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Carvajal A, Kramer M, Argüello H. Salmonella Control in Swine: A Thoughtful Discussion of the Pre- and Post-Harvest Control Approaches in Industrialized Countries. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1035. [PMID: 38612274 PMCID: PMC11010990 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pork is among the major sources of human salmonellosis in developed countries. Since the 1990s, different surveys and cross-sectional studies, both national and international (i.e., the baseline studies performed in the European Union), have revealed and confirmed the widespread non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes in pigs. A number of countries have implemented control programs with different approaches and degrees of success. The efforts could be implemented either at farms, in post-harvest stages, or both. The current review revises the current state of the art in Salmonella in swine, the control programs ongoing or conducted in the past, and their strengths and failures, with particular attention to the weight of pre- and post-harvest control and the implications that both have for the success of interventions or mitigation after outbreaks. This review provides a novel perspective on Salmonella control in swine, a matter that still includes uncertainties and room for improvement as a question of public health and One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
| | - Melvin Kramer
- EHA Consulting Group, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33306, USA;
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Vegazana, 2007 Leon, Spain;
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Park S, Cho E, Senevirathne A, Chung HJ, Ha S, Kim CH, Kang S, Lee JH. Salmonella vector induces protective immunity against Lawsonia and Salmonella in murine model using prokaryotic expression system. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e4. [PMID: 38311319 PMCID: PMC10839175 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy and is associated with several outbreaks, causing substantial economic loss to the porcine industry. OBJECTIVES In this study, we focused on demonstrating the protective effect in the mouse model through the immunological bases of two vaccine strains against porcine proliferative enteritis. METHODS We used live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) secreting two selected immunogenic LI antigens (Lawsonia autotransporter A epitopes and flagellin [FliC]-peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein-FliC) as the vaccine carrier. The constructs were cloned into a Salmonella expression vector (pJHL65) and transformed into the ST strain (JOL912). The expression of immunogenic proteins within Salmonella was evaluated via immunoblotting. RESULTS Immunizing BALB/c mice orally and subcutaneously induced high levels of LI-specific systemic immunoglobulin G and mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A. In immunized mice, there was significant upregulation of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cytokine mRNA and an increase in the subpopulations of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ and CD 8+ T lymphocytes upon splenocytes re-stimulation with LI antigens. We observed significant protection in C57BL/6 mice against challenge with 106.9 times the median tissue culture infectious dose of LI or 2 × 109 colony-forming units of the virulent ST strain. Immunizing mice with either individual vaccine strains or co-mixture inhibited bacterial proliferation, with a marked reduction in the percentage of mice shedding Lawsonia in their feces. CONCLUSIONS Salmonella-mediated LI gene delivery induces robust humoral and cellular immune reactions, leading to significant protection against LI and salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Eunseok Cho
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Chung
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seungmin Ha
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Chae-Hyun Kim
- Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Seogjin Kang
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea.
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Iksan 54596, Korea.
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Soliani L, Rugna G, Prosperi A, Chiapponi C, Luppi A. Salmonella Infection in Pigs: Disease, Prevalence, and a Link between Swine and Human Health. Pathogens 2023; 12:1267. [PMID: 37887782 PMCID: PMC10610219 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most spread foodborne pathogens worldwide, and Salmonella infections in humans still represent a global health burden. The main source of Salmonella infections in humans is represented by contaminated animal-derived foodstuffs, with pork products being one of the most important players. Salmonella infection in swine is critical not only because it is one of the main causes of economic losses in the pork industry, but also because pigs can be infected by several Salmonella serovars, potentially contaminating the pig meat production chain and thus posing a significant threat to public health globally. As of now, in Europe and in the United States, swine-related Salmonella serovars, e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:-, are also frequently associated with human salmonellosis cases. Moreover, multiple outbreaks have been reported in the last few decades which were triggered by the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated pig meat. Throughout the years, changes and evolution across the pork industry may have acted as triggers for new issues and obstacles hindering Salmonella control along the food chain. Gathered evidence reinforces the importance of coordinating control measures and harmonizing monitoring programs for the efficient control of Salmonella in swine. This is necessary in order to manage outbreaks of clinical disease in pigs and also to protect pork consumers by controlling Salmonella subclinical carriage and shedding. This review provides an update on Salmonella infection in pigs, with insights on Salmonella ecology, focusing mainly on Salmonella Choleraesuis, S. Typhimurium, and S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, and their correlation to human salmonellosis cases. An update on surveillance methods for epidemiological purposes of Salmonella infection in pigs and humans, in a "One Health" approach, will also be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soliani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.R.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (A.L.)
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4
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Ntakiyisumba E, Lee S, Won G. Identification of risk profiles for Salmonella prevalence in pig supply chains in South Korea using meta-analysis and a quantitative microbial risk assessment model. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112999. [PMID: 37316069 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
International travel and the globalization of food supplies have increased the risk of epidemic foodborne infections. Salmonella strains, particularly non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), are major zoonotic pathogens responsible for gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. In this study, the prevalence and Salmonella contamination in pigs/carcasses throughout the South Korean pig supply chain and the associated risk factors were evaluated using Systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMA), and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The prevalence of Salmonella in finishing pigs, which is one of the major starting inputs of the QMRA model was calculated through SRMA of studies conducted in south Korea in order to complement and enhance the robustness of the model. Our findings revealed that the pooled Salmonella prevalence in pigs was 4.15% with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.56 to 6.66%. Considering the pig supply chain, the highest prevalence was detected in slaughterhouses (6.27% [95% CI: 3.36; 11.37]), followed by farms (4.16% [95% CI: 2.32; 7.35]) and meat stores (1.21% [95% CI: 0.42; 3.46]). The QMRA model predicted a 3.9% likelihood of Salmonella-free carcasses and a 96.1% probability of Salmonella-positive carcasses at the end of slaughter, with an average Salmonella concentration of 6.38 log CFU/carcass (95% CI: 5.17; 7.28). This corresponds to an average contamination of 1.23 log CFU/g (95% CI: 0.37; 2.48) of pork meat. Across the pig supply chain, the highest Salmonella contamination was predicted after transport and lairage, with an average concentration of 8 log CFU/pig (95% CI: 7.15; 8.42). Sensitivity analysis indicated that Salmonella fecal shedding (r = 0.68) and Salmonella prevalence in finishing pigs (r = 0.39) at pre-harvest were the most significant factors associated with Salmonella contamination in pork carcasses. Although disinfection and sanitation interventions along the slaughter line can reduce contamination levels to some extent, effective measures should be taken to reduce Salmonella prevalence at the farm level to improve the safety of pork consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurade Ntakiyisumba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Simin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Osland AM, Oastler C, Konrat K, Nesse LL, Brook E, Richter AM, Gosling RJ, Arvand M, Vestby LK. Evaluation of Disinfectant Efficacy against Biofilm-Residing Wild-Type Salmonella from the Porcine Industry. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1189. [PMID: 37508285 PMCID: PMC10376135 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a causative pathogen of Salmonellosis, a zoonosis causing global disease and financial losses every year. Pigs may be carriers of Salmonella and contribute to the spread to humans and food products. Salmonella may persist as biofilms. Biofilms are bacterial aggregates embedded in a self-produced matrix and are known to withstand disinfectants. We studied the effect of glutaraldehyde and peracetic acid, two active substances frequently used in disinfectant formulations in the pig industry, on representative biofilm-residing wild-type Salmonella collected from pig housings in the United Kingdom (UK). We screened biofilm production of strains using the microtiter plate (MTP) assay and Congo Red Coomassie Blue (CRCB) agar method. Previously published stainless-steel coupon (SSCA), polyvinylchloride coupon (PCA), and glass bead (GBA) assays were used for disinfection studies. The mean reduction in the tested wild-type strains met the criterion of ≥4 log10 CFU at a disinfectant concentration of 0.05% with SSCA and GBA, and 0.005% with PCA for peracetic acid, along with 0.5% for glutaraldehyde with all three assays on the mean. At these concentrations, both tested disinfectants are suitable for disinfection of pig housings against Salmonella. When evaluating the efficacy of disinfectants, biofilms should be included, as higher disinfectant concentrations are necessary compared to planktonic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Mohr Osland
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI),1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Claire Oastler
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katharina Konrat
- Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Department Infectious Diseases Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Live L Nesse
- Department of Food Safety and Animal Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Emma Brook
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anja M Richter
- Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Department Infectious Diseases Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca J Gosling
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK
- Health and Safety Executive, The Science and Research Centre, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - Mardjan Arvand
- Hospital Hygiene, Infection Prevention and Control, Department Infectious Diseases Robert Koch Institute (RKI), 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lene K Vestby
- Department of Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI),1433 Ås, Norway
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Bearson SMD, Trachsel JM, Bearson BL, Loving CL, Kerr BJ, Shippy DC, Kiros TG. Effects of β-glucan on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium swine colonization and microbiota alterations. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:7. [PMID: 36782292 PMCID: PMC9926856 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2017 Veterinary Feed Directive eliminated the use of medically important antibiotics for growth promotion of food animals; thus, alternative growth promoters are highly desirable by food animal producers to enhance animal health and reduce pathogen colonization, including the human foodborne pathogen Salmonella. β(1-3)(1-6)-D-glucan (β-glucan) is a soluble fiber with prebiotic characteristics; it has been shown to modulate immune and intestinal functions that strengthen swine resistance to health challenges such as bacterial infections when supplemented in the diets of growing pigs. The current study evaluated the effects of a β-glucan product on gut microbial community structure as well as Salmonella shedding and intestinal colonization. RESULTS Five-week-old pigs were fed a β-glucan amended diet at 500 g/ton (n = 13) or a non-amended control diet (n = 14) for three weeks, followed by inoculation of the 27 pigs with 1 × 109 colony forming units of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain UK1. While remaining on the respective diets, fecal samples collected at 2, 4, 7, and 16 days post-inoculation (dpi) were similar for Salmonella shedding counts between the two diets. At 16 dpi, Salmonella counts were significantly lower in the cecal contents of the β-glucan-fed pigs (P = 0.0339) and a trend towards a reduction was observed in the Peyer's patches region of the ileum (P = 0.0790) compared to the control pigs. Pigs fed β-glucan for three weeks exhibited an increase in members of the Clostridia class in their fecal microbial communities, and after inoculation with Salmonella, several potentially beneficial microorganisms were enriched in the microbiota of β-glucan-fed pigs (Lactobacillus, Ruminococcaceae, Prevotellaceae, Veillonellaceae, Bifidobacterium and Olsenella). CONCLUSION Administration of β-glucan altered the swine gut microbiome and reduced Salmonella colonization in the cecal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. D. Bearson
- grid.512856.d0000 0000 8863 1587Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Room 1403, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Julian M. Trachsel
- grid.512856.d0000 0000 8863 1587Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Room 1403, Ames, IA 50010 USA ,grid.410547.30000 0001 1013 9784Agricultural Research Service Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Bradley L. Bearson
- grid.512855.eAgroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA USA
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- grid.512856.d0000 0000 8863 1587Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Room 1403, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Brian J. Kerr
- grid.512855.eAgroecosystems Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA USA
| | - Daniel C. Shippy
- grid.512856.d0000 0000 8863 1587Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Room 1403, Ames, IA 50010 USA
| | - Tadele G. Kiros
- grid.478269.60000 0004 5902 7857Phileo by Lesaffre, North America, Milwaukee, WI USA
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Roldan-Henao M, Dalsgaard A, Cardona-Castro N, Restrepo-Rivera L, Veloza-Angulo LC, Alban L. Pilot study of the productivity and Salmonella seroprevalence in pigs administered organic acids. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1123137. [PMID: 36937024 PMCID: PMC10020582 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of Salmonella in pig/pork production is important to protect public health because pork is one of the main sources of human infection. Moreover, antimicrobial use in pig farms should be kept low to minimize development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance. This pilot study evaluated the productivity and Salmonella seroprevalence in pigs administered organic acids (OA) compared to pigs given growth promoters in one farm in Antioquia, Colombia. Two groups each consisting of 60 pigs of 6-weeks of age were studied for 4 months. One group was provided feed and water with OA (Selko pH® and Selacid®), whereas the other group (control) received antimicrobial growth promoters according to routine feeding practices (tylosin and zinc bacitracin). Blood samples were taken three times (T1-T3) and pigs were weighted five times to calculate daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Initially when the pigs were 6 weeks old (T1), the Salmonella seroprevalence was 1.7% in both groups. When the pigs were 11 weeks old (T2), the seroprevalence was significantly lower in pigs provided OA compared to the control group (19 vs. 47%, P < 0.001), whereas when the pigs were 23 weeks old (T3), the seroprevalence did not differ between the groups (62 vs. 77%; P = 0.075). The cumulative DWG was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (713 vs. 667 g/day; P < 0.001). The cumulative FCR did not differ between groups (2.80 vs. 2.77; P = 0.144). The pilot study indicates that cleaning the water pipes and administrating OA improve productivity in pigs and delay exposure to Salmonella spp. when compared with growth promoters. Thus, OA could replace antimicrobial growth promoters and reduce antimicrobial use and resistance. However, the study should be repeated before firmer conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Roldan-Henao
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Manuela Roldan-Henao
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora Cardona-Castro
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, CES University, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | | | - Lis Alban
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Xie M, Chen K, Chan EWC, Chen S. Identification and genetic characterization of two conjugative plasmids that confer azithromycin resistance in Salmonella. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1049-1057. [PMID: 35333699 PMCID: PMC9009942 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2058420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
With the development of multidrug resistance in Salmonella spp. in recent years, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin have become the principal antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of Salmonella infections. The underlying mechanisms of plasmid-mediated ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone resistance have attracted extensive research interest, but not much is focused on azithromycin resistance in Salmonella. In this study, we investigated the genetic features of two conjugative plasmids and a non-transferable virulence plasmid that encode azithromycin resistance in food-borne Salmonella strains. We showed that the azithromycin resistance phenotype of these strains was conferred by erm(B) gene and/or the complete genetic structure IS26-mph(A)-mrx-mphR-IS6100. Comparative genetic analysis showed that these conjugative plasmids might originate from Escherichia coli and play a role in the rapid dissemination of azithromycin resistance in Salmonella. These conjugative plasmids may also serve as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in Salmonella in which these AMR genes may be acquired by the virulence plasmids of Salmonella via genetic transposition events. Importantly, the formation of a novel macrolide-resistance and virulence-encoding plasmid, namely pS1380-118 kb, was observed in this study. This plasmid was found to exhibit transmission potential and pose a serious health threat as the extensive transmission of azithromycin resistant and virulent Salmonella strains would further compromise the effectiveness of treatment for salmonellosis. Further surveillance and research on the dissemination and evolution routes of pS1380-118kb-like plasmids in potential human pathogens of the family of Enterobacteriaceae are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kaichao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Edward Wai-Chi Chan
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Zhang J, Liu X, Su Y, Li T. An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10012. [PMID: 35928103 PMCID: PMC9344027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally produced secondary metabolites or low molecular organic compounds produced by fungus with high diversification, which cause mycotoxicosis (food contamination) in humans and animals. T-2 toxin is simply one of the metabolites belonging to fungi trichothecene mycotoxin. Specifically, Trichothecenes-2 (T-2) mycotoxin of genus fusarium is considered one of the most hotspot agricultural commodities and carcinogenic compounds worldwide. There are well-known examples of salmonellosis in mice and pigs, necrotic enteritis in chickens, catfish enteric septicemia and colibacillosis in pigs as T-2 toxic agent. On the other hand, it has shown a significant reduction in the Salmonella population's aptitude in the pig intestinal tract. Although the impact of the excess Fusarium contaminants on humans in creating infectious illness is less well-known, some toxins are harmful; for example, salmonellosis and colibacillosis have been frequently observed in humans. More than 20 different metabolites are synthesized and excreted after ingestion, but the T-2 toxin is one of the most protuberant metabolites. Less absorption of mycotoxins in intestinal tract results in biotransformation of toxic metabolites into less toxic variants. In addition to these, effects of microbiota on harmful mycotoxins are not limited to intestinal tract, it may harm the other human vital organs. However, detoxification of microbiota is considered as an alternative way to decontaminate the feed for both animals and humans. These transformations of toxic metabolites depend upon the formation of metabolites. This study is complete in all perspectives regarding interactions between microbiota and mycotoxins, their mechanism and practical applications based on experimental studies.
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Hollmann I, Lingens JB, Chuppava B, Wilke V, Abd El-Wahab A, Buch J, Hankel J, Ahmed MFE, Visscher C. In vitro evaluation of sodium butyrate on the growth of three Salmonella serovars derived from pigs at a mild acidic pH value. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:937671. [PMID: 35958300 PMCID: PMC9360501 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.937671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne zoonotic diseases can be transferred into the food chain at the stage of livestock farming. As an emerging public health challenge, practicable reduction measures in porcine health management for Salmonella are constantly being investigated. This in vitro study aimed to determine the influence of six different sodium butyrate (SB) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mM) on the growth of three different Salmonella enterica serovars at a constant pH value of 6.0, corresponding to conditions in the pig's hindgut. S. Derby and S. Typhimurium, isolated from a pig farm, and S. Typhimurium DSM 19587, which served as control, were used. Broth microdilution assay was applied to record Salmonella growth in the presence of different SB-concentrations over six different incubation periods (0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h). Results were quantified in the log colony-forming units (log10 CFU/mL). For 1 h incubation, the addition of SB showed no significant differences in the range of initial Salmonella dose of about 5.7 log10 between concentrations (0-80 mM, 5.26 ± 0.10-5.60 ± 0.07 log10, p > 0.05). After 6 h, for SB addition, the range of Salmonella counts was significantly lower compared to no addition of SB (5-80 mM, p < 0.05), 6.78 ± 0.84-7.90 ± 0.10 log10 for 5 mM, and 7.53 ± 0.04-8.71 ± 0.22 log10 for 0 mM. Moreover, for SB concentrations of 40 and 80 mM, no difference in the range of Salmonella counts over 6 h was obtained (5.23 ± 0.11-5.38 ± 0.05 log10, p > 0.05), and minor Salmonella growth was recorded at the earliest after 24 h incubation. Growth rates for varying SB concentrations and incubation times were confirmed in a similar manner for the three serovars. Obtained results suggest that increasing SB concentrations suppress Salmonella growth for concentrations of 5-20 mM over a 6 h incubation period and for 40 and 80 mM over a 24 h incubation period. When transferring these in vitro findings to the porcine organism, it may be assumed that Salmonella reduction can be achieved by increased butyrate content in the chyme of the large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Hollmann
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Berend Lingens
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Wilke
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amr Abd El-Wahab
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Juhle Buch
- AniCon Labor GmbH, Höltinghausen, Germany
| | - Julia Hankel
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marwa F. E. Ahmed
- Hygiene and Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Chang YJ, Chen CL, Yang HP, Chiu CH. Prevalence, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Non-Typhoid Salmonella in Food in Northern Taiwan. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060705. [PMID: 35745560 PMCID: PMC9229336 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common bacteria causing food poisoning worldwide. We evaluated the prevalence, the serotypes, and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella isolates from many kinds of food, particularly pork and chicken in retail, in Taiwan between January 2017 and December 2019. The E-test was used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility and a polymerase chain reaction was performed for serotyping. A total of 459 different foods were investigated, and 117 Salmonella strains were isolated. Retail pork and chicken were the most common Salmonella-contaminated foods (64.1% and 29.1%, respectively). Of the 117 isolates, 23 serotypes were identified. The serotypes Derby (16.2%), Anatum (13.7%), and Agona (8.5%) were the most prevalent. The resistance rates to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and carbapenem were 41.9%, 11.1%, and 1.7%, respectively. The Derby and Anatum serotypes were prevalent in chicken and pork; the Anatum serotype had significantly higher ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone resistance rates and was highly prevalent in 2017 and 2018. Multi-locus sequence typing analysis revealed that the 58 randomly chosen Salmonella isolates belonged to 18 sequence types (STs). ST64 (Anatum, 16 out of 58, 27.6%) was the most common, followed by ST321 (Muenster, 6/58, 10.3%), ST831 (Give, 5/58, 8.6%), ST155 (London, 4/58, 6.9%) and ST314 (Kentucky, 4/58, 6.9%). Multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains were remarkably observed in the serotypes Anatum (ST64) and Goldcoast (ST358). This study revealed that retail pork was commonly contaminated with antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella. Thus, periodic investigations of Salmonella serotypes and AMR are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jung Chang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
| | - Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Yang
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-L.C.); (H.-P.Y.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-03-3281200
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12
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Rodríguez-Sorrento A, Castillejos L, López-Colom P, Cifuentes-Orjuela G, Moreno-Muñoz JA, Martín-Orúe SM. Assessment of the Effects of the Synbiotic Combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin Against Digestive Bacterial Infections in a Piglet Model. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831737. [PMID: 35350617 PMCID: PMC8957890 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bifidobacteria as probiotics has proven to be beneficial in gastroenteric infections. Furthermore, prebiotics such as inulin can enhance the survival and growth of these bacteria. Two trials were performed to evaluate the effects of the administration of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and oligofructose-enriched inulin against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4. A total of 72 (Salmonella trial) and 96 (ETEC F4 trial) weaned piglets were used in a 2 × 2 design (with or without synbiotic, inoculated or not with the pathogen). After adaptation, animals were orally inoculated. Performance and clinical signs were evaluated. On days 4 and 8 (Salmonella trial) and 3 and 7 (ETEC F4 trial) post-inoculation (PI), one animal per pen was euthanized. Blood, digestive content and tissue samples were collected and microbiological counts, fermentation products, serum inflammatory markers and ileum histomorphometry analysis were performed. Both challenges had an impact on faecal consistency (p < 0.001), including the faecal shedding of Salmonella and increased numbers of enterobacteria and coliforms. The synbiotic administration did not have any effect on pathogen loads but induced changes in the fermentation profile, such as increased valeric acid in both trials as well as decreased acetic acid, except for Salmonella-challenged animals. The effect on propionate varied among trials, increasing in challenged synbiotic-treated pigs and decreasing in non-challenged ones in the Salmonella trial (P interaction = 0.013), while the opposed occurred in the ETEC F4 trial (P interaction = 0.013). The administration of the synbiotic increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL; p = 0.039) on day 8 PI in the Salmonella trial and a similar trend occurred in non-challenged pigs in the ETEC F4 trial (P interaction = 0.086). The results did not provide evidence of reduced pathogen load with the synbiotic, although a modulation in fermentative activity could be identified depending on the challenge. Consistent increases were found in IEL, suggesting that this synbiotic combination has some immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Rodríguez-Sorrento
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Castillejos
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Paola López-Colom
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador (UAE), Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Susana M Martín-Orúe
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Departament de Ciència Animal i Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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13
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Karabasanavar N, Sivaraman GK, S P S, Nair AS, Vijayan A, Rajan V, P S G. Non-diarrhoeic pigs as source of highly virulent and multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1039-1049. [PMID: 35128626 PMCID: PMC9151962 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-producing animals act as reservoirs of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars with potential food safety and public health implications. The present cross-sectional study aimed at determining the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in non-diarrhoeic pigs and characterizing the isolates using molecular tools. Salmonella isolates (n = 22) recovered from faecal samples of 194 randomly selected pigs were characterized for virulence and antimicrobial resistance and subtyped using XbaI-PFGE. The prevalence of Salmonella in apparently healthy non-diarrhoeic pigs was 11.3% (95%CI, 4.3-19.5%), with S. Weltevreden (81.8%) and S. Enteritidis (18.2%) being the serotypes detected. Salmonella isolates harboured virulence genes such as invA (100%), stn (100%), spvR/spvC (86.3%) and fimA (22.7%). Phenotypically, isolates showed sensitivity to chloramphenicol, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin and resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin (100%), streptomycin (86.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (63.6%), cefotaxime (22.7%) and ceftriaxone (9.1%). Notably, 18.2% isolates were multidrug-resistant (≥ 3 antimicrobial class) with multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) index of 0.56-0.67 (18.2%), 0.44 (45.5%), 0.33 (31.8%) and 0.22 (4.5%). Genotypically, isolates carried various antibiotic resistance genes: ESBL (blaTEM and blaOXA), aminoglycoside (strA, strB and aadA1), sulphonamide (sul1, sul2 and dfrA1), tetracycline (tetA and tetB) and plasmid AmpC beta-lactamase (ACC, FOX, MOX, DHA, CIT and EBC). The present investigation emphasizes the epidemiological significance of PFGE typing in the detection of emerging strains of highly virulent and multidrug-resistant S. Weltevreden and S. Enteritidis in non-diarrhoeic pigs that pose serious public health implications in the pork supply chain environment. More extensive longitudinal study is warranted to provide epidemiological links between environmental reservoirs and animal and human infections in piggery settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagappa Karabasanavar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University), Vidyanagar, Hassan, 573 202, Karnataka, India.
| | - G K Sivaraman
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 682 029, Kerala, India
| | - Satheesha S P
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University), Vidyanagar, Hassan, 573 202, Karnataka, India
| | - Archana S Nair
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Veterinary College (Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciences University), Vidyanagar, Hassan, 573 202, Karnataka, India
| | - Ardhra Vijayan
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 682 029, Kerala, India
| | - Vineeth Rajan
- Microbiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 682 029, Kerala, India
| | - Girish P S
- ICAR National Research Centre On Meat, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telangana, India
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14
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Bearson SMD. Salmonella in Swine: Prevalence, Multidrug Resistance, and Vaccination Strategies. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:373-393. [PMID: 34699256 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013120-043304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 1.3 million Salmonella infections and 420 deaths occur annually in the United States, with an estimated economic burden of $3.7 billion. More than 50% of US swine operations test positive for Salmonella according to the National Animal Health Monitoring System, and 20% of Salmonella from swine are multidrug resistant (resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) as reported by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. This review on Salmonella in swine addresses the current status of these topics by discussing antimicrobial resistance and metal tolerance in Salmonella and the contribution of horizontal gene transfer. A major challenge in controlling Salmonella is that Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen in humans but is often a commensal in food animals and thereby establishes an asymptomatic reservoir state in such animals, including swine. As food animal production systems continue to expand and antimicrobial usage becomes more limited, the need for Salmonella interventions has intensified. A promising mitigation strategy is vaccination against Salmonella in swine to limit animal, environmental, and food contamination. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M D Bearson
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA;
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15
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Emergence of Conjugative IncC Type Plasmid Simultaneously Encoding Resistance to Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, and Azithromycin in Salmonella. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0104621. [PMID: 34125592 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01046-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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van der Wolf P, Meijerink M, Libbrecht E, Tacken G, Gijsen E, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Schüller V. Salmonella Typhimurium environmental reduction in a farrow-to-finish pig herd using a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:43. [PMID: 34301340 PMCID: PMC8299633 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella Typhimurium is an important zoonotic pathogen in pigs, that can cause clinical disease. Many sow herds and finishing herds are infected with Salmonella, and therefore pose a threat for the contamination of pork and pork products and ultimately consumers. Case presentation This case study describes a farrow-to-finish pig herd, producing its own replacement gilts, which had experienced clinical outbreaks of salmonellosis since 2002. Outbreaks were characterised by profuse diarrhoea, dead pigs and high antimicrobial use (colistin sulphate). The aim of this study was to see whether using vaccination of sows and piglets with Salmoporc®, a live attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine, in combination with standard hygienic precautions, it was possible to reduce Salmonella Typhimurium to below the bacteriological detection limit. Monitoring of the presence of Salmonella was done using a total of 20 pooled faecal, sock and dust samples per herd visit in the period from September 2016 to October 2020. Within the first 10 months after the start of vaccination in August 2016, there was a rapid reduction in clinical symptoms, antimicrobial usage and the number of Salmonella-positive samples. During the winters of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 the number of positive samples increased again, however with minimal need to use antimicrobials to treat the affected animals. In July 2019, only two samples from a corridor were positive. In September and November 2019 and in October 2020 all three samplings were completely negative for S. Typhimurium. Conclusions This case, together with other longitudinal studies, can be seen as a proof of the principle that long term vaccination with a live attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccine can reduce the level of S. Typhimurium in the herd environment to very low levels within a farrow-to-finish herd initially suffering from clinical salmonellosis. Also, clinical symptoms indicating salmonellosis were no longer observed and antimicrobials to treat clinically diseased pigs were no longer needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gerrit Tacken
- Veterinary Practice "VarkensArtsenZuid", Panningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emile Gijsen
- Veterinary Practice "VarkensArtsenZuid", Panningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Wu B, Ed-Dra A, Pan H, Dong C, Jia C, Yue M. Genomic Investigation of Salmonella Isolates Recovered From a Pig Slaughtering Process in Hangzhou, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:704636. [PMID: 34305874 PMCID: PMC8298193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.704636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pig industry is the principal source of meat products in China, and the presence of pathogens in pig-borne meat is a crucial threat to public health. Salmonella is the major pathogen associated with pig-borne diseases. However, route surveillance by genomic platforms along the food chain is still limited in China. Here, we conducted a study to evaluate the dynamic prevalence of Salmonella in a pig slaughtering process in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Fifty-five of 226 (24.37%) samples were positive for Salmonella; from them, 78 different isolates were selected and subjected to whole genome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analyses to determine serovar distribution, MLST patterns, antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicons, and virulence factors. Moreover, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was performed using the broth dilution method against 14 antimicrobial agents belonging to 10 antimicrobial classes. Our results showed that samples collected from the dehairing area (66.66%) and the splitting area (57.14%) were the most contaminated. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance classified 67 of 78 isolates (85.90%) as having multidrug resistance (MDR), while the highest resistance was observed in tetracycline (85.90%; 67/78) followed by ampicillin (84.62%; 66/78), chloramphenicol (71.80%; 56/78), and nalidixic acid (61.54%; 48/78). Additionally, serovar prediction showed the dominance of Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 (51.28%; 40/78) among the 78 studied isolates, while plasmid prediction reported the dominance of IncHI2A_1 (20.51%; 16/78), followed by IncX1_1 (17.95%; 14/78) and IncHI2_1 (11.54%; 9/78). Virulence factor prediction showed the detection of cdtB gene encoding typhoid toxins in two Salmonella Goldcoast ST358 and one Salmonella Typhimurium ST19, while one isolate of Salmonella London ST155 was positive for genes encoding for the siderophore “yersiniabactin” and the gene senB encoding for enterotoxin production. From this study, we conclude that pig slaughterhouses are critical points for the dissemination of virulent and multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates along the food chain which require the implementation of management systems to control the critical points. Moreover, there is an urgent need for the implementation of the whole genome sequencing platform to monitor the emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant clones along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Hang Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghang Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Jia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Joat NN, Khan S, Chousalkar K. Understanding the effects of intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal on Salmonella Typhimurium shedding and gut microbiota in pullets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:78. [PMID: 34090517 PMCID: PMC8178826 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota plays a key role in health, immunity, digestion, and production in layers. Factors such as environment, diet, diseases, stress, and flock management significantly affect gut microbiota; however, it is not known how potential stressors such as intramuscular injections or feed withdrawal alter the composition of gut microbiota that result in increased the shedding level of foodborne pathogens. In the current study, the effects of intramuscular corticosterone injection and feed withdrawal were evaluated to understand their role in Salmonella Typhimurium shedding and changes in the composition of gut microbiota in layers. Results Salmonella shedding was observed for 8 weeks post-infection. There was a significant increase in Salmonella Typhimurium count after intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal. The Salmonella infected and the negative control groups showed significant differences in the abundance of different genera in gut microbiota at week 1 and up to week 7 post infection. The infected group showed a significant reduction in alpha diversity of gut microbiota. Firmicutes reduced significantly (P < 0.05) after intramuscular injection, while the feed withdrawal groups did not cause any significant changes in Proteobacteria-Firmicutes ratio. Furthermore, intramuscular injection resulted in a significant change in alpha diversity of gut microbiota. Conclusions Exposure of chicks to relatively low dose of Salmonella Typhimurium can lead to persistent shedding in pullets. The Salmonella Typhimurium infection disrupted the gut microbiota composition immediately after infection. The potential stress of intramuscular injection and feed withdrawal significantly increased the Salmonella Typhimurium count in faeces. The intramuscular injection also resulted in a significant alteration of the Proteobacteria-Firmicutes ratio, which could increase the risk of dysbiosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-021-00597-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Narendra Joat
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Samiullah Khan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia
| | - Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
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19
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Salmonella Bacterin Vaccination Decreases Shedding and Colonization of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061163. [PMID: 34071310 PMCID: PMC8226585 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the occurrence of swine salmonellosis has increased over time and control strategies other than biosecurity are highly recommended, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination with Salmonella Choleraesuis and Salmonella Typhimurium bacterins in pigs. Two experimental groups were formed: G1, animals immunized with two doses of a commercial vaccine (n = 20); G2, control group (n = 20). After vaccination, all pigs were orally challenged (D0) with 108 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and evaluated for 40 days. Every 10 days after D0, five piglets from each experimental group were euthanized and submitted to the necroscopic examination, when organ samples were collected. Blood samples and rectal swabs were collected before the first dose of the vaccine (D−42), before the second dose (D−21), before the challenge (D0), and thereafter, every three days until D39. Blood count, serum IgG measurement by ELISA, and the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in feces were evaluated. While the results from blood count and serum IgG concentration did not differ, the detection and excretion of Salmonella between G1 and G2 differed (p < 0.05). Therefore, it was observed that this vaccine partially protected the animals against experimental infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, reducing the excretion of bacteria in feces.
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20
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Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and whole genome sequence analysis of Salmonella serovars from pig farms in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 350:109245. [PMID: 34023679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen of global public health importance with developing countries mostly affected. Foodborne outbreaks are often attributed to pork consumption and Salmonella contamination of retail pork is directly linked to the Salmonella prevalence on farm. The widespread use of antimicrobials at different steps of swine production can favor resistant strains of Salmonella. The objectives of this study are to characterize the distribution, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), plasmid, virulence profiles and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars circulating in selected pig farms. Six hundred fecal samples were randomly collected from nine selected farms in Ilorin, Nigeria. Isolates were analyzed by cultural isolation using selective media, conventional biochemical characterization, serotyping, MLST and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Sixteen samples were positive for Salmonella sub-species, comprising of nine serovars. The antimicrobial susceptibility results revealed low-level resistance against 13 antimicrobial agents. Five strains exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid and intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin with chromosomal (double) mutation at gyrA and parC while four strains possessed single mutation in parC. Salmonella Kentucky showed double mutation each at gyrA and parC. WGS analysis, revealed eight diverse sequence types (STs), the most common STs were ST-321 and ST-19 (n = 4) exhibited by S. Muenster and S. Typhimurium, respectively. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogeny analysis showed the 16 isolates to be highly related and fell into 8 existing clusters at NCBI Pathogen Detection. Curtailing the spread of resistant strains will require the establishment of continuous surveillance program at the state and national levels in Nigeria. This study provides useful information for further studies on antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in foodborne Salmonella species.
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21
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Ye C, Xu D, Chen J, Hou F, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zeng Z, Peng Y, Hu DL, Fang R. Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Class 1 Integron in Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Pig Farms in Chongqing, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:712-717. [PMID: 33493405 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is considered one of the leading causes for foodborne diseases in humans. Pork and its products contaminated with Salmonella are increasingly recognized as an important source of human salmonellosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance and prevalence of integrons in Salmonella isolates from pig farms. In total, 92 of 724 (12.7%) samples were Salmonella-positive, including 64 (15.0%) from fecal samples, 27 (12.6%) from floor samples, 1 (4.5%) from water samples, and 0 from feed and air samples. These isolates showed the highest resistance to tetracycline (85.9%), followed by trimethoprim (67.4%), ampicillin (60.9%), and chloramphenicol (51.1%). In addition, 51 isolates carried the complete class 1 integron, most of which (42/51) harbored antibiotic resistance cassettes. A total of six gene cassettes including orfF, est-X, dfrA1+aadA1, aadA1, dfrA12+aadA2, and sat were identified, in which the most prevalent one was orfF (29.4%). Furthermore, all 19 class 1 integron-positive isolates harboring dfr genes showed resistance to trimethoprim (SXT), suggesting that the trimethoprim resistance gene (dfr) may contribute to the emergence of SXT resistance phenotype. Therefore, considering the significance of integrons and related resistance genes for public health, special measures should be taken to control Salmonella spp. on the pig farms and to prevent spread of integrons and associated resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongyi Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengqing Hou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuwei Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Liang Hu
- Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada, Japan
| | - Rendong Fang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Schmidt S, Sassu EL, Vatzia E, Pierron A, Lagler J, Mair KH, Stadler M, Knecht C, Spergser J, Dolezal M, Springer S, Theuß T, Fachinger V, Ladinig A, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. Vaccination and Infection of Swine With Salmonella Typhimurium Induces a Systemic and Local Multifunctional CD4 + T-Cell Response. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603089. [PMID: 33584671 PMCID: PMC7874209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative facultative intracellular bacteria Salmonella Typhimurium (STM) often leads to subclinical infections in pigs, but can also cause severe enterocolitis in this species. Due to its high zoonotic potential, the pathogen is likewise dangerous for humans. Vaccination with a live attenuated STM strain (Salmoporc) is regarded as an effective method to control STM infections in affected pig herds. However, information on the cellular immune response of swine against STM is still scarce. In this study, we investigated the T-cell immune response in pigs that were vaccinated twice with Salmoporc followed by a challenge infection with a virulent STM strain. Blood- and organ-derived lymphocytes (spleen, tonsils, jejunal and ileocolic lymph nodes, jejunum, ileum) were stimulated in vitro with heat-inactivated STM. Subsequently, CD4+ T cells present in these cell preparations were analyzed for the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A by flow cytometry and Boolean gating. Highest frequencies of STM-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells were found in lamina propria lymphocytes of jejunum and ileum. Significant differences of the relative abundance of cytokine-producing phenotypes between control group and vaccinated + infected animals were detected in most organs, but dominated in gut and lymph node-residing CD4+ T cells. IL-17A producing CD4+ T cells dominated in gut and gut-draining lymph nodes, whereas IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing CD4+ T cells were present in all locations. Additionally, the majority of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells had a CD8α+CD27- phenotype, indicative of a late effector or effector memory stage of differentiation. In summary, we show that Salmonella-specific multifunctional CD4+ T cells exist in vaccinated and infected pigs, dominate in the gut and most likely contribute to protective immunity against STM in the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena L Sassu
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alix Pierron
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Lagler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Tobias Theuß
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Premaratne A, Zhang H, Wang R, Chinivasagam N, Billington C. Phage Biotechnology to Mitigate Antimicrobial Resistance in Agriculture. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58259-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Mencía-Ares O, Argüello H, Puente H, Gómez-García M, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Manzanilla EG, Carvajal A, Rubio P. Effect of antimicrobial use and production system on Campylobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. resistance in Spanish swine: A cross-sectional study. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 68:54-66. [PMID: 33270993 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide public health threat; hence, current trends tend to reduce antimicrobial use in food-producing animals and to monitor resistance in primary production. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of antimicrobial use and production system on swine farms in the antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter, Salmonella and Staphylococcus, the main zoonotic pathogens in pig herds, in order to assess their potential value as sentinel microorganisms in antimicrobial resistance surveillance schemes. A total of 37 Spanish swine farms, 18 intensive and 19 organic/extensive farms, were included in the study. The antimicrobial resistance of 104 Campylobacter, 84 Staphylococcus and 17 Salmonella isolates was evaluated using Sensititre plates following the EUCAST guidelines. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to evaluate the influence of production system and antimicrobial use in resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes to the antimicrobials tested. The results showed that antimicrobial use was higher (p < .001) on intensive farms than on organic/extensive farms. MDR in Campylobacter and Staphylococcus was lower on organic/extensive farms (OR < .01p < .001). Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter and Staphylococcus isolates was, also for most of the antimicrobials studied, significantly higher in intensive than organic/extensive pig herds. Tetracycline resistance was associated with total antimicrobial consumption in both microbial species (p < .05), and some cross-associations between distinct antimicrobial substances were established, for instance resistance to erythromycin was associated with macrolide and phenicol consumption. No significant associations could be established for Salmonella isolates. The results demonstrate the link between antimicrobial consumption and resistance in zoonotic bacteria and evidence the potential value of using Campylobacter and Staphylococcus species in monitoring activities aimed at determining the impact of antimicrobials use/reduction on the occurrence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mencía-Ares
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Héctor Argüello
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Héctor Puente
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-García
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain.,Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Edgar G Manzanilla
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Animal Health, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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25
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Rojas F, Ibacache-Quiroga C. A forecast model for prevention of foodborne outbreaks of non-typhoidal salmonellosis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10009. [PMID: 33240587 PMCID: PMC7664469 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This work presents a forecast model for non-typhoidal salmonellosis outbreaks. Method This forecast model is based on fitted values of multivariate regression time series that consider diagnosis and estimation of different parameters, through a very flexible statistical treatment called generalized auto-regressive and moving average models (GSARIMA). Results The forecast model was validated by analyzing the cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Sydney Australia (2014–2016), the environmental conditions and the consumption of high-risk food as predictive variables. Conclusions The prediction of cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infections are included in a forecast model based on fitted values of time series modeled by GSARIMA, for an early alert of future outbreaks caused by this pathogen, and associated to high-risk food. In this context, the decision makers in the epidemiology field can led to preventive actions using the proposed model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rojas
- Centro de Micro-Bio Innovación, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Ibacache-Quiroga
- Centro de Micro-Bio Innovación, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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26
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Santana AM, da Silva DG, Maluta RP, Pizauro LJL, Simplício KMDMG, Santana CH, Rodrigues SDAD, Rodrigues DDP, Fagliari JJ. Comparative Analysis Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Highlights a Potential Transmission of Salmonella Between Asymptomatic Buffaloes and Pigs in a Single Farm. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:552413. [PMID: 33240945 PMCID: PMC7683720 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.552413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Buffaloes and pigs play an important epidemiological roll in the Salmonella infection cycle, and asymptomatic animals can act as key component in the dissemination of the disease by horizontal, vertical, and cross-species transmission. Our study aimed and was able to confirm evidences of a cross-species transmission of Salmonella Agona between asymptomatic buffaloes and pigs. Also, we described Salmonella infection within the pig production phases, involving serotypes Agona, Senftenberg and Schwarzengrund. Rectal samples were collected from Jafarabadi buffaloes (n = 25) and Piau pigs (n = 32), located on a single farm. Salmonella Agona was isolated from lactating buffaloes, gilts, pregnant sows, and weaned pigs, Salmonella Schwarzengrund from lactating sows and Salmonella Senftenberg from gilts, pregnant sows, lactating sows, and weaned pigs. Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis protocol (PFGE) was performed and revealed four different profiles. Profile 1 (Salmonella Agona), isolated from a pregnant sow, a gilt and two lactating buffaloes, revealed a indistinguishable PFGE pattern, confirming evidences of potential cross-species transmission. Profile 2 (Salmonella Agona), 3 (Salmonella Senftenberg), and 4 (Salmonella Schwarzengrund), isolated from pigs, revealed important indistinguishable PFGE patterns, evidencing Salmonella infection within the pig production phases. Considering the epidemiological relevance of buffaloes and pigs in the cycle of Salmonella infection, confirmation of a potential cross-species transmission of Salmonella Agona and potential Salmonella infection within the pig production phases highlights the importance of the correct establishment of preventive health strategies in farms, in special the importance of avoiding contact between buffaloes and pigs, since cross-species transmission can occur, increasing the risk of spreading the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Marcos Santana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Maringá State University (UEM), Maringá, Brazil
| | - Daniela Gomes da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Pariz Maluta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Clarissa Helena Santana
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Dália Dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- National Reference Laboratory Diagnosis of Enteric Bacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Jurandir Fagliari
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Di Vito M, Cacaci M, Barbanti L, Martini C, Sanguinetti M, Benvenuti S, Tosi G, Fiorentini L, Scozzoli M, Bugli F, Mattarelli P. Origanum vulgare Essential Oil vs. a Commercial Mixture of Essential Oils: In Vitro Effectiveness on Salmonella spp. from Poultry and Swine Intensive Livestock. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110763. [PMID: 33142685 PMCID: PMC7693145 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. represent a public health concern for humans and animals due to the increase of antibiotic resistances. In this scenario, the use of essential oils (EOs) could be a valid tool against Salmonella contamination of meat. This work compares the in vitro effectiveness of an Italian mixture of feed additives based on EOs (GR-OLI) with EO of Origanum vulgare L., recently admitted by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for animal use. Twenty-nine Salmonella serotypes isolated from poultry and pig farms were used to assess GR-OLI and O. vulgare EO antimicrobial propeties. O. vulgare EO was active on the disaggregation of mature biofilm, while GR-OLI was capable of inhibiting biofilm formation and disaggregating preformed biofilm. Furthermore, GR-OLI inhibited bacterial adhesion to Caco-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Both products showed inhibition of bacterial growth at all time points tested. Finally, the synergistic action of GR-OLI with commonly used antibiotics against resistant strains was investigated. In conclusion, the mixture could be used both to reduce the meat contamination of Salmonella spp. before slaughter, and in synergy with low doses of ciprofloxacin against resistant strains. Although EOs as feed additives are already used in animal husbandry, no scientific study has ever highlighted their real antimicrobial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.V.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Margherita Cacaci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Barbanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.V.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Cecilia Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-063-015-4218; Fax: +39-063-051-152
| | - Stefania Benvenuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don E. Servadei 3E/3F, 47122 Forlì, Italy; (G.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Laura Fiorentini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Sede Territoriale di Forlì, Via Don E. Servadei 3E/3F, 47122 Forlì, Italy; (G.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Maurizio Scozzoli
- Società Italiana per la Ricerca sugli Oli Essenziali (SIROE), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 42, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.V.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
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Bearson BL, Trachsel JM, Shippy DC, Sivasankaran SK, Kerr BJ, Loving CL, Brunelle BW, Curry SM, Gabler NK, Bearson SMD. The Role of Salmonella Genomic Island 4 in Metal Tolerance of Salmonella enterica Serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- Pork Outbreak Isolate USDA15WA-1. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111291. [PMID: 33142960 PMCID: PMC7716197 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistance to >3 antimicrobial classes) Salmonella enterica serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- strains were linked to a 2015 foodborne outbreak from pork. Strain USDA15WA-1, associated with the outbreak, harbors an MDR module and the metal tolerance element Salmonella Genomic Island 4 (SGI-4). Characterization of SGI-4 revealed that conjugational transfer of SGI-4 resulted in the mobile genetic element (MGE) replicating as a plasmid or integrating into the chromosome. Tolerance to copper, arsenic, and antimony compounds was increased in Salmonella strains containing SGI-4 compared to strains lacking the MGE. Following Salmonella exposure to copper, RNA-seq transcriptional analysis demonstrated significant differential expression of diverse genes and pathways, including induction of at least 38 metal tolerance genes (copper, arsenic, silver, and mercury). Evaluation of swine administered elevated concentrations of zinc oxide (2000 mg/kg) and copper sulfate (200 mg/kg) as an antimicrobial feed additive (Zn+Cu) in their diet for four weeks prior to and three weeks post-inoculation with serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- indicated that Salmonella shedding levels declined at a slower rate in pigs receiving in-feed Zn+Cu compared to control pigs (no Zn+Cu). The presence of metal tolerance genes in MDR Salmonella serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- may provide benefits for environmental survival or swine colonization in metal-containing settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L. Bearson
- USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-515-294-0209
| | - Julian M. Trachsel
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (J.M.T.); (D.C.S.); (S.K.S.); (C.L.L.); (B.W.B.); (S.M.D.B.)
| | - Daniel C. Shippy
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (J.M.T.); (D.C.S.); (S.K.S.); (C.L.L.); (B.W.B.); (S.M.D.B.)
| | - Sathesh K. Sivasankaran
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (J.M.T.); (D.C.S.); (S.K.S.); (C.L.L.); (B.W.B.); (S.M.D.B.)
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Brian J. Kerr
- USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.M.C.)
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (J.M.T.); (D.C.S.); (S.K.S.); (C.L.L.); (B.W.B.); (S.M.D.B.)
| | - Brian W. Brunelle
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (J.M.T.); (D.C.S.); (S.K.S.); (C.L.L.); (B.W.B.); (S.M.D.B.)
| | - Shelby M. Curry
- USDA, ARS, National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Agroecosystems Management Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.M.C.)
| | | | - Shawn M. D. Bearson
- USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (J.M.T.); (D.C.S.); (S.K.S.); (C.L.L.); (B.W.B.); (S.M.D.B.)
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29
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Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Temporally Modulates the Enteric Microbiota and Host Responses To Overcome Colonization Resistance in Swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01569-20. [PMID: 32859592 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01569-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a prevalent incitant of enteritis in human beings and nonhuman animals. It has been proposed that host defense responses incited by Salmonella allow the bacterium to overcome colonization resistance. Piglets (n = 24) were orally inoculated with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 or buffer alone, and the host and microbial responses were temporally examined at the acute (2 days postinoculation [dpi]), subacute (6 dpi), and recovery (10 dpi) stages of salmonellosis. At the acute stage of disease, body temperatures were elevated, and feed consumption and weight gain were reduced. The densities of Salmonella associated with the gut mucosa decreased over time, with higher densities of the bacterium in the ileum and the large intestine. Moreover, substantive histopathological changes were observed as a function of time, with prominent epithelial injury and neutrophil infiltration observed at 2 dpi. Correspondingly, a variety of host metrics were temporally affected in piglets with salmonellosis (e.g., TNFα, IFNγ, PR39, βD2, iNOS, IL8, REGIIIγ). The enteric microbiota was characterized using culture-independent and -dependent methods in concert, and taxon- and location-specific changes to the microbiota were observed in infected piglets. Bacteroides spp. (e.g., Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides fragilis), Streptococcus spp. (e.g., Streptococcus gallolyticus), and various Gammaproteobacteria were highly associated with inflamed tissues, while bacteria within the Ruminococcaceae and Veillonellaceae families were mainly associated with healthy mucosae. In conclusion, the study findings showed that S Typhimurium incited temporal and spatial modifications to the swine autochthonous microbiota, and to host defense responses, that were consistent with overcoming colonization resistance to incite salmonellosis in swine.IMPORTANCE Limited information is available on host and enteric microbiota responses incited by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in swine and on possible mechanisms by which the bacterium overcomes colonization resistance to incite salmonellosis. Temporal characterization of a variety of host metrics in piglets (e.g., physiological, histopathological, and immunological) showed the importance of studying the progression of salmonellosis. A number of host responses integrally associated with disease development were identified. Utilization of next-generation sequence analysis to characterize the enteric microbiota was found to lack sufficient resolution; however, culture-dependent and -independent methods in combination identified taxon- and location-specific changes to bacterial communities in infected piglets. The study identified bacterial and host responses associated with salmonellosis, which will be beneficial in understanding colonization resistance and in the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics to mitigate salmonellosis.
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30
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Ortega N, Fanelli A, Serrano A, Martínez-Carrasco C, Escribano F, Tizzani P, Candela MG. Salmonella seroprevalence in wild boar from Southeast Spain depends on host population density. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:400-403. [PMID: 32763568 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most prevalent zoonosis in Europe and it has considerable economic and health implications for its monitoring and control as well as being among the most prevalent pathogens on livestock farms. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) has been identified as a competent host and spreader of Salmonella spp. There has been a significant increase in wild boar population in Europe in recent decades, and it is even present in urban areas. This study evaluates the spatial distribution of the seroprevalence of Salmonella spp. in wild boar from Murcia (Southeast Spain) and its relationship with host-related risk factors (sex, age, location and density). The presence of antibodies against S. Typhimurium and Choleraesuis in 269 serum of wild boars hunted in Murcia between 2015 and 2019 were analyzed using a commercial ELISA test (PrioCHECK porcine Salmonella kit). The seroprevalence were spatially distributed using Kernel function, and wild boar density using Gaussian kernel estimates (spatialEco version 1.1.1). The risk function was estimated as the ratio between the intensity of positive samples and the wild boar density The overall seroprevalence was 19.3% (IC95% 16.9-21.8), showing a significant spatial aggregation. The highest seroprevalence detected was 51.8% (IC95% 42.2-61.5) in a specific area with high risk of infection (76-100%) and was related to the wild boar density. Only marginal differences were detected for sex and age. The use of ELISA combined with QGIS (version 3.6.0) has allowed the identification of areas of Salmonella occurrence associated with high density as risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Ortega
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alfonso Serrano
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Escribano
- Programa de Conservación y Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre, Dirección General de Medio Natural. Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia, Spain
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Monica G Candela
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain.
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31
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Schut CH, Farzan A, Fraser RS, Ainslie-Garcia MH, Friendship RM, Lillie BN. Identification of single-nucleotide variants associated with susceptibility to Salmonella in pigs using a genome-wide association approach. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:138. [PMID: 32414370 PMCID: PMC7227190 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovars are a major cause of foodborne illness and have a substantial impact on global human health. In Canada, Salmonella is commonly found on swine farms and the increasing concern about drug use and antimicrobial resistance associated with Salmonella has promoted research into alternative control methods, including selecting for pig genotypes associated with resistance to Salmonella. The objective of this study was to identify single-nucleotide variants in the pig genome associated with Salmonella susceptibility using a genome-wide association approach. Repeated blood and fecal samples were collected from 809 pigs in 14 groups on farms and tonsils and lymph nodes were collected at slaughter. Sera were analyzed for Salmonella IgG antibodies by ELISA and feces and tissues were cultured for Salmonella. Pig DNA was genotyped using a custom 54 K single-nucleotide variant oligo array and logistic mixed-models used to identify SNVs associated with IgG seropositivity, shedding, and tissue colonization. RESULTS Variants in/near PTPRJ (p = 0.0000066), ST6GALNAC3 (p = 0.0000099), and DCDC2C (n = 3, p < 0.0000086) were associated with susceptibility to Salmonella, while variants near AKAP12 (n = 3, p < 0.0000358) and in RALGAPA2 (p = 0.0000760) may be associated with susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Further study of the variants and genes identified may improve our understanding of neutrophil recruitment, intracellular killing of bacteria, and/or susceptibility to Salmonella and may help future efforts to reduce Salmonella on-farm through genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne H Schut
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell S Fraser
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Present address: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of PEI, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Robert M Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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32
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Jiu Y, Meng X, Hong X, Huang Q, Wang C, Chen Z, Zhao L, Liu X, Lu Y, Li S. Prevalence and Characterization of Salmonella in Three Typical Commercial Pig Abattoirs in Wuhan, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:620-627. [PMID: 32130028 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella in three Chinese pig abattoirs (A, B, and C) in Wuhan city in 2016. Four types of pig samples were collected and cultured for Salmonella. Salmonella was detected from 329 samples among the 1440 tested (22.9%). There was no significant difference in the overall prevalence between the first visit and the second visit and among the three abattoirs. Rectal swabs (RS) exhibited a significantly higher prevalence than carcass swabs and pork. A total of 177 isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among 17 sequence types (STs) and 13 serotypes detected, ST40, ST469, and ST34, corresponding to serovars Derby, Rissen, and Typhimurium, respectively, were predominant. The isolates from different abattoirs exhibited diverse ST distribution. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the microdilution broth method. Resistance to at least one of the antimicrobials was observed for 96.6% of the strains (171/177), and multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates accounted for 75.7% of the strains (134/177). The highest resistance proportion was for tetracycline (92.7%), and the lowest was for cefotaxime (14.1%). The isolates from abattoir A exhibited a significantly lower MDR proportion than those from other abattoirs (p < 0.05). The isolates recovered from RS and pork samples exhibited significantly higher MDR proportions than those recovered from carcass swab samples. Notably, among three predominant STs of isolates, the ST34 isolates showed the highest MDR proportion. In view of the high Salmonella prevalence and antimicrobial resistance, great attention must be paid to the monitoring and controlling of Salmonella in a full pork production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueguang Jiu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianrong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Wuhan Agricultural Comprehensive Law Enforcement Inspector Corps, Wuhan Municipal Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Wuhan Agricultural Comprehensive Law Enforcement Inspector Corps, Wuhan Municipal Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangjin Zhao
- Animal Health Supervision Institute in Jiangxia District of Wuhan City, JiangXia District Agricultural and Rural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangchao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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33
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Ito H, Hosokawa K, Kawamura M, Ito N, Abeto Y, Matsubayashi M, Sasai K, Shibahara T. Swine multifocal ulcerative colitis and crypt abscesses associated with Entamoeba polecki subtype 3 and Salmonella Typhimurium. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:463-466. [PMID: 32101825 PMCID: PMC7192718 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglets aged approximately 50 days exhibited diarrhea and wasting. Multiple white foci
were detected in the colon of a dead piglet; histopathological findings revealed
multifocal ulcers and crypt abscesses with Entamoeba trophozoites and
gram-negative bacilli in the piglet. These pathogens were identified as Entamoeba
polecki subtype 3 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium,
respectively. Numerous E. polecki subtype 3 trophozoites were located on
the edge of the ulcerative and necrotic lesions in the lamina propria. Crypt abscesses
were associated with S. Typhimurium. These results suggest that
E. polecki subtype 3 caused multifocal ulcerative colitis accompanied
by crypt abscesses with S. Typhimurium in the piglet. This study is the
first report of colitis with E. polecki subtype 3 and S.
Typhimurium coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ito
- Hiroshima Prefectural Western Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-15 Saijogojocho, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0013, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hosokawa
- Hiroshima Prefectural Western Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-15 Saijogojocho, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0013, Japan
| | - Midori Kawamura
- Hiroshima Prefectural Western Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-15 Saijogojocho, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0013, Japan
| | - Naomi Ito
- Hiroshima Prefectural Eastern Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1-1-1 Miyoshicho, Hukuyama, Hiroshima 720-8511, Japan
| | - Yusuke Abeto
- Kagoshima Prefectural Kimotsuki Livestock Health and Hygiene Center, 145-1 Nishiharaigawachou, Kanoya, Kagoshima 893-0025, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.,Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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34
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Qi Y, Zhao W, Wang T, Pei F, Yue M, Li F, Liu X, Wang X, Li H. Proteomic analysis of the antimicrobial effects of sublethal concentrations of thymol on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3493-3505. [PMID: 32072194 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an important foodborne pathogen that causes serious and extensive food contamination as well as disease and death worldwide. Considering the increasing severity of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed. As a natural biocide and a component of some essential oils from herbs, thymol is capable of killing various bacteria through a potentially unique mechanism, although the targets of thymol have not been completely elucidated. In this study, the variation in the whole proteome of Salmonella after thymol stress was evaluated using the SWATH multiplex technique. The strain Salmonella Typhimurium CVCC541 was treated with a sublethal concentration (75 μg/mL) of thymol, which rapidly increased the permeability of bacterial membranes at the tested concentration. Thymol destroyed the integrity of the bacterial membrane, as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The proteomes of the treated and untreated cells were characterized after an 8-h treatment. The proteomic analysis of thymol-treated cells indicated that 144 proteins exhibited upregulation or downregulation compared with the control cells, particularly those involved in cellular structure and metabolism. The results of this study showed that thymol may play an antimicrobial role in altering the membrane permeability, virulence change, and antioxidant response of Salmonella Typhimurium. The results of the present study provide an improved understanding of the proteomic response of Salmonella Typhimurium to thymol stress, including the identification of promising targets for the future exploration of innovative approaches to control Salmonella Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.,College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.,College of Animal Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Fangying Pei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xingyou Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xuannian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China.
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35
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Gil C, Latasa C, García-Ona E, Lázaro I, Labairu J, Echeverz M, Burgui S, García B, Lasa I, Solano C. A DIVA vaccine strain lacking RpoS and the secondary messenger c-di-GMP for protection against salmonellosis in pigs. Vet Res 2020; 51:3. [PMID: 31924274 PMCID: PMC6954585 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most common food-borne zoonosis in the European Union, with pigs being a major reservoir of this pathogen. Salmonella control in pig production requires multiple measures amongst which vaccination may be used to reduce subclinical carriage and shedding of prevalent serovars, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Live attenuated vaccine strains offer advantages in terms of enhancing cell mediated immunity and allowing inoculation by the oral route. However, main failures of these vaccines are the limited cross-protection achieved against heterologous serovars and interference with serological monitoring for infection. We have recently shown that an attenuated S. Enteritidis strain (ΔXIII) is protective against S. Typhimurium in a murine infection model. ΔXIII strain harbours 13 chromosomal deletions that make it unable to produce the sigma factor RpoS and synthesize cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). In this study, our objectives were to test the protective effects of ΔXIII strain in swine and to investigate if the use of ΔXIII permits the discrimination of vaccinated from infected pigs. Results show that oral vaccination of pre-weaned piglets with ΔXIII cross-protected against a challenge with S. Typhimurium by reducing faecal shedding and ileocaecal lymph nodes colonization, both at the time of weaning and slaughter. Vaccinated pigs showed neither faecal shedding nor tissue persistence of the vaccine strain at weaning, ensuring the absence of ΔXIII strain by the time of slaughter. Moreover, lack of the SEN4316 protein in ΔXIII strain allowed the development of a serological test that enabled the differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gil
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | | | - Enrique García-Ona
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Isidro Lázaro
- Instituto Navarro de Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias-INTIA, 31610 Villava, Navarra Spain
| | - Javier Labairu
- Instituto Navarro de Tecnologías e Infraestructuras Agroalimentarias-INTIA, 31610 Villava, Navarra Spain
| | - Maite Echeverz
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Saioa Burgui
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Begoña García
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Iñigo Lasa
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
| | - Cristina Solano
- Laboratory of Microbial Pathogenesis, Navarrabiomed-Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA)-Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), IdiSNA, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra Spain
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36
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Peeters L, Dewulf J, Boyen F, Brossé C, Vandersmissen T, Rasschaert G, Heyndrickx M, Cargnel M, Mattheus W, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Evaluation of group vaccination of sows and gilts against Salmonella Typhimurium with an attenuated vaccine in subclinically infected pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:104884. [PMID: 32536448 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Subclinical Salmonella Typhimurium infections occur frequently in pigs and constitute a major risk for human salmonellosis. With the currently available control measures, Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs remain difficult to control. Vaccination has been proposed to be an effective tool to control infections at farm level. In the current study, the effect of group vaccination of sows and gilts against Salmonella Typhimurium is evaluated on Salmonella prevalence in fecal and overshoe samples and ileocecal lymph nodes, and on serology in the sows and their offspring in three subclinically infected pig farms. In each farm, all sows and gilts were vaccinated twice, three weeks apart, with an attenuated histidine-adenine auxotrophic vaccine (Salmoporc®, IDT Biologika). From three months after the group vaccination onwards, all sows were given a booster dose three weeks before every farrowing. The farms were monitored bacteriologically and serologically from 12 months before until 15 months after the group vaccination. After group vaccination, no significant effect was detected in the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the fecal and overshoe samples collected in the sows (before: 2 %, after: 0 %) and their offspring at 18 weeks (before: 17 %, after: 11 %) and at 26 weeks of age (before: 15 %, after: 7 %), and when combining the results of the offspring at 18 and 26 weeks of age (before: 16 %, after: 9 %). Also, no significant effect was detected in the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium positive lymph nodes of sows (before and after: 0 %) and their offspring (before: 4 %, after: 7 %). Regarding serology, the mean S/P-ratios of the sows were significantly higher after the group vaccination, compared to before group vaccination (before: 1.50, after: 2.32, p < 0.001). The mean S/P-ratios of the offspring at slaughter age were significantly lower after the group vaccination, compared to before group vaccination (before: 1.71, after: 1.04, p = 0.001). In conclusion, group vaccination of sows and gilts resulted in a more beneficial serological status of the offspring, but did not significantly decrease Salmonella Typhimurium excretion and lymph node contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peeters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - J Dewulf
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Boyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Brossé
- Animal Health Care Flanders (DGZ), Lier, Belgium
| | | | - G Rasschaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - M Heyndrickx
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - M Cargnel
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Mattheus
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F Pasmans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Haesebrouck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Maes
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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37
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Berri M, Hogan D, Saade G, Roche S, Velge P, Virlogeux-Payant I, Meurens F. IPEC-1 variable immune response to different serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109989. [PMID: 31841890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family causing various illnesses. The ability of the different serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica to infect a host and to induce pathology relies in part on their cellular and molecular interactions with the intestinal epithelium. In the current study, an in vitro approach using non-polarized or polarized IPEC-1 porcine intestinal epithelial cells were used in order to assess the relation between adhesion, invasion, and induction of the immune response as a function of the serotype of Salmonella. Five serovars, Choleraesuis (host-adapted), Typhimurium (ubiquitous), Typhisuis (host-restricted), which are relevant for pig infection, and Dublin and Gallinarum, which are host-restricted or host-adapted, were studied. A strong variation was observed in the percentages of adhesion and invasion amongst the S. enterica serovars used to interact with the non-polarized and polarized cells. Subsequently, differences were identified between serovars in terms of immune response induced. Serovars Typhimurium and Typhisuis induced a strong innate immune response four and half hours after the beginning of cell stimulation while Choleraesuis, Gallinarum, and Dublin did not. A strong inflammatory response could limit the spread of the porcine serovars to the gut while, with a weak response, bacteria may not be constrained by the immune response enabling severe systemic diseases. Different repertoires of adhesion factors and of secreted protein effectors between Salmonella serovars interacting with IPEC-1 cells probably explains the differences in their early pathogenic behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Berri
- ISP, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Roche
- ISP, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- ISP, INRAE, Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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38
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Lépine AFP, Konstanti P, Borewicz K, Resink JW, de Wit NJ, Vos PD, Smidt H, Mes JJ. Combined dietary supplementation of long chain inulin and Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 supports oral vaccination efficacy against Salmonella Typhimurium in piglets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18017. [PMID: 31784576 PMCID: PMC6884548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine use of antibiotics in livestock animals strongly contributed to the creation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strains (STM). Vaccination is an alternative to the use of antibiotics but often suffers from low efficacy. The present study investigated whether long-chain inulin (lcITF) and Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 (LaW37) can support vaccination efficacy against STM and if the interventions influence possible gut microbiota changes. Piglets received daily supplementation until sacrifice. Animals were vaccinated on day 25 after birth, one day after weaning, and were challenged with STM on days 52–54. Dietary intervention with lcITF/LaW37 enhanced vaccination efficacy by 2-fold during challenge and resulted in higher relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and lower relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae in faeces. Although strongest microbial effects were observed post STM challenge on day 55, transient effects of the lcITF/LaW37 intervention were also detected on day 10 after birth, and post-weaning on day 30 where increased relative abundance of faecal lactobacilli was correlated with higher faecal consistency. LcITF treatment increased post-weaning feed efficiency and faecal consistency but did not support vaccination efficacy. Vaccination in immune-immature young animals can be enhanced with functional additives which can simultaneously promote health in an ingredient-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia F P Lépine
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Prokopis Konstanti
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Resink
- Trouw Nutrition Research & Development, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole J de Wit
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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39
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Porter S, Strain SAJ, Bagdonaite G, McDowell SW, Bronckaers T, Sherrey M, Devine P, Pascual-Linaza AV, Spence N, Porter R, Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M, Davies RH, Lahuerta-Marin A. Trends in Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial resistance in pigs and poultry in Northern Ireland between 1997 and 2016. Vet Rec 2019; 186:156. [PMID: 31776180 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the EU, salmonellosis is the second most commonly reported zoonosis. This pattern is reflected in Northern Ireland. Historically, foodborne salmonellosis has largely been attributed to the consumption of poultry products, and as such a number of legislative measures have been introduced by the EC. These policies focus mainly on five target Salmonella serovars. METHODS Here the authors present a descriptive analysis of 20 years of data from the Northern Ireland National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella. RESULTS The study's results show, for poultry submissions, a large decrease in the detection of four of the five targeted Salmonella serovars over the study period, with the fifth serovar undetected throughout the study. Additionally, there was an increase in the detection of a number of other non-regulated serovars. In pigs, S Typhimurium, which is among the most common causes of human salmonellosis, was the most commonly isolated serovar. When comparing levels of antimicrobial resistance in S Typhimurium between livestock groups, the authors found a decrease over time in poultry, but an increase in pigs, highlighting the potential significance of pigs in addressing public health concerns. CONCLUSION The authors conclude that continued surveillance is important in the assessment of control measures at a national and transnational scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán Porter
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Department, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | - Sam A J Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland (AHWNI), Dungannon, UK
| | - Gintare Bagdonaite
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Department, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | | | - Tamara Bronckaers
- Dundonald House, Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), Belfast, UK
| | | | | | - Ana V Pascual-Linaza
- Dundonald House, Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA), Belfast, UK
| | - Nessie Spence
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Department, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | - Richard Porter
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Department, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
| | | | - Robert H Davies
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, UK
| | - Angela Lahuerta-Marin
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Department, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast, UK
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Naberhaus SA, Krull AC, Bradner LK, Harmon KM, Arruda P, Arruda BL, Sahin O, Burrough ER, Schwartz KJ, Kreuder AJ. Emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- as the primary serovar identified from swine clinical samples and development of a multiplex real-time PCR for improved Salmonella serovar-level identification. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:818-827. [PMID: 31646949 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719883843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of the infecting Salmonella serovar from porcine diagnostic samples is vital to allow implementation of appropriate on-farm treatment and management decisions. Although identification at the serogroup level can be rapidly achieved at most veterinary diagnostic laboratories, final Salmonella serovar identification often takes several weeks because of the limited number of reference laboratories performing the complex task of serotyping. Salmonella serogroup B, currently the dominant serogroup identified from swine clinical samples in the United States, contains serovars that vary from highly pathogenic to minimally pathogenic in swine. We determined the frequency of detection of individual group B serovars at the Iowa State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory from 2008 to 2017, and validated a multiplex real-time PCR (rtPCR) to distinguish pathogenic serogroup B serovars from those of lesser pathogenicity. Our results indicate that, since 2014, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- has been the dominant serovar identified from swine clinical samples at the ISU-VDL, with S. Typhimurium now the second most common serovar identified. We developed a rtPCR to allow rapid differentiation of samples containing S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium from samples containing serovars believed to be of less pathogenicity, such as S. Agona and S. Derby. When combined with enrichment culture, this rtPCR has the ability to significantly improve the time to final serovar identification of the 2 most commonly identified pathogenic Salmonella serovars in swine, and allows rapid implementation of serovar-specific intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Naberhaus
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adam C Krull
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Laura K Bradner
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Paulo Arruda
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Amanda J Kreuder
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Naberhaus, Krull, Bradner, Harmon, P. Arruda, B. Arruda, Sahin, Burrough, Schwartz, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine (Naberhaus, Kreuder), Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Longo A, Losasso C, Vitulano F, Mastrorilli E, Turchetto S, Petrin S, Mantovani C, Dalla Pozza MC, Ramon E, Conedera G, Citterio CV, Ricci A, Barco L, Lettini AA. Insight into an outbreak of Salmonella Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf in wild boars. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108423. [PMID: 31648730 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An unusual mortality of wild boars occurred in Italy from 2012 to 2015 due to Salmonella Choleraesuis infection. In order to confirm the occurrence of an outbreak of S. Choleraesuis in wild boars and to epidemically characterise the unique S. Choleraesuis biovar, a collection of isolates belonging to wild boars was investigated from the phenotypic, molecular and genomic points of view (PFGE and WGS). Moreover, the possibility of transmission to domestic pigs and humans, temporally and geographically close to the wild boar epidemic, was tested by also including in the panel isolates from infected domestic pigs and from one human case of infection. Wild boar isolates displayed a high genetic correlation, thus suggesting they are part of the same outbreak, with a common invasiveness potential. Conversely, no correlation between pig isolates and those from the other sources (wild boars and human) was found. However, the phylogenetic and PFGE analyses suggest a high degree of similarity between the human and the investigated wild boar outbreak isolates, implying the potential for the spread of Salmonella Choleraesuis among these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Longo
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Federica Vitulano
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mastrorilli
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Sara Turchetto
- SCT2 - Treviso, Belluno and Venezia - O.U. Eco-pathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Belluno, Italy
| | - Sara Petrin
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Claudio Mantovani
- Science Communication Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Dalla Pozza
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Elena Ramon
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Gabriella Conedera
- SCT4 - Friuli Venezia Giulia - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Carlo V Citterio
- SCT2 - Treviso, Belluno and Venezia - O.U. Eco-pathology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Belluno, Italy
| | - Antonia Ricci
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lisa Barco
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Antonia Anna Lettini
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Longo A, Petrin S, Mastrorilli E, Tiengo A, Lettini AA, Barco L, Ricci A, Losasso C, Cibin V. Characterizing Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis, var. Kunzendorf: A Comparative Case Study. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:316. [PMID: 31620457 PMCID: PMC6763558 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different Salmonella serovars generally display different antigenic formulae, but there are some exceptions. For instance, the same antigenic formula, 6,7:c:1,5, is shared by Salmonella enterica serovar, Paratyphi C, Typhisuis, and Choleraesuis. Moreover, three biotypes have been described within the S. Choleraesuis serovar. A distinction among such biotypes can only be based on biochemical behaviors (biotyping) posing serious concerns when rapid characterization is required. The study of an outbreak of severe epizootic salmonellosis in wild boars occurred in Italy between 2012 and 2014 and the typing of the isolates recovered from the outbreak were used to test different approaches for serovar identification. A number of 30 S. Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf isolates from the outbreak were typed by means of four different methods to derive serovar and biotype: (i) slide agglutination method followed by biochemical tests, (ii) suspension array xMAP® Salmonella Serotyping Assay (SSA), (iii) whole genome sequencing (WGS) and data analysis using SeqSero tool, and (iv) WGS and data analysis using Salmonella TypeFinder tool. Slide agglutination, xMAP® SSA and WGS, followed by SeqSero analysis, are methods that infer the serovars according to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor (WKL) scheme, based exclusively on antigens. Using these methods, isolates with incomplete antigenic formulae could be misleadingly excluded from an outbreak. On the contrary, WGS followed by Salmonella TypeFinder data analysis, which predicts the serotype on the basis of Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), might be able to cluster together isolates belonging to the same outbreak irrespective of the antigenic formula. Results suggest the benefit of routine use of a combination of in silico MLST and antigenic formula analysis to solve specific ambiguous case studies for outbreak investigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Losasso
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Italy
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Kumar A, Allison A, Henry M, Scales A, Fouladkhah AC. Development of Salmonellosis as Affected by Bioactive Food Compounds. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090364. [PMID: 31540475 PMCID: PMC6780870 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Salmonella serovars are the leading cause of foodborne hospitalizations and deaths in Americans, extensively prevalent worldwide, and pose a considerable financial burden on public health infrastructure and private manufacturing. While a comprehensive review is lacking for delineating the role of dietary components on prevention of Salmonellosis, evidence for the role of diet for preventing the infection and management of Salmonellosis symptoms is increasing. The current study is an evaluation of preclinical and clinical studies and their underlying mechanisms to elaborate the efficacy of bioactive dietary components for augmenting the prevention of Salmonella infection. Studies investigating dietary components such as fibers, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and probiotics exhibited efficacy of dietary compounds against Salmonellosis through manipulation of host bile acids, mucin, epithelial barrier, innate and adaptive immunity and gut microbiota as well as impacting the cellular signaling cascades of the pathogen. Pre-clinical studies investigating synergism and/or antagonistic activities of various bioactive compounds, additional randomized clinical trials, if not curtailed by lack of equipoise and ethical concerns, and well-planned epidemiological studies could augment the development of a validated and evidence-based guideline for mitigating the public health burden of human Salmonellosis through dietary compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Abimbola Allison
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Monica Henry
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Anita Scales
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
- Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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Masud S, van der Burg L, Storm L, Prajsnar TK, Meijer AH. Rubicon-Dependent Lc3 Recruitment to Salmonella-Containing Phagosomes Is a Host Defense Mechanism Triggered Independently From Major Bacterial Virulence Factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:279. [PMID: 31428591 PMCID: PMC6688089 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella depend on their molecular virulence factors to evade host defense responses like autophagy. Using a zebrafish systemic infection model, we have previously shown that phagocytes, predominantly macrophages, target Salmonella Typhimurium by an autophagy-related pathway known as Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), which is dependent on the host protein Rubicon. Here, we explore the influence of Salmonella virulence factors on pathogenicity in the zebrafish model and induction of LAP as a defense response. We investigated five mutant strains that all could trigger GFP-Lc3 recruitment as puncta or rings around single bacteria or bacterial clusters, in a Rubicon-dependent manner. We found that S. Typhimurium strains carrying mutations in PhoP or PurA, responsible for adaptation to the intracellular environment and efficient metabolism of purines, respectively, are attenuated in the zebrafish model. However, both strains show increased virulence when LAP is inhibited by knockdown of Rubicon. Mutations in type III secretion systems 1 and 2, SipB and SsrB, which are important for invading and replicating in non-phagocytic cells, did not affect the ability to establish successful infection in the zebrafish model. This observation is in line with our previous characterization of this infection model revealing that macrophages actively phagocytose the majority of S. Typhimurium. In contrast to SipB mutants, SsrB mutants were unable to become more virulent in Rubicon-deficient hosts, suggesting that type III system 2 effectors are important for intracellular replication of Salmonella in the absence of LAP. Finally, we found that mutation of FlhD, required for production of flagella, renders S. Typhimurium hypervirulent both in wild type zebrafish embryos and in Rubicon-deficient hosts. FlhD mutation also led to lower levels of GFP-Lc3 recruitment compared with the wild type strain, indicating that recognition of flagellin by the host innate immune system promotes the LAP response. Together, our results provide new evidence that the Rubicon-dependent LAP process is an important defense mechanism against S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Masud
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Lisanne Storm
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Potential Involvement of Salmonella Infection in Autoimmunity. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030096. [PMID: 31277323 PMCID: PMC6789781 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the potential effects of nontyphoidal Salmonella infection on autoantibody (AA) formation. The titer and profiles of autoantibodies in the sera of patients with acute salmonellosis due to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) or Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) infection, as well as in convalescent patients, were determined with indirect immunofluorescence. A significant increase of autoantibodies in acute diseases caused by both serotypes of Salmonella and during post infection by S. Enteritidis was detected. Antibody profile analysis by multivariate statistics revealed that this increase was non-specific and was not dependent on the infectious agent or disease stage. The results obtained suggest that nontyphoidal Salmonella infection contributes to the generation of autoantibodies and may play a role in autoimmune disease.
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Tassinari E, Duffy G, Bawn M, Burgess CM, McCabe EM, Lawlor PG, Gardiner G, Kingsley RA. Microevolution of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium during persistence on pig farms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8832. [PMID: 31222015 PMCID: PMC6586642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45216-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant S. 4,[5],12:i:- are the dominant serotypes associated with pigs in many countries. We investigated their population structure on nine farms using whole genome sequencing, and their genotypic and phenotypic variation. The population structure revealed the presence of phylogenetically distinct clades consisting of closely related clones of S. Typhimurium or S. 4,[5],12:i:- on each pig farm, that persisted between production cycles. All the S. 4,[5],12:i:- strains carried the Salmonella genomic island-4 (SGI-4), which confers resistance to heavy metals, and half of the strains contained the mTmV prophage, harbouring the sopE virulence gene. Most clonal groups were highly drug resistant due to the presence of multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and two clades exhibited evidence of recent on-farm plasmid-mediated acquisition of additional AMR genes, including an IncHI2 plasmid. Biofilm formation was highly variable but had a strong phylogenetic signature. Strains capable of forming biofilm with the greatest biomass were from the S. 4,[5],12:i:- and S. Typhimurium DT104 clades, the two dominant pandemic clones found over the last 25 years. On-farm microevolution resulted in enhanced biofilm formation in subsequent production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tassinari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland.
| | - Matt Bawn
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | | | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Teagasc Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co., Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Effects of attenuated vaccine protocols against Salmonella Typhimurium on Salmonella serology in subclinically infected pig herds. Vet J 2019; 249:67-72. [PMID: 31239168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination of pigs against Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) can be effective for the control of Salmonella infections at the farm level and reduce the risk of Salmonella contamination in the food chain. However, vaccination may interfere with herd serological status in serology-based Salmonella monitoring programs. The present study investigated the effects of an attenuated S. Typhimurium vaccine (Salmoporc, IDT Biologika) on Salmonella serology in sows, neonatal piglets and slaughter pigs from three subclinically infected herds. Within each herd, five different vaccination protocols were tested as follows: group 1, vaccination of sows; group 2, vaccination of sows and piglets; group 3, vaccination of sows and fattening pigs; group 4, vaccination of piglets; and group 5 vaccination of fattening pigs. Each group was compared to a non-vaccinated control group (group 6). Sera were analyzed by ELISA (HerdChek Swine Salmonella, IDEXX Laboratories) and sample-to-positive (S/P) ratios were calculated. At day 3 after farrowing, but not before vaccination, S/P ratios in vaccinated sows (mean: 2.21) were significantly higher than S/P ratios in non-vaccinated sows (mean: 0.87, P<0.001). S/P ratios in 3-day old piglets from vaccinated sows (mean: 2.46) were significantly higher than S/P ratios in similar piglets from non-vaccinated sows (mean: 0.73, P<0.001). At slaughter, S/P ratios in pigs from groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were significantly higher than those in the non-vaccinated control group (P<0.001). Therefore, vaccination of piglets and fattening pigs could have implications for current serology-based Salmonella monitoring programs in slaughter pigs.
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Bacteriological evaluation of vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium with an attenuated vaccine in subclinically infected pig herds. Prev Vet Med 2019; 182:104687. [PMID: 31126632 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical infections with Salmonella Typhimurium occur frequently in pigs. They constitute a risk for human salmonellosis and are difficult to control with currently available control measures. Vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium in pigs can be an effective tool to control Salmonella infections at farm level. In the present study, the efficacy of an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium vaccine (Salmoporc®, IDT Biologika) to control Salmonella infections in pigs was evaluated in three subclinically infected pig herds. The effect on Salmonella excretion and the number of pigs positive for Salmonella Typhimurium field and vaccine strains in ileocecal lymph nodes at slaughter were evaluated using five different vaccination strategies: 1. vaccination of sows, 2. vaccination of sows and piglets, 3. vaccination of sows and fattening pigs, 4. vaccination of piglets, 5. vaccination of fattening pigs, which were all compared to a non-vaccinated control group (experimental group 6). Each vaccination strategy was implemented in each farm, during two consecutive production cycles of the same sows. The prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain excretion was low; in total, 4% of the fecal and overshoe samples collected in the non-vaccinated control group were Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive. The excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain did not significantly differ between farms, production cycles and experimental groups. Applying vaccination in either sows and piglets, sows and fattening pigs, or in piglets only, resulted in a significantly reduced number of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes of slaughter pigs in the second production cycle, but not in the first production cycle. Vaccination of sows and piglets resulted in the most consistent reduction of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes at slaughter. The vaccine strain was detected in the lymph nodes of 13 pigs at slaughter, indicating the possible persistence of the vaccine strain until slaughter. Because of limitations in the study design, and the variability between farms and production cycles, the results of the current observational study should be extrapolated with care. Nevertheless, the results provide evidence that applying vaccination against Salmonella Typhimurium in sows and piglets (preferred), sows and fattening pigs, and piglets only can support the control of Salmonella Typhimurium infections by decreasing the prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium field strain positive lymph nodes at slaughter.
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Bellido-Carreras N, Argüello H, Zaldívar-López S, Jiménez-Marín Á, Martins RP, Arce C, Morera L, Carvajal A, Garrido JJ. Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Along the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract and Associated Lymphoid Tissues. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:681-690. [PMID: 31106677 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819843682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and pork is one of the main sources of human salmonellosis. Understanding the pathogenesis and progression of the infection within the host is of interest to establish potential approaches to control the disease in pigs. The present study evaluates factors such as intestinal colonization, fecal shedding, and pathogen persistence by 2 studies using experimental challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium in weaned pigs and euthanasia at different time points (1, 2, and 6 and 2, 14, and 30 days postinfection [dpi], respectively). Histopathology of intestine at early time points (1 dpi and 2 dpi) showed severe damage to the epithelium together with an increase in polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages (P < .001), particularly in jejunum and ileum. Large quantities of Salmonella were detected within the contents of the ileum, cecum, and colon in early infection. Salmonella could also be observed in the medulla of tonsils and mesenteric lymph nodes. From 6 dpi onward, signs of recovery were observed, with progressive restoration of the epithelium, reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate, and elimination of Salmonella from the mucosa. Concentration of Salmonella in feces and ileum content decreased, but shedding did not cease even at 4 weeks after infection. Persistence of the bacteria in mesenteric lymph nodes was identified within the connective tissue at 14 and 30 dpi. Our results demonstrate a recovery of the disease after an initial acute phase but also show persistence within the lumen and surrounding lymphoid tissue. These findings are relevant to developing effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Bellido-Carreras
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Héctor Argüello
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jiménez-Marín
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rodrigo P Martins
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,2 Cibles Thérapeutiques, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1162, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Louis, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Arce
- 3 Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Morera
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- 4 Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- 1 Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Räihä V, Sundberg L, Ashrafi R, Hyvärinen P, Karvonen A. Rearing background and exposure environment together explain higher survival of aquaculture fish during a bacterial outbreak. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Räihä
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Lotta‐Riina Sundberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Roghaieh Ashrafi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Pekka Hyvärinen
- Aquatic Population Dynamics Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Paltamo Finland
| | - Anssi Karvonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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