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Ma D, Sekiguchi K, Galon EM, Liu M, Ji S, Xuan X. Evaluation of the inhibitory effects of sitamaquine on Babesia infections. Parasitol Int 2024; 103:102941. [PMID: 39098655 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2024.102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
The treatment strategies for either human or animal babesiosis have been established and used for many years. With the rising indications of drug resistance and adverse side effects, finding effective and alternative therapies is urgently needed. Sitamaquine (SQ) is an 8-aminoquinoline that was first synthesized as a part of the collaborative anti-malarial program that led to primaquine. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of SQ on Babesia spp. in vitro and in vivo. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) on in vitro cultured Babesia gibsoni was 8.04 ± 1.34 μM. Babesia gibsoni parasites showed degenerative morphological changes following SQ treatment. The in vivo growth inhibitory effects of SQ were evaluated in BALB/c mice infected with B. microti and atovaquone (ATV)-resistant B. microti strain. Oral administration of SQ at a dose of 20 mg/kg significantly inhibited the growth of B. microti and ATV-resistant B. microti. Meanwhile, SQ also showed inhibitory effects on the growth of B. rodhaini, a lethal rodent Babesia species. All mice infected with B. rodhaini treated with SQ survived, whereas the mice in the control group succumbed to the disease. The results obtained in this study indicate that SQ has potent inhibition effects against Babesia spp., which support SQ as a prospective alternative candidate for babesiosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China
| | - Karuna Sekiguchi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite 4122, Philippines
| | - Mingming Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Shengwei Ji
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture College of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133000, China; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Karasová M, Blaňarová L, Tóthová C, Hrčková G, Kisková T, Ševčíková Z, Revajová V, Nagy O, Víchová B. Successful Transmammary Treatment of Babesia gibsoni Infection in Newborn Puppies after the Administration of Malarone ®, Azithromycin, and Artesunate to a Lactating Dam. Pathogens 2024; 13:562. [PMID: 39057789 PMCID: PMC11279716 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is a parasitic protozoan transmitted through tick bites and can cause severe disease in dogs. It can also be transmitted through direct contact with infected blood during dog fights, blood transfusions, and from dam to offspring during the perinatal period, resulting in stillborn or dead newborn puppies. This study aimed to determine the incidence of infection, the viability of newborn puppies, and the degree of B. gibsoni transmission from infected dam to offspring during pregnancy and lactation. Using PCR-based molecular methods, B. gibsoni infection in a pregnant American Pit Bull Terrier and her newborn puppies was confirmed. The incidence of B. gibsoni infection in the litter reached 75%. Out of eight puppies, six were infected with B. gibsoni, and one died. A therapeutic protocol comprising Malarone®, azithromycin, and artesunate was administered to a lactating B. gibsoni-positive bitch. By day 77 after birth, three out of five positive puppies showed negative PCR tests for B. gibsoni, indicating successful treatment through breast milk during nursing. In the two remaining positive puppies, therapy was started and parasitemia was successfully eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Karasová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Blaňarová
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, St. Jakub’s Hospital with Polyclinic, 08501 Bardejov, Slovakia;
| | - Csilla Tóthová
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (C.T.); (O.N.)
| | - Gabriela Hrčková
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Terézia Kisková
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, 04180 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Zuzana Ševčíková
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (V.R.)
| | - Viera Revajová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (Z.Š.); (V.R.)
| | - Oskar Nagy
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (C.T.); (O.N.)
| | - Bronislava Víchová
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology of Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
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Vijaykumar LK, Chikkachowdappa PG, Venkatappa MH, Gowda AKJ, Jacob SS, Mani S, Bayyappa MRG. Analysis of Genetic Diversity of cytb gene from Babesia gibsoni Isolates from Naturally Infected Dogs in Karnataka, India. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:375-383. [PMID: 38133744 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to investigate genetic diversity in Babesia gibsoni, the causative agent of canine babesiosis, and to assess the presence of atovaquone-resistant isolates in naturally infected dogs. METHODS A total of 24 blood samples confirmed for B. gibsoni infection was subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing based on cytb gene. Genetic characterization of B. gibsoni as well as attempts to detect the point mutation rendering atovaquone resistance was carried out based on the analysis of nucleotide sequence of cytb gene using bioinformatics software. RESULTS The findings indicated that the B. gibsoni isolates in the investigation exhibited a high nucleotide identity with the Asian genotype, ranging from 98.41 to 98.69%. Notably, none of the isolates carried cytb gene variants associated with atovaquone resistance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of most isolates with those from Japan and China, except for one isolate forming a distinct subclade. Haplotype network analysis indicated a high diversity with 22 distinct haplotypes among the B. gibsoni isolates, emphasizing the genetic variability within the studied population. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the cytb gene exhibited remarkable conservation among the twenty-four B. gibsoni isolates studied and the study represents the first genetic diversity assessment of B. gibsoni using the cytb gene in dogs from India. These findings shed light on the genetic characteristics of B. gibsoni in the region and provide valuable insight for addressing the challenges posed by this life-threatening disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya K Vijaykumar
- Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560024, India
| | | | | | | | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Saminathan Mani
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, 243122, India
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Liu Q, Guan XA, Li DF, Zheng YX, Wang S, Xuan XN, Zhao JL, He L. Babesia gibsoni Whole-Genome Sequencing, Assembling, Annotation, and Comparative Analysis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0072123. [PMID: 37432130 PMCID: PMC10434002 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00721-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Babesia gibsoni infects canine erythrocytes and causes babesiosis. The hazards to animal health have increased due to the rise of B. gibsoni infections and medication resistance. However, the lack of high-quality full-genome sequencing sets has expanded the obstacles to the development of pathogeneses, drugs, and vaccines. In this study, the whole genome of B. gibsoni was sequenced, assembled, and annotated. The genomic size of B. gibsoni was 7.94 Mbp in total. Four chromosomes with the size of 0.69 Mb, 2.10 Mb, 2.77 Mb, and 2.38 Mb, respectively, 1 apicoplast (28.4 Kb), and 1 mitochondrion (5.9 Kb) were confirmed. KEGG analysis revealed 2,641 putative proteins enriched on 316 pathways, and GO analysis showed 7,571 annotations of the nuclear genome in total. Synteny analysis showed a high correlation between B. gibsoni and B. bovis. A new divergent point of B. gibsoni occurred around 297.7 million years ago, which was earlier than that of B. bovis, B. ovata, and B. bigemina. Orthology analysis revealed 22 and 32 unique genes compared to several Babesia spp. and apicomplexan species. The metabolic pathways of B.gibsoni were characterized, pointing to a minimal size of the genome. A species-specific secretory protein SA1 and 19 homologous genes were identified. Selected specific proteins, including apetala 2 (AP2) factor, invasion-related proteins BgAMA-1 and BgRON2, and rhoptry function proteins BgWH_04g00700 were predicted, visualized, and modeled. Overall, whole-genome sequencing provided molecular-level support for the diagnosis, prevention, clinical treatment, and further research of B. gibsoni. IMPORTANCE The whole genome of B. gibsoni was first sequenced, annotated, and disclosed. The key part of genome composition, four chromosomes, was comparatively analyzed for the first time. A full-scale phylogeny evolution analysis based on the whole-genome-wide data of B. gibsoni was performed, and a new divergent point on the evolutionary path was revealed. In previous reports, molecular studies were often limited by incomplete genomic data, especially in key areas like life cycle regulation, metabolism, and host-pathogen interaction. With the whole-genome sequencing of B. gibsoni, we provide useful genetic data to encourage the exploration of new terrain and make it feasible to resolve the theoretical and practical problems of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xing-Ai Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dong-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ya-Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xue-Nan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Efficacy of the Antimalarial MMV390048 against Babesia Infection Reveals Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase as a Druggable Target for Babesiosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0057422. [PMID: 35924942 PMCID: PMC9487540 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-Babesia effect of MMV390048, a drug that inhibits Plasmodium by targeting the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI4K). The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MMV390048 against the in vitro growth of Babesia gibsoni was 6.9 ± 0.9 μM. In immunocompetent mice, oral treatment with MMV390048 at a concentration of 20 mg/kg effectively inhibited the growth of B. microti (Peabody mjr strain). The peak parasitemia in the control group was 30.5%, whereas the peak parasitemia in the MMV390048-treated group was 3.4%. Meanwhile, MMV390048 also showed inhibition on the growth of B. rodhaini (Australia strain), a highly pathogenic rodent Babesia species. All MMV390048-treated mice survived, whereas the mice in control group died within 10 days postinfection (DPI). The first 7-day administration of MMV390048 in B. microti-infected, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice delayed the rise of parasitemia by 26 days. Subsequently, a second 7-day administration was given upon recurrence. At 52 DPI, a parasite relapse (in 1 out of 5 mice) and a mutation in the B. microti PI4K L746S, a MMV390048 resistance-related gene, were detected. Although the radical cure of B. microti infection in immunocompromised host SCID mice was not achieved, results from this study showed that MMV390048 has excellent inhibitory effects on Babesia parasites, revealing a new treatment strategy for babesiosis: targeting the B. microti PI4K.
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Karasová M, Tóthová C, Grelová S, Fialkovičová M. The Etiology, Incidence, Pathogenesis, Diagnostics, and Treatment of Canine Babesiosis Caused by Babesia gibsoni Infection. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:739. [PMID: 35327136 PMCID: PMC8944684 DOI: 10.3390/ani12060739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is one of the small Babesia species and the infection this pathogen causes is usually asymptomatic, which complicates the capture of potential parasite carriers. In endemic areas, especially in Asia, B. gibsoni occurs quite often due to direct transmission by way of a tick vector. Due to the absence of vectors, its occurrence is described only sporadically in Europe; but, it is increasingly occurring in predisposed, so-called fighting breeds, especially the American pit bull terrier. This review describes the etiology, incidence, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment of B. gibsoni infection, with an emphasis on the clinical and laboratory peculiarities of the disease. As the treated dogs do not eliminate the parasite from the body-only reducing parasitemia and improving clinical signs-the treatment of B. gibsoni infection is a challenge in many cases, and its study therefore deserves great attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Karasová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (S.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Csilla Tóthová
- Clinic of Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Simona Grelová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (S.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Mária Fialkovičová
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; (S.G.); (M.F.)
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Liu PC, Lin CN, Su BL. Clinical characteristics of naturally Babesia gibsoni infected dogs: A study of 60 dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 28:100675. [PMID: 35115116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is increasingly recognized globally as a cause of canine tick-borne anemic disease; however, only a few clinical reports of naturally acquired infection are available. In this systematic study of dogs presenting with B. gibsoni infection, clinical and laboratory data were collected for dogs with PCR-confirmed B. gibsoni infection admitted to the National Taiwan University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (NTUVH) from January 2014 through December 2015. Of the 60 dogs recruited, 20 (33.3%) had concurrent disease and 40 (66.7%) had only B. gibsoni infection. The severity of anemia in B. gibsoni infected dogs with concurrent or without concurrent infection was not significantly different. The most commonly observed hematological abnormalities were anemia (49/60, 81.7%) and thrombocytopenia (37/60, 61.7%). Of 49 dogs, 24 (49%) had severe to very severe anemia (PCV < 20%). The main biochemical abnormalities included hyperglobulinemia (28/53, 52.8%), hyperbilirubinemia (10/28, 35.7%) and elevated hepatic enzyme activity (7/48, 14.6%). In addition, 2 of the 60 the client-owned dogs and 5 of the 33 B. gibsoni-positive stray dogs were detected as having a naturally atovaquone-resistant strain, using the SimpleProbe® assay. The study results provide a useful clinical presentation of B. gibsoni infection and raise the issue of the naturally atovaquone-resistant strain currently existing in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Ling Su
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Iguchi A, Soma T, Xuan X. Further epidemiological survey for atovaquone resistant related gene of Babesia gibsoni in Japan during 2015-2018. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1700-1703. [PMID: 32908117 PMCID: PMC7719879 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism causing the replacement of methionine with isoleucine (M121I) in cytochrome b of Babesia
gibsoni has been reported to reduce the susceptibility to atovaquone (ATV) in B. gibsoni infection. In our previous study,
B. gibsoni with M121I was suggested to exist in nature. Thus, further examinations were performed. In total, 105 genomic DNA samples from
B. gibsoni-infected dogs were collected from western (98 samples from 15 prefectures) and eastern areas (7 samples from 4 prefectures) in
Japan. The M121I variant population was identified using allele-specific real-time PCR: it was then detected in nine samples (8.57%), which was higher than that
in the previous study (4.11%). Although there are unclear points, such as the history of ATV usage, careful attention should be given to emerging ATV
resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Iguchi
- Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 101 Minami 4-chome, Koyama-cho, Tottori-shi, Tottori 680-8550, Japan
| | - Takehisa Soma
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Marupi: Lifetech Co., Ltd., 103 Fushio-cho, Ikeda, Osaka 563-0011, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Almendros A, Burchell R, Wierenga J. An alternative combination therapy with metronidazole, clindamycin and doxycycline for Babesia gibsoni (Asian genotype) in dogs in Hong Kong. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1334-1340. [PMID: 32759546 PMCID: PMC7538310 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia spp. are globally distributed hemoparasites that cause disease in many mammalian species. The species Babesia gibsoni
(Asian genotype) is prevalent and endemic in many Asian countries but has also been reported in growing numbers in countries outside of Asia. Standard therapies
for the treatment of B. gibsoni often fail to result in consistent and successful clearance of the organism. This study evaluated the use of a
combination of three antibiotics: metronidazole, clindamycin and doxycycline after atovaquone and azithromycin failed to eliminate the infection on a polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) test. The aim of this study was to determine whether the triple antibiotic combination was an appropriate alternative or additional
treatment for the elimination of B. gibsoni. The medical records of 24 patients treated from December 2012 to July 2015 were retrospectively
analyzed. The diagnosis of B. gibsoni was confirmed with a PCR test that was also used to assess treatment response. All patients were
initially treated with the standard therapy, atovaquone and azithromycin with a 25% success rate clearing B. gibsoni. Dogs that remained
positive on PCR using the standard therapy were then treated with the triple antibiotic protocol achieving an 87% success rate. The inclusion of an alternative
and potentially effective protocol for the treatment of B. gibsoni would increase the options for the current therapeutic options, could aid in
clearance of the organism and offer a more affordable option for clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Almendros
- Veterinary Medical Centre, City University of Hong Kong, 339 Lai Chi Kok Road, Hong Kong
| | - Richard Burchell
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Janelle Wierenga
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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Nayyar Ghauri H, Ijaz M, Farooqi SH, Ali A, Ghaffar A, Saleem S, Iqbal MK, Aziz MU, Ghani U, Ullah MR, Ahmad HM. A comprehensive review on past, present and future aspects of canine theileriosis. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:116-122. [PMID: 30385396 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine theileriosis is a notorious tick borne piroplasmid infection of wild and domestic canines. The causative agent has not yet been accurately classified. PCR studies revealed that causative agent resembles to Theileria genus and thus provisionally named as Theileria annae. The other Theileria species reported in canines is Theileria annulata, Theileria equi and unnamed Theileria specie. This emergent canine infection is considered to be endemic in most of the European countries. However in Asia this disease has not been reported till date. The vectors responsible for transmission of this disease have not been determined. It has been suggested that DNA of Theileria annae has been detected in hard tick Ixodes hexagonus in Northwestern Spain and several other tick species. Clinically canine theileriosis is characterized by severe weakness, fever, hemoglobinuria and anemia. Recently atovaquone or buparvaquone plus azithromycin therapy showed better clinical efficacy. This comprehensive review is intended to summarize the current knowledge on prevalence and epidemiology of canine theileriosis in different countries of the world and associated tick vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Nayyar Ghauri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Hussain Farooqi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ghaffar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Saleem
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Aziz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ghani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 54600, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafi Ullah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, KBCMA, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 51600, Narowal, Pakistan
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11
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Jain KJ, Lakshmanan B, Syamala K, Praveena JE, Aravindakshan T. High prevalence of small Babesia species in canines of Kerala, South India. Vet World 2017; 10:1319-1323. [PMID: 29263592 PMCID: PMC5732336 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1319-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Canine babesiosis is an important vector-borne hemoparasitic disease caused by Babesia canis vogeli and Babesia gibsoni, in India. The communication places on record the salient findings of the study directed to detect and characterize the pathogenic B. gibsoni isolates of Kerala state. Materials and Methods A total of 150 dogs were examined for the presence of hemoparasites by light microscopy as well as by PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene of B. gibsoni. Hematological parameters were also analysed. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on Tamura kei model adopting ML method. Results A sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction assay was developed with newly designed primer pair BAGI-F/BAGI-R for the amplification of 488 bp fragment of 18S rRNA gene of B. gibsoni. Out of the 150 dogs examined, molecular evidence of B. gibsoni was recorded in 47.3% animals, while light microscopy detected the infection in 26.67% cases. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. gibsoni, Kerala, isolate was closest and occurred together with Bareilly isolate. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were the significant hematological alterations in chronic B. gibsoni infection. Conclusion A high prevalence of natural infection of B. gibsoni was detected among the study population. The affected animals showed anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Phylogenetic analysis of this pathogenic isolate from south India revealed the closest similarity with Bareilly isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kollannur Jose Jain
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Bindu Lakshmanan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Karunakaran Syamala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Jose E Praveena
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
| | - Thazhathuveetil Aravindakshan
- School of Applied Animal Production and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Thrissur - 680 651, Kerala, India
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12
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Kamyingkird K, Cao S, Tuvshintulga B, Salama A, Mousa AA, Efstratiou A, Nishikawa Y, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I, Xuan X. Effects of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors on the growth of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2017; 176:59-65. [PMID: 28286324 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Theileria equi and Babesia caballi are the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis (EP), which affects equine production in various parts of the world. However, a safe and effective drug is not currently available for treatment of EP. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is the fourth enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway and has been known as a novel drug target for several apicomplexan protozoan parasites. In this study, we evaluated four DHODH inhibitors; atovaquone (ATV), leflunomide (LFN), brequinar (Breq), and 7-hydroxy-5-[1,2,4] triazolo [1,5,a] pyrimidine (TAZ) on the growth of T. equi and B. caballi in vitro and compared them to diminacene aceturate (Di) as the control drug. The growth of T. equi and B. caballi was significantly hindered by all inhibitors except TAZ. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ATV, LFN, Breq and Di against T. equi was approximately 0.028, 109, 11 and 40 μM, respectively, whereas the IC50 of ATV, LFN, Breq and Di against B. caballi was approximately 0.128, 193, 5.2 and 16.2 μM, respectively. Using bioinformatics and Western blot analysis, we showed that TeDHODH was similar to other Babesia parasite DHODHs, and confirmed that targeting DHODHs could be useful for the development of novel chemotherapeutics for treatment of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bumduuren Tuvshintulga
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akram Salama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelmoniem Mousa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Artemis Efstratiou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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13
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Solano-Gallego L, Sainz Á, Roura X, Estrada-Peña A, Miró G. A review of canine babesiosis: the European perspective. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:336. [PMID: 27289223 PMCID: PMC4902949 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a significant tick-borne disease caused by various species of the protozoan genus Babesia. Although it occurs worldwide, data relating to European infections have now been collected for many years. These data have boosted the publication record and increased our working knowledge of these protozoan parasites. Both the large and small forms of Babesia species (B. canis, B. vogeli, B. gibsoni, and B. microti-like isolates also referred to as "B. vulpes" and "Theileria annae") infect dogs in Europe, and their geographical distribution, transmission, clinical signs, treatment, and prognosis vary widely for each species. The goal of this review is to provide veterinary practitioners with practical guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of babesiosis in European dogs. Our hope is that these guidelines will answer the most frequently asked questions posed by veterinary practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Solano-Gallego
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Liu M, Cao S, Zhou M, Wang G, Jirapattharasate C, Adjou Moumouni PF, Iguchi A, Vudriko P, Suzuki H, Soma T, Xuan X. Genetic variations of four immunodominant antigens of Babesia gibsoni isolated from dogs in southwest Japan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:298-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Improvement of the cryopreservation method for the Babesia gibsoni parasite by using commercial freezing media. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:532-535. [PMID: 26921519 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cultivation and cryopreservation under liquid nitrogen have already been reported and established for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina parasites. Although the in vitro cultivation methods for Babesia gibsoni have been reported and established, the cryopreservation methods for this parasite have not been established completely. In this paper, we compared several freezing media for the cryopreservation of B. gibsoni parasite. The CELLBANKER® series (1 plus and 2), STEM-CELLBANKER®, and CultureSure® were used for commercial freezing media; 10% dimethyl sulfoxide in 90% fetal bovine serum, 20% polyvinylpyrrolidone in phosphate-buffered saline (established for bovine Babesia parasites), and 28% glycerol supplemented with 3% sorbitol and 0.65% NaCl dissolved in water (established for Plasmodium parasites) were used for conventional media. Our results demonstrated that the CELLBANKER® series (1 plus and 2), STEM-CELLBANKER®, and CultureSure® are effective freezing media for B. gibsoni parasite compared to the cryopreservation methods of bovine Babesia and Plasmodium parasites. Our improved method of cryopreservation would contribute to the stability of the in vitro cultivation of B. gibsoni parasite.
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16
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Diminazene aceturate—An antiparasitic drug of antiquity: Advances in pharmacology & therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2015; 102:138-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Iguchi A, Soma T, Suzuki H, Xuan X. The epidemiological survey for atovaquone resistant related gene of Babesia gibsoni in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:489-91. [PMID: 26549436 PMCID: PMC4829523 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 73 gDNA samples from Babesia gibsoni-infected dogs, the M121I variant population was measured by using allele-specific real-time PCR. Although the mechanism of atovaquone against B. gibsoni has not been clearly identified, it is reported that the mitochondria cytochrome b gene of the atovaquone-resistant B. gibsoni had a single-nucleotide substitution at nt363 (G to T), which resulted in the substitution of methionine with isoleucine (M121I). In this study, 3/73 samples showed over 5% M121I variant population. Although the M121I variant population is a low percentage, it runs the risk of spreading drug-resistant parasites. It is important to prevent the spread of drug-resistance, so we need to gather information about this at regular intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Iguchi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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18
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Köster LS, Lobetti RG, Kelly P. Canine babesiosis: a perspective on clinical complications, biomarkers, and treatment. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:119-128. [PMID: 30155438 PMCID: PMC6065580 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s60431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a common tick transmitted disease of dogs worldwide. A number of Babesia sp. can infect dogs and the spectrum is increasing as molecular methods are developed to differentiate organisms. Clinical signs are generally attributed to hemolysis caused by the organisms in the erythrocytes but in some animals with some Babesia spp. there can be an immune mediated component to the anemia and/or a severe inflammatory reaction associated. This complicated form of canine babesiosis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. A variety of clinical markers has been investigated to enable clinicians to provide more accurate prognoses and adapt their treatments which vary according to the infecting species. In this review, we discuss the taxonomy, clinical signs, diagnostic imaging, clinical biomarkers, treatment, and prophylaxis of one of the most common and important diseases of dogs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S Köster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, West Indies,
| | | | - Patrick Kelly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, West Indies,
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19
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Iguchi A, Matsuu A, Matsuyama K, Hikasa Y. The efficacy of artemisinin, artemether, and lumefantrine against Babesia gibsoni in vitro. Parasitol Int 2014; 64:190-3. [PMID: 25523292 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin has many derivatives, and it is effective against Plasmodium spp. However, only a limited number of reports have confirmed the efficacy of artemisinin derivatives against Babesia spp. In this study, whether artemisinin and artemether could inhibit the growth of Babesia gibsoni was evaluated in vitro. In addition, the interaction between artemether and lumefantrine was evaluated. These drugs inhibited the growth of B. gibsoni, but artemisinin and artemether showed lower sensitivity against atovaquone-resistant B. gibsoni than against wild-type B. gibsoni. The interaction between artemether and lumefantrine showed synergism against B. gibsoni. Although further study is needed, the combination of artemisinin derivatives could be useful for babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Iguchi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Aya Matsuu
- Transboundary Animal Disease Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Kazuyoshi Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hikasa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
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20
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In vitro and in vivo safety and efficacy studies of amphotericin B on Babesia gibsoni. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:424-33. [PMID: 25260334 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is a causative pathogen of canine babesiosis, which is commonly treated with anti-babesial drugs; however, the development of novel, more effective anti-babesial drugs is necessary because the currently used drugs cannot remove the parasites from dogs. Therefore we investigated the anti-babesial effect of amphotericin B (AmB), a membrane-active polyene macrolide antibiotic. The interaction of such compounds with sterols in bilayer cell membranes can lead to cell damage and ultimately cell lysis. AmB exhibits in vitro activity against B. gibsoni in normal canine erythrocytes within 12h. We also studied liposomal AmB (L-AmB), a liposomal formulation of AmB that required a longer incubation period to reduce the number of parasites. However, L-AmB completely inhibited the invasion of free parasites into erythrocytes. These results indicated that free parasites failed to invade erythrocytes in the presence of L-AmB. Both AmB and L-AmB induced mild hemolysis of erythrocytes. Moreover, the methemoglobin level and the turbidity index of erythrocytes were significantly increased when erythrocytes were incubated with AmB, suggesting that AmB induced oxidative damage in erythrocytes. Finally, the anti-babesial activity of AmB in vivo was observed. When experimentally B. gibsoni-infected dogs were administered 0.5 and 1mg/kg AmB by the intravenous route, the number of parasites decreased; however, recurrence of parasitemia was observed, indicating that AmB did not eliminate parasites completely. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine of dogs were abnormally elevated after the administration of 1mg/kg AmB. These results indicate that AmB has in vivo activity against B. gibsoni; however, it does not eliminate parasites from infected dogs and affects kidney function at a high dose.
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21
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Goo YK, Xuan X. New Molecules in Babesia gibsoni and their application for diagnosis, vaccine development, and drug discovery. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:345-53. [PMID: 25246713 PMCID: PMC4170030 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasite that causes piroplasmosis in dogs. B. gibsoni infection is characterized clinically by fever, regenerative anemia, splenomegaly, and sometimes death. Since no vaccine is available, rapid and accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of infected animals are required to control this disease. Over the past decade, several candidate molecules have been identified using biomolecular techniques in the authors' laboratory for the development of a serodiagnostic method, vaccine, and drug for B. gibsoni. This review article describes newly identified candidate molecules and their applications for diagnosis, vaccine production, and drug development of B. gibsoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kyoung Goo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. ; Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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22
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Iguchi A, Shiranaga N, Matsuu A, Hikasa Y. Efficacy of Malarone(®) in dogs naturally infected with Babesia gibsoni. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1291-5. [PMID: 24909969 PMCID: PMC4197161 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of
Malarone® alone and in combination with doxycycline (DOXY) against
Babesia gibsoni infections was examined in 8 dogs. In all dogs except
one treated with Malarone®, parasitemia decreased, and anemia improved soon
after initiation of treatment. However, 3 of 4 dogs treated with Malarone®
relapsed, and relapse was inhibited in 2 of 4 dogs treated with Malarone® and
DOXY. All relapsed dogs responded well to the second treatment, but 1 dog relapsed again
and did not respond to the third treatment. Malarone® may be useful for acute
stage of B. gibsoni infections, and at least second repeating treatment
might be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Iguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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23
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Kamyingkird K, Cao S, Masatani T, Moumouni PFA, Vudriko P, Mousa AAEM, Terkawi MA, Nishikawa Y, Igarashi I, Xuan X. Babesia bovis dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (BboDHODH) is a novel molecular target of drug for bovine babesiosis. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:323-30. [PMID: 24189582 PMCID: PMC4013357 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance and adverse side effects of current bovine
babesiosis treatment suggest that the search of new drug targets and development of safer
and effective compounds are required. This study focuses on dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
(DHODH), the fourth enzyme of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway as a potential drug target
for bovine babesiosis. Recombinant Babesia bovis DHODH protein
(rBboDHODH) was produced in Escherichia coli and used for
characterization and measurement of enzymatic activity. Furthermore, the effects of DHODH
inhibitors were evaluated in vitro. The recombinant B.
bovis DHODH histidine fusion protein (rBboDHODH) had 42.4-kDa molecular weight
and exhibited a specific activity of 475.7 ± 245 Unit/mg, a Km =
276.2 µM for L-dihydroorotate and a
Km= 94.41 µM for
decylubiquinone. A 44-kDa band of native BboDHODH was detected by Western blot analysis
and found in parasites mitochondria using a confocal microscope. Among DHODH inhibitors,
atovaquone (ATV) and leflunomide (LFN) significantly inhibited the activity of rBboDHODH
as well as the growth of B. bovis in vitro. The half maximal inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of ATV and LFN was 2.38 ± 0.53 nM and
52.41 ± 11.47 µM, respectively. These results suggest that BboDHODH might
be a novel target for development of new drug for treatment of B. bovis
infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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24
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Iguchi A, Matsuu A, Fujii Y, Ikadai H, Hikasa Y. The in vitro interactions and in vivo efficacy of atovaquone and proguanil against Babesia gibsoni infection in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:527-33. [PMID: 24075418 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro interactions between atovaquone (ATV) and proguanil (PG) against Babesia gibsoni and the clinical efficacy of this combination therapy using Malarone(®) which is the antimalarial drug containing ATV and PG were evaluated. This combination showed synergism against uncloned wild-type and ATV-resistant B. gibsoni in vitro examinations using a modified fixed ratio method. Administration of Malarone(®) to experimentally B. gibsoni infected two dogs in chronic stage and three dogs in acute stage resulted in decrease in parasitemia, and clinical improvements were observed. However, all dogs showed relapse of parasitic infection with a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the cytchrome b gene (M121I). Some side effects were confirmed: self-limiting vomiting in two dogs and hyperphosphatasia in another dog. Mild increases in the levels of alanine aminotransferase were confirmed in two dogs. This is the first study to evaluate the interactions in vitro and the clinical efficacy of ATV and PG against canine B. gibsoni infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Iguchi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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25
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Sakuma M, Fukuda K, Takayama K, Kobayashi Y, Shimokawa Miyama T, Setoguchi A, Endo Y. Molecular epidemiological survey of the Babesia gibsoni cytochrome b gene in western Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1341-4. [PMID: 22672842 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a survey of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene of Babesia gibsoni (B. gibsoni) isolated from clinical cases to determine the prevalence of potential atovaquone (ATV)-resistant variants. Ninety-two blood samples were collected from naturally B. gibsoni infected dogs. The cytb nucleotide sequence was determined by direct sequencing. Twelve non-synonymous amino acid substitutions were identified in cytb. The principal ATV-resistant substitution, M121I, was detected in three cases. This survey determined that potentially ATV-resistant B. gibsoni strains are present in dogs in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sakuma
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, Japan
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26
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Lin ECY, Chueh LL, Lin CN, Hsieh LE, Su BL. The therapeutic efficacy of two antibabesial strategies against Babesia gibsoni. Vet Parasitol 2011; 186:159-64. [PMID: 22222008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Various combination strategies for treating Babesia gibsoni have been described. However, relapses after administering some combinations of antibabesial drugs and the presence of drug-resistant B. gibsoni still pose significant challenges to veterinarians. To compare the efficacy of a combination of clindamycin, diminazene, and imidocarb (CDI) to that of a combination of atovaquone and azithromycin (AA) for the treatment of B. gibsoni and to correlate drug efficacy with B. gibsoni mutations, 30 client-owned dogs with natural B. gibsoni infections were collected in the study. 17 dogs were treated with AA, and 13 dogs were treated with CDI combination. Hematological parameters were recorded on the day that the dogs were presented for treatment and during treatment. To detect the parasitic DNA, the B. gibsoni 18S rRNA gene was amplified, and to analyze the mutations, the cytochrome b (CYTb) gene was sequenced. The therapy duration for all of the dogs that recovered was 23.3±7.8 days in the AA group and 41.7±12.4 days in the CDI group. Nine of the 17 dogs in the AA group and 11 of the 13 dogs in the CDI group completely recovered. Seven dogs in the AA group and 2 dogs in the CDI group relapsed after treatment. The M121I mutation in the B. gibsoni CYTb gene was detected in all of the samples that were collected from AA-relapsed and AA-nonremission dogs. The dogs in the CDI group exhibited higher recovery rates and lower relapse rates during treatment for B. gibsoni infection. In addition, the detected M121I mutation was associated with AA treatment. The CDI combination is a promising alternative treatment strategy for B. gibsoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerald Cheng-Yi Lin
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Iguchi A, Matsuu A, Ikadai H, Talukder MH, Hikasa Y. Development of in vitro atovaquone-resistant Babesia gibsoni with a single-nucleotide polymorphism in cytb. Vet Parasitol 2011; 185:145-50. [PMID: 21996003 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An atovaquone (ATV)-resistant Babesia gibsoni was developed by in vitro exposure of uncloned wild type (WT) B. gibsoni to 800 nM ATV for 6 days. Sequence analysis of mitochondrial genes showed a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at cytb nt363 (G to T) that resulted in the substitution of methionine with isoleucine (M121I), which is one of the SNPs reported in a previous in vivo study. 363T or 363G allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that an M121I variant was present in over 99% of the ATV-resistant population. As neither ATV resistance nor gene polymorphisms appeared in the B. gibsoni WT sibling clones, the expression of ATV resistance in this study was suspected to be because of selective multiplication of the B. gibsoni M121I variant. This ATV-resistant B. gibsoni displayed the same sensitivity as the WT B. gibsoni against 5 other drugs, including diminazene aceturate, azithromycin, doxycycline, clindamycin, and proguanil. This is the first report on the in vitro establishment of an ATV-resistant B. gibsoni with gene polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Iguchi
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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Cyclodextrin/poly(anhydride) nanoparticles as drug carriers for the oral delivery of atovaquone. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:1015-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-011-9571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Canine babesiosis caused by different Babesia species is a protozoal tick-borne disease with worldwide distribution and global significance. Historically, Babesia infection in dogs was identified based on the morphologic appearance of the parasite in the erythrocyte. All large forms of Babesia were designated Babesia canis, whereas all small forms of Babesia were considered to be Babesia gibsoni. However, the development of molecular methods has demonstrated that other Babesia species such as Babesia conradae, Babesia microti like piroplasm, Theileria spp. and a yet unnamed large form Babesia spp. infect dogs and cause distinct diseases. Babesia rossi, B. canis and Babesia vogeli previously considered as subspecies are identical morphologically but differ in the severity of clinical manifestations which they induce, their tick vectors, genetic characteristics, and geographic distributions, and are therefore currently considered separate species. The geographic distribution of the causative agent and thus the occurrence of babesiosis are largely dependent on the habitat of relevant tick vector species, with the exception of B. gibsoni where evidence for dog to dog transmission indicates that infection can be transmitted among fighting dog breeds independently of the limitations of vector tick infestation. Knowledge of the prevalence and clinicopathological aspects of Babesia species infecting dogs around the world is of epidemiologic and medical interest. Babesiosis in domestic cats is less common and has mostly been reported from South Africa where infection is mainly due to Babesia felis, a small Babesia that causes anemia and icterus. In addition, Babesia cati was reported from India and sporadic cases of B. canis infection in domestic cats have been reported in Europe, B. canis presentii in Israel and B. vogeli in Thailand. Babesiosis caused by large Babesia spp. is commonly treated with imidocarb dipropionate with good clinical response while small Babesia spp. are more resistant to anti-babesial therapy. Clinical and parasitological cure are often not achieved in the treatment of small Babesia species infections and clinical relapses are frequent. The spectrum of Babesia pathogens that infect dogs and cats is gradually being elucidated with the aid of molecular techniques and meticulous clinical investigation. Accurate detection and species recognition are important for the selection of the correct therapy and prediction of the course of disease.
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Ayoob AL, Hackner SG, Prittie J. Clinical management of canine babesiosis. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2010; 20:77-89. [PMID: 20230437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and summarize current information regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology leading to the various clinical syndromes associated with canine babesiosis. Diagnosis, treatment, preventative strategies, and zoonotic implications are discussed. ETIOLOGY Babesiosis is caused by hemoprotozoa of the genus Babesia. Numerous species of Babesia exist worldwide. An increased incidence of babesiosis is described, especially in North America. The babesial organism spends the majority of its life cycle within the erythrocyte of the definitive host, resulting in hemolysis, with or without systemic complications. DIAGNOSIS Definitive diagnosis depends on direct visualization of the organism on blood smear or polymerase chain reaction. A positive serologic antibody test indicates exposure with or without active infection. THERAPY Antiprotozoal drugs, antimicrobials, and supportive care are the mainstays of babesiosis therapy. PROGNOSIS Prognosis depends on the severity of disease, which in turn depends on both organism and host factors. Clinical syndromes associated with a poorer prognosis include red biliary syndrome, acute renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, neurologic dysfunction, acute pancreatitis, cardiac dysfunction, and hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Ayoob
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and summarize current information regarding the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of feline babesiosis, especially with regard to features distinct from canine babesiosis. ETIOLOGY Babesiosis is caused by hemoprotozoa of the genus Babesia. Numerous species of Babesia exist worldwide. The babesial organism spends the majority of its life cycle within the erythrocyte of the definitive host, resulting in hemolysis, with or without systemic complications. DIAGNOSIS Definitive diagnosis depends on direct visualization of the organism on blood smear or a positive polymerase chain reaction. Positive serologic tests indicate only exposure, with or without active infection. THERAPY Antiprotozoal drugs and supportive care are the mainstays of therapy. Primaquine phosphate is considered the treatment of choice in cats. PROGNOSIS Prognosis depends on the severity of disease, which in turn depends on both organism and host factors. Mortality rates of 15-20% are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Ayoob
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd St, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Lin MY, Huang HP. Use of a doxycycline-enrofloxacin-metronidazole combination with/without diminazene diaceturate to treat naturally occurring canine babesiosis caused by Babesia gibsoni. Acta Vet Scand 2010; 52:27. [PMID: 20416095 PMCID: PMC2874561 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is an important worldwide, tick-borne disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. Babesia gibsoni is the predominant species that causes canine babesiosis in Taipei, Taiwan. It is a small pleomorphic intraerythrocytic parasite that can cause erythrocyte destruction and hemolytic anemia. Efficacy of oral administration of a doxycycline-enrofloxacin-metronidazole combination with and without injections of diminazene diaceturate in the management of naturally occurring canine babesiosis caused by B. gibsoni was evaluated retrospectively. The overall efficacy of this combination of doxycycline-enrofloxacin-metronidazole in conjunction with and without administration of diminazene diaceturate was 85.7% and 83.3%, respectively; with a mean recovery time of 24.2 and 23.5 days, respectively. Concomitant use of intramuscular diminazene diaceturate may not improve the efficacy of a doxycycline-enrofloxacin-metronidazole combination in management of canine babesiosis caused by B. gibsoni.
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HWANG SJ, YAMASAKI M, NAKAMURA K, SASAKI N, MURAKAMI M, WICKRAMASEKARA RAJAPAKSHAGE BK, OHTA H, MAEDE Y, TAKIGUCHI M. Development and Characterization of a Strain of Babesia gibsoni Resistant to Diminazene Aceturate In Vitro. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:765-71. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Jyi HWANG
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Masahiro YAMASAKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Kensuke NAKAMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Noboru SASAKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Masahiro MURAKAMI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Hiroshi OHTA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoshimitsu MAEDE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Mitsuyoshi TAKIGUCHI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
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Holman PJ, Backlund BB, Wilcox AL, Stone R, Stricklin AL, Bardin KE. Detection of a large unnamed Babesia piroplasm originally identified in dogs in North Carolina in a dog with no history of travel to that state. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:851-4. [PMID: 19793016 DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.7.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 12-year-old 46-kg (101.2-lb) sexually intact male Labrador Retriever was evaluated because of lymphadenomegaly. The dog resided in Texas, and its travel history included many southeastern and eastern shore states but not North Carolina. CLINICAL FINDINGS Following evaluation of the dog, a diagnosis of stage IVa intermediate- to large-cell lymphoma was made. A cyclophosphamide-hydroxydaunorubicin (doxorubicin)-vincristine-prednisone chemotherapy protocol was initiated. One week after the first chemotherapeutic treatment, a routine blood smear evaluation revealed single and paired intraerythrocytic large piroplasms that resembled Babesia canis. Via molecular testing, the organism was identified as a Babesia sp that had been detected previously in dogs in North Carolina. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The dog was administered imidocarb diproprionate (7 mg/kg [3.2 mg/lb], IM) on 2 occasions (3-week interval). At 1, 4, 15, and 50 weeks after the second treatment, blood samples were analyzed specifically for the North Carolina Babesia sp via PCR assay; the result of each assay was positive. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Because of the morphologic similarity of the large piroplasm detected in dogs in North Carolina to B canis, molecular testing of large piroplasms detected in dogs is needed to definitively identify the infective Babesia sp. In the dog of this report, the infection was not eliminated following treatment with imidocarb diproprionate, which may have been a result of the immunocompromised state of the dog or the drug's ineffectiveness against this parasite. If imidocarb diproprionate is ineffective against the North Carolina Babesia sp, treated dogs may act as reservoirs of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Holman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Canine Hepatozoonosis and Babesiosis, and Feline Cytauxzoonosis. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2009; 39:1035-53, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sakuma M, Setoguchi A, Endo Y. Possible Emergence of Drug-Resistant Variants ofBabesia gibsoniin Clinical Cases Treated with Atovaquone and Azithromycin. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:493-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Nakao R, Mizukami C, Kawamura Y, Subeki, Bawm S, Yamasaki M, Maede Y, Matsuura H, Nabeta K, Nonaka N, Oku Y, Katakura K. Evaluation of efficacy of bruceine A, a natural quassinoid compound extracted from a medicinal plant, Brucea javanica, for canine babesiosis. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:33-41. [PMID: 19194074 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruceine A, a natural quassinoid compound extracted from the dried fruits of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr., was evaluated for its antibabesial activity in vitro and in vivo. Bruceine A inhibited the in vitro growth of Babesia gibsoni in canine erythrocytes at lower concentration compared with the standard antibabesial drug diminazene aceturate and killed the parasites within 24 hr at a concentration of 25 nM. Oral administration of bruceine A at a dosage of 6.4 mg/kg/day for 5 days resulted in no clinical findings in a dog with normal ranges of hematological and biochemical values in the blood. Three dogs were infected with B. gibsoni and two of them were treated with bruceine A at a dosage of 6.4 mg/kg/day for 6 days from day 5 post-infection. An untreated dog developed typical acute babesiosis symptoms including severe anemia, high fever, and complete loss of appetite and movement. However, the two bruceine A-treated dogs maintained their healthy conditions throughout the experimental period of 4 weeks although complete elimination of parasites from the peripheral blood was not achieved and decreases in the packed cell volume and the erythrocyte and platelet counts were observed. Since natural quassinoid compounds have been used as traditional medicines for the treatment of various ailments including cancer and malaria, the present results suggest that bruceine A or other related compounds are potential candidates for the treatment of canine babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 8, Sapporo, Japan
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In vitro evaluation of the growth inhibitory activities of 15 drugs against Babesia gibsoni (Aomori strain). Vet Parasitol 2008; 157:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Suzuki K, Wakabayashi H, Takahashi M, Fukushima K, Yabuki A, Endo Y. A Possible treatment strategy and clinical factors to estimate the treatment response in Bebesia gibsoni infection. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 69:563-8. [PMID: 17551236 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of combination therapy using clindamycin, metronidazole and doxycycline against canine babesiosis, and the usefulness of platelet count and the plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration as an estimation factor for treatment, were evaluated in four dogs experimentally infected with Babesia gibsoni. The combination therapy successfully eliminated B. gibsoni in peripheral blood in 3 of 4 dogs, however the remaining dog showed obvious uncontrolled relapse after a temporary recovery. In addition, it was shown that CRP levels decreased in an inverse relationship to the recovery of packed cell volume and therefore CRP levels could be used as an optional clinical marker to estimate the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koretoki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshivma University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
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Jefferies R, Ryan UM, Jardine J, Robertson ID, Irwin PJ. Babesia gibsoni: detection during experimental infections and after combined atovaquone and azithromycin therapy. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:115-23. [PMID: 17543304 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Babesia gibsoni is a protozoan parasite of dogs worldwide yet both an effective treatment and a reliable method for detecting subclinical cases of this emerging infection remain elusive. Experimental B. gibsoni infections were established in vivo to investigate the efficacy of combined atovaquone and azithromycin drug therapy and to determine the detection limits of a nested-PCR, IFAT and microscopy during various stages of infection. While atovaquone and azithromycin produced a reduction in parasitaemia, it did not eliminate the parasite and drug resistance appeared to develop in one dog. Polymerase chain reaction was found to be most useful in detecting infection in the pre-acute and acute stages, while IFAT was most reliable during chronic infections. Microscopy is suggested to be only effective for detecting acute stage infections. This study also describes the detection of B. gibsoni in tissue samples during chronic infections for the first time, suggesting possible sequestration of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jefferies
- Australasian Centre for Companion Animal Research, Division of Health Sciences, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia
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Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Milner D, Sarr O, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, Milhous WK, Wirth DF, Oduola AMJ. Confirmation of emergence of mutations associated with atovaquone-proguanil resistance in unexposed Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Africa. Malar J 2006; 5:82. [PMID: 17020611 PMCID: PMC1594577 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro and in vivo resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to atovaquone or atovaquone-proguanil hydrochloride combination has been associated to two point mutations in the parasite cytochrome b (cytb) gene (Tyr268Ser and Tyr268Asn). However, little is known about the prevalence of codon-268 mutations in natural populations of P. falciparum without previous exposure to the drug in Africa. Methods The prevalence of codon-268 mutations in the cytb gene of African P. falciparum isolates from Nigeria, Malawi and Senegal, where atovaquone-proguanil has not been introduced for treatment of malaria was assessed. Genotyping of the cytb gene in isolates of P. falciparum was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and confirmed by sequencing. Results 295 samples from Nigeria (111), Malawi (91) and Senegal (93) were successfully analyzed for detection of either mutant Tyr268Ser or Tyr268Asn. No case of Ser268 or Asn268 was detected in cytb gene of parasites from Malawi or Senegal. However, Asn268 was detected in five out of 111 (4.5%) unexposed P. falciparum isolates from Nigeria. In addition, one out of these five mutant Asn268 isolates showed an additional cytb mutation leading to a Pro266Thr substitution inside the ubiquinone reduction site. Conclusion No Tyr268Ser mutation is found in cytb of P. falciparum isolates from Nigeria, Malawi or Senegal. This study reports for the first time cytb Tyr268Asn mutation in unexposed P. falciparum isolates from Nigeria. The emergence in Africa of P. falciparum isolates with cytb Tyr268Asn mutation is a matter of serious concern. Continuous monitoring of atovaquone-proguanil resistant P. falciparum in Africa is warranted for the rational use of this new antimalarial drug, especially in non-immune travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Happi
- Malaria Research Laboratories, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace O Gbotosho
- Malaria Research Laboratories, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- Malaria Research Laboratories, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Danny Milner
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ousmane Sarr
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Dantec Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Akintunde Sowunmi
- Malaria Research Laboratories, Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Wilbur K Milhous
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Springs, MD, USA
| | - Dyann F Wirth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ayoade MJ Oduola
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO/TDR), Geneva, Switzerland
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