisation and formation, especially in pigs receiving basal diets low in Ca and phosphorus. The insights are of particular value in determining the principal dietary source of vitamin D to achieve its optimum utilisation efficiency, nutritional benefits and therapeutic potency and to further improve animal welfare across different management types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruf Hasan
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196Dummerstorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Hospital, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Oster
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, University of Rostock, 18059Rostock, Germany
| | - Dagmar-Christiane Fischer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Hospital, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057Rostock, Germany
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Álvarez-Delgado C, Ruedas-Torres I, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Priego-Capote F, Castillo-Peinado L, Galán-Relaño Á, Moreno PJ, Díaz-Bueno E, Lozano-Buenestado B, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Carrasco L, Pallarés FJ, Gómez-Laguna J. Impact of supplementation with dihydroxylated vitamin D 3 on performance parameters and gut health in weaned Iberian piglets under indoor/outdoor conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:15. [PMID: 37316951 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D may improve innate antimicrobial response and the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier representing an alternative to antibiotics for improving pig health. Therefore, benefits of dietary supplementation with a product based on vitamin D3 metabolite-rich plant extracts were assessed in 252 purebred Iberian piglets for a period of 60 days. The study group received 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) (100 ppm) in the conventional feed, which already included vitamin D (2000 IU in the starter and 1000 IU in the adaptation diets, respectively). Average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and coefficient of variation of body weight (CV-BW) were assessed along the study. Blood samples, from 18 animals of the study group and 14 animals of the control group, were collected at selected time points to determine white blood cell count, concentration of vitamin D3 and its metabolites, and IgA and IgG in serum. Histopathology, morphometry, and immunohistochemistry (IgA and FoxP3) from small intestine samples were performed on days 30 and 60 of the study from 3 animals per group and time point. RESULTS The ADG (493 vs 444 g/day) and FCR (2.3 vs 3.02) showed an improved performance in the supplemented animals. Moreover, the lower CV-BW indicated a greater homogeneity in the treated batches (13.17 vs 26.23%). Furthermore, a mild increase of IgA and in the number of regulatory T cells in the small intestine were observed in treated pigs. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the benefits of this supplementation and encourage to develop further studies along other production stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Álvarez-Delgado
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - José M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Feliciano Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nanochemistry University Institute (IUNAN), Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Castillo-Peinado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nanochemistry University Institute (IUNAN), Faculty of Sciences, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángela Galán-Relaño
- Department of Animal Health, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Cordoba, Spain
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Madsen PA, Etheve S, Heegaard PMH, Skovgaard K, Mary AL, Litta G, Lauridsen C. Influence of vitamin D metabolites on vitamin D status, immunity and gut health of piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 257:110557. [PMID: 36709572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immediately post-weaning, piglets are prone to gastrointestinal infectious diseases. The active metabolite of vitamin D 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D has direct impact on immune cell function and responses. Thus, a low vitamin D status may compromise the immune responses during infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of different forms of vitamin D (25-OH-D3 and vitamin D3) to suckling piglets' vitamin D status at weaning. In addition, to determine whether the vitamin D status could affect the immune development in piglets and their robustness against E. coli challenge. Genetically E. coli F4 susceptible litters of piglets were divided into two treatment groups: group 1 (n = 16) provided milk formula supplemented with vitamin D3 (CON), and group 2 (n = 16) provided milk formula supplemented with 25-OH-D3 (TREAT). Piglets were offered the experimental milk formulas from day 3 after farrowing until weaning (at day 28 of age). A commercial weaner diet with high protein content were provided to induce weaning stress. Milk formulas, sow and weaner diets as well as plasma and milk samples obtained from sows (n = 8) were analysed for vitamin D metabolites. Vitamin D status in piglets was investigated by collection of plasma samples on day 3, 15, 28 and 35 of age. Eight piglets randomly selected from each dietary group (in total 16 pigs) were inoculated with E. coli F4 O149 on day 2 and 3 post-weaning. Blood samples collected on day 2 and 9 post-weaning (pre- and post E. coli inoculation, respectively) were analysed for haematological and immunological parameters including immunoglobulins, antibodies specific to E. coli O149 K88, cytokines and C-reactive protein. In addition, intestinal samples were obtained one week after E. coli inoculation to study the influence of infection and vitamin D status on immune responses at different sites of the intestine. This was accomplished by gene expression of various cytokines and tight junction proteins. In general, vitamin D status of the piglets were low. However, piglets provided TREAT during the suckling period had increased vitamin D status at weaning compared to piglets provided CON. Vitamin D was used during activation of the immune system as pigs inoculated with E. coli had lower plasma concentrations of 25-OH-D3 than non-inoculated pigs possibly due to mobilising of vitamin D in the liver. Hence, increased vitamin D status at weaning might improve piglets' resistance to E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille A Madsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Stephane Etheve
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne-Lise Mary
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Litta
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Lauridsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, AU Viborg - Research Centre Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Lessard M, Talbot G, Bergeron N, Lo Verso L, Morissette B, Yergeau É, Matte JJ, Bissonnette N, Blais M, Gong J, Wang Q, Quessy S, Guay F. Weaning diet supplemented with health-promoting feed additives influences microbiota and immune response in piglets challenged with Salmonella. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 255:110533. [PMID: 36563567 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of micronutrients and feed additives to modulate intestinal microbiota and systemic and mucosal immune responses in weaned pigs infected with Salmonella. At weaning, 32 litters of 12 piglets each were allocated to four dietary treatments: 1) control diet (CTRL), 2) CTRL supplemented with chlortetracycline (ATB), 3) CTRL supplemented with a cocktail of feed additives (CKTL); and 4) CKTL diet containing bovine colostrum in replacement of spray-dry animal plasma (CKTL+COL). The CKTL supplement included cranberry extract, encapsulated carvacrol and yeast-derived products and an enriched selenium and vitamin premix. Three weeks after weaning, four pigs per litter were orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Half of them were euthanized 3 days post-infection (dpi) and the other half, 7 dpi. The expression of IL6, TNF, IL8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), IFNG, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) and β-defensin 2 (DEFB2) showed a peaked response at 3 dpi (P < 0.05). Results also revealed that DEFB2 expression was higher at 3 dpi in CTRL and CKTL groups than in ATB (P = 0.01 and 0.06, respectively) while GPX2 gene was markedly increased at 3 and 7 dpi in pigs fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet compared to CTRL pigs (P < 0.05). In piglets fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet, intestinal changes in microbial communities were less pronounced after exposure to Salmonella compared to CTRL and progressed faster toward the status before Salmonella challenge (AMOVA P < 0.01). Furthermore, the relative abundance of several families was either up- or down-regulated in pigs fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet after Salmonella challenge. In conclusion, weaning diet enriched with bovine colostrum, vitamins and mixture of feed additives mitigated the influence of Salmonella infection on intestinal microbial populations and modulate systemic and intestinal immune defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lessard
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Département de sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Guylaine Talbot
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada.
| | - Nadia Bergeron
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Luca Lo Verso
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Département de sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Bruno Morissette
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Étienne Yergeau
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques J Matte
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Mylène Blais
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada; Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Qi Wang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Sylvain Quessy
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FMV), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Département de sciences animales, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Sandoval JL, Ventura DE, Fiallos OB, Anderson BL, Sparks JC, Starkey JD, Starkey CW. Efficacy and safety of a novel source of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac260. [PMID: 35961010 PMCID: PMC9512100 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of supplementation of increasing concentrations of a novel, bacterial fermentation-derived vitamin D source on growth performance and tissue deposition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) in growing swine. Dietary treatments were as follows: commercial control with vitamin D3 (CON) at NRC recommended concentrations and three diets composed of CON + increasing inclusions (25, 50, and 250 µg/kg equivalent) of 25OHD3 from a novel source (CON + 25; CON + 50; and CON + 250, respectively). Pigs (n = 144) were assigned to 24 pens which were allotted to one of the four dietary treatments and fed for 42 d. Blood samples were collected for 25OHD3 concentration determination and individual body weights (BW) were measured on experimental day 0, 39, and 63. On day 42, tissues from 48 pigs (12 pigs per dietary treatment) were analyzed for 25OHD3 concentration. No differences were observed in growth performance. Day 39 serum 25OHD3 concentrations were greatest in CON + 250-fed pigs and linearly decreased as dietary 25OHD3 inclusion decreased (P < 0.0001). On day 42, tissue 25OHD3 concentrations increased linearly as 25OHD3 increased in the diet (P < 0.0001). On day 63, 21 d after dietary 25OHD3 withdrawal, serum 25OHD3 concentrations of all 25OHD3-fed pigs decreased to that of or within 2.76 ± 0.89 ng/mL of CON-fed pigs which demonstrates that feeding 250 µg/kg 25OHD3 is well tolerated by growing pigs and will clear the body within 21 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Sandoval
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Diego E Ventura
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Orlando B Fiallos
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | - J Chris Sparks
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jessica D Starkey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Charles W Starkey
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Lütke-Dörhoff M, Schulz J, Westendarp H, Visscher C, Wilkens MR. Dietary supplementation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol as an alternative to cholecalciferol in swine diets: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1288-1305. [PMID: 36045590 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3 ) formed via hepatic hydroxylation from vitamin D, cholecalciferol, represents the precursor of the biologically active vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Due to a higher absorption rate and the omission of one hydroxylation, dietary supplementation of 25-OHD3 instead of vitamin D3 is considered to be more efficient as plasma concentrations of 25-OHD3 are increased more pronounced. The present review summarises studies investigating potential beneficial effects on mineral homeostasis, bone metabolism, health status and performance in sows, piglets and fattening pigs. Results are inconsistent. While most studies could not demonstrate any or only a slight impact of partial or total replacement of vitamin D3 by 25-OHD3 , some experiments indicated that 25-OHD3 might alter physiological processes when animals are challenged, for example, by a restricted mineral supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lütke-Dörhoff
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.,Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jochen Schulz
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Mirja R Wilkens
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Effects of feeding different doses of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on the growth performance, blood minerals, antioxidant status and immunoglobulin of preweaning calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Xu H, Wang L, Zhang Q, Jiang X, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on growth performance, fecal scores, vitamin D3 metabolites, antioxidant status, and inflammatory and stress-related parameters in weaning calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) has been reported to play multiple and significant roles in improving pig health via modulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, skeletal muscle development and the immune system. Apart from food, photochemical action of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin is the main source of this molecule for pigs. The VD from dietary intake or photosynthesized via skin can be absorbed into the liver for hydroxylation, and further hydroxylated into the hormone form of VD (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3) in the kidney. As a sterol hormone, 1,25(OH)2D3 is able to bind with the VD receptor (VDR), and this ligand-receptor complex (VDR/retinoic X receptor) translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to regulate gene expression, thus modulating metabolism. In this review, we summarized the recent studies regarding the non-skeletal health benefits of VD for pigs, and focused on the recent advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of VD that affects the immune system and reproductive health. This review provides a reference for future research and application of VD in pigs.
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12
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Bittker SS. Elevated Levels of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Plasma as a Missing Risk Factor for Celiac Disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1-15. [PMID: 32021373 PMCID: PMC6956711 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s222353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of celiac disease (CD) has increased significantly in some developed countries in recent decades. Potential risk factors that have been considered in the literature do not appear to provide a convincing explanation for this increase. This has led some researchers to hypothesize that there is a "missing environmental factor" that increases the risk of CD. Based on evidence from the literature, the author proposes that elevation in plasma levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] is a missing risk factor for CD, and relatedly that significant oral vitamin D exposure is a "missing environmental factor" for CD. First, elevated plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D are common in CD, especially in the newly diagnosed. Second, nine distinct conditions that increase plasma levels of 1,25(OH)2D are either associated with CD or have indications of such an association in the literature. Third, a retrospective study shows that sustained oral vitamin D supplementation in infancy is associated with increased CD risk, and other studies on comorbid conditions support this association. Fourth, large doses of oral vitamin D upregulate many of the same cytokines, chemokines, and toll-like receptors that are upregulated in CD. Fifth, epidemiological evidence, such as the timing of the inception of a CD "epidemic" in Sweden, the increased prevalence of CD in Finland and the United States in recent decades, the unusually low prevalence of CD in Germany, and the differential in prevalence between Finnish Karelians and Russian Karelians, may all be explained by oral vitamin D exposure increasing CD risk. The same is true of some seemingly contradictory results in the literature on the effects of breastfeeding on CD risk. If future research validates this hypothesis, adjustments to oral vitamin D consumption among those who have genetic susceptibility may decrease the risk of CD in these individuals.
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Abstract
With still limited information on vitamin requirements and considering that many commercial practices adopt dietary vitamin levels above the values suggested by nutritional tables, this study aimed to assess the effect of administering vitamin supplementation to sows in gestation and lactation and to their litters on the reproductive performance and body condition of the sows and on the performance and immune profile of the litters until slaughter. The trial was split into two phases. The first phase used 104 sows, assigned to be randomized to blocks according to parity, submitted until 21 days of lactation to two treatments: control-standard (standard levels of vitamins) and test-elevated (elevated levels of vitamins). Each sow and its respective farrow were considered an experimental unit. The sows underwent evaluations of body condition score, back fat thickness and reproductive performance. In the second phase, 60 barrows and 60 gilts at 21 days of age and mean initial weight of 5.33 ± 1.5 kg until slaughter at 164 days of age. The piglets were assigned to randomized blocks according to the weight and sex of the animals in a 2 × 2 factorial model, with 10 replicates per treatment, where a pen with three animals represented the experimental unit. Following the same treatments of the first phase, the piglets were evaluated for daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion, mortality rate and humoral immune response. Vitamin supplementation had no positive effects on the reproductive parameters or body composition of sows. However, it positively impacted the performance of the litters in the early nursery stage, but did not lead to superior effects on the immune responses to vaccination against circovirus or mycoplasma.
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Brett NR, Lavery P, Agellon S, Vanstone CA, Goruk S, Field CJ, Weiler HA. Vitamin D Status and Immune Health Outcomes in a Cross-Sectional Study and a Randomized Trial of Healthy Young Children. Nutrients 2018; 10:E680. [PMID: 29861487 PMCID: PMC6024793 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In young children, the relationship between vitamin D and biomarkers of immune function is not well elucidated. The objective was to investigate relationships between vitamin D and immune function in young children. Data were from a cross-sectional study (study 1) of healthy children 1.8⁻5.9 years (n = 457) and a 12 weeks trial using vitamin D fortified foods (study 2) in healthy 1.8⁻8.7 years old (n = 77) in Montreal, Canada. Vitamin D status and ex vivo immune function were assessed. In study 1 (male: n = 242; 53%), plasma IL-6, TNFα and CRP were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in children with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) ≥ 75 nmol/L compared to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Brett
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Paula Lavery
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Sherry Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Catherine A Vanstone
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Susan Goruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-126a Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-126a Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Yue Y, Hymøller L, Jensen SK, Lauridsen C. Effect of vitamin D treatments on plasma metabolism and immune parameters of healthy dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:205-220. [PMID: 29561174 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1448564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effect of vitamin D repletion on certain immune parameters of vitamin D insufficient dairy cows. Twenty dairy cows in late lactation were treated daily with vitamin D in five different ways: sunlight exposure (SUN), D2 supplementation combined with sunlight exposure (D2SUN), D2 supplementation (D2), D3 supplementation (D3), and D2 and D3 supplementation combined (D2D3). The cows had very low vitamin D levels at d 0 because of the vitamin D deprivation before the study. After 1 month of vitamin D repletion, all cows had plasma 25(OH)D levels within the normal range. Total 25(OH)D concentration was significantly higher in SUN, D2SUN and D2D3 than D2 or D3 at the end of the study. However, milk yield, as well as protein and fat content of the milk, was not influenced by vitamin D treatments. There was no difference obtained in the measured immune parameters: Leucocyte populations, somatic cell count, immunoglobulin concentrations in plasma and milk, and antigen-stimulated cytokine productions did not change in response to vitamin D repletion or difference in vitamin D sources, and no relations to plasma 25(OH)D levels were identified. Despite the fact that plasma 25(OH)D increased from a very low level to normal range, the present study did not show any effect of vitamin D repletion on the tested immune parameters of healthy dairy cows. Therefore, in this study, it was concluded that repletion to physiologically normal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of vitamin D-depleted healthy dairy cows had no influence on immune parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China.,b Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , Tjele , Denmark
| | - Lone Hymøller
- b Department of Animal Science , Aarhus University , Tjele , Denmark
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Lin Y, Lv G, Dong HJ, Wu D, Tao ZY, Xu SY, Che LQ, Fang ZF, Bai SP, Feng B, Li J, Xu XY. Effects of the different levels of dietary vitamin D on boar performance and semen quality. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bissonnette N, Jiang X, Matte J, Guay F, Talbot G, Bontempo V, Gong J, Wang Q, Lessard M. Effect of a post-weaning diet supplemented with functional feed additives on ileal transcriptome activity and serum cytokines in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:136-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lockwood A, Currie A, Hancock S, Broomfield S, Liu S, Scanlan V, Kearney GA, Thompson AN. Supplementation of Merino ewes with cholecalciferol in late pregnancy improves the vitamin D status of ewes and lambs at birth but is not correlated with an improvement in immune function in lambs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Functional deficiencies of the immune system are known to predispose human and animal neonates to death. Thus, immune competency may be a significant factor influencing the mortality of lambs. Vitamin D has been recognised to improve immune function and is transferred across the placenta. This study tested the hypotheses that (1) supplementation of Merino ewes with cholecalciferol during late pregnancy will increase the concentrations of vitamin D in the ewe and lamb at birth and (2) supplementation of Merino ewes with cholecalciferol during late pregnancy is correlated with an increase in innate phagocytic and adaptive antibody immune responses in the lamb. Merino ewes (n = 53) were injected intramuscularly with 1 × 106 IU cholecalciferol at Days 113 and 141 of pregnancy. A control group (n = 58) consisted of ewes receiving no additional nutritional treatments. The vitamin D status of ewes and lambs was assessed up until 1 month post-lambing. Lamb immune function was assessed by analysing the functional capacity of phagocytes, and the plasma IgG and anti-tetanus-toxoid antibody concentrations between birth and weaning. Maternal supplementation with cholecalciferol increased the plasma 25(OH)D concentrations of both ewes (137 vs 79 nmol/L; P < 0.001) and lambs (49 vs 24 nmol/L; P < 0.001) at birth compared with the controls. Supplementation with cholecalciferol had no significant effect on the phagocytic capacity of monocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the concentration of IgG in the colostrum or plasma of lambs, or the vaccine-specific antibody response against tetanus toxoid. Overall, the results support our first hypothesis, but suggest that maternal supplementation with 1 × 106 IU cholecalciferol does not improve innate, passive or adaptive immune function in lambs.
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von Rosenberg SJ, Weber GM, Erhardt A, Höller U, Wehr UA, Rambeck WA. Tolerance evaluation of overdosed dietary levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3
in growing piglets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:371-80. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. J. von Rosenberg
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Oberschleissheim Germany
| | - G. M. Weber
- DSM Nutritional Products Limited; Nutrition Innovation Center; Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - A. Erhardt
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Oberschleissheim Germany
| | - U. Höller
- DSM Nutritional Products Limited; Nutrition Innovation Center; Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - U. A. Wehr
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Oberschleissheim Germany
| | - W. A. Rambeck
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Oberschleissheim Germany
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Barreda DR, Konowalchuk JD, Rieger AM, Wong ME, Havixbeck JJ. Triennial Growth Symposium--Novel roles for vitamin D in animal immunity and health. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:930-8. [PMID: 24665105 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen significant advances in the generation, validation, and implementation of nutritional supplements for food production animals. Examination of their impact on animal performance and health requires collaboration among animal scientists, nutritionists, biochemists, immunologists, veterinarians, and others. Each provides a unique perspective on the mechanisms of action, short and long-term impacts, and most effective strategies for implementation into continuously evolving industrial practices. In this review we provide a comparative immunology perspective on the impact of vitamin D on animal performance and health, describe the differential contributions of vitamin D3 and of a commercial hydroxylated version of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3 or HyD) to swine immunity, and highlight recent advances in the technologies that can be used to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms that impact production animal immunity and health. Among others, we pay particular attention to how these novel approaches help decrease the variability often observed in immune-associated datasets. From a practical perspective, this is critical for evaluation of in vivo effects for this nutritional supplement as small but meaningful changes to specific immune responses are typical under normal physiological conditions. Furthermore, as the range of reagents and technologies expands for comparative animal models, it is imperative that continued efforts are placed on the capacity to compare results across different experimental platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Barreda
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science
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