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Zheng Y, Jiang D, Sui C, Wu X, Hu Y, Lee C, Cong X, Li J, Lu Y, Wang Z, Du Y, Qi J, Huang J. PRRSV NSP1α degrades TRIM25 through proteasome system to inhibit host antiviral immune response. Vet Microbiol 2024; 296:110173. [PMID: 38971119 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is the most economically significant disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Type I interferon (IFN) induces a large number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression to inhibit PRRSV infection. To survive in the host, PRRSV has evolved multiple strategies to antagonize host innate immune response. Previous studies have reported that PRRSV N protein decreases the expression of TRIM25 and TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination to suppress IFN-β production. However, whether other PRRSV proteins inhibit the antiviral function of TRIM25 is less well understood. In this study, we first found that PRRSV NSP1α decreased ISGylation of TRIM25. Meanwhile, NSP1α significantly suppressed TRIM25-mediated IFN-β production to promote PRRSV replication. Further studies demonstrated that PRRSV NSP1α reduced the protein level of TRIM25 in proteasome system but did not regulate the transcription level of TRIM25. In addition, the function of NSP1α in TRIM25 degradation did not rely on its papain-like cysteine protease activity. Taken together, PRRSV NSP1α antagonizes the antiviral response of TRIM25 by mediating TRIM25 degradation to promote PRRSV replication. Our data identify TRIM25 as a natural target of PRRSV NSP1α and reveal a novel mechanism that PRRSV induces TRIM25 degradation and inhibits host antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chao Sui
- Laboratory Animal Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiangju Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Juntong Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250118, China.
| | - Yijun Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Jing Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Juan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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2
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Liu D, Shi D, Shi H, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zeng M, Feng T, Yang X, Zhang X, Chen J, Jing Z, Ji Z, Zhang J, Feng L. Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Suppresses Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Infection by Blocking Spike Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion. Viruses 2023; 15:2406. [PMID: 38140647 PMCID: PMC10747074 DOI: 10.3390/v15122406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an emerging porcine intestinal coronavirus that can cause acute diarrhea, vomiting, rapid weight loss, and high mortality in newborn piglets. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is a molecular mediator of innate antiviral immunity and converts cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Previous studies have reported that CH25H and 25HC have an antiviral effect against multiple viruses. However, the interplay between SADS-CoV infection and CH25H or 25HC is still uncertain. Here, we found that CH25H and its enzymatic product 25HC restrained SADS-CoV replication by blocking membrane fusion. Our results show that CH25H was upregulated by SADS-CoV infection in vitro and in vivo, and that it was an IFN-stimulated gene in porcine ileum epithelial cells. Moreover, CH25H and CH25H mutants lacking catalytic activity can inhibit SADS-CoV replication. Furthermore, 25HC significantly suppressed SADS-CoV infection by inhibiting virus entry. Notably, we confirmed that CH25H and 25HC blocked SADS-CoV spike protein-mediated membrane fusion. Our data provide a possible antiviral therapy against SADS-CoV and other conceivable emerging coronaviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Da Shi
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (L.F.); Tel.: +86-189-4606-6048 (L.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, Haping Road 678, Harbin 150069, China; (D.L.); (H.S.); (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (M.Z.); (T.F.); (X.Y.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Z.J.); (Z.J.); (J.Z.)
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3
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Chen X, Pan J, Huang L, Zhao M. Research progress on the E protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139628. [PMID: 37256059 PMCID: PMC10226392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important disease impacting the global pig industry, and it is characterized by reproductive disorder in sows and respiratory disorder in pigs of all ages. The PRRSV E protein is a nonglycosylated structural protein encoded by the ORF2b gene. The E protein is not necessary for the assembly of virus particles, but deletion of the E protein leads to transmissible virus particles not being produced. To better understand the structure and function of the E protein, we reviewed its genetic and evolutionary analysis, characteristics, subcellular localization and topology, ion channel activity, cellular immune response, additional biological functions, interactions with host proteins, interactions with PRRSV proteins, roles in infection, pathogenicity, and drugs. Therefore, this review can provide a theoretical basis for gaining an in-depth understanding of the E protein of PRRSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqiao Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - JingHua Pan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Liangzong Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Wu H, Xia J, Fei S, Wang Y, Zhang M, Guo Y, Li X, Swevers L, Sun J, Feng M. BmCH25H, a vertebrate interferon-stimulated gene(ISG) homolog, inhibits BmNPV infection dependent on its hydroxylase activity in Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:321-337. [PMID: 35989418 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) has been identified as an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in mammals that exerts its antiviral effects by catalyzing the conversion of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). However, invertebrates lack an antiviral system homologous to vertebrate interferons (IFNs) because the genomes of invertebrates do not encode IFN-like cytokines. Nevertheless, CH25H is present in insect genomes and it therefore deserves further study of whether and by which mechanism it could exert an antiviral effect in invertebrates. In this study, the Bombyx mori CH25H (BmCH25H) gene, of which the encoded protein has high homology with other lepidopteran species, was identified and located on chromosome 9. Interestingly, we found that the expression of BmCH25H was significantly upregulated in B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) -infected BmN cells and silkworm (B. mori) larvae at the early infection stage. The inhibitory effect of BmCH25H on BmNPV replication was further demonstrated to depend on its catalytic residues to convert cholesterol to 25HC. More importantly, we demonstrated that during BmNPV infection, BmCH25H expression was increased through the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, similar to the induction of ISGs following virus infection in vertebrates. This is the first report that CH25H has antiviral effects in insects; the study also elucidates the regulation of its expression and its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junming Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shigang Fei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yeyuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research Demokritos, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Athens, Greece
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zheng J, Sun P, Sun N, Hao Z, Fan K, Yin W, Khan A, Guo J, Zheng X, Li H. Curcumol inhibits EMCV replication by activating CH25H and inhibiting the formation of ROs. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:453. [PMID: 36572890 PMCID: PMC9791146 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zedoary turmeric oil extracted from the roots of curcuma (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.) is used for the treatment of myocarditis in China. EMCV infection causes abortion in pregnant sows and myocarditis in piglets. Our previous studies demonstrated that curcumol significantly increased the expression of IFN-β in EMCV infected HEK-293T cells. The present results showed that curcumol inhibits EMCV replication by interfering the host cell cholesterol homeostasis and reducing ROs production through activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. METHOD This study was designed to explore whether curcumol can inhibit the replication of encephalomyocarditis viruses (EMCV) in cell culture. The expression level of JAK1, IRF9, STAT2, P-STAT2, CH25H, PI4KA and OSBP in EMCV-infected HEK-293T cells treated with curcumol, ribavirin or hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPCD) were determined by Western blotting (WB). The cholesterol level in EMCV infected HEK-293T cells treated with curcumol and HPCD were detected using Amplex™ Red Cholesterol Assay Kit. The antiviral effects of curcumol and HPCD on EMCV were also quantitatively detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (q-PCR). The amount and morphology of ROs were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The results demonstrated that curcumol significantly (P < 0.05) increased the expression of JAK1, IRF9, P-STAT2 and CH25H proteins, while that of STAT2, PI4KA and OSBP were remained unchanged. Compared with virus group (0.134 μg.μg-1 proteins), the total cholesterol level was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by curcumol (0.108 μg.μg-1 proteins) and HPCD (0.089 μg.μg-1 proteins). Compared with virus group (88237 copies), curcumol (41802 copies) and HPCD (53 copies) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced EMCV load. Curcumol significantly reduced the production of ROs in EMCV-infected HEK-293T cells and activated CH25H through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Curcumol inhibited EMCV replication by affecting the cholesterol homeostasis and the production of ROs in HEK-293T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zheng
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Shanxi key lab for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi P.R. China
| | - Panpan Sun
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Na Sun
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Shanxi key lab for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi P.R. China
| | - Zhili Hao
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130015 China
| | - Kuohai Fan
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
| | - Wei Yin
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Shanxi key lab for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi P.R. China
| | - Ajab Khan
- grid.412298.40000 0000 8577 8102Faculty of Veterinary and Animal sciences, the University of Agriculture, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 29050 Pakistan
| | - Jianhua Guo
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, EH164TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hongquan Li
- grid.412545.30000 0004 1798 1300Shanxi key lab for modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi P.R. China
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Zhao K, Zhang S, Liu X, Guo X, Guo Z, Zhang X, Yuan W. The game between host antiviral innate immunity and immune evasion strategies of senecavirus A - A cell biological perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1107173. [PMID: 36618383 PMCID: PMC9813683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of the cellular host to defend against viral infection. Upon infection, viruses can be sensed by the cellular host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the activation of the signaling cascade and the robust production of interferons (IFNs) to restrict the infection and replication of the viruses. However, numerous cunning viruses have evolved strategies to evade host innate immunity. The senecavirus A (SVA) is a newly identified member of the Picornaviridae family, causing severe vesicular or ulcerative lesions on the oral mucosa, snout, coronary bands, and hooves of pigs of different ages. During SVA infection, the cellular host will launch the innate immune response and various physiological processes to restrict SVA. In contrast, SVA has evolved several strategies to evade the porcine innate immune responses. This review focus on the underlying mechanisms employed by SVA to evade pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways, type I interferon (IFN-α/β) receptor (IFNAR) signaling pathway, interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and autophagy, and stress granules. Deciphering the antiviral immune evasion mechanisms by SVA will enhance our understanding of SVA's pathogenesis and provide insights into developing antiviral strategies and improving vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shixia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoran Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhaomeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Wanzhe Yuan, ; Xiaozhan Zhang,
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China,*Correspondence: Wanzhe Yuan, ; Xiaozhan Zhang,
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Ejam SS, Saleh RO, Catalan Opulencia MJ, Najm MA, Makhmudova A, Jalil AT, Abdelbasset WK, Al-Gazally ME, Hammid AT, Mustafa YF, Sergeevna SE, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Pathogenic role of 25-hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and progression. Future Oncol 2022; 18:4415-4442. [PMID: 36651359 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid that serves several important functions, including maintaining the homeostasis of cells, acting as a precursor to bile acid and steroid hormones and preserving the stability of membrane lipid rafts. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is a cholesterol derivative that may be formed from cholesterol. 25-HC is a crucial component in various biological activities, including cholesterol metabolism. In recent years, growing evidence has shown that 25-HC performs a critical function in the etiology of cancer, infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders. This review will summarize the latest findings regarding 25-HC, including its biogenesis, immunomodulatory properties and role in innate/adaptive immunity, inflammation and the development of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Mazin Aa Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Aziza Makhmudova
- Department of Social Sciences & Humanities, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli Street 103, Tashkent, 100047, Uzbekistan
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Sergushina Elena Sergeevna
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevitskaya Street, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, 430005, Russia
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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A New Long Noncoding RNA, MAHAT, Inhibits Replication of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus by Recruiting DDX6 To Bind to ZNF34 and Promote an Innate Immune Response. J Virol 2022; 96:e0115422. [PMID: 36073922 PMCID: PMC9517731 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01154-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have increasingly been recognized as being integral to cellular processes, including the antiviral immune response. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is costly to the global swine industry. To identify PRRSV-related lncRNAs, we performed RNA deep sequencing and compared the profiles of lncRNAs in PRRSV-infected and uninfected Marc-145 cells. We identified a novel lncRNA called MAHAT (maintaining cell morphology-associated and highly conserved antiviral transcript; LTCON_00080558) that inhibits PRRSV replication. MAHAT binds and negatively regulates ZNF34 expression by recruiting and binding DDX6, an RNA helicase forming a complex with ZNF34. Inhibition of ZNF34 expression results in increased type I interferon expression and decreased PRRSV replication. This finding reveals a novel mechanism by which PRRSV evades the host antiviral innate immune response by downregulating the MAHAT-DDX6-ZNF34 pathway. MAHAT could be a host factor target for antiviral therapies against PRRSV infection. IMPORTANCE Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in viral infection by regulating the transcription and expression of host genes, and interferon signaling pathways. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes huge economic losses in the swine industry worldwide, but the mechanisms of its pathogenesis and immunology are not fully understood. Here, a new lncRNA, designated MAHAT, was identified as a regulator of host innate immune responses. MAHAT negatively regulates the expression of its target gene, ZNF34, by recruiting and binding DDX6, an RNA helicase, forming a complex with ZNF34. Inhibition of ZNF34 expression increases type I interferon expression and decreases PRRSV replication. This finding suggests that MAHAT has potential as a new target for developing antiviral drugs against PRRSV infection.
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Li R, Qiao S, Zhang G. Reappraising host cellular factors involved in attachment and entry to develop antiviral strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:975610. [PMID: 35958155 PMCID: PMC9360752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.975610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), is a highly contagious disease that brings tremendous economic losses to the global swine industry. As an intracellular obligate pathogen, PRRSV infects specific host cells to complete its replication cycle. PRRSV attachment to and entry into host cells are the first steps to initiate the replication cycle and involve multiple host cellular factors. In this review, we recapitulated recent advances on host cellular factors involved in PRRSV attachment and entry, and reappraised their functions in these two stages, which will deepen the understanding of PRRSV infection and provide insights to develop promising antiviral strategies against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Mao S, Ren J, Xu Y, Lin J, Pan C, Meng Y, Xu N. Studies in the antiviral molecular mechanisms of 25-hydroxycholesterol: Disturbing cholesterol homeostasis and post-translational modification of proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 926:175033. [PMID: 35598845 PMCID: PMC9119167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient antiviral drug discovery has been a pressing issue of global public health concern since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019. In recent years, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a reactive oxysterol catalyzed by cholesterol-25-hydroxylase, exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activity with high efficiency and low toxicity. 25HC restricts viral internalization and disturbs the maturity of viral proteins using multiple mechanisms. First, 25HC reduces lipid rafts and cholesterol in the cytomembrane by inhibiting sterol-regulatory element binding proteins-2, stimulating liver X receptor, and activating Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyl-transferase. Second, 25HC impairs endosomal pathways by restricting the function of oxysterol-binding protein or Niemann-pick protein C1, causing the virus to fail to release nucleic acid. Third, 25HC disturbs the prenylation of viral proteins by suppressing the sterol-regulatory element binding protein pathway and glycosylation by increasing the sensitivity of glycans to endoglycosidase. This paper reviews previous studies on the antiviral activity of 25HC in order to fully understand its role in innate immunity and how it may contribute to the development of urgently needed broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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11
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Ke W, Zhou Y, Lai Y, Long S, Fang L, Xiao S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp4 positively regulates cellular cholesterol to inhibit type I interferon production. Redox Biol 2021; 49:102207. [PMID: 34911669 PMCID: PMC8758914 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular cholesterol plays an important role in the life cycles of enveloped viruses. Previous studies by our group and other groups have demonstrated that the depletion of cellular cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) reduces the proliferation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a porcine Arterivirus that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide for over two decades. However, how PRRSV infection regulates cholesterol synthesis is not fully understood. In this study, we showed that PRRSV infection upregulated the activity of protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A), which subsequently activated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, to increase the levels of cellular cholesterol. By screening the PRRSV-encoded proteins, we showed that nsp4 dominated the upregulation of cellular cholesterol, independently of the 3C-like protease activity of nsp4. A mutation analysis showed that domain I (amino acids 1–80) of PRRSV nsp4 interacted with PR65 alpha (PR65α), the structural subunit, and PP2Ac, the catalytic subunit, of PP2A. Importantly, domain I of nsp4 inhibited Sendai virus-induced interferon β production, and this inhibitory effect was eliminated by Lovastatin, an HMGCR inhibitor, indicating that the upregulation of cellular cholesterol by nsp4 is a strategy used by PRRSV to suppress the antiviral innate immunity of its host. Collectively, we here demonstrated the mechanism by which PRRSV regulates cellular cholesterol synthesis and reported a novel strategy by which PRRSV evades its host's antiviral innate immune response. PRRSV nsp4 up-regulates cellular cholesterol via the PP2A-HMGCR pathway. Nsp4 domain I (amino acids 1–80) interacts with A and C subunits of PP2A. Nsp4 domain I inhibits IFN-I production by upregulating cellular cholesterol. The HMGCR inhibitor Lovastatin inhibits PRRSV proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yinan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Siwen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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12
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Boglione L, Caccia C, Civra A, Cusato J, D'Avolio A, Biasi F, Lembo D, Di Perri G, Poli G, Leoni V. Trend of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol plasma levels in patients affected by active chronic hepatitis B virus infection and inactive carriers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105854. [PMID: 33631373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem with different immunological phases and therapeutic approaches. The serological condition of inactive carrier (IC) was recently well defined as a clinical and virological stable status, in which specific treatment is usually deferred, while the active chronic hepatitis B (CHB) condition requires an immediate treatment strategy. Recently, a possible broad antiviral effect of oxysterols, in particular 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC), was observed, as most likely linked to the positive modulation of innate immunity, but no clear evidence is available about their possible role in chronic HBV infection. Thus, we examined the relationship between the plasma levels of oxysterols and the disease condition of 40 HBV patients, without treatment at the start of the study. Of these, 33 were ICs and 7 were active CHB subjects. A marked reduction of 25OHC and 27OHC plasma levels was detectable in all active CHB recruited patients, while the plasma values observed in ICs all remained within the physiological range. No difference was observed between the two groups of patients with regard to the plasma levels of 24-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC). Further, the plasma level of 27OHC ≥ 140 μg/L was shown to be predictive of an inactive carrier status. This cohort study points to 27OHC as a good candidate biomarker to differentiate active and inactive CHB status. An increasing bulk of research reports is supporting the very likely contribution of this oxysterol to the immunological control of chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Boglione
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Jessica Cusato
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Wu C, Zhao J, Li R, Feng F, He Y, Li Y, Huang R, Li G, Yang H, Cheng G, Chen L, Ma F, Li P, Sun C. Modulation of Antiviral Immunity and Therapeutic Efficacy by 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Chronically SIV-Infected, ART-Treated Rhesus Macaques. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1197-1209. [PMID: 34057681 PMCID: PMC8165512 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and its enzymatic product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) exert broadly antiviral activity including inhibiting HIV-1 infection. However, their antiviral immunity and therapeutic efficacy in a nonhuman primate model are unknown. Here, we report that the regimen of 25HC combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART), provides profound immunological modulation towards inhibiting viral replication in chronically SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Compared to the ART alone, this regimen more effectively controlled SIV replication, enhanced SIV-specific cellular immune responses, restored the ratio of CD4/CD8 cells, reversed the hyperactivation state of CD4+ T cells, and inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in chronically SIV-infected RMs. Furthermore, the in vivo safety and the preliminary pharmacokinetics of the 25HC compound were assessed in this RM model. Taken together, these assessments help explain the profound relationship between cholesterol metabolism, immune modulation, and antiviral activities by 25HC. These results provide insight for developing novel therapeutic drug candidates against HIV-1 infection and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China
| | - Ruiting Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China
| | - Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China
| | - Yizi He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China
| | - Runhan Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Guangye Li
- Guangdong Landau Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China.
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Zhu H, Yan J, Liu X, Li L, Liu W, Wang X, Jiang P, Bai J. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase inhibits Senecavirus A replication by enzyme activity-dependent and independent mechanisms. Vet Microbiol 2021; 256:109038. [PMID: 33845332 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25 H), as a host restriction factor, has been reported to take a broad-spectrum antiviral effect. However, the role of CH25H in Senecavirus A (SVA) infection remains unknown. In this study, we first demonstrate that overexpression of CH25H inhibits SVA replication. Consistently, knockdown or knockout of the endogens CH25H promotes SVA infection. Further, the anti-SVA effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which is the product of CH25H, operates via inhibition of viral attachment and replication. On the other hand, the CH25H mutant (CH25H-M) lacking hydroxylase activity still restricts SVA infection, which can selectively interact and degrade SVA 3A protein via the ubiquitin-proteasome manner. Altogether, these results suggest that CH25H has an antiviral function in SVA infection and provides an alternative manner to control SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junfang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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15
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Ke W, Wu X, Fang P, Zhou Y, Fang L, Xiao S. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses porcine deltacoronavirus infection by inhibiting viral entry. Virus Res 2021; 295:198306. [PMID: 33476696 PMCID: PMC7833861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25 H) is a key enzyme regulating cholesterol metabolism and also acts as a broad antiviral host restriction factor. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that can cause vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration and even death in newborn piglets. In this study, we found that PDCoV infection significantly upregulated the expression of CH25H in IPI-FX cells, a cell line of porcine ileum epithelium. Overexpression of CH25H inhibited PDCoV replication, whereas CH25H silencing using RNA interference promoted PDCoV infection. Treatment with 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), the catalysate of cholesterol via CH25H, inhibited PDCoV proliferation by impairing viral invasion of IPI-FX cells. Furthermore, a mutant CH25H (CH25H-M) lacking hydroxylase activity also inhibited PDCoV infection to a lesser extent. Taken together, our data suggest that CH25H acts as a host restriction factor to inhibit the proliferation of PDCoV but this inhibitory effect is not completely dependent on its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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16
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Nsp4 cleaves ZAP to antagonize its antiviral activity. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108863. [PMID: 33035816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important pathogens impacting the global swine industry. PRRSV has been recognized to modulate the host immune response through a number of mechanisms. In our previous study, we found that over-expression of ZAP, a zinc finger antiviral protein of host, could suppress PRRSV replication, but how PRRSV escape the restriction of ZAP under natural conditions was still unknown. In this study, We found PRRSV infection significantly down-regulate the endogenous ZAP protein expression in Marc-145 cells. And PRRSV nonstructural protein 4 (Nsp4), a 3C-like serine proteinase, was screened to be responsible for ZAP reduction. Nsp4 could cleave ZAP, depending on its protease activity. The anti-PRRSV activity of ZAP was antagonized by Nsp4 in Marc-145 cells. In addition, we identified a unique amino acid, serine 180 of Nsp4 was required for efficient degradation of ZAP, and the mutation at residue 180 could decrease the ability of recombinant PRRSV to degrade ZAP. Those findings reveal a manner of PRRSV Nsp4 antagonizing the antiviral activity of ZAP, and shed light on a new strategy evolved by PRRSV to escape the host defense.
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17
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Multifaceted Functions of CH25H and 25HC to Modulate the Lipid Metabolism, Immune Responses, and Broadly Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070727. [PMID: 32640529 PMCID: PMC7411728 DOI: 10.3390/v12070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the frequent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases in recent years, an effective broad-spectrum antiviral drug is becoming an urgent need for global public health. Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and its enzymatic products 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a well-known oxysterol that regulates lipid metabolism, have been reported to play multiple functions in modulating cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation, and immune responses. CH25H and 25HC were recently identified as exerting broadly antiviral activities, including upon a variety of highly pathogenic viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Nipah virus (NiV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). The underlying mechanisms for its antiviral activities are being extensively investigated but have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we summarized the current findings on how CH25H and 25HC play multiple roles to modulate cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and antiviral infections. Overall, 25HC should be further studied as a potential therapeutic agent to control emerging infectious diseases in the future.
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Glycyrrhizin: An alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19 infection and the associated respiratory syndrome? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107618. [PMID: 32592716 PMCID: PMC7311916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Safe and efficient drugs to combat the current COVID-19 pandemic are urgently needed. In this context, we have analyzed the anti-coronavirus potential of the natural product glycyrrhizic acid (GLR), a drug used to treat liver diseases (including viral hepatitis) and specific cutaneous inflammation (such as atopic dermatitis) in some countries. The properties of GLR and its primary active metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid are presented and discussed. GLR has shown activities against different viruses, including SARS-associated Human and animal coronaviruses. GLR is a non-hemolytic saponin and a potent immuno-active anti-inflammatory agent which displays both cytoplasmic and membrane effects. At the membrane level, GLR induces cholesterol-dependent disorganization of lipid rafts which are important for the entry of coronavirus into cells. At the intracellular and circulating levels, GLR can trap the high mobility group box 1 protein and thus blocks the alarmin functions of HMGB1. We used molecular docking to characterize further and discuss both the cholesterol- and HMG box-binding functions of GLR. The membrane and cytoplasmic effects of GLR, coupled with its long-established medical use as a relatively safe drug, make GLR a good candidate to be tested against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, alone and in combination with other drugs. The rational supporting combinations with (hydroxy)chloroquine and tenofovir (two drugs active against SARS-CoV-2) is also discussed. Based on this analysis, we conclude that GLR should be further considered and rapidly evaluated for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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19
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Zhang Y, Gao F, Li L, Zhao K, Jiang S, Jiang Y, Yu L, Zhou Y, Liu C, Tong G. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Antagonizes PCSK9's Antiviral Effect via Nsp11 Endoribonuclease Activity. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060655. [PMID: 32560445 PMCID: PMC7354446 DOI: 10.3390/v12060655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important pathogens in the swine industry worldwide. Our previous study had indicated that proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) was a responsive gene in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) upon PRRSV infection. However, whether PCSK9 impacts the PRRSV replication and how the PRRSV modulates host PCSK9 remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that PCSK9 protein suppressed the replication of both type-1 and type-2 PRRSV species. More specifically, the C-terminal domain of PCSK9 was responsible for the antiviral activity. Besides, we showed that PCSK9 inhibited PRRSV replication by targeting the virus receptor CD163 for degradation through the lysosome. In turn, PRRSV could down-regulate the expression of PCSK9 in both PAMs and MARC-145 cells. By screening the nonstructural proteins (nsps) of PRRSV, we showed that nsp11 could antagonize PCSK9’s antiviral activity. Furthermore, mutagenic analyses of PRRSV nsp11 revealed that the endoribonuclease activity of nsp11 was critical for antagonizing the antiviral effect of PCSK9. Collectively, our data provide further insights into the interaction between PRRSV and the cell host and offer a new potential target for the antiviral therapy of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.Z.); (F.G.); (L.L.); (K.Z.); (S.J.); (Y.J.); (L.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (G.T.)
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Li S, Li L, Zhu H, Shi M, Fan H, Gao Y, Wang X, Jiang P, Bai J. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase inhibits encephalomyocarditis virus replication through enzyme activity-dependent and independent mechanisms. Vet Microbiol 2020; 245:108658. [PMID: 32456829 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25 H) is a reticulum-associated membrane protein induced by an important interferon-stimulating gene (ISG) and can significantly inhibit some virus replication. But the effect of CH25H on encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is still not clear. In this study, we found that EMCV infection increases significantly the endogenous CH25H expression in BHK-21 and N2a cells. CH25H and cholesterol catalytic oxidation product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) obviously inhibits EMCV infection by inhibiting the viral penetration. But the CH25H mutant lacking hydroxylase activity repairs the ability to inhibit the viral replication. Meanwhile, β-cyclodextrin crystalline as a cholesterol inhibitor significantly decreases the viral replication. In addition, CH25H can selectively interact and degrade the viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase-3D protein by independent on the association of proteasome, lysosome and caspase manner. It provides new insights into the interplay mechanisms between CH25H and non-enveloped single-stranded positive RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - YanNi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - XianWei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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21
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Russo L, Muir L, Geletka L, Delproposto J, Baker N, Flesher C, O'Rourke R, Lumeng CN. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) as a promoter of adipose tissue inflammation in obesity and diabetes. Mol Metab 2020; 39:100983. [PMID: 32229247 PMCID: PMC7267735 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Expansion of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and metabolic inflammation are consequences of obesity and associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Metabolically activated adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) undergo qualitative and quantitative changes that influence their inflammatory responses. How these cells contribute to insulin resistance (IR) in humans is not well understood. Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase (CH25H) converts cholesterol into 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), an oxysterol that modulates immune responses. Using human and murine models, we investigated the role of CH25H in metabolic inflammation. Methods We performed transcriptomic (RNASeq) analysis on the human whole AT biopsies and sorted ATMs from obese non-diabetic (NDM) and obese diabetic (DM) subjects to inquire if CH25H was increased in DM. We challenged mice lacking Ch25h with a high-fat diet (HFD) to characterize their metabolic and immunologic profiling. Ch25h KO mice and human adipose tissue biopsies from NDM and DM subjects were analyzed. LC-MS was conducted to measure 25-HC level in AT. In vitro analysis permitted us to investigate the effect of 25-HC on cytokine expression. Results In our RNASeq analysis of human visceral and subcutaneous biopsies, gene pathways related to inflammation were increased in obese DM vs. non-DM subjects that included CH25H. CH25H was enriched in the stromal vascular fraction of human adipose tissue and highly expressed in CD206+ human ATMs by flow cytometry analysis. We measured the levels of the oxysterols, 25-HC and 7α25diHC, in human visceral adipose tissue samples and showed a correlation between BMI and 25-HC. Using mouse models of diet-induced obesity (DIO), we found that HFD-induced Ch25h expression in eWAT and increased levels of 25-HC in AT. On HFD, Ch25h KO mice became obese but exhibited reduced plasma insulin levels, improved insulin action, and decreased ectopic lipid deposit. Improved insulin sensitivity in Ch25h KO mice was due to attenuation of CD11c+ adipose tissue macrophage infiltration in eWAT. Finally, by testing AT explants, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and SVF cells from Ch25h deficient mice, we observed that 25-HC is required for the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. 25-HC was also able to induce inflammatory genes in preadipocytes. Conclusions Our data suggest a critical role for CH25H/25-HC in the progression of meta-inflammation and insulin resistance in obese humans and mouse models of obesity. In response to obesogenic stimuli, CH25H/25-HC could exert a pro-inflammatory role. CH25H upregulation in visceral adipose tissue is associated with diabetes in humans. ATMs are the primary site of CH25H expression in humans and mice. DIO in mice activates Ch25h expression and 25-HC production in visceral adipose tissue. Obese Ch25h KO mice have improved insulin sensitivity due to attenuated adipose tissue inflammation. In response to inflammatory stimuli, Ch25h/25-HC potentiates myeloid activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lindsey Muir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lynn Geletka
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer Delproposto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicki Baker
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Carmen Flesher
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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22
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Anjum FR, Rahman SU, Aslam MA, Qureshi AS. Comprehensive network map of transcriptional activation of chicken type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101407. [PMID: 31877494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken type I interferons (type I IFNs) are key antiviral players of the chicken immune system and mediate the first line of defense against viral pathogens infecting the avian species. Recognition of viral pathogens by specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induce chicken type I IFNs expression followed by their subsequent interaction to IFN receptors and induction of a variety of IFN stimulated antiviral proteins. These antiviral effectors establish the antiviral state in neighboring cells and thus protect the host from infection. Three subtypes of chicken type I IFNs; chIFN-α, chIFN-β, and a recently discovered chIFN-κ have been identified and characterized in chicken. Chicken type I IFNs are activated by various host cell pathways and constitute a major antiviral innate defense in chicken. This review will help to understand the chicken type 1 IFNs, host cellular pathways that are involved in activation of chicken type I IFNs and IFN stimulated antiviral effectors along with the gaps in knowledge which will be important for future investigation. These findings will help us to comprehend the role of chicken type I IFNs and to develop different strategies for controlling viral infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Anas Sarwar Qureshi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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23
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Lv L, Zhao G, Wang H, He H. Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase inhibits bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 replication through enzyme activity-dependent and -independent ways. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus E Protein Degrades Porcine Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase via the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00767-19. [PMID: 31341055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00767-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is one of the most important infectious diseases affecting the global pig industry. Previous studies from our group and other groups showed that cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), a multitransmembrane endoplasmic reticulum-associated enzyme, catalyzes the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication. However, PRRSV infection also actively decreases porcine CH25H (pCH25H) expression, through unidentified mechanisms. In this study, we found that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays a major role in pCH25H degradation during PRRSV infection and that the PRRSV-encoded envelope (E) protein interacts with pCH25H. PRRSV E protein degraded pCH25H via ubiquitination, and the ubiquitination site was at pCH25H Lys28. Interestingly, PRRSV E protein appeared to specifically degrade pCH25H but not human CH25H, likely because of a Lys28Arg substitution in the human orthologue. As expected, ubiquitin-mediated degradation by E protein attenuated the antiviral effect of pCH25H by downregulating 25HC production. In addition, we found that knockdown of pCH25H decreased E protein-induced inflammatory cytokine expression and that pCH25H overexpression had the opposite effect. These findings suggested that regulation of pCH25H expression was associated with E protein-induced inflammatory responses. Taken together, our results and those of previous studies of the anti-PRRSV effects of CH25H highlight the complex interplay between PRRSV and pCH25H.IMPORTANCE CH25H has received significant attention due to its broad antiviral activity, which it mediates by catalyzing the production of 25HC. Most studies have focused on the antiviral mechanisms of CH25H; however, whether viruses also actively regulate CH25H expression has not yet been reported. Previous studies demonstrated that pCH25H inhibits PRRSV replication not only via production of 25HC but also by ubiquitination and degradation of viral nonstructural protein 1α. In this study, we expanded on previous work and found that PRRSV actively degrades pCH25H through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. PRRSV E protein, a viral structural protein, is involved in this process. This study reveals a novel mechanism of interaction between virus and host during PRRSV infection.
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25
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Liu X, Bai J, Jiang C, Song Z, Zhao Y, Nauwynck H, Jiang P. Therapeutic effect of Xanthohumol against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. Vet Microbiol 2019; 238:108431. [PMID: 31648725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has a severe impact on the world swine industry. However, commercially available vaccines provide only incomplete protection against this disease. Thus, novel approaches to control PRRSV infection are essential for the robust and sustainable swine industry. In our previous study, Xanthohumol (Xn), a prenylated flavonoid extracted for hops (Humulus lupulus L), was screened from 386 natural products to inhibit PRRSV proliferation and alleviate oxidative stress induced by PRRSV via the Nrf2-HMOX1 axis in Marc-145 cells. In this study, we furtherly found that Xn could inhibit PRRSV different sub-genotype strains infection with a low IC50 value in porcine primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). In addition, it caused decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α in PAMs infected with PRRSV or treated with lipopolysaccharide. Animal challenge experiments showed that Xn effectively alleviated clinical signs, lung pathology, and inflammatory responses in lung tissues of pigs induced by highly pathogenic PRRSV infection. The results demonstrate that Xn is a promising therapeutic agent to combat PRRSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenlong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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26
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Yuan Y, Wang Z, Tian B, Zhou M, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase suppresses rabies virus infection by inhibiting viral entry. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2963-2974. [PMID: 31552533 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is a reticulum-associated membrane protein that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Recent studies have revealed that CH25H is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that suppresses infection by several viruses. In the present study, we found that overexpression of both human and murine CH25H inhibited rabies virus (RABV) infection in HEK-293T (293T) cells. In contrast, silencing of CH25H enhanced RABV replication in 293T cells, and a catalytic mutant of CH25H lost its ability to inhibit RABV infection. Treatment with the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), the product of CH25H, dramatically decreased RABV replication in 293T, BSR and N2a cells by inhibiting viral membrane penetration. These data provide insights into the antiviral function of CH25H against RABV infection, which can potentially be used as a therapeutic agent for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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27
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Dong H, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Antiviral effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:395-404. [PMID: 29561734 DOI: 10.3851/imp3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen that causes economically huge losses to the pig industry worldwide. Current control of PRRSV infection remains inadequate although various means have been implemented. Thus, investigating novel antiviral therapeutics to combat PRRSV infection is essential. In the present study, the antiviral effect in vitro of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) against PRRSV was investigated. METHODS Cell viability assay was performed to examine the impact of 25HC on the cell viability. Indirect immunofluorescence assay and virus titration were utilized to evaluate the levels of PRRSV growth. Viral attachment assay, penetration assay and release assay were conducted to investigate the antiviral mechanism of 25HC against PRRSV. Real-time RT-PCR assay was used to analyse the effect of 25HC on the genome synthesis of PRRSV. RESULTS We demonstrated that the growth of PRRSV was significantly inhibited in 25HC-pretreated cells and PRRSV-infected cells by 25HC. Moreover, 25HC could impair the attachment and entry of PRRSV in vitro, but not affect viral genome synthesis and virion release. CONCLUSIONS Our findings clearly indicate that 25HC can exert antiviral effect against PRRSV infection in vitro, suggesting that 25HC might be a novel potential agent to control PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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28
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Liu X, Song Z, Bai J, Nauwynck H, Zhao Y, Jiang P. Xanthohumol inhibits PRRSV proliferation and alleviates oxidative stress induced by PRRSV via the Nrf2-HMOX1 axis. Vet Res 2019; 50:61. [PMID: 31506103 PMCID: PMC6737628 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a prevalent and endemic swine pathogen that causes significant economic losses in the global swine industry. Commercial vaccines provide limited protection against this virus, and no highly effective therapeutic drugs are yet available. In this study, we first screened a library of 386 natural products and found that xanthohumol (Xn), a prenylated flavonoid found in hops, displayed high anti-PRRSV activity by inhibiting PRRSV adsorption onto and internalization into cells. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that Xn treatment stimulates genes associated with the antioxidant response in the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling pathway. Xn causes increased expression of Nrf2, HMOX1, GCLC, GCLM, and NQO1 in Marc-145 cells. The action of Xn against PRRSV proliferation depends on Nrf2 in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). This finding suggests that Xn significantly inhibits PRRSV proliferation and decreases viral-induced oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2–HMOX1 pathway. This information should be helpful for developing a novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnostics and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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29
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Xie T, Feng M, Dai M, Mo G, Ruan Z, Wang G, Shi M, Zhang X. Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase Is a Chicken ISG That Restricts ALV-J Infection by Producing 25-hydroxycholesterol. Viruses 2019; 11:E498. [PMID: 31151272 PMCID: PMC6631237 DOI: 10.3390/v11060498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) belongs to the chicken retrovirus that causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) are critical for controlling virus infections. Here, we identified 897 type I ISGs induced by interferon-α (IFN-α) in chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) by RNA-Seq. In addition, we further identified 152 potential anti-ALV-J chicken type I ISGs. Among these potential anti-ALV-J ISGs, chicken cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (chCH25H) was selected for further antiviral mechanism studies in chicken embryo fibroblast cell lines (DF1). The gene chCH25H is located on chromosome 6 and clustered in a distinct group with mammals CH25H in the phylogenetic tree. The core promoter region of chCH25H was located within -75/-1 sequence. We found that chCH25H was induced by chicken IFN-α and ALV-J in DF1 cells. The overexpression of chCH25H significantly inhibited ALV-J replication in DF1 cells at 48 h post infection (hpi). In addition, ALV-J replication was significantly enhanced in the chCH25H- knockout DF1 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that chCH25H restricted ALV-J infection through the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), rather than type I and II interferon. Our results identified 152 potential anti-ALV-J chicken type I ISGs and revealed that 25HC, the product of chCH25H, could be used as a natural antiviral agent to control ALV-J infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Manman Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Guodong Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zhuohao Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Guiyan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MA 20742, USA.
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Zhao K, Li LW, Jiang YF, Gao F, Zhang YJ, Zhao WY, Li GX, Yu LX, Zhou YJ, Tong GZ. Nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antagonizes the antiviral activity of TRIM25 by interfering with TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:140-146. [PMID: 31176400 PMCID: PMC7117424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), and is characterized by respiratory diseases in piglet and reproductive disorders in sow. Identification of sustainable and effective measures to mitigate PRRSV transmission is a pressing problem. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV plays a crucial role in inhibiting host innate immunity during PRRSV infection. In the current study, a new host-restricted factor, tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25), was identified as an inhibitor of PRRSV replication. Co-immunoprecipitation assay indicated that the PRRSV N protein interferes with TRIM25-RIG-I interactions by competitively interacting with TRIM25. Furthermore, N protein inhibits the expression of TRIM25 and TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination to suppress interferon β production. Furthermore, with increasing TRIM25 expression, the inhibitory effect of N protein on the ubiquitination of RIG-I diminished. These results indicate for the first time that TRIM25 inhibits PRRSV replication and that the N protein antagonizes the antiviral activity by interfering with TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination. This not only provides a theoretical basis for the development of drugs to control PRRSV replication, but also better explains the mechanism through which the PRRSV N protein inhibits innate immune responses of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Li-Wei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yi-Feng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yu-Jiao Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Guo-Xin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Ling-Xue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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31
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ZAP, a CCCH-Type Zinc Finger Protein, Inhibits Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication and Interacts with Viral Nsp9. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00001-19. [PMID: 30867303 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00001-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically important pathogens affecting many swine-producing regions. Current vaccination strategies and antiviral drugs provide only limited protection. PRRSV infection can cleave mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and inhibit the induction of type I interferon. The antiviral effector molecules that are involved in host protective responses to PRRSV infection are not fully understood. Here, by using transcriptome sequencing, we found that a zinc finger antiviral protein, ZAP, is upregulated in MAVS-transfected Marc-145 cells and that ZAP suppresses PRRSV infection at the early stage of replication. We also found that the viral protein Nsp9, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), interacts with ZAP. The interacting locations were mapped to the zinc finger domain of ZAP and N-terminal amino acids 150 to 160 of Nsp9. These findings suggest that ZAP is an effective antiviral factor for suppressing PRRSV infection, and they shed light on virus-host interaction.IMPORTANCE PRRSV continues to adversely impact the global swine industry. It is important to understand the various antiviral factors against PRRSV infection. Here, a zinc finger protein, termed ZAP, was screened from MAVS-induced antiviral genes by transcriptome sequencing, and it was found to remarkably suppress PRRSV replication and interact with PRRSV Nsp9. The zinc finger domain of ZAP and amino acids 150 to 160 of Nsp9 are responsible for the interaction. These findings expand the antiviral spectrum of ZAP and provide a better understanding of ZAP antiviral mechanisms, as well as virus-host interactions.
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32
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Huang X, Wang S, Huang Y, Qin Q. Fish Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase Inhibits Virus Replication via Regulating Interferon Immune Response or Affecting Virus Entry. Front Immunol 2019; 10:322. [PMID: 30894855 PMCID: PMC6414437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an interferon (IFN)-induced gene that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which exerts broad-spectrum antiviral function. To investigate the roles of fish CH25H in Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection, we cloned and characterized a CH25H homolog from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (EcCH25H). EcCH25H encoded a 271-amino-acid polypeptide, with 86 and 59% homology with yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and humans, respectively. EcCH25H contained a conserved fatty acid (FA) hydroxylase domain and an ERG3 domain. EcCH25H expression was induced by RGNNV or SGIV infection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or poly (I:C) treatment in vitro. Subcellular localization showed that EcCH25H and mutant EcCH25H-M were distributed in the cytoplasm and partly colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum. SGIV and RGNNV replication was decreased by EcCH25H overexpression, which was reflected in the reduced severity of the cytopathic effect and a decrease in viral gene transcription, but replication of both viruses was increased by knockdown of EcCH25H. Besides, the antiviral activity was dependent on its enzymatic activity. Treatment with 25HC significantly inhibited replication of SGIV and RGNNV. EcCH25H overexpression positively regulated the IFN-related molecules and proinflammatory cytokines, and increased both IFN and ISRE promoter activities. Moreover, 25HC treatment significantly suppressed SGIV and RGNNV entry into host cells. The similar inhibitory effect on SGIV entry was observed in EcCH25H overexpression cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that EcCH25H inhibited SGIV and RGNNV infection by regulating IFN signaling molecules, and might also influence viral entry via an effect on cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaowen Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Zhang Y, Song Z, Wang M, Lan M, Zhang K, Jiang P, Li Y, Bai J, Wang X. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase negatively regulates porcine intestinal coronavirus replication by the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:129-138. [PMID: 30955800 PMCID: PMC7117535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CH25H is not an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in Vero cells. CH25H and 25HC inhibit PEDV infection through blocking viral penetration. CH25H-M still restricts PEDV replication. 25HC has a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against porcine intestinal coronaviruses, including PEDV and TGEV.
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) has been shown lately to be a host restriction factor that encodes an enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidized form of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). A series of studies have shown that 25HC activity in hosts plays a vital role in inhibiting viral infection. In this study, we explored the antiviral effect of CH25H and 25HC on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which causes high mortality rates in newborn piglets with severe diarrhea, and considerable financial loss in the swine industry worldwide. Our results showed that PEDV infection downregulated the expression of CH25H in Vero cells. An overexpression and knockdown assay indicated that CH25H has significant antiviral action against PEDV, and a CH25H mutant (CH25H-M) that lacks hydroxylase activity also retains antiviral activity to a lesser extent. Furthermore, 25HC had a broad-spectrum antiviral effect against different PEDV strains by blocking viral entry. In addition, CH25H and 25HC inhibited the replication of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Taken together, CH25H as a natural host restriction factor could inhibit PEDV and TGEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - XianWei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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34
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Song Z, Bai J, Nauwynck H, Lin L, Liu X, Yu J, Jiang P. 25-Hydroxycholesterol provides antiviral protection against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in swine. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:63-70. [PMID: 30955825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a severe respiratory disease that leads to huge economic losses in the pig industry throughout the world. Although there are several vaccines available, the protective efficacy is limited. Therefore, new control strategies to prevent PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection are urgently required. We have previously reported that CH25H and 25HC can significantly inhibit the replication of PRRSV by preventing viral entry. In the present study, we found that 25HC with a low IC50 value significantly decreased the replication of different PRRSV strains, and increased the production of IL-1β and IL-8 in porcine primary alveolar macrophages and the lung tissue. In pigs challenged with highly pathogenic PRRSV, treatment with 25HC was associated with an obvious reduction in the level of viremia and viral load in lung samples and nasal swabs, as well as decreased lung injury and an increased survival rate. These findings suggest that 25HC could be a promising antiviral drug against PRRSV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lv Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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35
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Ye Y, Zhu J, Ai Q, Wang C, Liao M, Fan H. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals Changes in Vero Cells in Response to Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1623-1633. [PMID: 30730140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have caused significant lethality rates in neonatal piglets, which pose a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. Available commercial vaccines fail to protect against the emergence of high virulence of PEDV variants. Therefore, the endemic state of the PEDV infection in suckling piglets highlights the urgent need for uncovering the molecular determinants of the disease pathogenesis. In this study, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), combined with high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was performed to determine proteomic differences between PEDV-infected and mock-infected Vero cells at 18 h postinfection. The SILAC-based approach identified 4508 host-cell proteins, of which 120 were significantly up-regulated and 103 were significantly down-regulated at ≥95% confidence. Alterations in the expression of selected proteins were verified by Western blot. Several signaling metabolic pathways including mevalonate pathway I and the superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis were triggered by the infection of the highly virulent strain and are linked to host innate immunity. 25-HC, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway, exhibited potent antiviral activity against PEDV infection. Meanwhile, the cell-cycle-related functions were significantly regulated, which may likely be responsible for the viral replication and pathogenicity of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology , Jiangxi Agricultural University , Nanchang 330045 , China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Qiangyun Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Huiying Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou 510642 , China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Control and Prevention of Guangdong , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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36
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Lange PT, Lagunoff M, Tarakanova VL. Chewing the Fat: The Conserved Ability of DNA Viruses to Hijack Cellular Lipid Metabolism. Viruses 2019; 11:E119. [PMID: 30699959 PMCID: PMC6409581 DOI: 10.3390/v11020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses manipulate numerous host factors and cellular pathways to facilitate the replication of viral genomes and the production of infectious progeny. One way in which viruses interact with cells is through the utilization and exploitation of the host lipid metabolism. While it is likely that most-if not all-viruses require lipids or intermediates of lipid synthesis to replicate, many viruses also actively induce lipid metabolic pathways to sustain a favorable replication environment. From the formation of membranous replication compartments, to the generation of ATP or protein modifications, viruses exhibit differing requirements for host lipids. Thus, while the exploitation of lipid metabolism is a common replication strategy, diverse viruses employ a plethora of mechanisms to co-opt these critical cellular pathways. Here, we review recent literature regarding the exploitation of host lipids and lipid metabolism specifically by DNA viruses. Importantly, furthering the understanding of the viral requirements for host lipids may offer new targets for antiviral therapeutics and provide opportunities to repurpose the numerous FDA-approved compounds targeting lipid metabolic pathways as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Lange
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Michael Lagunoff
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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37
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25-Hydroxycholesterol Production by the Cholesterol-25-Hydroxylase Interferon-Stimulated Gene Restricts Mammalian Reovirus Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01047-18. [PMID: 29950420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01047-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the initial detection of viral infection, innate immune responses trigger the induction of numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to inhibit virus replication and dissemination. One such ISG encodes cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to form a soluble product, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Recent studies have found that CH25H is broadly antiviral; it inhibits infection by several viruses. For enveloped viruses, 25HC inhibits membrane fusion, likely by altering membrane characteristics such as hydrophobicity or cholesterol aggregation. However, the mechanisms by which 25HC restricts infection of nonenveloped viruses are unknown. We examined whether 25HC restricts infection by mammalian reovirus. Treatment with 25HC restricted infection by reovirus prototype strains type 1 Lang and type 3 Dearing. In contrast to reovirus virions, 25HC did not restrict infection by reovirus infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs), which can penetrate either directly at the cell surface or in early endosomal membranes. Treatment with 25HC altered trafficking of reovirus particles to late endosomes and delayed the kinetics of reovirus uncoating. These results suggest that 25HC inhibits the efficiency of cellular entry of reovirus virions, which may require specific endosomal membrane dynamics for efficient membrane penetration.IMPORTANCE The innate immune system is crucial for effective responses to viral infection. Type I interferons, central components of innate immunity, induce expression of hundreds of ISGs; however, the mechanisms of action of these antiviral proteins are not well understood. CH25H, encoded by an ISG, represents a significant constituent of these cellular antiviral strategies, as its metabolic product, 25HC, can act in both an autocrine and a paracrine fashion to protect cells from infection and has been shown to limit viral infection in animal models. Further investigation into the mechanism of action of 25HC may inform novel antiviral therapies and influence the use of mammalian reovirus in clinical trials as an oncolytic agent.
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Raniga K, Liang C. Interferons: Reprogramming the Metabolic Network against Viral Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:E36. [PMID: 29342871 PMCID: PMC5795449 DOI: 10.3390/v10010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses exploit the host and induce drastic metabolic changes to ensure an optimal environment for replication and the production of viral progenies. In response, the host has developed diverse countermeasures to sense and limit these alterations to combat viral infection. One such host mechanism is through interferon signaling. Interferons are cytokines that enhances the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) whose products are key players in the innate immune response to viral infection. In addition to their direct targeting of viral components, interferons and ISGs exert profound effects on cellular metabolism. Recent studies have started to illuminate on the specific role of interferon in rewiring cellular metabolism to activate immune cells and limit viral infection. This review reflects on our current understanding of the complex networking that occurs between the virus and host at the interface of cellular metabolism, with a focus on the ISGs in particular, cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), which were recently discovered to modulate specific metabolic events and consequently deter viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Raniga
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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