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Wang T, Wen Y, Qian B, Tang F, Zhang X, Xu X, Zhou Y, Dai J, Wang A, Xue F. Virological evaluation of natural and modified attapulgite against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Virol J 2024; 21:120. [PMID: 38816738 PMCID: PMC11137985 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) has caused significant economic losses in the global swine industry. As a potential drug for treating diarrhea, the antiviral properties of attapulgite deserve further study. METHODS In this study, various methods such as RT-qPCR, Western blot, viral titer assay, Cytopathic Effect, immunofluorescence analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect the antiviral activity of attapulgite and to assess its inhibitory effect on PEDV. RESULTS When exposed to the same amount of virus, there was a significant decrease in the expression of the S protein, resulting in a viral titer reduction from 10-5.613 TCID50/mL to 10-2.90 TCID50/mL, which represents a decrease of approximately 102.6 folds. Results of cytopathic effect and indirect immunofluorescence also indicate a notable decrease in viral infectivity after attapulgite treatment. Additionally, it was observed that modified materials after acidification had weaker antiviral efficacy compared to powdered samples that underwent ultrasonic disintegration, which showed the strongest antiviral effects. CONCLUSION As a result, Attapulgite powders can trap and adsorb viruses to inhibit PEDV in vitro, leading to loss of viral infectivity. This study provides new materials for the development of novel disinfectants and antiviral additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmin Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan Wen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bingxu Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225104, China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225104, China
| | - Yanmin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clay Mineral Applied Research of Gansu Province, Center of Eco-material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730099, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Sira EMJS, Banico EC, Odchimar NMO, Fajardo LE, Fremista FF, Refuerzo HAB, Dictado APA, Orosco FL. Immunoinformatics approach for designing a multiepitope subunit vaccine against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genotype IIA spike protein. Open Vet J 2024; 14:1224-1242. [PMID: 38938443 PMCID: PMC11199741 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i5.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, especially in neonatal pigs. This has resulted in significant economic losses for the pig industry. PEDV genotype II-based vaccines were found to confer better immunity against both heterologous and homologous challenges; specifically, spike (S) proteins, which are known to play a significant role during infection, are ideal for vaccine development. Aim This study aims to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine targeting the S protein of the PEDV GIIa strain using an immunoinformatics approach. Methods Various bioinformatics tools were used to predict HTL, CTL, and B-cell epitopes. The epitopes were connected using appropriate linkers and conjugated with the CTB adjuvant and M-ligand. The final multiepitope vaccine construct (fMEVc) was then docked to toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The stability of the fMEVc-TLR4 complex was then simulated using GROMACS. C-immsim was then used to predict the in vitro immune response of the fMEVc. Results Six epitopes were predicted to induce antibody production, ten epitopes were predicted to induce CTL responses, and four epitopes were predicted to induce HTL responses. The assembled epitopes conjugated with the CTB adjuvant and M-ligand, fMEVc, is antigenic, non-allergenic, stable, and soluble. The construct showed a favorable binding affinity for TLR4, and the protein complex was shown to be stable through molecular dynamics simulations. A robust immune response was induced after immunization, as demonstrated through immune stimulation. Conclusion In conclusion, the multi-epitope subunit vaccine construct for PEDV designed in this study exhibits promising antigenicity, stability, and immunogenicity, eliciting robust immune responses and suggesting its potential as a candidate for further vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Mae Joy S. Sira
- Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Edward C. Banico
- Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Nyzar Mabeth O. Odchimar
- Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Lauren Emily Fajardo
- Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Ferdinand F. Fremista
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Ana Patrisha A. Dictado
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines
| | - Fredmoore L. Orosco
- Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Philippines
- S&T Fellows Program, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
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Guo W, Wang C, Song X, Xu H, Zhao S, Gu J, Zou Z, Li J, Qian J, Zhang X, Guo R, Li J, Li L, Hu Z, Ren L, Fan B, Li B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a trimeric full-length S protein subunit vaccine for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Vaccine 2024; 42:828-839. [PMID: 38220489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused serious economic losses to the pig husbandry worldwide, and the effects of existing commercialized vaccines are suboptimal. Therefore, research to develop an efficacious vaccine for prevention and control of PEDV is essential. In this study, we designed and produced trimerized proteins of full-length PEDV spike (S) protein, S1 subunit, and a tandem of multiple epitopes of S protein using an efficient mammalian expression vector system in HEK 293F cells. The immunogenicity of two commercial adjuvants, M401 and M103, was also evaluated in mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that all immunized mice generated highly systemic PEDV S-specific IgG and IgA antibodies. Mice in S/M103-immunized group generated the highest neutralizing antibody titer with 1:96. Compared with control group, the subunit vaccines elicited multifunctional CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells, B220+CD19+ B cells, and CD3-CD49b+ natural killer cells in the spleen. PEDV S/M103 vaccine, which had the best immune effect, was selected for further evaluation in piglets. Immunization with S/M103 vaccine induced high levels of S-specific IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies, and increased the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the expression levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 in peripheral blood of piglets. Virus challenge test results showed significantly lower diarrheal index scores and fecal viral loads, and less pathological damage to the intestines in S/M103-immunized piglets than in controls, indicating that S/M103 provides good protection against the virulent virus challenge. Our findings suggest that trimeric PEDV S/M103 has potential as a clinical vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; Taizhou Polytechnic College, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuanhong Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xu Song
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhikun Zou
- Chengdu Yisikang Biotechnology LLC, Chendou 610095, China
| | - Jing Li
- Chengdu Yisikang Biotechnology LLC, Chendou 610095, China
| | - Jiali Qian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jizong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 5th Mofan Road, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China.
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López-Figueroa C, Cano E, Navarro N, Pérez-Maíllo M, Pujols J, Núñez JI, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J. Clinical, Pathological and Virological Outcomes of Tissue-Homogenate-Derived and Cell-Adapted Strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in a Neonatal Pig Model. Viruses 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 38257745 PMCID: PMC10819582 DOI: 10.3390/v16010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality rates in neonatal piglets. Two distinct genogroups, S-INDEL (G1a, G1b) and non-S INDEL (G2a, G2b, and G2c), circulate worldwide and are characterized by varying degrees of virulence. Here, we compared the early pathogenesis of a PEDV S-INDEL strain obtained from intestine homogenate (CALAF-HOMOG) or adapted to cell culture by 22 passages (CALAF-ADAP) and a virulent non-S INDEL strain (PEDV-USA) in newborn piglets. After orogastric inoculation of PEDV strains, body weight, temperature and clinical signs were monitored for 48 hpi. Pathological studies were performed at 48 hpi and RNA extracts from jejunal content (at 48 hpi) and rectal swabs (at 0 and 48 hpi) were tested for the presence of PEDV RNA as well as sequenced and compared to the inoculum. Piglets inoculated with PEDV-USA and CALAF-HOMOG isolates showed more severe weight loss, diarrhea, villi fusion and atrophy compared to CALAF-ADAP inoculated piglets. The viral load of rectal swabs was higher in the PEDV-USA inoculated group, followed by CALAF-HOMOG and CALAF-ADAP isolates. Similarly, viral RNA load in jejunal content was comparable among PEDV-USA and CALAF-HOMOG inoculated piglets and higher than that of CALAF-ADAP ones. The comparison of three full PEDV sequences of the inocula with the corresponding ones of pigs after 48 hpi yielded a nucleotide identity >99.9%. This study highlights variations in virulence among S-INDEL and non-S INDEL strains and between S-INDEL isolates obtained from homogenate and cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Figueroa
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Cano
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Navarro
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez-Maíllo
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pujols
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I. Núñez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; (C.L.-F.); (E.C.); (N.N.); (M.P.-M.); (J.P.); (J.I.N.)
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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McConn BR, Kpodo KR, Rivier JE, Behan DP, Richert BT, Radcliffe JS, Lay DC, Johnson JS. Interactions between corticotropin releasing factor signaling and prophylactic antibiotics on measures of intestinal function in weaned and transported pigs. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1266409. [PMID: 37908333 PMCID: PMC10615255 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1266409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the interaction between corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) receptor signaling and prophylactic antibiotic administration on intestinal physiology in newly weaned and transported pigs. Pigs (n = 56; 5.70 ± 1.05 kg) were weaned (20.49 ± 0.64 d), a blood sample was taken, and then pigs were given an intraperitoneal injection of saline (SAL; n = 28 pigs) or a CRF receptor antagonist (CRFA; n = 28 pigs; 30 μg/kg body weight; Astressin B), and then were transported in a livestock trailer for 12 h and 49 min. A second and third intraperitoneal injection was given at 4 h 42 min and 11 h 36 min into the transport process, respectively. Following transport, 4 SAL and 4 CRFA pigs were blood sampled and euthanized. The remaining 48 pigs were individually housed and given dietary antibiotics [AB; n = 12 SAL and 12 CRFA pigs; chlortetracycline (441 ppm) + tiamulin (38.6 ppm)] or no dietary antibiotics (NAB; n = 12 SAL and 12 CRFA pigs) for 14 d post-transport. Blood was collected at 12 h and on d 3, 7, and 14, and then pigs were euthanized on d 7 (n = 24) and d 14 (n = 24) post-weaning and transport. Circulating cortisol was reduced (p = 0.05) in CRFA pigs when compared to SAL pigs post-weaning and transport. On d 7, jejunal villus height and crypt depth was greater overall (p < 0.05) in AB-fed pigs versus NAB-fed pigs. On d 14, ileal crypt depth was reduced (p = 0.02) in CRFA pigs when compared to SAL pigs. Jejunal CRF mRNA abundance tended to be reduced (p = 0.09) on d 7 in CRFA pigs versus SAL pigs. On d 14, jejunal tumor necrosis factor-alpha was reduced (p = 0.01) in AB-fed pigs versus NAB-fed pigs. On d 7, change in glucose short-circuit current tended to be increased (p = 0.07) in CRFA pigs fed the AB diet when compared to CRFA pigs fed the NAB diet. In conclusion, CRFA pigs and pigs fed AB had some similar biological intestinal function measures post-weaning and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty R. McConn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | | | - Jean E. Rivier
- Sentia Medical Sciences Inc, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Donald C. Lay
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jay S. Johnson
- Livestock Behavior Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Li ZH, Li ZR, Zhu P, Zhang ZX, Song JL. First Identification and Pathogenicity Evaluation of an EV-G17 Strain Carrying a Torovirus Papain-like Cysteine Protease (PLCP) Gene in China. Viruses 2023; 15:1747. [PMID: 37632087 PMCID: PMC10459844 DOI: 10.3390/v15081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus G (EV-G) is prevalent in pig populations worldwide, and a total of 20 genotypes (G1 to G20) have been confirmed. Recently, recombinant EV-Gs carrying the papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) gene of porcine torovirus have been isolated or detected, while their pathogenicity is poorly understood. In this study, an EV-G17-PLCP strain, 'EV-G/YN23/2022', was isolated from the feces of pigs with diarrhea, and the virus replicated robustly in numerous cell lines. The isolate showed the highest complete genome nucleotide (87.5%) and polyprotein amino acid (96.6%) identity in relation to the G17 strain 'IShi-Ya4' (LC549655), and a possible recombination event was detected at the 708 and 3383 positions in the EV-G/YN23/2022 genome. EV-G/YN23/2022 was nonlethal to piglets, but mild diarrhea, transient fever, typical skin lesions, and weight gain deceleration were observed. The virus replicated efficiently in multiple organs, and the pathological lesions were mainly located in the small intestine. All the challenged piglets showed seroconversion for EV-G/YN23/2022 at 6 to 9 days post-inoculation (dpi), and the neutralization antibody peaked at 15 dpi. The mRNA expression levels of IL-6, IL-18, IFN-α, IFN-β, and ISG-15 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were significantly up-regulated during viral infection. This is the first documentation of the isolation and pathogenicity evaluation of the EV-G17-PLCP strain in China. The results may advance our understanding of the evolution characteristics and pathogenesis of EV-G-PLCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Hong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.-H.L.); (Z.-R.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.-X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhuo-Ran Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.-H.L.); (Z.-R.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.-X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Pei Zhu
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.-H.L.); (Z.-R.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.-X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Zhang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.-H.L.); (Z.-R.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.-X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jian-Ling Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.-H.L.); (Z.-R.L.); (P.Z.); (Z.-X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Transboundary Animal Diseases Prevention and Control (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Fengyu Road, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming 650224, China
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7
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Zhang L, Hou Y, Ma Z, Xie J, Fan J, Jiao Y, Wang F, Han Z, Liu S, Ma D. Effect of oral vitamin A supplementation on host immune response to infectious bronchitis virus infection in specific pathogen-free chicken. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102701. [PMID: 37150176 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is a crucial mediator of the immune system. In this study, we evaluated the effect of oral vitamin A supplementation on host immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection in chickens. Forty 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were fed a basal diet and randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 20 birds per group). Chickens in the experimental group were treated orally with vitamin A (dissolved in 0.1 mL soybean oil, at a dose of 8,000 IU per kg diet) daily. Birds in the control group were orally administered 0.1 mL soybean oil without vitamin A until 21 d of age. On d 21 after birth, all chickens were infected with 0.1 mL of 106.5 50% median embryo infectious dose of a pathogenic IBV strain (CK/CH/LDL/091022) by intraocular and intranasal routes. The results demonstrated that oral vitamin A supplementation did not affect the clinical course of disease and growth performance of SPF chickens. However, vitamin A supplementation increased the IBV-specific IgG serum levels and decreased the viral load in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. In addition, the results demonstrated that vitamin A supplementation decreased the expression levels of most immune-related molecules in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of some avian β-defensins (AvBD2, 3, 6, 7, 11, and 13) and increased the expression levels of AvBD9 and AvBD12 in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Similarly, vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of some cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and IL-6) and increased the mRNA expression levels of IL-2 in some tissues of IBV-infected chickens. Furthermore, vitamin A supplementation decreased the mRNA expression levels of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, nuclear factor-κB p65, toll-like receptor 3, toll-like receptor 7, and CD4. In summary, the present study suggests that vitamin A supplementation enhances the immune function of SPF chickens against IBV infection by inhibiting viral replication, increasing the IBV-specific antibody titer, and suppressing the excessive inflammatory responses to IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yutong Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Zhanbang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jinjin Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Yaru Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Zongxi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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8
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Zhang L, Yu R, Zhang Z, Zhou P, Lv J, Wang Y, Pan L, Liu X. Differences in the pathogenicity of Chinese virulent genotype GIIa and GIIb porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains and the humoral immune status of one- and two-month-old weaned pigs infected with these strains. Arch Virol 2023; 168:97. [PMID: 36843047 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated differences in the pathology and humoral immune status in one- and two-month-old weaned pigs infected with virulent Chinese genotype GIIa and GIIb strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). All pigs infected with the GIIa strain developed severe diarrhea (100%), while the morbidity of the GIIb strain in one- and two-month-old weaned pigs was 80% (4/5) and 40% (2/5), respectively. There was no significant difference in IgA, IgG, or virus-neutralizing (VN) antibody levels associated with GIIa and GIIb in one-month-old weaned pigs (P > 0.05), but in two-month-old weaned pigs, the IgA, IgG, and VN antibody levels associated with GIIa were significantly higher than those associated with GIIb (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Ruiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jianliang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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9
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Li R, Wen Y, Yang L, Qian QS, Chen XX, Zhang JQ, Li X, Xing BS, Qiao S, Zhang G. Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on viral antigen capture by anti-spike glycoprotein monoclonal antibody for detecting immunoglobulin A antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in milk. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:46. [PMID: 36765329 PMCID: PMC9921583 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), caused by PED virus (PEDV), is a severe enteric disease burdening the global swine industry in recent years. Especially, the mortality of PED in neonatal piglets approaches 100%. Maternal antibodies in milk, particularly immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, are of great importance for protection neonatal suckling piglets against PEDV infection as passive lactogenic immunity. Therefore, appropriate detection methods are required for detecting PEDV IgA antibodies in milk. In the current study, we prepared monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PEDV spike (S) glycoprotein. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was subsequently developed based on PEDV antigen capture by a specific anti-S mAb. RESULTS The developed ELISA showed high sensitivity (the maximum dilution of milk samples up to 1:1280) and repeatability (coefficient of variation values < 10%) in detecting PEDV IgA antibody positive and negative milk samples. More importantly, the developed ELISA showed a high coincidence rate with a commercial ELISA kit for PEDV IgA antibody detection in clinical milk samples. CONCLUSIONS The developed ELISA in the current study is applicable for PEDV IgA antibody detection in milk samples, which is beneficial for evaluating vaccination efficacies and neonate immune status against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- grid.495707.80000 0001 0627 4537Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Ying Wen
- grid.495707.80000 0001 0627 4537Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Lei Yang
- grid.495707.80000 0001 0627 4537Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Qi-sheng Qian
- grid.495707.80000 0001 0627 4537Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Xin-xin Chen
- grid.495707.80000 0001 0627 4537Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Jia-qing Zhang
- grid.495707.80000 0001 0627 4537Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Xuewu Li
- grid.495707.80000 0001 0627 4537Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Bao-song Xing
- grid.495707.80000 0001 0627 4537Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002 Henan China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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10
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Detection of Porcine Deltacoronavirus RNA in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract and Biliary Fluid and the Effect of Infection on Serum Cholesterol Levels and Blood T Cell Population Frequencies in Gnotobiotic Piglets. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020117. [PMID: 36851421 PMCID: PMC9962660 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first identified approximately a decade ago, but much is still obscure in terms of its pathogenesis. We aimed to further characterize PDCoV infection by investigating the presence of virus in respiratory and biliary tissues or fluids; T cell population frequencies in blood; and altered serum cholesterol levels. Twelve, 6-day-old, gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated oronasally with PDCoV OH-FD22 (2.6 × 107 FFU/pig). Six control piglets were not inoculated. Rectal swab (RS), nasal swab (NS), nasal wash (NW), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and biliary fluid (BF) samples were collected at 2, 4, and 7 days post-inoculation (DPI) and tested for PDCoV RNA by RT-qPCR. Blood T cell populations and serum cholesterol levels were determined by flow cytometry and a colorimetric assay, respectively. Moderate to high, and low to moderate titers of PDCoV RNA were detected in RS and in NS, NW, BAL, and BF samples, respectively, of inoculated piglets. There were trends toward decreased CD4+CD8-, CD4-CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ blood T cell frequencies in inoculated piglets. Furthermore, serum cholesterol levels were increased in inoculated piglets. Overall, we found that PDCoV infection does not exclusively involve the intestine, since the respiratory and biliary systems and cholesterol metabolism also can be affected.
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11
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Herve L, Quesnel H, Greuter A, Hugonin L, Merlot E, Le Floc’h N. Effect of the supplementation with a combination of plant extracts on sow and piglet performance and physiology during lactation and around weaning. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad282. [PMID: 37624934 PMCID: PMC10494875 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a critical period for pigs. Some plant extracts showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antibacterial properties, provided to piglets and/or their dam, may improve piglets' robustness at weaning, thus reducing the need for antobiotics. This study investigated the effects of a maternal and/or a direct supplementation of piglets with a combination of plant extracts on sow and piglet performance and their metabolic, immune, inflammatory, and oxidative status during lactation and around weaning. Sixty-four sows were assigned to the control or treated group. Treated sows were supplemented with a powdered plant extracts supplement daily top-dressed on feed from day of gestation (DG) 106 to day of lactation (DL) 28 and a liquid solution top-dressed on feed on DG109. Within each sow group, litters were divided into two groups: a control piglet group and a treated piglet group. A single dose of a liquid solution was orally given to piglets in the treated piglet group. Piglets were weaned on DL28. Blood samples were collected from sows on DG94, DG112, and DL26 and from 2 piglets per litter on DL3, DL14, DL25, and 5 d postweaning to analyze indicators of metabolic, immune, inflammatory, and oxidative status. Colostrum and milk samples were collected at farrowing, DL6, and 26. Maternal supplementation had no effect on sow metabolic, immune, inflammatory, and oxidative status except for fewer lymphocytes on DG112 (P < 0.05) and a lower plasma concentration of non-esterified fatty acids on DL26 (P < 0.05). Maternal supplementation tended to decrease dry matter and gross energy (P < 0.10) and reduced fat and haptoglobin concentrations (P < 0.01) in milk on DL26. Maternal supplementation had no effect on piglets' growth performance and blood indicators during lactation and around weaning. On DL25, the direct supplementation of piglets decreased their neutrophils proportion (P < 0.05), increased the expression of genes encoding pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in whole blood culture in response to lipopolysaccharide (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease the oxidative stress index (P = 0.06). After weaning, these beneficial effects were no longer observed but the supplementation improved piglets' growth performance during the postweaning period (P < 0.05). Plant extract supplementation could thus modify the composition of mammary secretions and improve postweaning performance of piglets potentially related to the modification of their immune and oxidative status before weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Herve
- PEGASE, Institut Agro, INRAE, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Hélène Quesnel
- PEGASE, Institut Agro, INRAE, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | | | - Elodie Merlot
- PEGASE, Institut Agro, INRAE, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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12
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Identification and Characterization of Cell Lines HepG2, Hep3B217 and SNU387 as Models for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Coronavirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122754. [PMID: 36560758 PMCID: PMC9785011 DOI: 10.3390/v14122754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genera alphacoronavirus, causes acute watery diarrhea and dehydration in suckling piglets and results in enormous economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. Identification and characterization of different cell lines are not only invaluable for PEDV entry and replication studies but also important for the development of various types of biological pharmaceuticals against PEDV. In this study, we present an approach to identify suitable permissive cell lines for PEDV research. Human cell lines were screened for a high correlation coefficient with the established PEDV infection model Huh7 based on RNA-seq data from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). Experimentally testing permissiveness towards PEDV infection, three highly permissive human cell lines, HepG2, Hep3B217, and SNU387 were identified. The replication kinetics of PEDV in HepG2, Hep3B217, and SNU387 cells were similar to that in Vero and Huh7 cells. Additionally, the transcriptomes analysis showed robust induction of transcripts associated with the innate immune in response to PEDV infection in all three cell lines, including hundreds of inflammatory cytokine and interferon genes. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory cytokines and interferons were confirmed by qPCR assay. Our findings indicate that HepG2, Hep3B217, and SNU387 are suitable cell lines for PEDV replication and innate immune response studies.
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13
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Wiarda JE, Loving CL. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in the pig intestine: T cell and innate lymphoid cell contributions to intestinal barrier immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1048708. [PMID: 36569897 PMCID: PMC9772029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1048708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) include T cells and innate lymphoid cells that are important mediators of intestinal immunity and barrier defense, yet most knowledge of IELs is derived from the study of humans and rodent models. Pigs are an important global food source and promising biomedical model, yet relatively little is known about IELs in the porcine intestine, especially during formative ages of intestinal development. Due to the biological significance of IELs, global importance of pig health, and potential of early life events to influence IELs, we collate current knowledge of porcine IEL functional and phenotypic maturation in the context of the developing intestinal tract and outline areas where further research is needed. Based on available findings, we formulate probable implications of IELs on intestinal and overall health outcomes and highlight key findings in relation to human IELs to emphasize potential applicability of pigs as a biomedical model for intestinal IEL research. Review of current literature suggests the study of porcine intestinal IELs as an exciting research frontier with dual application for betterment of animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E. Wiarda
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Crystal L. Loving,
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14
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Chemokines induced by PEDV infection and chemotactic effects on monocyte, T and B cells. Vet Microbiol 2022; 275:109599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Zheng HQ, Li C, Zhu XF, Wang WX, Yin BY, Zhang WJ, Feng SL, Yin XH, Huang H, Zhang YM. miR-615 facilitates porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by targeting IRAK1 to inhibit type III interferon expression. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1071394. [PMID: 36643411 PMCID: PMC9832332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1071394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the Coronavirus family is a highly contagious enteric pathogen in the swine industry, which has evolved mechanisms to evade host innate immune responses. The PEDV-mediated inhibition of interferons (IFNs) has been linked to the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in virus-host interactions and IFN-I regulation. However, the mechanism by which the PEDV regulates IFN during PEDV infection has not yet been investigated in its natural target cells. We here report a novel mechanism of viral immune escape involving miR-615, which was screened from a high-throughput sequencing library of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) infected with PEDV. PEDV infection altered the profiles of miRNAs and the activities of several pathways involved in innate immunity. Overexpression of miR-615 increased PEDV replication, inhibited IFN expression, downregulated the NF-κB pathway, and blocked p65 nuclear translocation. In contrast, knockdown of miR-615 enhanced IFN expression, suppressed PEDV replication, and activated the NF-κB pathway. We further determined that IRAK1 is the target gene of miR-615 in IECs. Our findings show that miR-615 suppresses activation of the NF-κB pathway by suppressing the IRAK1 protein and reducing the generation of IFN-IIIs, which in turn facilitates PEDV infection in IECs. Moreover, miR-615 inhibited PEDV replication and NF-κB pathway activation in both IECs and MARC-145 cells. These findings support an important role for miR-615 in the innate immune regulation of PEDV infections and provide a novel perspective for developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-qing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Xianyang City, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xianyang Vocational Technical College, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-fu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Xianyang City, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xianyang Vocational Technical College, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Hemu Biotechnology, Beijing Hemu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bao-ying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Xianyang City, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xianyang Vocational Technical College, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Xianyang City, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xianyang Vocational Technical College, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-lin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease Diagnostic Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Xianyang City, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xianyang Vocational Technical College, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xun-hui Yin
- Liangshan County Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Development Center, Liangshan County Animal Husbandry Bureau, Jining, China
| | - He Huang
- Institute of Hemu Biotechnology, Beijing Hemu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China,*Correspondence: He Huang,
| | - Yan-ming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China,Yan-ming Zhang,
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16
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Zhang Q, Li P, Li H, Yi D, Guo S, Wang L, Zhao D, Wang C, Wu T, Hou Y. Multifaceted Effects and Mechanisms of N-Acetylcysteine on Intestinal Injury in a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Infected Porcine Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200369. [PMID: 36321532 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study investigates the potential effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on intestinal injury in a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-infected porcine model. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two piglets are randomly assigned to one of four groups: the control, PEDV, NAC, and NAC+PEDV. Piglets in the NAC+PEDV group are orally administrated with NAC (100 mg (kg·BW)-1 day-1 ) for 4 consecutive days after 2 days of PEDV infection. The results show that NAC administration decreases the diarrhea rate and improves intestinal morphology. The concentration of diamine oxidase and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein, as well as IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α in the plasma, is decreased by NAC. Intriguingly, NAC administration significantly increases the viral load in the jejunum and ileum and down-regulates the expression of interferon-related genes. Microarray and proteomic analyses show that the differentially expressed genes/proteins between NAC+PEDV and PEDV groups are highly enriched in substance transport. Furthermore, aquaporin 8/10 expression is significantly increased by NAC upon PEDV infection. CONCLUSION NAC administration alleviates PEDV-induced intestinal injury by inhibiting inflammatory responses and improving substance transport, but promotes viral replication by inhibiting interferon signaling. These results suggest NAC exhibits multifaceted effects upon PEDV infection, and thus caution is required when using NAC as a dietary supplement to prevent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Hanbo Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
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17
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Yuan C, Sun L, Chen L, Li L, Yao Z, Wang Y, Guo H, Li T, Song Q. Differences in cytokines expression between Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002349. [PMID: 36439802 PMCID: PMC9686284 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) primarily infects suckling piglets and causes severe economic losses to the swine industry. Cytokines, as part of the innate immune response, are important in PEDV infection. The cytokines secreted by cell infection models in vitro might reflect true response to viral infection of target cells in vivo. Vero cells and IPEC-J2 are commonly used as an in vitro model to investigate PEDV infection. However, it is not clear which type of cells is more beneficial to the study of PEDV. In our study, firstly, Vero cells and IPEC-J2 were successfully infected with PEDV virulent strains (HBQY2016) and attenuated vaccine strains (CV777) and were capable of supporting virus replication and progeny release. Moreover, cytokine differences expression by Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells infected with two PEDV strains were analyzed. Compared with IPEC-J2 cells, only the mRNA levels of TGF-β, MIP-1β and MCP-1 were detected in Vero cells. ELISA assay indicated that compared to the control group, the PEDV-infected group had significantly induced expression levels of IL-1β, MIP-1β, MCP-1, IL-8, and CXCL10 in IPEC-J2 cells, while only secretion level of IL-1β, MIP-1β and IL-8 in Vero cells were higher in PEDV infected group. Finally, cytokines change of piglets infected PEDV-HBQY2016 strains were detected by cDNA microarray, and similar to those of IPEC-J2 cells infected PEDV. Collectively, these data determined that the IPEC-J2 could be more suitable used as a cell model for studying PEDV infection in vitro compared with Vero cells, based on the close approximation of cytokine expression profile to in vivo target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yuan
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Lidan Sun
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Limin Li
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zuojun Yao
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haiyong Guo
- School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping, China
| | - Tanqing Li
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qinye Song
- Veterinary Biological Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Qinye Song,
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18
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Wiarda JE, Trachsel JM, Sivasankaran SK, Tuggle CK, Loving CL. Intestinal single-cell atlas reveals novel lymphocytes in pigs with similarities to human cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/10/e202201442. [PMID: 35995567 PMCID: PMC9396248 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing of porcine ileal lymphocytes reveals similarities to human cells and discovery of porcine intestinal innate lymphoid cells. Lymphocytes can heavily influence intestinal health, but resolving intestinal lymphocyte function is challenging as the intestine contains a vastly heterogeneous mixture of cells. Pigs are an advantageous biomedical model, but deeper understanding of intestinal lymphocytes is warranted to improve model utility. Twenty-six cell types were identified in the porcine ileum by single-cell RNA sequencing and further compared with cells in human and murine ileum. Though general consensus of cell subsets across species was revealed, some porcine-specific lymphocyte subsets were identified. Differential tissue dissection and in situ analyses conferred spatial context, revealing similar locations of lymphocyte subsets in Peyer’s patches and epithelium in pig-to-human comparisons. Like humans, activated and effector lymphocytes were abundant in the ileum but not periphery of pigs, suggesting tissue-specific and/or activation-associated gene expression. Gene signatures for peripheral and ileal innate lymphoid cells newly discovered in pigs were defined and highlighted similarities to human innate lymphoid cells. Overall, we reveal novel lymphocyte subsets in pigs and highlight utility of pigs for intestinal research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Wiarda
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Agricultural Research Service Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Julian M Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sathesh K Sivasankaran
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.,Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Crystal L Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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19
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The Combined Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Tryptophan Treatment Modulates Immune and Metabolome Responses to Human Rotavirus Infection in a Human Infant Fecal Microbiota-Transplanted Malnourished Gnotobiotic Pig Model. mSphere 2022; 7:e0027022. [PMID: 36073800 PMCID: PMC9599269 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00270-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a major cause of childhood diarrhea in developing countries where widespread malnutrition contributes to the decreased oral vaccine efficacy and increased prevalence of other enteric infections, which are major concerns for global health. Neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets closely resemble human infants in their anatomy, physiology, and outbred status, providing a unique model to investigate malnutrition, supplementations, and HRV infection. To understand the molecular signatures associated with immune enhancement and reduced diarrheal severity by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and tryptophan (TRP), immunological responses and global nontargeted metabolomics and lipidomics approaches were investigated on the plasma and fecal contents of malnourished pigs transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota and infected with virulent (Vir) HRV. Overall, EcN + TRP combined (rather than individual supplement action) promoted greater and balanced immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory responses associated with greater protection against HRV infection and disease in malnourished humanized piglets. Moreover, EcN + TRP treatment upregulated the production of several metabolites with immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory properties: amino acids (N-acetylserotonin, methylacetoacetyl-CoA), lipids (gamma-butyrobetaine, eicosanoids, cholesterol-sulfate, sphinganine/phytosphingosine, leukotriene), organic compound (biliverdin), benzenoids (gentisic acid, aminobenzoic acid), and nucleotides (hypoxathine/inosine/xanthine, cytidine-5'-monophosphate). Additionally, the levels of several proinflammatory metabolites of organic compounds (adenosylhomocysteine, phenylacetylglycine, urobilinogen/coproporphyrinogen) and amino acid (phenylalanine) were reduced following EcN + TRP treatment. These results suggest that the EcN + TRP effects on reducing HRV diarrhea in neonatal Gn pigs were at least in part due to altered metabolites, those involved in lipid, amino acid, benzenoids, organic compounds, and nucleotide metabolism. Identification of these important mechanisms of EcN/TRP prevention of HRV diarrhea provides novel targets for therapeutics development. IMPORTANCE Human rotavirus (HRV) is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, especially in developing countries, where the efficacy of oral HRV vaccines is reduced. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is used to treat enteric infections and ulcerative colitis while tryptophan (TRP) is a biomarker of malnutrition, and its supplementation can alleviate intestinal inflammation and normalize intestinal microbiota in malnourished hosts. Supplementation of EcN + TRP to malnourished humanized gnotobiotic piglets enhanced immune responses and resulted in greater protection against HRV infection and diarrhea. Moreover, EcN + TRP supplementation increased the levels of immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory metabolites while decreasing the production of proinflammatory metabolites in plasma and fecal samples. Profiling of immunoregulatory and proinflammatory biomarkers associated with HRV perturbations will aid in the identification of treatments against HRV and other enteric diseases in malnourished children.
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Wu Y, Shi Z, Chen J, Zhang H, Li M, Zhao Y, Shi H, Shi D, Guo L, Feng L. Porcine deltacoronavirus E protein induces interleukin-8 production via NF-κB and AP-1 activation. Vet Microbiol 2022; 274:109553. [PMID: 36181744 PMCID: PMC9428115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Although they facilitate local antiviral immunity, their excessive release leads to life-threatening cytokine release syndrome, exemplified by the severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In the present study, we found that interleukin-8 (IL-8) was upregulated by PDCoV infection. We then demonstrated that PDCoV E protein induced IL-8 production and that the TM domain and the C-terminal domain of the E protein were important for IL-8 production. Subsequently, we showed here that deleting the AP-1 and NF-κB binding motif in porcine IL-8 promoter abrogated its activation, suggesting that IL-8 expression was dependent on AP-1 and NF-κB. Furthermore, PDCoV E induced IL-8 production, which was also dependent on the NF-κB pathway through activating nuclear factor p65 phosphorylation and NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) protein phosphorylation, as well as inducing the nuclear translocation of p65, eventually resulting in the promotion of IL-8 production. PDCoV E also activated c-fos and c-jun, both of which are members of the AP-1 family. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of PDCoV-induced IL-8 production and help us further understand the pathogenesis of PDCoV infection.
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21
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Ho TT, Trinh VT, Tran HX, Le PTT, Nguyen TT, Hoang HTT, Pham MD, Conrad U, Pham NB, Chu HH. The immunogenicity of plant-based COE-GCN4pII protein in pigs against the highly virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from genotype 2. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:940395. [PMID: 35967993 PMCID: PMC9366249 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.940395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a serious infectious causative agent in swine, especially in neonatal piglets. PEDV genotype 2 (G2) strains, particularly G2a, were the primary causes of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) outbreaks in Vietnam. Here, we produced a plant-based CO-26K-equivalent epitope (COE) variant from a Vietnamese highly virulent PEDV strain belonging to genotype 2a (COE/G2a) and evaluated the protective efficacy of COE/G2a-GCN4pII protein (COE/G2a-pII) in piglets against the highly virulent PEDV G2a strain following passive immunity. The 5-day-old piglets had high levels of PEDV-specific IgG antibodies, COE-IgA specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies, and IFN-γ responses. After virulent challenge experiments, all of these piglets survived and had normal clinical symptoms, no watery diarrhea in feces, and an increase in their body weight, while all of the negative control piglets died. These results suggest that the COE/G2a-pII protein produced in plants can be developed as a promising vaccine candidate to protect piglets against PEDV G2a infection in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong Thi Ho
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vy Thai Trinh
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Tra Thi Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hang Thu Thi Hoang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Dinh Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Udo Conrad
- Department Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ngoc Bich Pham
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Ngoc Bich Pham
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- *Correspondence: Ha Hoang Chu
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22
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Thavorasak T, Chulanetra M, Glab-ampai K, Mahasongkram K, Sae-lim N, Teeranitayatarn K, Songserm T, Yodsheewan R, Nilubol D, Chaicumpa W, Sookrung N. Enhancing epitope of PEDV spike protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933249. [PMID: 35935230 PMCID: PMC9355140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease of pigs characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration. PEDV infects pigs of all ages, but neonatal pigs during the first week of life are highly susceptible; the mortality rates among newborn piglets may reach 80–100%. Thus, PEDV is regarded as one of the most devastating pig viruses that cause huge economic damage to pig industries worldwide. Vaccination of sows and gilts at the pre-fertilization or pre-farrowing stage is a good strategy for the protection of suckling piglets against PEDV through the acquisition of the lactating immunity. However, vaccination of the mother pigs for inducing a high level of virus-neutralizing antibodies is complicated with unstandardized immunization protocol and unreliable outcomes. Besides, the vaccine may also induce enhancing antibodies that promote virus entry and replication, so-called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), which aggravates the disease upon new virus exposure. Recognition of the virus epitope that induces the production of the enhancing antibodies is an existential necessity for safe and effective PEDV vaccine design. In this study, the enhancing epitope of the PEDV spike (S) protein was revealed for the first time, by using phage display technology and mouse monoclonal antibody (mAbG3) that bound to the PEDV S1 subunit of the S protein and enhanced PEDV entry into permissive Vero cells that lack Fc receptor. The phages displaying mAbG3-bound peptides derived from the phage library by panning with the mAbG3 matched with several regions in the S1-0 sub-domain of the PEDV S1 subunit, indicating that the epitope is discontinuous (conformational). The mAbG3-bound phage sequence also matched with a linear sequence of the S1-BCD sub-domains. Immunological assays verified the phage mimotope results. Although the molecular mechanism of ADE caused by the mAbG3 via binding to the newly identified S1 enhancing epitope awaits investigation, the data obtained from this study are helpful and useful in designing a safe and effective PEDV protein subunit/DNA vaccine devoid of the enhancing epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Techit Thavorasak
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittirat Glab-ampai
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kodchakorn Mahasongkram
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawannaporn Sae-lim
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungrueang Yodsheewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Biomedical Research Incubation Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Nitat Sookrung,
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23
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Coronavirus Porcine Deltacoronavirus Upregulates MHC Class I Expression through RIG-I/IRF1-Mediated NLRC5 Induction. J Virol 2022; 96:e0015822. [PMID: 35311551 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00158-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II molecules, mainly being responsible for the processing and presentation of intracellular or extracellular antigen, respectively, are critical for antiviral immunity. Here, we reported that porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) with the zoonotic potential and potential spillover from pigs to humans, upregulated the expressions of porcine MHC-I (swine leukocyte antigen class I, SLA-I) molecules and SLA-I antigen presentation associated genes instead of porcine MHC-II (SLA-II) molecules both in primary porcine enteroids and swine testicular (ST) cells at the late stage of infection, and this finding was verified in vivo. Moreover, the induction of SLA-I molecules by PDCoV infection was mediated through enhancing the expression of NOD-like receptor (NLR) family caspase recruitment domain-containing 5 (NLRC5). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that PDCoV infection robustly elevated retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) expression, and further initiated the downstream type I interferon beta (IFN-β) production, which led to the upregulation of NLRC5 and SLA-I genes. Likewise, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) elicited by PDCoV infection directly activated the promoter activity of NLRC5, resulting in an increased expression of NLRC5 and SLA-I upregulation. Taken together, our findings advance our understanding of how PDCoV manipulates MHC molecules, and knowledge that could help inform the development of therapies and vaccines against PDCoV. IMPORTANCE MHC-I molecules play a crucial role in antiviral immunity by presenting intracellular antigens to CD8+T lymphocytes and eliminating virus-infected cells by natural killer cells' "missing-self recognition." However, the manipulation of MHC molecules by coronaviruses remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that PDCoV, a zoonotic potential coronavirus efficiently infecting cells from broad species, greatly increased the expressions of porcine MHC-I (SLA-I) molecules and MHC-I antigen presentation associated genes but not porcine MHC-II (SLA-II) molecules both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the upregulation of MHC-I molecules by PDCoV infection required the master transactivator of MHC-I, NLRC5, which was mediated not only by RIG-I-initiated type I IFN signaling pathway but also by IRF1 induced by PDCoV as it could activate NLRC5 promoter activity. These results provide significant insights into the modification of the MHC class I pathway and may provide a potential therapeutic intervention for PDCoV.
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Efficacy of Oral Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine in a Gnotobiotic Piglet Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010083. [PMID: 35062744 PMCID: PMC8779073 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) infection is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. Current oral vaccines perform poorly in developing countries where efficacious vaccines are needed the most. Therefore, an alternative affordable strategy to enhance efficacy of the current RV vaccines is necessary. This study evaluated the effects of colonization of neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs with Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) 1917 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) probiotics on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of oral attenuated (Att) HRV vaccine. EcN-colonized pigs had reduced virulent HRV (VirHRV) shedding and decreased diarrhea severity compared with the LGG-colonized group. They also had enhanced HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in serum and antibody secreting cell numbers in tissues pre/post VirHRV challenge, HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in intestinal contents, and B-cell subpopulations in tissues post VirHRV challenge. EcN colonization also enhanced T-cell immune response, promoted dendritic cells and NK cell function, reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines/Toll like receptor (TLR), and increased production of immunoregulatory cytokines/TLR expression in various tissues pre/post VirHRV challenge. Thus, EcN probiotic adjuvant with AttHRV vaccine enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of AttHRV to a greater extent than LGG and it can be used as a safe and economical oral vaccine adjuvant.
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Screening of Lactic Acid Bacterial Strains with Antiviral Activity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:546-559. [PMID: 34350565 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09829-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Newly emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases cause significant economic losses in swine production. Efficacious vaccines have not yet been developed for several major swine infectious diseases, including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). We used the PEDV-infected Vero cell model to screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with antiviral activity. Sixty LAB strains were isolated from the feces of nursing piglets. After the elimination of LAB strains with high cytotoxicity to Vero cells, the protective effects of the remaining 6 strains against PEDV infection were determined. Vero cells pretreated with the intracellular extracts or cell wall fractions of YM22 and YM33 strains for 24 h before infection with PEDV showed significantly higher cell viabilities and lower mRNA expression of PEDV nucleocapsid (PEDV-N) than the unpretreated cells, indicating that the intracellular extracts and cell wall fractions of YM22 and YM33 possessed prophylactic effects on Vero cells against PEDV infection. PEDV-infection significantly increased the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Vero cells. However, pretreatment of Vero cells with the cell wall fractions of YM22 and YM33 decreased the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-8, which could be a mechanism associated with the protective effects of YM22 and YM33 against PEDV. Based on the biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analyses, YM22 and YM33 were identified as Ligilactobacillus agilis (basonym: Lactobacillus agilis) and Ligilactobacillus salivarius (basonym: Lactobacillus salivarius), respectively. These findings suggest that L. agilis YM22 and L. salivarius YM33 could provide some levels of protective effects against PEDV infections.
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26
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Boonsoongnern P, Boodde O, Chumsing W, Sukmak M, Jirawattanapong P, Ratanavanichrojn N, Boonsoongnern A. Correlation between antibody response against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in sows and their offspring under field conditions. Vet World 2021; 14:1689-1694. [PMID: 34316220 PMCID: PMC8304444 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1689-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Thai pig farmers have suffered huge financial losses from porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) since 2007. PED, caused by the PED virus (PEDV), leads to severe diarrhea, vomiting, and subsequent dehydration in suckling piglets. Lactogenic immunity derived from colostrum and milk is very important because immunoglobulins (Ig) cannot cross the placenta in pregnant sows. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunological correlation of the sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios of IgA and IgG against PEDV between colostrum, sow serum, and their piglet serum. Materials and Methods: A total of 43 sows were divided into three groups according to the experience of PEDV infection: Negative sow group (n=7) and treatment group (n=36, sows previously infected with PEDV). The treatment group was subdivided into two groups: Sows immunized with live-attenuated PEDV vaccine (n=15) and sows immunized with feedback (n=21) at 3 weeks before farrowing. The 7-day-old piglets (n=425) were obtained from negative sows (n=89), vaccinated sows (n=150), and feedback sows (n=275). Colostrum, sow serum, and their piglet serum were collected and analyzed for S/P ratios of their IgA and IgG levels against PEDV using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The piglets from sows immunized with live-attenuated PEDV vaccine had a higher S/P ratio of IgG against PEDV (p<0.001), whereas the piglets from the feedback group had a higher S/P ratio of IgA against PEDV (p<0.001) compared with piglets from the negative sows. In addition, the S/P ratios of PEDV-specific IgA and IgG between sow serum and colostrum showed a positive correlation (Pearson’s coefficient r=0.61 and 0.75, respectively). Both S/P ratios of PEDV-specific IgA and IgG in sow serum and colostrum had a positive correlation to those in piglet serum. Conclusion: Overall, this study suggested that pregnant sows immunized with the live-attenuated vaccine against PEDV and feedback may provide maternal immunity against PEDV to their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orawan Boodde
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wilairat Chumsing
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Manakorn Sukmak
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pichai Jirawattanapong
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nattavut Ratanavanichrojn
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Boonsoongnern
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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27
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Ciprofloxacin-Treated Defined-Microbiota Piglet Model of Human Rotavirus Infection. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e00074-21. [PMID: 33789939 PMCID: PMC8546683 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00074-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) infection is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Broad-spectrum antibiotic-induced intestinal microbial imbalance and the ensuing immune-metabolic dysregulation contribute to the persistence of HRV diarrhea. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a Gram-negative probiotic, was shown to be a potent immunostimulant and alleviated HRV-induced diarrhea in monocolonized gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets. Our goal was to determine how EcN modulates immune responses in ciprofloxacin (Cipro)-treated Gn piglets colonized with a defined commensal microbiota (DM) and challenged with virulent HRV (VirHRV). Cipro given in therapeutic doses for a short term reduced serum and intestinal total and HRV-specific antibody titers, while EcN treatment alleviated this effect. Similarly, EcN treatment increased the numbers of total immunoglobulin-secreting cells, HRV-specific antibody-secreting cells, activated antibody-forming cells, resting/memory antibody-forming B cells, and naive antibody-forming B cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues. Decreased levels of proinflammatory but increased levels of immunoregulatory cytokines and increased frequencies of Toll-like receptor-expressing cells were evident in the EcN-treated VirHRV-challenged group. Moreover, EcN treatment increased the frequencies of T helper and T cytotoxic cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues pre-VirHRV challenge and the frequencies of T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, effector T cells, and T regulatory cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues postchallenge. Moreover, EcN treatment increased the frequencies of systemic and mucosal conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, respectively, and the frequencies of systemic natural killer cells. Our findings demonstrated that Cipro use altered immune responses of DM-colonized neonatal Gn pigs, while EcN supplementation rescued these immune parameters partially or completely. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus (RV) is a primary cause of malabsorptive diarrhea in children and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The use of antibiotics exacerbates intestinal microbial imbalance and results in the persistence of RV-induced diarrhea. Probiotics are now being used to treat enteric infections and ulcerative colitis. We showed previously that probiotics partially protected gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets against human RV (HRV) infection and decreased the severity of diarrhea by modulating immune responses. However, the interactions between antibiotic and probiotic treatments and HRV infection in the context of an established gut microbiota are poorly understood. In this study, we developed a Gn pig model to study antibiotic-probiotic-HRV interactions in the context of a defined commensal microbiota (DM) that mimics aspects of the infant gut microbiota. Our results provide valuable information that will contribute to the treatment of antibiotic- and/or HRV-induced diarrhea and may be applicable to other enteric infections in children.
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Wu M, Yi D, Zhang Q, Wu T, Yu K, Peng M, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y, Wu G. Puerarin enhances intestinal function in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6552. [PMID: 33753826 PMCID: PMC7985190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin has been reported to be an excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent, but the potential effect of puerarin on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether puerarin could alleviate intestinal injury in piglets infected with PEDV. A PEDV (Yunnan province strain) infection model was applied to 7-day-old piglets at 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose). Piglets were orally administered with puerarin at the dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight from day 5 to day 9. On day 9 of the trial, piglets were inoculated orally with PEDV. Three days later, jugular vein blood and intestinal samples were collected. Results showed puerarin reduced morbidity of piglets infected with PEDV. In addition, puerarin reduced the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, the ratio of serum aspartate aminotransferase to serum alanine aminotransferase, the number of white blood cells and neutrophils, and the plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as protein abundances of heat shock protein-70 in PEDV-infected piglets. Moreover, puerarin increased D-xylose concentration but decreased intestinal fatty acid-binding protein concentration and diamine oxidase activity in the plasma of piglets infected with PEDV. Puerarin increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, while decreasing the activities of myeloperoxidase and concentration of hydrogen peroxide in both the intestine and plasma of PEDV-infected piglets. Puerarin decreased mRNA levels of glutathione S-transferase omega 2 but increased the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Furthermore, puerarin increased the abundance of total eubacteria (16S rRNA), Enterococcus genus, Lactobacillus genus and Enterobacteriaceae family in the intestine, but reduced the abundance of Clostridium coccoides in the caecum. These data indicate puerarin improved intestinal function in piglets infected by PEDV and may be a promising supplement for the prevention of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Kui Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Meng Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Pomorska-Mól M. Porcine Coronaviruses: Overview of the State of the Art. Virol Sin 2021; 36:833-851. [PMID: 33723809 PMCID: PMC7959302 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Like RNA viruses in general, coronaviruses (CoV) exhibit high mutation rates which, in combination with their strong tendency to recombine, enable them to overcome the host species barrier and adapt to new hosts. It is currently known that six CoV are able to infect pigs. Four of them belong to the genus Alphacoronavirus [transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TEGV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)], one of them to the genus Betacoronavirus [porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV)] and the last one to the genus Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). PHEV was one of the first identified swine CoV and is still widespread, causing subclinical infections in pigs in several countries. PRCV, a spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection, appeared in the 1980s. PRCV is considered non-pathogenic since its infection course is mild or subclinical. Since its appearance, pig populations have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, leading to a significant reduction in the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV are enteropathogenic CoV and cause clinically indistinguishable acute gastroenteritis in all age groups of pigs. PDCoV and SADS-CoV have emerged in 2014 (US) and in 2017 (China), respectively. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for controlling CoV infections and preventing them from spreading. Since vaccines are available only for some porcine CoV, prevention should focus mainly on a high level of biosecurity. In view of the diversity of CoV and the potential risk factors associated with zoonotic emergence, updating the knowledge concerning this area is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, ul. Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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Michael H, Paim FC, Miyazaki A, Langel SN, Fischer DD, Chepngeno J, Goodman SD, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 administered as a dextranomar microsphere biofilm enhances immune responses against human rotavirus in a neonatal malnourished pig model colonized with human infant fecal microbiota. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246193. [PMID: 33592026 PMCID: PMC7886176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of diarrhea in children. It causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where HRV vaccine efficacy is low. The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) 1917 has been widely used in the treatment of enteric diseases in humans. However, repeated doses of EcN are required to achieve maximum beneficial effects. Administration of EcN on a microsphere biofilm could increase probiotic stability and persistence, thus maximizing health benefits without repeated administrations. Our aim was to investigate immune enhancement by the probiotic EcN adhered to a dextranomar microsphere biofilm (EcN biofilm) in a neonatal, malnourished piglet model transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) and infected with rotavirus. To create malnourishment, pigs were fed a reduced amount of bovine milk. Decreased HRV fecal shedding and protection from diarrhea were evident in the EcN biofilm treated piglets compared with EcN suspension and control groups. Moreover, EcN biofilm treatment enhanced natural killer cell activity in blood mononuclear cells (MNCs). Increased frequencies of activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in systemic and intestinal tissues and activated conventional dendritic cells (cDC) in blood and duodenum were also observed in EcN biofilm as compared with EcN suspension treated pigs. Furthermore, EcN biofilm treated pigs had increased frequencies of systemic activated and resting/memory antibody forming B cells and IgA+ B cells in the systemic tissues. Similarly, the mean numbers of systemic and intestinal HRV-specific IgA antibody secreting cells (ASCs), as well as HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in serum and small intestinal contents, were increased in the EcN biofilm treated group. In summary EcN biofilm enhanced innate and B cell immune responses after HRV infection and ameliorated diarrhea following HRV challenge in a malnourished, HIFM pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Francine C. Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David D. Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Goodman
- Centre for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
| | - Anastasia Nickolaevna Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
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Saeng-Chuto K, Madapong A, Kaeoket K, Piñeyro PE, Tantituvanont A, Nilubol D. Coinfection of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus increases disease severity, cell trophism and earlier upregulation of IFN-α and IL12. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3040. [PMID: 33542409 PMCID: PMC7862360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) cause an enteric disease characterized by diarrhea clinically indistinguishable. Both viruses are simultaneously detected in clinical cases, but a study involving the co-infection has not been reported. The study was therefore conducted to investigate the disease severity following a co-infection with PEDV and PDCoV. In the study, 4-day-old pigs were orally inoculated with PEDV and PDCoV, either alone or in combination. Following challenge, fecal score was monitored on a daily basis. Fecal swabs were collected and assayed for the presence of viruses. Three pigs per group were necropsied at 3 and 5 days post inoculation (dpi). Microscopic lesions and villous height to crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio, together with the presence of PEDV and PDCoV antigens, were evaluated in small intestinal tissues. Expressions of interferon alpha (IFN-α) and interleukin 12 (IL12) were investigated in small intestinal mucosa. The findings indicated that coinoculation increased the disease severity, demonstrated by significantly prolonged fecal score and virus shedding and decreasing VH:CD ratio in the jejunum compared with pigs inoculated with either PEDV or PDCoV alone. Notably, in single-inoculated groups, PEDV and PDCoV antigens were detected only in villous enterocytes wile in the coinoculated group, PDCoV antigen was detected in both villous enterocytes and crypts. IFN-α and IL12 were significantly up-regulated in coinoculated groups in comparison with single-inoculated groups. In conclusion, co-infection with PEDV and PDCoV exacerbate clinical signs and have a synergetic on the regulatory effect inflammatory cytokines compared to a single infection with either virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepalee Saeng-Chuto
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Adthakorn Madapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pablo Enrique Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Galvis JA, Jones CM, Prada JM, Corzo CA, Machado G. The between-farm transmission dynamics of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: A short-term forecast modelling comparison and the effectiveness of control strategies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:396-412. [PMID: 33475245 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A limited understanding of the transmission dynamics of swine disease is a significant obstacle to prevent and control disease spread. Therefore, understanding between-farm transmission dynamics is crucial to developing disease forecasting systems to predict outbreaks that would allow the swine industry to tailor control strategies. Our objective was to forecast weekly porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) outbreaks by generating maps to identify current and future PEDV high-risk areas, and simulating the impact of control measures. Three epidemiological transmission models were developed and compared: a novel epidemiological modelling framework was developed specifically to model disease spread in swine populations, PigSpread, and two models built on previously developed ecosystems, SimInf (a stochastic disease spread simulations) and PoPS (Pest or Pathogen Spread). The models were calibrated on true weekly PEDV outbreaks from three spatially related swine production companies. Prediction accuracy across models was compared using the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC). Model outputs had a general agreement with observed outbreaks throughout the study period. PoPS had an AUC of 0.80, followed by PigSpread with 0.71, and SimInf had the lowest at 0.59. Our analysis estimates that the combined strategies of herd closure, controlled exposure of gilts to live viruses (feedback) and on-farm biosecurity reinforcement reduced the number of outbreaks. On average, 76% to 89% reduction was seen in sow farms, while in gilt development units (GDU) was between 33% to 61% when deployed to sow and GDU farms located in probabilistic high-risk areas. Our multi-model forecasting approach can be used to prioritize surveillance and intervention strategies for PEDV and other diseases potentially leading to more resilient and healthier pig production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Galvis
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Chris M Jones
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Joaquin M Prada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Cesar A Corzo
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.,Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Three functional mutation sites affect the immune response of pigs through altering the expression pattern and IgV domain of the CD4 protein. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:91. [PMID: 33297958 PMCID: PMC7724863 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CD4 protein is an important surface marker of T lymphocytes, which can mediate the antigen presentation process by interacting with MHC II and TCR molecules in human and mouse. RESULTS In this study, two haplotypes (A and B) of the CD4 gene were found within Chinese indigenous and Western commercial pig breeds. These two haplotypes were defined by 22 fully linked SNPs in the CDS region of the CD4 gene. The expression level and localization of the CD4 protein were significantly different between haplotypes A and B. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the immune response-related genes and signaling pathways were down-regulated in genotype AA. Finally, three linked functional SNPs were identified, which affected the expression level and membrane localization of the CD4 protein in pigs. These three SNPs led to the replacements of two amino acids in the IgV1 domain of the CD4 protein, and related to the function of the CD4 protein in the immune response. CONCLUSION These three linked SNPs were the key functional mutation sites in the CD4 gene, which played important roles in the immune response, and could be utilized as new molecular markers in breeding for disease resistance in pigs.
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Soleimanian S, Yaghobi R. Harnessing Memory NK Cell to Protect Against COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1309. [PMID: 32973527 PMCID: PMC7468462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide struggle against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health crisis continues to sweep across the globe. Up to now, effective antiviral treatment against COVID-19 is not available. Therefore, throughout virus infections, a thorough clarification of the virus-host immune system interactions will be most probably helpful to encounter these challenges. Emerging evidence suggests that just like SARS and MERS, COVID-19 primarily suppresses the innate immune system, enabling its stable propagation during the early stage of infection. Consequently, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been increasing during infection progression associated with severe lung pathology. It is imperative to consider hyper inflammation in vaccine designing, as vaccine-induced immune responses must have a protective role against infection without leading to immunopathology. Among the front-line responders to viral infections, Natural Killer (NK) cells have immense therapeutic potential, forming a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. A subset of NK cells exhibits putatively increased effector functions against viruses following pathogen-specific and immunization. Memory NK cells have higher cytotoxicity and effector activity, compared with the conventional NK cells. As a pioneering strategy, prompt accumulation and long-term maintenance of these memory NK cells could be an efficacious viral treatment. According to the high prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the world, it remains to be determined whether HCMV adaptive NK cells could play a protective role against this new emerging virus. In addition, the new adaptive-like KIR+NKG2C+ NK cell subset (the adaptive-like lung tissue residue [tr]NK cell) in the context of the respiratory infection at this site could specifically exhibit the expansion upon COVID-19. Another aspect of NK cells we should note, utilizing modified NK cells such as allogeneic off-the-shelf CAR-NK cells as a state-of-the-art strategy for the treatment of COVID-19. In this line, we speculate introducing NKG2C into chimeric antigen receptors in NK cells might be a potential approach in future viral immunotherapy for emerging viruses. In this contribution, we will briefly discuss the current status and future perspective of NK cells, which provide to successfully exploit NK cell-mediated antiviral activity that may offer important new tools in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Zhang S, Cao Y, Yang Q. Transferrin receptor 1 levels at the cell surface influence the susceptibility of newborn piglets to PEDV infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008682. [PMID: 32730327 PMCID: PMC7419007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) mainly infects the intestinal epithelial cells of newborn piglets causing acute, severe atrophic enteritis. The underlying mechanisms of PEDV infection and the reasons why newborn piglets are more susceptible than older pigs remain incompletely understood. Iron deficiency is common in newborn piglets. Here we found that high levels of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) distributed in the apical tissue of the intestinal villi of newborns, and intracellular iron levels influence the susceptibility of newborn piglets to PEDV. We show that iron deficiency induced by deferoxamine (DFO, an iron chelating agent) promotes PEDV infection while iron accumulation induced by ferric ammonium citrate (FAC, an iron supplement) impairs PEDV infection in vitro and in vivo. Besides, PEDV infection was inhibited by occluding TfR1 with antibodies or decreasing TfR1 expression. Additionally, PEDV infection was increased in PEDV-resistant Caco-2 and HEK 293T cells over-expressed porcine TfR1. Mechanistically, the PEDV S1 protein interacts with the extracellular region of TfR1 during PEDV entry, promotes TfR1 re-localization and clustering, then activates TfR1 tyrosine phosphorylation mediated by Src kinase, and heightens the internalization of TfR1, thereby promoting PEDV entry. Taken together, these data suggest that the higher expression of TfR1 in the apical tissue of the intestinal villi caused by iron deficiency, accounts for newborn piglets being acutely susceptible to PEDV. Newborn piglets are particularly susceptible to infection by PEDV, with 80–100% dying within days of infection. The reasons for newborns’ acute susceptibility to PEDV infection have not been elucidated clearly. The primarily target of PEDV is the porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we show that the high expression of TfR1 in the apical tissue of intestinal villi in newborn piglets with iron deficiency is a reason for their susceptibility to PEDV. Further, we demonstrate that iron supplementation reduces PEDV infection. This study reveals that iron plays an important role in the susceptibility of newborn piglets to PEDV and provides insights into therapies for the prevention and treatment of PEDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yanan Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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Chen YM, Helm ET, Gabler N, Hostetter JM, Burrough ER. Alterations in Intestinal Innate Mucosal Immunity of Weaned Pigs During Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:642-652. [PMID: 32880235 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820932140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the small intestine, localized innate mucosal immunity is critical for intestinal homeostasis. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection induces villus injury and impairs digestive function. Moreover, the infection might comprise localized innate mucosal immunity. This study investigated specific enterocyte subtypes and innate immune components of weaned pigs during PEDV infection. Four-week-old pigs were orally inoculated with PEDV IN19338 strain (n = 40) or sham-inoculated (n = 24). At day post inoculation (DPI) 2, 4, and 6, lysozyme expression in Paneth cells, cellular density of villous and Peyer's patch microfold (M) cells, and the expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) were assessed in the jejunum and ileum by immunohistochemistry, and interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in the jejunum by ELISA. PEDV infection led to a decrease in the ratios of villus height to crypt depth (VH-CD) in jejunum at DPI 2, 4, and 6 and in ileum at DPI 4. The number of villous M cells was reduced in jejunum at DPI 4 and 6 and in ileum at DPI 6, while the number of Peyer's patch M cells in ileum increased at DPI 2 and then decreased at DPI 6. PEDV-infected pigs also had reduced lysozyme expression in ileal Paneth cells at DPI 2 and increased ileal pIgR expression at DPI 4. There were no significant changes in IL-1β and TNF-α expression in PEDV-infected pigs compared to controls. In conclusion, PEDV infection affected innate mucosal immunity of weaned pigs through alterations in Paneth cells, villous and Peyer's patch M cells, and pIgR expression.
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Fang P, Fang L, Xia S, Ren J, Zhang J, Bai D, Zhou Y, Peng G, Zhao S, Xiao S. Porcine Deltacoronavirus Accessory Protein NS7a Antagonizes IFN-β Production by Competing With TRAF3 and IRF3 for Binding to IKKε. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:257. [PMID: 32656094 PMCID: PMC7326017 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) not only causes serious diarrhea in suckling piglets but also possesses the potential for cross-species transmission, which has sparked growing interest when studying this emerging virus. We previously identified a novel accessory protein NS7a encoded by PDCoV; however, the function of NS7a was not resolved. In this study, we demonstrated that PDCoV NS7a is an interferon antagonist. Overexpression of NS7a notably inhibited Sendai virus (SeV)-induced interferon-β (IFN-β) production and the activation of IRF3 rather than NF-κB. NS7a also inhibited IFN-β promoter activity induced by RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, TBK1, and IKKε, which are key components of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway but not IRF3, the transcription factor downstream of TBK1/IKKε. Surprisingly, NS7a specifically interacts with IKKε but not with the closely related TBK1. Furthermore, NS7a interacts simultaneously with the kinase domain (KD) and the scaffold dimerization domain (SDD) of IKKε, competing with TRAF3, and IRF3 for binding to IKKε, leading to the reduction of RLR-mediated IFN-β production. The interactions of TRAF3-IKKε and IKKε-IRF3 are also attenuated in PDCoV-infected cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PDCoV NS7a inhibits IFN-β production by disrupting the association of IKKε with both TRAF3 and IRF3, revealing a new mechanism utilized by a PDCoV accessory protein to evade the host antiviral innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiansong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongcheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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38
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Jung K, Saif LJ, Wang Q. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control. Virus Res 2020; 286:198045. [PMID: 32502552 PMCID: PMC7266596 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus in the family Coronaviridae, causes acute diarrhea and/or vomiting, dehydration and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Two different genogroups of PEDV, S INDEL [PEDV variant containing multiple deletions and insertions in the S1 subunit of the spike (S) protein, G1b] and non-S INDEL (G2b) strains were detected during the diarrheal disease outbreak in US swine in 2013-2014. Similar viruses are also circulating globally. Continuous improvement and update of biosecurity and vaccine strains and protocols are still needed to control and prevent PEDV infections worldwide. Although the non-S INDEL PEDV was highly virulent and the S INDEL PEDV caused milder disease, the latter has the capacity to cause illness in a high number of piglets on farms with low biosecurity and herd immunity. The main PEDV transmission route is fecal-oral, but airborne transmission via the fecal-nasal route may play a role in pig-to-pig and farm-to-farm spread. PEDV infection of neonatal pigs causes fecal virus shedding (alongside frequent detection of PEDV RNA in the nasal cavity), acute viremia, severe atrophic enteritis (mainly jejunum and ileum), and increased pro-inflammatory and innate immune responses. PEDV-specific IgA effector and memory B cells in orally primed sows play a critical role in sow lactogenic immunity and passive protection of piglets. This review focuses on the etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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39
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Characterization, pathogenicity and protective efficacy of a cell culture-derived porcine deltacoronavirus. Virus Res 2020; 282:197955. [PMID: 32247757 PMCID: PMC7125813 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A PDCoV strain, CH/XJYN/2016, was successfully isolated and its biological characteristics were determined. Pathogenicity of CH/XJYN/2016 in suckling piglets and conventional weaned pigs were determined. An inactivated cell-adapted CH/XJYN/2016-based vaccine candidate was developed and its efficacy was evaluated.
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in neonatal piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. However, there is currently little information on vaccine studies and commercially available vaccines for PDCoV. Hence, herein, a PDCoV strain, CH/XJYN/2016, was successfully isolated and serially propagated in vitro, and its biological characteristics were determined. Compared to that of previously reported and recently isolated PDCoV strains from China and the United States, the S gene of the CH/XJYN/2016 strain contains novel mutations. Infection studies revealed that CH/XJYN/2016 is pathogenic to suckling piglets and conventional weaned pigs. In addition, the median pig diarrhea dose (PDD50) of PDCoV in conventional weaned pigs was determined (2.0 log10PDD50/3 mL). Furthermore, an inactivated cell-adapted CH/XJYN/2016-based vaccine candidate was developed with different adjuvants. Compared with nonvaccinated pigs, conventional weaned pigs given the inactivated vaccine developed a potent humoral immune response and showed no clinical signs or viral shedding after challenge, indicating a potent protective effect of the vaccine against PDCoV infection. Therefore, the PDCoV vaccine developed in this study is a promising vaccine candidate that can be used for the control of PDCoV infection in pigs.
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40
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Wu M, Zhang Q, Yi D, Wu T, Chen H, Guo S, Li S, Ji C, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y, Wu G. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Puerarin in Piglets Infected With Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:169. [PMID: 32174911 PMCID: PMC7055472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused enormous economic losses to the swine industry worldwide in recent years. Puerarin (PR), a major isoflavonoid isolated from the Chinese herb Gegen, possesses many pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral activities. This study was conducted with both PEDV-infected African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) and neonatal pigs to determine the effect of PR on PEDV infection and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by using proteomic analyses. Twenty-four piglets fed a milk replacer were randomly allocated into one of three groups (Control, PEDV, and PEDV + PR). After a 5-day period of adaption, piglets (n = 8/group) in the PEDV + PR were orally administered with PR (0.5 mg/kg body weight) between days 5 and 9, whereas piglets in the other two groups received the same volume of liquid milk replacer. On day 9, piglets were orally administered with either sterile saline or PEDV (Yunnan province strain) at 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) per pig. On day 12 of the trial, jugular vein blood and intestinal samples were collected. In addition, Vero cells were assigned randomly into three groups (Control, PEDV, PEDV + PR). Cells in the PEDV and PEDV + PR groups were infected with PEDV at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01, while cells in the control group were treated with the same volume of sterile saline. One hour later, cells in the Control and PEDV groups were cultured in serum-free DMEM, while cells in the PEDV + PR group were supplemented with PR. After 36 h of culture, cells were harvested. PR attenuated the reductions in cell proliferation in vitro and growth performance in PEDV-infected piglets, and inhibited PEDV replication and the expression of several cytokines (including IL-8) both in vitro and in vivo. Proteomic analyses identified that the abundances of 29 proteins in the ileum were altered by PEDV infection and restored to the control level by PR. Pathway analyses revealed that PR restored the expression of several interferon-stimulated genes and selectively upregulated the expression of guanylate-binding proteins. Western blot analyses showed that PR supplementation inhibited the PEDV-induced NF-κB activation. Collectively, these results indicate that PR could exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects in piglets infected with PEDV and have the potential to be an effective antiviral feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changzheng Ji
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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41
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Malik YS, Singh RK, Yadav MP, Langel SN, Malik YS, Saif LJ. Porcine Coronaviruses. EMERGING AND TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL VIRUSES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7123000 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are enteropathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) of swine. TGEV appearance in 1946 preceded identification of PEDV (1971) and PDCoV (2009) that are considered as emerging CoVs. A spike deletion mutant of TGEV associated with respiratory tract infection in piglets appeared in 1984 in pigs in Belgium and was designated porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). PRCV is considered non-pathogenic because the infection is very mild or subclinical. Since PRCV emergence and rapid spread, most pigs have become immune to both PRCV and TGEV, which has significantly reduced the clinical and economic importance of TGEV. In contrast, PDCoV and PEDV are currently expanding their geographic distribution, and there are reports on the circulation of TGEV-PEDV recombinants that cause a disease clinically indistinguishable from that associated with the parent viruses. TGEV, PEDV and PDCoV cause acute gastroenteritis in pigs (most severe in neonatal piglets) and matches in their clinical signs and pathogenesis. Necrosis of the infected intestinal epithelial cells causes villous atrophy and malabsorptive diarrhoea. Profuse diarrhoea frequently combined with vomiting results in dehydration, which can lead to the death of piglets. Strong immune responses following natural infection protect against subsequent homologous challenge; however, these viruses display no cross-protection. Adoption of advance biosecurity measures and effective vaccines control and prevent the occurrence of diseases due to these porcine-associated CoVs. Recombination and reversion to virulence are the risks associated with generally highly effective attenuated vaccines necessitating further research on alternative vaccines to ensure their safe application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- grid.417990.20000 0000 9070 5290ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- grid.444573.5ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
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42
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Host Factors Affecting Generation of Immunity Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Pregnant and Lactating Swine and Passive Protection of Neonates. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020130. [PMID: 32085410 PMCID: PMC7168134 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly virulent re-emerging enteric coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets. Despite this, a safe and effective PEDV vaccine against highly virulent strains is unavailable, making PEDV prevention and control challenging. Lactogenic immunity induced via the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA (sIgA) axis, remains the most promising and effective way to protect suckling piglets from PEDV. Therefore, a successful PEDV vaccine must induce protective maternal IgA antibodies that passively transfer into colostrum and milk. Identifying variables that influence lymphocyte migration and IgA secretion during gestation and lactation is imperative for designing maternal immunization strategies that generate the highest amount of lactogenic immune protection against PEDV in suckling piglets. Because pregnancy-associated immune alterations influence viral pathogenesis and adaptive immune responses in many different species, a better understanding of host immune responses to PEDV in pregnant swine may translate into improved maternal immunization strategies against enteric pathogens for multiple species. In this review, we discuss the role of host factors during pregnancy on antiviral immunity and their implications for generating protective lactogenic immunity in suckling neonates.
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43
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Langel SN, Paim FC, Alhamo MA, Lager KM, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Oral vitamin A supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infected gilts enhances IgA and lactogenic immune protection of nursing piglets. Vet Res 2019; 50:101. [PMID: 31783923 PMCID: PMC6884901 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) has pleiotropic effects on the immune system and is critical for mucosal immune function and intestinal lymphocyte trafficking. We hypothesized that oral VA supplementation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-infected pregnant gilts would enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge. Gilts received daily oral retinyl acetate (30 000 IU) starting at gestation day 76 throughout lactation. At 3–4 weeks pre-partum, VA-supplemented (PEDV + VA) and non-supplemented (PEDV) gilts were PEDV or mock inoculated (mock + VA and mock, respectively). PEDV + VA gilts had decreased mean PEDV RNA shedding titers and diarrhea scores. To determine if lactogenic immunity correlated with protection, all piglets were PEDV-challenged at 3–5 days post-partum. The survival rate of PEDV + VA litters was 74.2% compared with 55.9% in PEDV litters. Mock and mock + VA litter survival rates were 5.7% and 8.3%, respectively. PEDV + VA gilts had increased PEDV IgA antibody secreting cells and PEDV IgA antibodies in serum pre-partum and IgA+β7+ (gut homing) cells in milk post piglet challenge compared with PEDV gilts. Our findings suggest that oral VA supplementation may act as an adjuvant during pregnancy, enhancing maternal IgA and lactogenic immune protection in nursing piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Francine Chimelo Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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44
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Lei XM, Yang YL, He YQ, Peng L, Zhao P, Xu SY, Cao H, Fang P, Qiu W, Qin P, Wang B, Huang YW. Specific recombinant proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus are immunogenic, revealing their potential use as diagnostic markers. Vet Microbiol 2019; 236:108387. [PMID: 31500721 PMCID: PMC7117304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Given the highly contagious and acute nature of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), especially in piglets, there is an urgent need for the development of rapid and sensitive diagnostic assays. The diagnostic potentials of specific porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) accessory and nonstructural proteins, if any, have not yet been investigated. In order to determine and compare which of the viral proteins may be useful as diagnostic antigens, whole virus (WV) particles and a panel of structural and nonstructural PEDV proteins [spike subunit 1 (S1), the C-terminal part of ORF3 (ORF3C), envelope (E), nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1), Nsp2, Ac (acidic domain of Nsp3), and ADRP (ADP-ribose-1-monophosphatase domain of Nsp3), expressed individually in bacterial and/or mammalian cells] were tested for reactivity with sera from PEDV-infected pigs by ELISA and/or western blot analysis. According to western blots, serum antibody interactions with the S1 protein were relatively more sensitive and specific than ORF3C, E and Ac. Furthermore, a total of 851 serum samples from diarrheal pigs of different ages were analyzed by ELISA, with most showing immune-reactivity towards the WV, S1, ORF3C, and E proteins. The earliest IgG antibody response was observed in the one-week-old piglets, with similar antibody ontogeny and patterns of seroconversion for S1, ORF3C, E, and WV antigens. In addition, the pattern of neutralizing antibody was more similar to that of IgA in weaning piglets after PEDV infection. Collectively, these data provide more reliable information on the host immune response to different viral proteins, which will be useful for development of novel serological assays and for design of vaccines that better stimulate protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Mei Lei
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Qiang He
- The Technical Center of Zhejiang Entry-exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of The P.R. China, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shu-Ya Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Hei Long Jiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- Huapai Bioengineering Group Co., Ltd, Jianyang 641423, China
| | - Wenying Qiu
- Huapai Bioengineering Group Co., Ltd, Jianyang 641423, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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45
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Tu CF, Chuang CK, Hsiao KH, Chen CH, Chen CM, Peng SH, Su YH, Chiou MT, Yen CH, Hung SW, Yang TS, Chen CM. Lessening of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus susceptibility in piglets after editing of the CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene with CRISPR/Cas9 to nullify N-glycolylneuraminic acid expression. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217236. [PMID: 31141512 PMCID: PMC6541307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) devastates the health of piglets but may not infect piglets whose CMP-N-glycolylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene is mutated (knockouts, KO) by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques. This hypothesis was tested by using KO piglets that were challenged with PEDV. Two single-guide RNAs targeting the CMAH gene and Cas9 mRNA were microinjected into the cytoplasm of newly fertilized eggs. Four live founders generated and proven to be biallelic KO, lacking detectable N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA). The founders were bred, and homozygous offspring were obtained. Two-day-old (in exps. I, n = 6, and III, n = 15) and 3-day-old (in exp. II, n = 9) KO and wild-type (WT, same ages in respective exps.) piglets were inoculated with TCID50 1x103 PEDV and then fed 20 mL of infant formula (in exps. I and II) or sow's colostrum (in exp. III) every 4 hours. In exp. III, the colostrum was offered 6 times and was then replaced with Ringer/5% glucose solution. At 72 hours post-PEDV inoculation (hpi), the animals either deceased or euthanized were necropsied and intestines were sampled. In all 3 experiments, the piglets showed apparent outward clinical manifestations suggesting that infection occurred despite the CMAH KO. In exp. I, all 6 WT piglets and only 1 of 6 KO piglets died at 72 hpi. Histopathology and immunofluorescence staining showed that the villus epithelial cells of WT piglets were severely exfoliated, but only moderate exfoliation and enterocyte vacuolization was observed in KO piglets. In exp. II, delayed clinical symptoms appeared, yet the immunofluorescence staining/histopathologic inspection (I/H) scores of the two groups differed little. In exp. III, the animals exhibited clinical and pathological signs after inoculation similar to those in exp. II. These results suggest that porcine CMAH KO with nullified NGNA expression are not immune to PEDV but that this KO may lessen the severity of the infection and delay its occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fu Tu
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-kai Chuang
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Hsuan Hsiao
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Hong Chen
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Min Chen
- Division of Animal Medicine, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Su-Hei Peng
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsiu Su
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chon-Ho Yen
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shao-Wen Hung
- Division of Animal Industry, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tien-Shuh Yang
- Division of Animal Technology, Animal Technology Laboratories, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Xiangshan Dist., Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan, Yilan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, South Dist., Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsinh University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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46
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Annamalai T, Lu Z, Jung K, Langel SN, Tuggle CK, Dekkers JCM, Waide EH, Kandasamy S, Saif LJ. Infectivity of GII.4 human norovirus does not differ between T-B-NK + severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and non-SCID gnotobiotic pigs, implicating the role of NK cells in mediation of human norovirus infection. Virus Res 2019; 267:21-25. [PMID: 31054932 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. It is unclear which arm of the immune system regulates resistance to HuNoV infection. Thus, we studied the pathogenesis of human norovirus (HuNoV) in T-B-NK+ Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) gnotobiotic pigs to investigate the role of innate (especially, natural killer (NK) cells) immunity in HuNoV infection. Forty SCID and non-SCID pigs were randomly grouped: 1) SCID+HuNoV (n = 12); 2) non-SCID+HuNoV (n = 14); 3) SCID mock-inoculated (n = 6); and 4) non-SCID mock-inoculated (n = 8). Pigs (8-14-day-old) were inoculated orally with GII.4 HuNoV strain HS292 (mean 9.1 log10 genomic equivalents/pig) or mock. Daily fecal consistency and fecal viral RNA shedding, and histopathology (at euthanasia) were evaluated. Frequencies of blood and ileal T, B, and NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, and a NK cell cytotoxicity assay was performed at post-inoculation day (PID) 8. Unlike the increased infectivity of HuNoV observed previously in T-B-NK- SCID pigs (Lei et al., 2016. Sci. Rep. 6, 25,222), there was no significant difference in frequency of pigs with diarrhea and diarrhea days between T-B-NK+ SCID+HuNoV and non-SCID+HuNoV groups. Cumulative fecal HuNoV RNA shedding at PIDs 1-8, PIDs 9-27, and PIDs 1-27 also did not differ statistically. These observations coincided with the presence of NK cells and NK cell cytotoxicity in the ileum and blood of the SCID pigs. Based on our observations, innate immunity, including NK cell activity, may be critical to mediate or reduce HuNoV infection in T-B-NK+ SCID pigs, and potentially in immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavamathi Annamalai
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Emily H Waide
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa Stte University, Ames, IA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
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47
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Koonpaew S, Teeravechyan S, Frantz PN, Chailangkarn T, Jongkaewwattana A. PEDV and PDCoV Pathogenesis: The Interplay Between Host Innate Immune Responses and Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:34. [PMID: 30854373 PMCID: PMC6395401 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), members of the coronavirus family, account for the majority of lethal watery diarrhea in neonatal pigs in the past decade. These two viruses pose significant economic and public health burdens, even as both continue to emerge and reemerge worldwide. The ability to evade, circumvent or subvert the host’s first line of defense, namely the innate immune system, is the key determinant for pathogen virulence, survival, and the establishment of successful infection. Unfortunately, we have only started to unravel the underlying viral mechanisms used to manipulate host innate immune responses. In this review, we gather current knowledge concerning the interplay between these viruses and components of host innate immunity, focusing on type I interferon induction and signaling in particular, and the mechanisms by which virus-encoded gene products antagonize and subvert host innate immune responses. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the advantages gained from a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions. This includes their implications for the future development of PEDV and PDCoV vaccines and how we can further our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying virus pathogenesis, virulence, and host coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapong Koonpaew
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Samaporn Teeravechyan
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Phanramphoei Namprachan Frantz
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Thanathom Chailangkarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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48
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Wang Q, Vlasova AN, Kenney SP, Saif LJ. Emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:39-49. [PMID: 30654269 PMCID: PMC7102852 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Three coronaviruses are emerging/reemerging in pigs. The three porcine coronaviruses may have originated from other species. The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. No cross-protection among the three porcine coronaviruses. Individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are emerging/reemerging coronaviruses (CoVs). They cause acute gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. Sequence analyses suggest that PEDV and SADS-CoV may have originated from bat CoVs and PDCoV from a sparrow CoV, reaffirming the interspecies transmission of CoVs. The clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. Necrosis of infected intestinal epithelial cells occurs, causing villous atrophy that results in malabsorptive diarrhea. The severe diarrhea and vomiting may lead to dehydration and death of piglets. Natural infection induces protective immunity, but there is no cross-protection among the three viruses. Besides strict biosecurity measures, individual vaccines are needed for each virus for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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49
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Zhou Y, Chen C, Chen Y, Liu Z, Zheng J, Wang T, Luo H, Liu Y, Shan Y, Fang W, Li X. Effect of route of inoculation on innate and adaptive immune responses to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in suckling pigs. Vet Microbiol 2018; 228:83-92. [PMID: 30593385 PMCID: PMC7173071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of route of administration on systemic and gut mucosal immune responses induced by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection in suckling pigs were investigated. Twenty-four conventional 5-day-old suckling piglets were randomly divided into four groups and were inoculated orally, intranasally (I.N.), intramuscularly (I.M.) with PEDV or DMEM (mock). Pigs were monitored daily for clinical signs and fecal viral load. Blood samples were collected at 7, 14, 21 days post infection (dpi) and subjected for the analyses of serum antibody production, T cell and natural killer (NK) cell frequencies, NK cytotoxicity and serum cytokine levels. Oral inoculation led to higher levels of PEDV-specific IgA antibodies in both serum and gut mucosal sites than did other routes of inoculation. Intranasal inoculation elicited significantly higher titers of virus-specific IgG antibodies in serum. PEDV-infected pigs regardless of inoculation routes had significantly lower NK cell frequencies than those of the control pigs at 14 dpi. The orally inoculated pigs had significantly higher CD3+CD8+ T cell frequencies as compared to I.N. or I.M. inoculated pigs at 14 dpi, while there was no significant difference among orally, I.N. or I.M. inoculated pigs and control pigs in CD3+CD4+ T cell frequencies in peripheral blood. PEDV-infected and control pigs had low, but detectable NK cell activities at 14 and 21 dpi, however, NK cell activities were barely detectable at 7 dpi whether the pigs were infected or not. Serum IL-10 levels were induced drastically in orally infected pigs at 7 dpi and then gradually declined. Serum IL-12 levels followed a similar pattern while the fold-change was much lower. In conclusion, oral inoculation may generate more comprehensive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshan Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunlu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyou Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingjun Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Shan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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50
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Miyazaki A, Kandasamy S, Michael H, Langel SN, Paim FC, Chepngeno J, Alhamo MA, Fischer DD, Huang HC, Srivastava V, Kathayat D, Deblais L, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Protein deficiency reduces efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a human infant fecal microbiota transplanted gnotobiotic pig model. Vaccine 2018; 36:6270-6281. [PMID: 30219368 PMCID: PMC6180620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein deficiency impacted immunity and reduced human RV vaccine efficacy. Human infant fecal microbiota exacerbated the negative effects of protein deficiency. Immunological dysfunction could have been induced by altered tryptophan catabolism. Our findings provide an explanation for RV vaccine failures in malnourished children.
Background Low efficacy of rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing African and Asian countries, where malnutrition is prevalent, remains a major concern and a challenge for global health. Methods To understand the effects of protein malnutrition on RV vaccine efficacy, we elucidated the innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to attenuated human RV (AttHRV) vaccine and virulent human RV (VirHRV) challenge in germ-free (GF) pigs or human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) transplanted gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs fed protein-deficient or -sufficient bovine milk diets. We also analyzed serum levels of tryptophan (TRP), a predictor of malnutrition, and kynurenine (KYN). Results Protein-deficient pigs vaccinated with oral AttHRV vaccine had lower protection rates against diarrhea post-VirHRV challenge and significantly increased fecal virus shedding titers (HIFM transplanted but not GF pigs) compared with their protein-sufficient counterparts. Reduced vaccine efficacy in protein-deficient pigs coincided with altered serum IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ responses to oral AttHRV vaccine and the suppression of multiple innate immune parameters and HRV-specific IFN-γ producing T cells post-challenge. In protein-deficient HIFM transplanted pigs, decreased serum KYN, but not TRP levels were observed throughout the experiment, suggesting an association between the altered TRP metabolism and immune responses. Conclusion Collectively, our findings confirm the negative effects of protein deficiency, which were exacerbated in the HIFM transplanted pigs, on innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to HRV and on vaccine efficacy, as well as on TRP-KYN metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA(1)
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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