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Lifschitz A, Nava S, Miró V, Canton C, Alvarez L, Lanusse C. Macrocyclic lactones and ectoparasites control in livestock: Efficacy, drug resistance and therapeutic challenges. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 26:100559. [PMID: 39128184 PMCID: PMC11366916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are the cornerstone of parasite control in livestock due to their broad-spectrum activity against endo (nematodes) and ecto (lice, ticks, mites) parasites. These molecules, introduced into the veterinary pharmaceutical market 40 years ago, have substantially improved animal welfare and productivity by offering extended high efficacy, reducing treatment frequency, and displaying a favorable safety profile. However, their widespread and intensive use has led to a significant challenge nowadays: the development of parasite resistance. This review focuses on the critical link between drug pharmacokinetics (variation in concentration profiles and exposure over time) and pharmacodynamics (drug efficacy) and the ability of both avermectin and milbemycin MLs families to control livestock ectoparasites. This review discusses the integrated assessment of drug behavior in the host, its diffusion into target parasites, and the impact of different pharmaceutical formulations on enhancing drug delivery to infection sites. These are considered critical research/development areas to optimize the use of MLs, preventing treatment failures and finally extending the lifespan of these essential pharmaceutical ingredients. Finally, the importance of the rational use of MLs, guided by parasite epidemiology and pharmacological knowledge, is emphasized as a key strategy to preserve the antiparasitic efficacy of these still very useful molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - S Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL)(INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA E.E.A, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - V Miró
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Morel N, Torrents J, Nava S. Comparative analysis of Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) infestation in pure breed (Hereford) and cross breed (Braford) cattle herds subjected to the same chemical treatments. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 93:71-79. [PMID: 38811383 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze the R. microplus (Canestrini, 1888) infestation in two bovine herds with different degrees of natural resistance (i.e., Hereford and Braford) to ticks subjected to an identical chemical treatment scheme to ticks at the same farm, to demonstrate the impact on tick control of the incorporation of a more resistant bovine breed. Two groups of ten Hereford and Braford cows each were subjected to eleven chemical treatments between August 2022 and October 2023 (four fluazuron, two fipronil 1%, one ivermectin 3.15% and four immersion in a dipping vat with a combination of cypermethrin 10% and ethion 40%). Tick population was shown to be susceptible to ivermectin, fluazuron and the mix cypermethrin 10%-ethion 40% and resistant to fipronil according to in vitro tests. Tick infestation was significantly greater in the Hereford cows than in the Braford cows. Tick infestation in both Hereford and Braford breeds was similar when treatment with functional drugs was applied, but when a block of the treatments was done with drugs with decreased functionality due to resistance (i.e. fipronil), treatment failure was manifested more strongly in the most susceptible breed. The incorporation of cattle breeds with moderate or high resistance to R. microplus is instrumental to optimize the efficacy and sustainability of chemical control of ticks in a scenario where resistance to one or more chemical groups is almost ubiquitous, because it favors the biological control of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Torrents
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Gupta S, Sangwan N, Sangwan AK, Gupta S, Kumar A, Maan S, Kumar A, Kumar S. Acaricide resistance status of deltamethrin and coumaphos in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from different districts of Haryana. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:809-833. [PMID: 38448756 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
To study the acaricide resistance status and possible mechanisms of action in conferring resistance to commonly used acaricides (deltamethrin and coumaphos), Hyalomma anatolicum ticks were collected from 6 dairy farms of Hisar and Charkhi Dadri districts of Haryana. By using standard larval packet test, H. anatolicum tick larvae of Charkhi Dadri isolates were found to be susceptible (100% mortality) to both the acaricides. Level-I resistance against coumaphos was recorded from four isolates, whereas, level-II was observed in only one isolate, collected from Hisar. One isolates (Kaimri) from Hisar also showed level-I resistance against deltamethrin. Biochemically, the ticks having higher values of resistance factor (RF) against coumaphos were found to possess increased enzymatic activity of α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and mono-oxygenase enzymes, whereas, the monoamine oxidase did not show any constant trend. However, the RF showed a statistical significant correlation with GST only. Native PAGE analysis of H. anatolicum ticks revealed the presence of nine types of esterases (EST-1 h to EST-9 h) by using napthyl acetate as substrate. In the inhibitory assay, esterases were found to be inhibited by PMSF, indicating the presence of serine residue at catalytic triad. The partial cds of carboxylesterase and domain II of sodium channel genes were sequenced to determine any proposed mutations in resistant isolates of H. anatolicum ticks, however, no mutations were observed in either gene, indicating that increased expression of detoxification enzymes as a possible mechanism for resistance development, in the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
| | - Nirmal Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sangwan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Jalukie, Nagaland, India
| | - Snehil Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Haryana Pashu Vigyan Kendra, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Uchani, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Sushila Maan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
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Sarli M, Torrents J, Toffaletti JR, Morel N, Nava S. Evaluation of the impact of successive acaricide treatments on resistance evolution in Rhipicephalus microplus populations: Monodrugs versus drug combinations. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105040. [PMID: 37804667 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to comparatively evaluate the evolution of resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus tick populations exposed to successive treatments with monodrug-based formulations and combinations of them in the same commercial formulation. Thirty-six heifers, naturally infested with R. microplus, were divided into three groups (G) and subjected to three successive treatments, on days 0 (Nov-2021), 43 (Jan-2022) and 78 (Feb-2022), with the following formulations: I) ivermectin 3.15% (Ivomec Gold®) (GI), II) fipronil 1% (Ectoline®) (GII) and III) a combination of fipronil 2% and ivermectin 1% (Vaquero®) (GIII). From Nov-2021 to Dec-2022, counts of R. microplus were periodically performed to evaluate the tick infestation. Engorged females were collected at the beginning and end of the trial to determine the evolution of tick resistance to ivermectin and fipronil by in vitro bioassays. At the end of trial, GII and GIII had higher tick counts (39.18 ± 11.88 and 38.33 ± 14.31, respectively) than group I (5.11 ± 6.24) (P<0.05). The in vitro results shows that the resistance ratio (RR50) values after the treatments were higher for fipronil (5.584 and 5.649 for GII and GIII, respectively) than for ivermectin (1.165 and 1.088 for GI and GIII, respectively). In the group treated with the combination (GIII), the RR50 increased for both drugs simultaneously. These results suggest that the successive use of drug combinations could exacerbate the problem of multi-resistance of R. microplus to chemical acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Jorgelina Torrents
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José R Toffaletti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria El Colorado, El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Shakya M, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Upadhaya D, Nagar G, Singh K, M S, Ghosh S. Acaricides resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus and expression profile of ABC-transporter genes in the sampled populations. Exp Parasitol 2023; 252:108584. [PMID: 37468088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, livestock owners manage tick infestations using chemicals, but the method is increasingly losing effectiveness as resistant tick populations have established in the field conditions. Thus, to develop effective tick management strategies, monitoring of resistance in most predominant tick species, Rhipicephalus microplus was targeted. The ticks were collected from eleven districts of Madhya Pradesh and one district of Punjab and tested against deltamethrin (DLM), cypermethrin (CYP), coumaphos (CMP), ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil (FIP), through adult immersion and larval packet tests. The field isolates were highly resistant to DLM [Resistance factor (RF) = 3.98-38.84]. Against CYP, resistance was observed in BWN (Barwani; RF = 2.81) and MND (Mandsaur; RF = 3.23) isolates. Surprisingly, most of the isolates were susceptible to CMP (0.34-1.58). Emerging level of resistance against IVM (1.05-4.98) and FIP (0.40-2.18) was also observed in all the isolates. Significantly elevated production of esterases (p < 0.01) was 90% correlated with RF of DLM while no positive correlation between production of monooxygenase and Glutathione S-transferase with RF to DLM was noted. Multiple sequence analysis of S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene of all the isolates revealed a point mutation at 190th position (C190A) which is associated with DLM resistance. Treatment of resistant LDH (Ludhiana) isolate with IVM resulted in upregulation of RmABCC2 gene and insignificant upregulation of RmABCC1 and RmABCB10 genes indicating the probability of linking IVM resistance with over-expression of RmABCC2 gene. The possible tick management strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar M
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India.
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A comparison of two in vitro bioassays to detect resistance of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus to fipronil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 37:100816. [PMID: 36623897 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to compare the sensitivity of two in vitro bioassays to detect resistant to fipronil in Argentinean populations of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Two different larval bioassays prepared with technical grade (97%) fipronil were compared: larval immersion test (LIT) and larval packet test (LPT). Seven strains from different provinces were treated with both assays. Colonia Tabay, Colonia Benítez, Intiyaco and Quimili strains were considered resistant in both LIT and LPT bioassays. The 95% confidence intervals (IC95) for lethal concentration 50% (LC50) did not overlap with the susceptible reference strain (SRS) and all the values of RR50 obtained were higher than 2. Garabato and Federal strains were considered as susceptible for both techniques because the IC95 for the LC50 overlapped with those of the SRS and the RR50 values were lesser than 2. An ambiguous situation occurs with Reconquista strain. This strain was considered as susceptible with LPT and with incipient resistant after LIT trial. The analysis of the results indicates that both LIT and LPT trials have enough sensibility to differentiate resistant and susceptible strains, but LIT was more sensitive than LPT when the resistance is incipient.
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Saporiti T, Cabrera M, Bentancur J, Ferrari ME, Cabrera N, Pérez-Montfort R, Aguirre-Crespo FJ, Gil J, Cuore U, Matiadis D, Sagnou M, Alvarez G. Phenotypic and Target-Directed Screening Yields New Acaricidal Alternatives for the Control of Ticks. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248863. [PMID: 36557996 PMCID: PMC9781803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus, the "common cattle tick", is the most important ectoparasite in livestock worldwide due to the economic and health losses it produces. This tick is a vector for pathogens of several tick-borne diseases. In Latin American countries, damages reach approximately USD 500 million annually due to tick infections, as well as tick-borne diseases. Currently, resistant populations for every chemical group of acaricides have been reported, posing a serious problem for tick control. This study aims to find new alternatives for controlling resistant ticks with compounds derived from small synthetic organic molecules and natural origins. Using BME26 embryonic cells, we performed phenotypic screening of 44 natural extracts from 10 Mexican plants used in traditional medicine, and 33 compounds selected from our chemical collection. We found 10 extracts and 13 compounds that inhibited cell growth by 50% at 50 µg/mL and 100 µM, respectively; the dose-response profile of two of them was characterized, and these compounds were assayed in vitro against different life stages of Rhipicephalus microplus. We also performed a target-directed screening of the activity of triosephosphate isomerase, using 86 compounds selected from our chemical collection. In this collection, we found the most potent and selective inhibitor of tick triosephosphate isomerase reported until now. Two other compounds had a potent acaricidal effect in vitro using adults and larvae when compared with other acaricides such as ivermectin and Amitraz. Those compounds were also selective to the ticks compared with the cytotoxicity in mammalian cells like macrophages or bovine spermatozoids. They also had a good toxicological profile, resulting in promising acaricidal compounds for tick control in cattle raising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Saporiti
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Josefina Bentancur
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - María Elisa Ferrari
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Nallely Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Ruy Pérez-Montfort
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Gil
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Producción y Reproducción de Rumiantes, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Ulises Cuore
- División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo 91600, Uruguay
| | - Dimitris Matiadis
- National Center for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Sagnou
- National Center for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Guzmán Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.A.)
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Sarli M, Torrents J, Morel N, Nava S. Analysis of sequence variations in the GABA gated chloride gene associated with resistance to fipronil in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Argentina. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102030. [PMID: 36041297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the sequence variations of the GABA-Cl gene of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Argentina with different resistance levels to fipronil. Genomic DNA was obtained from engorged females (n = 50) of fipronil-susceptible and resistant tick field populations from five localities in northern Argentina. Tick populations were tested for fipronil resistance by in vitro larval packet test. DNA encoding amino acid residues 264-360 of the GABA-Cl was amplified by PCR. PCR products were sequenced and the translated amino acid sequences were aligned and compared among each other and with sequences of the GABA-Cl belonging to the Brazilian and Uruguayan reference strains fipronil-susceptible (Mozo) and resistant (RFSan and Juarez). All the GABA-Cl amino acid sequences obtained from the R. microplus specimens from Argentina were identical, regardless of the fipronil resistance-susceptibility status of each population. Mutations present in GABA-Cl sequence of RFSan and Juarez strains were not present in any of the populations from Argentina analyzed. These results indicate the failure of this gene as a molecular marker of resistance to fipronil, at least in the R. microplus populations from northern Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Torrents
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, CP 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Shakya M, Nandi A, Fular A, Kumar S, Bisht N, Sharma AK, Singh K, Kumar R, Kumar S, Juliet S, Ghosh S. Synergistic property of piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, triphenyl phosphate and verapamil hydrochloride with deltamethrin and ivermectin against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102006. [PMID: 35917692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was taken up to evaluate the synergistic properties of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and verapamil (VER) with deltamethrin (DLM) and ivermectin (IVM) against DLM and IVM resistant tick populations collected from Madhya Pradesh and Punjab states of India. The collected field tick populations were resistant to DLM (Resistance Factor [RF] in the range of 21.71-32.98) and IVM (RF in the range of 1.89-4.98). A strong synergism between DLM and, IVM with PBO and IVM with VER was noticed. The synergistic efficacy of PBO and VER with IVM in reducing the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value (1.69-5.72 times for PBO and 3.00-10.62 times for VER) of IVM in resistant ticks suggest that a combination of these synergists with IVM can significantly enhance the effectiveness of IVM against IVM-resistant Rhipicephlaus microplus populations gradually establishing in the different parts of the country. The synergistic efficiency of PBO with DLM in reducing the LC50 value was 2.65 and 18.01 times, respectively, against DLM- resistant two R. microplus populations (KTN and LDH). The study revealed the gradual establishment of DLM and IVM resistant populations in the surveyed states suggesting the need to adopt required resistance management strategies. The use of synergists with DLM and IVM has emerged as an effective approach for controlling the acaricide-resistant ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Abhijit Nandi
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat 387310, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673 576, India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India.
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10
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Novato TP, Milhomem MN, Marchesini PBC, Coutinho AL, Silva IS, de Souza Perinotto WM, de Azevedo Prata MC, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Costa-Júnior LM, de Oliveira Monteiro CM. Acaricidal activity of carvacrol and thymol on acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) populations and combination with cypermethrin: Is there cross-resistance and synergism? Vet Parasitol 2022; 310:109787. [PMID: 36054968 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the acaricidal activity of thymol and carvacrol on Rhipicephalus microplus populations with different resistance profiles and investigated the synergistic effect of combinations of these monoterpenes with cypermethrin. The adult immersion test (AIT) was used to characterize the susceptibility of tick populations (45 field populations) to synthetic acaricides: deltamethrin, amitraz and chlorfenvinphos. The larval packet test (LPT) was used to determine the LC50 values for thymol (25 tick populations) and carvacrol (20 tick populations). The susceptible strain Porto Alegre (POA) was used as a reference for calculating the resistance ratio (RR). Subsequently, larval immersion tests (LIT) were performed with combinations of cypermethrin with thymol or carvacrol to assess a synergistic effect. In the AIT, deltamethrin showed efficacy > 90% in one (2.2%) population tested (mean: 12.1 and 11.1 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively), whereas amitraz and chlorfenvinphos showed efficacy > 90% for two (4.4%) populations (mean: 61.3 and 47.3 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively) and eight (17.7%) populations (mean: 69.7 and 59.7 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively). In the LPT, the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol varied from 0.67 to 2.12 mg/mL and 0.55-3.21 mg/mL, with an average LC50 for populations of 1.49 and 1.75 mg/mL, respectively. For thymol, no resistance was observed in any of the populations, values of RR50 > 1.5. There was no correlation between the LC50 values for thymol and the efficacy of the chemical acaricides tested. Regarding carvacrol, for only one tick population had the value of RR50 > 1.5, indicating an incipient resistance. No correlation was observed between the LC50 values for carvacrol and the efficacy of tested acaricides. The combination of thymol and carvacrol with cypermethrin showed a synergistic effect in the resistant population (Jaguar - thymol 4.19 and carvacrol 3.67), and no synergistic interaction were showed in the susceptible population. Answering the questions we conclude that: 1 - The comparison between the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol in field populations and the susceptible strain POA suggests the absence of cross-resistance (ticks and terpenes), and the differences between the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol in the different R. microplus populations are inherent to the characteristics of each population tested; 2 - the combination of thymol or carvacrol with cypermethrin showed a synergistic effect with different activity according to the population of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Pinheiro Novato
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Marlise Neves Milhomem
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Paula Barroso Cruz Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Programa de Pós-graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Cruz das Almas, BA CEP 44380-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74.690-900, Brazil
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11
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Obaid MK, Islam N, Alouffi A, Khan AZ, da Silva Vaz I, Tanaka T, Ali A. Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941831. [PMID: 35873149 PMCID: PMC9299439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-feeding ecto-parasites that have a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ticks cause economic losses in the form of reduced blood, meat and dairy products, as well as pathogen transmission. Different acaricides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, formamidines (e.g. amitraz), synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fipronil, and fluazuron are currently used sequentially or simultaneously to control tick infestations. Most acaricide treatments now face increasingly high chances of failure, due to the resistance selection in different tick populations against these drugs. Acaricide resistance in ticks can be developed in different ways, including amino acid substitutions that result in morphological changes in the acaricide target, metabolic detoxification, and reduced acaricide entry through the outer layer of the tick body. The current literature brings a plethora of information regarding the use of different acaricides for tick control, resistance selection, analysis of mutations in target sites, and resistance mitigation. Alternatives such as synergistic use of different acaricides, plant-derived phytochemicals, fungi as biological control agents, and anti-tick vaccines have been recommended to avoid and mitigate acaricide resistance. The purpose of this review was to summarize and discuss different acaricides applied for tick control, their mechanisms of action and resistance selection, genetic polymorphisms in their target molecules, as well as the approaches used for diagnosis and mitigation of acaricide resistance, specifically in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Zeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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12
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Nazim K, Godara R, Katoch R, Sofi OMUD, Yadav A, Singh NK. Status of ivermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) populations from north-western Himalayas, India. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Ruiz-May E, Álvarez-Sánchez ME, Aguilar-Tipacamú G, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Bojórquez-Velázquez E, Zamora-Briseño JA, Vázquez-Carrillo LI, López-Esparza A. Comparative proteome analysis of the midgut of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) strains with contrasting resistance to ivermectin reveals the activation of proteins involved in the detoxification metabolism. J Proteomics 2022; 263:104618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Torrents J, Sarli M, Sarmiento NF, Rossner MV, Morel N, Guglielmone AA, Nava S. Resistance of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to fluazuron in Argentina. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 86:599-606. [PMID: 35503589 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to report the presence of resistance to fluazuron in a population of Rhipicephalus microplus in Argentina. The evidence was obtained from field and in vitro trials. In the field trial, cattle infested with ticks was treated with two commercial formulations of fluazuron. The in vitro trial (adult immersion test, AIT) was performed by using technical grade fluazuron. In the field trial, there were no significant differences between the treated and control groups between days 2 and 34 post-treatment. The only exceptions (treated group I in day 14 post-treatment, treated group II in days 23 and 29 post-treatment) had a significantly lower tick load than the untreated group, but the efficacy was not higher than 70%. Viable engorged females were collected on both groups of treated bovines in all counts, and the production of viable larvae was not precluded with the application of the two commercial formulations of fluazuron evaluated in this study. The results obtained with the in vitro assay (AIT) also indicate that the R. microplus population tested in this work has a higher level of resistance to fluazuron than another susceptible field strain. The integrated analysis of the field and in vitro trials clearly reveals the emergence of resistance to fluazuron in a R. microplus population from Argentina. This diagnosis of resistance does not imply that the fluazuron has lost its functionality at a regional scale, but it highlights the need to establish control strategies that minimize the use of this drug in order to preserve its functionality as an acaricide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelina Torrents
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, 3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nestor F Sarmiento
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mercedes (INTA E.E.A. Mercedes), Mercedes, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Maria V Rossner
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benítez (INTA E.E.A. Colonia Benítez), Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Guglielmone
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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15
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Development and validation of software that quantifies the larval mortality of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus cattle tick. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101930. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Dzemo WD, Thekisoe O, Vudriko P. Development of acaricide resistance in tick populations of cattle: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08718. [PMID: 35059516 PMCID: PMC8760414 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of acaricide resistance in ticks infesting cattle is a major problem in the livestock industry in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. To determine the current global trends and prevalence of acaricide resistance development (ARD) in tick populations of cattle, a systematic review and meta-analysis with an emphasis on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was conducted. Data searches from five English electronic databases yielded 88 journal articles published between 1992 and 2020. In total, 218 in - vitro bioassays were used to investigate 3939 tick populations of cattle; of these, the 57.6% that exhibited ARD were largely limited to South America (Brazil), Central America (Mexico), and Asia (India). A total of 3391 of these tick populations were R. (B.) microplus, of which 2013 exhibited ARD. Random effects meta-analyses indicated that the exhibition of ARD was higher in R. (B.) microplus (66.2%) than in other tick species. Global prevalence estimates of ARD in R. (B.) microplus vary as a function of geography, detection methods, and acaricide compounds. In general, high heterogeneity was noted among the studies. However, homogeneity was observed among studies from India, suggesting the establishment of acaricide resistance in Indian R. (B.) microplus populations. Current tick control interventions are urgently required to limit the evolution and implications of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Diymba Dzemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Private Bag X1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa.,Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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17
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Rodriguez-Vivas RI, España ER, Blanco IL, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Islas JAT, Bhushan C. Monitoring the resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus to amitraz, flumethrin, coumaphos, and ivermectin on cattle farms in Mexico. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100644. [PMID: 34879955 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence, resistance ratios and factor associated with Rhipicephalu microplus populations resistant to amitraz, flumethrin, coumaphos, and ivermectina (IVM) in Mexico were studied. Field tick populations were collected from 54 farms in 15 different states of Mexico. The dose-response bioassays were carried out using the larval immersion test (amitraz and IVM) and the modified larval packet test (flumethrin and coumaphos) against R. microplus. Mortality data were subjected to probit analysis to calculate lethal concentrations at 50%. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relation between resistance and possible associated factors. The phenotype was defined as high resistant (HR), low resistant (LR) or susceptible (S). The overall prevalence of cattle farms with R. microplus resistant to coumaphos, amitraz, flumethrin and IVM were 25.9, 46.2, 31.5 and 68.5%, respectively. For coumaphos, 74.1, 22.2, and 3.7% were classified as S, LR, and HR, respectively, whereas, for amitraz, 53.7, 24.1, and 22.2% of phenotypes were S, LR, and HR, respectively, for flumethrin 68.5, 14.8, and 16.7% were S, LR and HR respectively, and for IVM, 31.5, 46.3, and 22.2% were S, LR, and HR, respectively. We identified that cattle farms without acaricide rotation program (OR: 7.66, CL95%: 1.70-34.47, P: 0.008) had a higher probability of developing R. microplus resistant to amitraz. We concluded that amitraz and IVM resistance in R. microplus is frequent, but mainly at a low level in cattle farms of Mexico. Cattle farms without acaricide rotation program had higher probability of developing R. microplus resistant to amitraz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Ramirez España
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ivan Lozano Blanco
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Melina M Ojeda-Chi
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Iris Trinidad-Martinez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Código 97000, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Juan Agustin Torres Islas
- Elanco Salud Animal SA de CV, Boulevard Puerta de Hierro 5153, piso 18, Col. Puerta de Hierro CP, 45116 Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Chandra Bhushan
- Elanco Animal Health, Alfred-Nobel Str. 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
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18
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Sarli M, Miró MV, Rossner MV, Nava S, Lifschitz A. Successive treatments with ivermectin (3.15%) to control the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in cattle: Pharmacokinetic and efficacy assessment. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101848. [PMID: 34656045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, the potential accumulation in the body of treated animals and the efficacy of ivermectin long-acting formulation (3.15%) against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in a scheme of three successive treatments. Fifteen 12-month-old heifers, naturally infested with R. microplus, were divided into two groups (G). Cattle from GI (n = 10) were subjected to three treatments with ivermectin 3.15% (IVOMEC GOLD®, Merial Argentina S.A.) at a rate of 1 mL/50 kg on days 0, 35, and 70. Cattle from GII (n = 5) were not treated. From day 1 to 202 post-treatment blood samples were taken to measure ivermectin concentrations by HPLC and female ticks (4.5-8 mm) were counted to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. The level of tick resistance to ivermectin was evaluated before and after finishing the scheme of successive treatments by larval immersion test (LIT) bioassay from engorged females collected from GI. The area under the concentration vs. time curves (AUC0-35d) obtained post-second treatment was 1.51 ± 0.39-fold higher than those observed post-first treatment (P<0.05). The mean plasma concentrations of ivermectin 3.15% at 20 days after the first, second and third treatment were 17.0, 27.5 and 37.8 ng/mL, respectively (P<0.01). The elimination half-life of ivermectin post-third treatment was significantly longer than that was previously reported after a single dose (P<0.01). Values of therapeutic efficacy percentage reached 75.6% post-first treatment and between 95.9 and 100% after the second treatment. Ticks evaluated by LIT showed a significant increase in lethal concentrations after treatments. Although the efficacy level was high, the successive treatments with long-acting ivermectin formulation generate a significant accumulation of drug in plasma and could increase the levels of resistance to this drug in the tick population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - María Victoria Miró
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, CP 7000, Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Rossner
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benítez (INTA E.E.A. Colonia Benítez), Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Adrián Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, CP 7000, Tandil, Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Shyma KP, Gupta JP, Parsani HR, Ankuya KJ, Singh V. Ivermectin resistance in the multi-host tick Hyalomma anatolicum (Acari: Ixodidae) in India. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101791. [PMID: 34329928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The multi-host tick, Hyalomma anatolicum is a widely distributed vector of many pathogens of veterinary and public health importance. Ivermectin (IVM), as an alternative to control pyrethroid-resistant ticks, has been used extensively for the past 4-6 years in tropical and sub-tropical countries including India resulting in declining tick control efficacy. The present study used adult immersion test (AIT) to examine the resistance status of H. anatolicum collected from three districts in the Indian state of Gujarat against ivermectin. Probit analysis was used for calculation of concentration-mortality regressions; concentrations required for 50% mortality (LC50) and 95% mortality (LC95), along with confidence intervals; slope of mortality; % inhibition of oviposition; and discriminating concentration (DC). The calculated LC50 and LC95 estimates were utilized to determine resistance ratios (RR50, RR95) and the resistance levels (RL) of the field ticks compared to the susceptible population. The DC (2 x LC95) for IVM was calculated as 84.48 ppm, using susceptible H. anatolicum ticks (KHD). Lower estimates of the coefficient of non-determination (1-R2) for AIT ranged from 0.06 to 0.27, and the range of RR50 and RR95 values against IVM was estimated to be from 1.43 to 52.06 and 1.14 to 71.99, respectively, which indicated a varying degree of resistance among the field tick populations. Based on RR50 values, tick populations from Danta and Palanpur showed resistance level IV and II, respectively. Another four populations (Vadgam, Kankrej, Saraswati and Sidhpur) were classified as having level I resistance status against IVM. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ivermectin resistance in H. anatolicum from Gujarat, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Shyma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science & AH, Kamdhenu University (Erstwhile SDAU), Sardarkrushinagar, 385506 Gujarat (India).
| | - Jay Prakash Gupta
- Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Science & AH, Kamdhenu University (Erstwhile SDAU), Sardarkrushinagar, 385506 Gujarat (India).
| | - H R Parsani
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science & AH, Kamdhenu University (Erstwhile SDAU), Sardarkrushinagar, 385506 Gujarat (India).
| | - K J Ankuya
- Department of Livestock Production & Management, College of Veterinary Science & AH, Kamdhenu University (Erstwhile SDAU), Sardarkrushinagar, 385506 Gujarat (India).
| | - Veer Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science & AH, Kamdhenu University (Erstwhile SDAU), Sardarkrushinagar, 385506 Gujarat (India); Director Resident Instruction-cum-Dean, Post Graduate Studies, BASU, Patna, 800 014, Bihar (India).
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20
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Burtis JC, Poggi JD, Payne B, Campbell SR, Harrington LC. Susceptibility of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to Permethrin Under a Long-Term 4-Poster Deer Treatment Area on Shelter Island, NY. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1966-1969. [PMID: 33822135 PMCID: PMC10601398 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance in medically significant disease vectors can negatively impact the efficacy of control efforts. Resistance research on ticks has focused primarily on species of veterinary significance that experience relatively high degrees of control pressure. Resistance in tick vectors of medical significance has received little attention, in part because area-wide pesticide applications are not used to control these generalist tick species. One of the few effective methods currently used for area-wide control of medically important ticks, including Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), is deployment of 4-poster devices. Deer self-apply a topical acaricide (permethrin) while feeding on corn from the devices. A 4-poster program using permethrin has been deployed on Shelter Island, NY to control I. scapularis populations since 2008. We collected engorged female ticks from deer in this management area and a location in the Mid-Hudson River Valley, NY without area-wide tick control. Larvae were reared from egg masses and their susceptibility to permethrin was tested. Larvae originating from a long-term laboratory colony were used as a susceptible baseline for comparison. Compared against the laboratory colony, resistance ratios at LC-50 for Shelter Island and Hudson Valley I. scapularis were 1.87 and 1.51, respectively. The susceptibilities of the field populations to permethrin were significantly lower than that of the colony ticks. We provide the first data using the larval packet test to establish baseline susceptibility for I. scapularis to permethrin along with information relevant to understanding resistance emergence in tick populations under sustained control pressure from 4-poster devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Burtis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Division of Vector-Borne Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Joseph D. Poggi
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Beau Payne
- Shelter Island Police Department, Shelter Island, NY 11964, USA
| | - Scott R. Campbell
- Suffolk County Department of Health Services, Yaphank, NY 11980, USA
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21
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Luns DAR, Martins R, Pombal S, Rodilla JML, Githaka NW, Vaz IDS, Logullo C. Effect of essential oils against acaricide-susceptible and acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 83:597-608. [PMID: 33625626 PMCID: PMC8041689 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of acaricides is a problem worldwide and has increased the selection of acaricide-resistant tick populations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the acaricide effects of two essential oils (from Schinus molle and Bulnesia sarmientoi) using the larval immersion test on three Rhipicephalus tick species. Rhipicephalus evertsi, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Rhipicephalus pulchelus ticks collected in Kenya, without history of acaricide exposure, were tested, as well as individuals from two populations of Rhipicephalus microplus (with or without history of acaricide exposure), for comparison. The sample most resistant to the treatments was a population of R. microplus with previous acaricide exposure, whereas the least tolerant sample was a strain of the same species that never had contact with acaricides (Porto Alegre strain). Interestingly, the field tick samples without previous acaricide exposure responded to essential oils with a mortality profile resembling that observed in the acaricide-resistant R. microplus field population, and not the susceptible Porto Alegre strain. The essential oil of B. sarmientoi and its two components tested (guaiol and bulnesol) caused the highest mortality rates in the tested species and are potential molecules for future studies on control methods against these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Adriann Rebonato Luns
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, NUPEM - UFRJ, Campus Macaé, Avenida São José do Barreto, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ, CEP 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Renato Martins
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, NUPEM - UFRJ, Campus Macaé, Avenida São José do Barreto, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ, CEP 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Sofia Pombal
- Departamento de Química, Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais - FibEnTech. Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marques de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jesus M Lopez Rodilla
- Departamento de Química, Materiais Fibrosos e Tecnologias Ambientais - FibEnTech. Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marques de Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Naftaly W Githaka
- Tick Unit, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- , Centro de Biotecnologia - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43421, Campos do Vale, C.P. 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda and Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, NUPEM - UFRJ, Campus Macaé, Avenida São José do Barreto, São José do Barreto, Macaé, RJ, CEP 27965-045, Brazil.
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22
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Villada-Bedoya S, Chávez-Ríos JR, Montoya B, Castelán F, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Escobar F, González-Tokman D. Heat shock proteins and antioxidants as mechanisms of response to ivermectin in the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128707. [PMID: 33168281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin is the most common antiparasitic drug used in livestock in many regions of the world. Its residues are excreted in dung, threatening non-target fauna such as dung beetles, fundamental for cleaning dung in pastures. However, it is unclear which are the physiological mechanisms used by dung beetles to cope with ivermectin. Here we evaluated experimentally the physiological responses of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius to ivermectin-induced stress. We measured metabolic rates, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) expression, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative damage in lipids in both males and females exposed to a sublethal dose. Compared to control beetles, ivermectin-treated males and females had increased metabolic rates. Moreover, ivermectin-treated females increased their expression of Hsp70 whereas males increased their antioxidant capacity. No changes in the levels of oxidative damage to lipids were detected for either sex, suggesting a process of hormesis, such that exposure to a moderate concentration of ivermectin could stimulate the action of a protective mechanism against oxidative stress, that differs between sexes. However, it does not exclude the possibility that damage to other biomolecules might have occurred. Sexual differences in physiological responses can be interpreted as the result of hormonal differences or life-history trade-offs that favor different mechanisms in females and males. Hsps and antioxidants are involved in the physiological response of beetles to ivermectin and may be key in providing resistance to this contaminant in target and non-target species, including dung beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Ramsés Chávez-Ríos
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de La Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Bibiana Montoya
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de La Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Castelán
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de La Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico; Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
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23
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Agwunobi DO, Yu Z, Liu J. A retrospective review on ixodid tick resistance against synthetic acaricides: implications and perspectives for future resistance prevention and mitigation. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104776. [PMID: 33771255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ending of the nineteenth-century was characterized by an escalation of ticks and tick-borne diseases that resulted in the death of many cattle. This necessitated the search for an effective means of tick control. Arsenicals were introduced in Australia in 1895, and arsenic-based dipping vats went on to be used for about 40 years until resistance was found in ticks and more effective alternatives - chemical acaricides - were developed after World War II. However, the development of resistance by ticks, environmental persistence, and mammalian toxicity militated against the sustained use of subsequent chemical acaricides. Furthermore, the development of resistance is a phenomenon that would always evolve, and the multiple mechanisms underlying the synthetic acaricides resistance are of great importance for future integrated control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Hence, this study retrospectively reviewed the development of synthetic acaricides and the underlying mechanisms of tick resistance against synthetic acaricides in the hope of providing the implications and perspectives for resistance prevention and mitigation for future tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond O Agwunobi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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24
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Torrents J, Morel N, Rossner MV, Martínez NC, Toffaletti JR, Nava S. In vitro diagnosis of resistance of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to fipronil in Argentina. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:397-403. [PMID: 33000337 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to adapt and apply the in vitro larval bioassay packet test (LPT) to diagnose resistance of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks to fipronil in Argentina. Ten serial dilutions of fipronil were included in the LPT bioassay. Seven populations of R. microplus from six Argentinean Provinces were evaluated. Samples from Colonia Benítez, Quimilí and Intiyaco were unambiguously classified in the category 'resistant'. In all these cases the 95% confidence intervals did not overlap with that of the susceptible reference strain and the slope values were lower than the slope value obtained for the susceptible reference strain. The resistance ratio (RR50) values of the populations from Colonia Benítez I and II, Quimilí and Intiyaco were 2.23, 3.49, 6.84 and 3.39, respectively. Populations from El Colorado I and II, Acambuco, Vera and Feliciano were classified as 'susceptible' because the 95% confidence intervals overlapped with that of the susceptible reference strain and the RR50 values never exceeded 1.32. The results of these LPT bioassays indicate the presence of fipronil resistant R. microplus populations in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelina Torrents
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, CP 3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria V Rossner
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Colonia Benítez, Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Norberto C Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Agencia de Extensión Rural Garabato, Garabato, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José R Toffaletti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria El Colorado, El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Conicet), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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25
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Esteve-Gasent MD, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Medina RF, Ellis D, Schwartz A, Cortés Garcia B, Hunt C, Tietjen M, Bonilla D, Thomas D, Logan LL, Hasel H, Alvarez Martínez JA, Hernández-Escareño JJ, Mosqueda Gualito J, Alonso Díaz MA, Rosario-Cruz R, Soberanes Céspedes N, Merino Charrez O, Howard T, Chávez Niño VM, Pérez de León AA. Research on Integrated Management for Cattle Fever Ticks and Bovine Babesiosis in the United States and Mexico: Current Status and Opportunities for Binational Coordination. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110871. [PMID: 33114005 PMCID: PMC7690670 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is a reportable transboundary animal disease caused by Babesia bovis and Babesiabigemina in the Americas where these apicomplexan protozoa are transmitted by the invasive cattle fever ticks Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) annulatus. In countries like Mexico where cattle fever ticks remain endemic, bovine babesiosis is detrimental to cattle health and results in a significant economic cost to the livestock industry. These cattle disease vectors continue to threaten the U.S. cattle industry despite their elimination through efforts of the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program. Mexico and the U.S. share a common interest in managing cattle fever ticks through their economically important binational cattle trade. Here, we report the outcomes of a meeting where stakeholders from Mexico and the U.S. representing the livestock and pharmaceutical industry, regulatory agencies, and research institutions gathered to discuss research and knowledge gaps requiring attention to advance progressive management strategies for bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks. Research recommendations and other actionable activities reflect commitment among meeting participants to seize opportunities for collaborative efforts. Addressing these research gaps is expected to yield scientific knowledge benefitting the interdependent livestock industries of Mexico and the U.S. through its translation into enhanced biosecurity against the economic and animal health impacts of bovine babesiosis and cattle fever ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Esteve-Gasent
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, FMVZ, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Raúl F. Medina
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Dee Ellis
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Andy Schwartz
- Texas Animal Health Commission, Austin, TX 78758, USA;
| | - Baltazar Cortés Garcia
- Departamento de Rabia Paralítica y Garrapata, Dirección de Campañas Zoosanitarias, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Avenida Insurgentes Sur N° 489 Piso 9, Colonia Hipódromo, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06100, Mexico;
| | - Carrie Hunt
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (D.E.); (C.H.)
| | - Mackenzie Tietjen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Knipling–Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA; (M.T.); (A.A.P.d.L.)
| | - Denise Bonilla
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service International Services, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-APHIS), Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Don Thomas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Cattel Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Moore Air Base, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA;
| | - Linda L. Logan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Hallie Hasel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, (USDA-APHIS-VS), Austin, TX 78701, USA;
| | - Jesús A. Alvarez Martínez
- CENID-SAI, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agricolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla No. 8534, Col. Progreso. Jiutepec, Morelos 62390, Mexico;
| | - Jesús J. Hernández-Escareño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Francisco Villa S/N, Hacienda del Canada, Ciudad General Escobedo, Nuevo León 66054, Mexico;
| | - Juan Mosqueda Gualito
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Carretera a Chichimequillas, Ejido Bolaños, Queretaro Queretaro 76140, Mexico;
| | - Miguel A. Alonso Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz 93600, Mexico;
| | - Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz
- BioSA Research Lab., Natural Sciences College, Campus el ‘Shalako’ Las Petaquillas, Autonomous Guerrero State University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 62105, Mexico;
| | - Noé Soberanes Céspedes
- Lapisa S.A. de C.V. Carretera La Piedad-Guadalajara Km 5.5, Col. Camelinas, La Piedad, Michoacán 59375, Mexico;
| | - Octavio Merino Charrez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Km. 5 Carretera Victoria-Mante, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas 87000, Mexico;
| | - Tami Howard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, (USDA-APHIS-VS), Field Operations, Southern Border Ports, Albuquerque, NM 87109, USA;
| | - Victoria M. Chávez Niño
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, International Services, (USDA-APHIS-IS), Mexico, Sierra Nevada 115, Col. Lomas de Chapultepec, Mexico City 11000, Mexico;
| | - Adalberto A. Pérez de León
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS), Knipling–Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA; (M.T.); (A.A.P.d.L.)
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26
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Resistance of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to ivermectin in Argentina. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:332-337. [PMID: 32738729 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to ivermectin in populations of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Argentina was diagnosed in this work. The in vitro larval immersion test (LIT) was used to determine quantitatively the levels of resistance to ivermectin in different populations of R. microplus. Additionally, field trials to control natural infestations of R. microplus on cattle with a commercial formulation of ivermectin 3.15% were carried and jointly analyzed with the in vitro assays. The phenotypic response of the populations analyzed was not uniform. Five of them were classified as susceptible, four populations as resistant, and one in the category "incipient resistance". Regarding the field trials, the therapeutic efficacy in a population classified with LIT as susceptible achieved values higher than 94% two weeks after treatment, and no reproductively viable females were observed after the second day post-treatment. Conversely, the values of efficacy percentage in a population (named as "San Martín") classified with LIT in the category "incipient resistance" never exceeded the 70.8%, and engorged females were collected in practically all counts. The population "San Martín" was classified in the category "incipient resistant" with LIT analysis, but the field trial unambiguously shows that this tick population is resistant. The comparison of the results obtained with LIT in vitro assays and through field trials shows that biased estimations of resistance levels may occur when resistance ratios (RR) values are ≤2, and additional field efficacy trials could be needed to know with precision the status of the tick populations evaluated.
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27
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Vilela VLR, Feitosa TF, Bezerra RA, Klafke GM, Riet-Correa F. Multiple acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus in the semi-arid region of Paraíba State, Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Shakya M, Kumar S, Fular A, Upadhaya D, Sharma AK, Bisht N, Nandi A, Ghosh S. Emergence of fipronil resistant Rhipicephalus microplus populations in Indian states. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 80:591-602. [PMID: 32180071 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intensive usage of chemical acaricides for the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus has resulted in the development and establishment of multi-acaricide resistant populations. Fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide, is currently marketed in India for the management of this important veterinary tick species. Here, we tested Indian isolates of R. microplus which have developed multi-acaricide resistance, for their susceptibility to fipronil. Twenty-five field isolates from five agro-climatic zones of the country were collected and tested by adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). Sixteen isolates with resistance factor (RF) in the range of 1.56-10.9 were detected using LPT, whereas only 11 isolates with RF ranging from 1.05 to 4.1 were detected using AIT. A significant variation of RF between both tests was found, which raises doubt about the suitability of larva-based assays in screening of fipronil resistance. The data indicated possible cross-resistance between groups of acaricides in fipronil-resistant tick populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Abhijit Nandi
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P., 243122, India.
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In vitro test for the evaluation of the efficacy of topical products for the control of Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae. Parasitology 2020; 147:816-821. [PMID: 32234088 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae cause myiasis in animals and humans. To register a commercial product to control this dipteran is necessary to experiment on animals. The in vitro test was standardized to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of commercial topical products. Five formulations were analysed in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro test, a colony was formed and three replicates (n = 200) of each larval stage (L1, L2 and L3) were treated. The viability of the larvae was evaluated after 5 and 30 min, and at 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 60 and 72 h post-treatment (HPT). For the in vivo test, 30 bovines divided into six groups were castrated to achieve natural infestation with C. hominivorax. Animals in the treated groups received the product. Myiasis and efficacy were evaluated 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 HPT. Four formulations tested in the in vitro test achieved 100% efficacy at 24 HPT. In the in vivo experiment only one achieved 100% efficacy at 24 HPT. However, all products achieved the maximum efficacy by the end of study. The in vitro test developed here could be adopted to evaluate the efficacy of topical products for the control of C. hominivorax larvae.
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First Report of Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) annulatus in Egypt Resistant to Ivermectin. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110404. [PMID: 31731620 PMCID: PMC6921020 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tick control is mainly dependent on the application of acaricides, but resistance has developed to almost all classes of acaricides, including macrolactones. Therefore, we aimed to investigate ivermectin resistance among tick populations in middle Egypt. The larval immersion test was conducted using a commercial formulation of ivermectin (1%). Different concentrations of the immersion solution (0.0000625% (625 × 10-7%), 0.000125% (125 × 10-6%), 0.0005% (5 × 10-4%), 0.001% (1 × 10-3%), 0.0025% (2.5 × 10-3%), 0.005% (5 × 10-3), and 0.01% (1 × 10-2%)) were prepared by diluting a commercial ivermectin (1%) with distilled water containing 1% (v/v) ethanol and 2% (v/v) TritonX-100. Field populations of Rhipicephalus annulatus were collected from five different localities in Beni-Suef province, Egypt. Adult engorged female ticks were collected and assessed for oviposition and egg fertility. Eggs were collected, and hatched larvae were then used in the experiment. Application of acaricides was conducted on 10-day-old larvae. There was a significant difference in the LC50 (50% lethal concentration) among the examined localities on the log dose-response plot, where, the LC50 of tick populations from two localities (Emin elaros and Aldiabia) was higher than the other localities (Alhalabia, Alkom, and Beshnna). Besides, tick populations from Emin elaros and Aldiabia showed higher LC90 values with lower slope values compared to those from Alhalabia, Alkom, and Beshnna. According to these values (LC50, LC90, and slope values), as well as a history of acaricide failure to ticks in these areas, R. annulatus developed resistance to ivermectin. This study documents the first report of field populations of R. annulatus resistant to ivermectin in Egypt.
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Interpretation of the larval immersion test with ivermectin in populations of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from Colombian farms. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101323. [PMID: 31734216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interpreting in vitro bioassays used to determine resistance against acaricides in Rhipicephalus microplus can be challenging without parallel in vivo studies that assess for lost efficacy. The larval immersion test (LIT) is currently the most widely used bioassay to detect ivermectin resistance. The objective of this study was to compare results of the LIT and a field trial using ivermectin in naturally infested cattle. Criteria to consider ticks as resistant with the LIT were based on discriminating doses (DD) and the ratio of lethal concentration (LC) in test populations over the LC of the susceptible Deutch strain, known as the resistance ratio (RR). Ticks were collected from 4 farms, two where ivermectin provided good control of tick infestations and two that claimed lack of efficacy. In two farms where administration of a long-acting ivermectin formulation reduced body tick counts to 45 and 25% of the initial counts at 10-days post-treatment, the RR50 and RR99 were approximately 6 and 20, respectively. The LC50 value approximated the DD for the two farms with claimed resistance, suggesting that about half of the population in each farm was resistant. These LIT values are equal to those reported for the most resistant ticks, which supports the use of the LIT to predict control failure in field situations. The two farms where ivermectin provided good control of tick infestations had LC50s similar to the susceptible strain, although for one farm the LC99 and RR99 suggested incipient resistance.
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Khangembam R, Singh H, Jyoti, Rath SS, Singh NK. Effect of synergists on ivermectin resistance in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from Punjab districts, India. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:682-686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Khater HF, Ali AM, Abouelella GA, Marawan MA, Govindarajan M, Murugan K, Abbas RZ, Vaz NP, Benelli G. Toxicity and growth inhibition potential of vetiver, cinnamon, and lavender essential oils and their blends against larvae of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia sericata. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:449-457. [PMID: 29417554 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myiasis induced by the sheep blowfly, Lucilia sericata, represents a public health problem widely distributed throughout the world. L. sericata larval stages feed on both humans and animals. L. sericata adults and larvae can play a role in spreading agents of mycobacterial infections. OBJECTIVES It is critical to establish new and safe alternative methods of controlling L. sericata. METHODS The insecticidal effectiveness and growth inhibition potential of three commercially available essential oils (EOs), vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), as well as their blends, were tested against the second (L2) and third (L3) larval stages of L. sericata. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil was used as a carrier and tested on L2 and L3 larvae. To the best of our knowledge, all applied essential oils, except lavender, and oil blends were tested against L. sericata for the first time. RESULTS All applied oils did not repel L2 from the treated liver but adversely affected their development. Contact treatments on L. sericata L3 indicated that vetiver and cinnamon oils significantly affected treated larvae. Total mortality rates were 93.33 and 95.56%, respectively. Furthermore, oil blends tested through contact assays killed larvae when used at higher concentrations; adult emergence was eliminated post-treatment with doses >30% for oil blend 1 and >10% for oil blend 2. CONCLUSION Overall, cinnamon and vetiver oils (5%) were selected as reliable and cheap biopesticides for controlling larvae of L. sericata. The tested oils are inexpensive and represent new promising botanical insecticides in the fight against blowflies causing myiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanem F Khater
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ali M Ali
- Biochemical and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Benha Branch, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Marawan A Marawan
- Infectious Diseases, Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rao Z Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nelissa P Vaz
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Science Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Jonsson NN, Bhushan C. Strategies for the control of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in a world of conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3-29. [PMID: 29152691 PMCID: PMC5748392 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infestations with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, constitute the most important ectoparasite problem for cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, resulting in major economic losses. The control of R. microplus is mostly based on the use of conventional acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. However, the intensive use of such compounds has resulted in tick populations that exhibit resistance to all major acaricide chemical classes. Consequently, there is a need for the development of alternative approaches, possibly including the use of animal husbandry practices, synergized pesticides, rotation of acaricides, pesticide mixture formulations, manual removal of ticks, selection for host resistance, nutritional management, release of sterile male hybrids, environmental management, plant species that are unfavourable to ticks, pasture management, plant extracts, essential oils and vaccination. Integrated tick management consists of the systematic combination of at least two control technologies aiming to reduce selection pressure in favour of acaricide-resistant individuals, while maintaining adequate levels of animal production. The purpose of this paper is to present a current review on conventional acaricide and macrocyclic lactone resistance for better understanding and control of resistant ticks with particular emphasis on R. microplus on cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger I Rodriguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chandra Bhushan
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Alee 10, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany
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The effectiveness of a fixed-dose combination pour-on formulation of 1.25% fipronil and 2.5% fluazuron against economically important ectoparasites and associated pharmacokinetics in cattle. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:627-634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vudriko P, Okwee-Acai J, Byaruhanga J, Tayebwa DS, Omara R, Muhindo JB, Lagu C, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Xuan X, Suzuki H. Evidence-based tick acaricide resistance intervention strategy in Uganda: Concept and feedback of farmers and stakeholders. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 9:254-265. [PMID: 28978456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multi-acaricide resistant ticks has led to unprecedented level of acaricide failure in central and western Uganda. In the absence of a national acaricide resistance management strategy, the country's dairy sector is threatened by upsurge of ticks and tick-borne diseases. In this study, we developed a short-to-medium-term intervention approach called Evidence-Based Acaricide Tick Control (EBATIC): Identify, Test, Intervene and Eradicate (IT-IE). Furthermore, the perception of 199 farmers and extension workers, 12 key informants in four districts and 47 stakeholders in the animal industry in Uganda were assessed using semi-structured questionnaires. We report that the establishment of a specialized laboratory is pivotal in identifying and testing (IT) acaricide resistant ticks for prompt intervention and eradication (IE). The laboratory test results and the farm tick control gaps identified are very important in guiding acaricide resistance management strategies such as evidence-based acaricide rotation, development and dissemination of extension materials, training of farmers and extension workers, and stakeholders' engagement towards finding sustainable solutions. All the 47 stakeholders and 91.0% (181/199) of the farmers and extension workers reported that the EBATIC approach will help in solving the tick acaricide resistance crisis in Uganda. Similarly, all the 12 key informants and 92.5% (184/199) of the farmers and extension workers suggested that the EBATIC approach should be sustained and rolled out to other districts. The EBATIC stakeholders' dialogue generated both short-to-medium and long-term strategies for sustainable management of tick acaricide resistance in the country. Overall, the positive feedback from farmers, district veterinarians and stakeholders in the animal industry suggest that the EBATIC approach is a useful proof-of-concept on scalable intervention pathway against tick acaricide resistance in Uganda with possibility of adoption in other African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases Control (RTC), Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases (NRCPD), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - James Okwee-Acai
- Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases Control (RTC), Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Byaruhanga
- Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases Control (RTC), Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Stuart Tayebwa
- Research Center for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases Control (RTC), Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases (NRCPD), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Robert Omara
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Veterinary Department, State House, P. O Box 25497, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jeanne Bukeka Muhindo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Directorate of Product Safety, National Drug Authority, P. O. Box 23096, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Charles Lagu
- National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS), P O Box 389, Mbarara ZARDI, Uganda
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases (NRCPD), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases (NRCPD), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases (NRCPD), Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Rodríguez-Hidalgo R, Pérez-Otáñez X, Garcés-Carrera S, Vanwambeke SO, Madder M, Benítez-Ortiz W. The current status of resistance to alpha-cypermethrin, ivermectin, and amitraz of the cattle tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) in Ecuador. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174652. [PMID: 28388639 PMCID: PMC5384665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of the world where livestock is a principal activity with great veterinary and economic importance. In Ecuador, this hematophagous ectoparasite has been observed between 0 and 2600 masl. One of the main tick control measures is the use of acaricides, which have been indiscriminately used worldwide and in Ecuador. In this country, no studies on acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus have been published. The current study aims to characterise the level of resistance of R. microplus against three main acaricides commonly used in Ecuador i.e. amitraz, alpha-cypermethrin and ivermectin to determine the level and pattern of dose-responses for R. microplus in 12 field populations (farms). The level of acaricide resistance was evaluated using three different bioassays: adult immersion test (AIT), larval package test (LPT) and larval immersion test (LIT), as recommended by the FAO. The predictive dose-responses were analysed by binomial logistics regression of the larval survival rate (resistance). In general, we found resistance of 67% for amitraz; 50% for alpha-cypermethrin and from 25 to 42% for ivermectin in the twelve field populations analysed. Resistance levels were studied in larval and adult bioassays, respectively, which were slightly modified for this study. For larval bioassays based on corrected mortality i.e. high (above 51%), medium (21–50%) and low (11–20%) resistance, percentages less than 10% were considered as susceptible. For the adult test, two resistance levels were used i.e. high (more than 76%) and medium (51 to 75%) resistance. Percentages lower than 50% were considered as susceptible. In this context, for larval bioassays, amitraz showed 21%, 38% and 8% for high, medium and low resistance, respectively. Alpha-cypermethrin presented 8%, 4 and 38% for high, medium and low resistance, respectively. Ivermectin presented 8%, 25% and 8% for high, medium and low resistance, respectively. For adult tests with amitraz 50% and 17% of the field populations showed average and high resistance, with evidences of average resistance to alpha-cypermethrin in 50% of the samples and average resistance against ivermectin in 25% of the farms. No statistical difference amongst the three bioassays was found and acaricide resistance was confirmed by logistic regression analysis; hence resistance (dose-responses) in each field populations differed, depending on the choice of the acaricide, frequent usage, frequency of treatment and farm management. The effective estimated dose needed to eliminate 99% of ticks is higher than dose recommended by the manufacturer. In conclusion, amitraz showed the highest resistance followed by ivermectin and alpha-cypermethrin and reveals differences on resistance in each individual field population. This information is important in order to establish the monitoring of resistance on each farm individually, contributing to the rational use of acaricides included in an integrated control program for R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis / Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia / Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Ximena Pérez-Otáñez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia / Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Sophie O. Vanwambeke
- Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate research, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Maxime Madder
- Institute for Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Washington Benítez-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis / Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia / Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Rodriguez-Vivas R, Ojeda-Chi M, Trinidad-Martinez I, Pérez de León A. First documentation of ivermectin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2017; 233:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to fluazuron (2.5 mg/kg) and a combination of novaluron (2.0 mg/kg) + eprinomectin (0.36 mg/kg) in field studies in Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2016; 135:74-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Villaar D, Puerta J, Lòpez A, Chaparro JJ. Ivermectin resistance of three Rhipicephalus microplus populations using the larval immersion test. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2016. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n1a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Singh NK, Singh H, Jyoti, Prerna M, Rath SS. First report of ivermectin resistance in field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Punjab districts of India. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:192-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Castro Janer E, Klafke GM, Capurro ML, Schumaker TTS. Cross-resistance between fipronil and lindane in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:77-83. [PMID: 25868846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), is one of the most damaging parasites of cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. Several chemical groups have been used for its control, including cyclodienes (lindane and dieldrin). In Uruguay and Brazil these products were used at the beginning of the 1960s and during a few years. Fipronil and lindane act on the same target site. In both countries, southern cattle tick resistance to fipronil has sometimes developed quickly after only a few acaricide treatments (three to seven). The objective of the present study was to determine cross-resistance between fipronil and lindane in southern cattle ticks from Uruguay and Brazil. Initially, the FAO's (Food and Agricultural Organization) larval packet test with lindane was applied to a fipronil-resistant strain and to susceptible field populations. Mozo and POA strains were used as the susceptible controls. A larval immersion test was used to assess fipronil toxicity. Of fifteen fipronil-resistant field populations that were tested with lindane, eleven were lindane-resistant and three were susceptible. The last three populations had incipient resistance to fipronil. Finally, cross-resistance between fipronil and lindane in the southern cattle tick is reported in this study for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Castro Janer
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary-UDELAR, Av. Lasplaces 1620, CP 1600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - G M Klafke
- Laboratory of Parasitology, FEPAGRO Animal Health, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - M L Capurro
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T T S Schumaker
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-USP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Nava S, Mangold AJ, Canevari JT, Guglielmone AA. Strategic applications of long-acting acaricides against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in northwestern Argentina, with an analysis of tick distribution among cattle. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:225-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Alegría-López MA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Ojeda-Chi MM, Rosado-Aguilar JA. Use of Ivermectin as Endoparasiticide in Tropical Cattle Herds Generates Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes and the Tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:214-221. [PMID: 26336306 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine simultaneously the status of resistance against ivermectin (IVM) in gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) ticks in 12 cattle farms where IVM was used for the control of GIN in the Mexican tropics. Six farms had frequent use of IVM (≥ 4 times per year) and six farms had low frequency of IVM use (1-2 times per year). The fecal egg count reduction test and the larval immersion test were used to determine the resistant status of GIN and R. microplus against IVM, respectively. The results indicated that 100% of the surveyed farms had IVM-resistant GIN (reduction % from 0 to 67%). The genera involved were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, and Oesophagostomum. Although the IVM was never used for the control of ticks, 50% of the surveyed farms presented GIN and R. microplus simultaneously resistant to IVM. Furthermore, two R. microplus populations showed high resistance ratio (RR) to IVM (farm TAT: RR50% = 7 and RR99% = 40.1; and farm SLS: RR50% = 2.4; RR99% = 11.0). A high frequency of IVM use (≥ 4 times per year) seemed to promote IVM resistance amongst R. microplus ticks compared with the farms with low frequency of IVM use (1-2 times per year; 66.6 vs. 25.0%, respectively). However, the number of surveyed farms was insufficient to show clear statistical inferences (odds ratio = 6.00; 95% CI = 0.341-105.5). The use of IVM for the control of GIN promoted simultaneously the development of IVM resistance in the GIN and R. microplus populations of the cattle herds surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Alegría-López
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootécnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, C.P. 97000, México.Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | | | - J F J Torres-Acosta
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootécnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, C.P. 97000, México.Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - M M Ojeda-Chi
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootécnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, C.P. 97000, México.Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - J A Rosado-Aguilar
- Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootécnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. km. 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, C.P. 97000, México.Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Cruz BC, Lopes WDZ, Maciel WG, Felippelli G, Fávero FC, Teixeira WFP, Carvalho RS, Ruivo MA, Colli MHA, Sakamoto CAM, Costa AJD, De Oliveira GP. Susceptibility of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to ivermectin (200, 500 and 630μg/kg) in field studies in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2015; 207:309-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Flores-Fernández JM, Gutiérrez-Ortega A, Padilla-Camberos E, Rosario-Cruz R, Hernández-Gutiérrez R, Martínez-Velázquez M. Molecular cloning and characterization of a glycine-like receptor gene from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasite 2014; 21:43. [PMID: 25174962 PMCID: PMC4150426 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the most economically important ectoparasite affecting the cattle industry in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. The principal method of tick control has relied mainly on the use of chemical acaricides, including ivermectin; however, cattle tick populations resistant to ivermectin have recently been reported in Brazil, Mexico, and Uruguay. Currently, the molecular basis for ivermectin susceptibility and resistance are not well understood in R. microplus. This prompted us to search for potential molecular targets for ivermectin. Here, we report the cloning and molecular characterization of a R. microplus glycine-like receptor (RmGlyR) gene. The characterized mRNA encodes for a 464-amino acid polypeptide, which contains features common to ligand-gated ion channels, such as a large N-terminal extracellular domain, four transmembrane domains, a large intracellular loop and a short C-terminal extracellular domain. The deduced amino acid sequence showed around 30% identity to GlyRs from some invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. The polypeptide also contains the PAR motif, which is important for forming anion channels, and a conserved glycine residue at the third transmembrane domain, which is essential for high ivermectin sensitivity. PCR analyses showed that RmGlyR is expressed at egg, larval and adult developmental stages. Our findings suggest that the deduced receptor is an additional molecular target to ivermectin and it might be involved in ivermectin resistance in R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Flores-Fernández
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Abel Gutiérrez-Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Eduardo Padilla-Camberos
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Rodrigo Rosario-Cruz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones en Parasitología Veterinaria-INIFAP, Carretera Federal Cuernavaca Cuautla No. 8534, Colonia Progreso, 62550 Jiutepec, Morelos, México
| | - Rodolfo Hernández-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Moisés Martínez-Velázquez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, AC, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Lopes WDZ, Cruz BC, Teixeira WFP, Felippelli G, Maciel WG, Buzzulini C, Gomes LVC, Favero F, Soares VE, Bichuette MA, de Oliveira GP, da Costa AJ. Efficacy of fipronil (1.0mg/kg) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus strains resistant to ivermectin (0.63mg/kg). Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pohl PC, Carvalho DD, Daffre S, Vaz IDS, Masuda A. In vitro establishment of ivermectin-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus cell line and the contribution of ABC transporters on the resistance mechanism. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:316-22. [PMID: 24956999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is one of the most economically damaging livestock ectoparasites, and its widespread resistance to acaricides is a considerable challenge to its control. In this scenario, the establishment of resistant cell lines is a useful approach to understand the mechanisms involved in the development of acaricide resistance, to identify drug resistance markers, and to develop new acaricides. This study describes the establishment of an ivermectin (IVM)-resistant R. microplus embryonic cell line, BME26-IVM. The resistant cells were obtained after the exposure of IVM-sensitive BME26 cells to increasing doses of IVM in a step-wise manner, starting from an initial non-toxic concentration of 0.5 μg/mL IVM, and reaching 6 μg/mL IVM after a 46-week period. BME26-IVM cell line was 4.5 times more resistant to IVM than the parental BME26 cell line (lethal concentration 50 (LC50) 15.1 ± 1.6 μg/mL and 3.35 ± 0.09 μg/mL, respectively). As an effort to determine the molecular mechanisms governing resistance, the contribution of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter was investigated. Increased expression levels of ABC transporter genes were found in IVM-treated cells, and resistance to IVM was significantly reduced by co-incubation with 5 μM cyclosporine A (CsA), an ABC transporter inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of these proteins in IVM-resistance. These results are similar to those already described in IVM-resistant tick populations, and suggest that similar resistance mechanisms are involved in vitro and in vivo. They reinforce the hypothesis that ABC transporters are involved in IVM resistance and support the use of BME26-IVM as an in vitro approach to study acaricide resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula C Pohl
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle D Carvalho
- Departamento de Análises Especiais, SD&W Modelagem e Soluções Estratégicas Ltda., Rua João de Lacerda Soares, 316, São Paulo 04707-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Sirlei Daffre
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 1374, São Paulo 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil.
| | - Aoi Masuda
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
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Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Pérez-Cogollo LC, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Ojeda-Chi MM, Trinidad-Martinez I, Miller RJ, Li AY, de León AP, Guerrero F, Klafke G. Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus resistant to acaricides and ivermectin in cattle farms of Mexico. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2014; 23:113-22. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ticks and the diseases they transmit cause great economic losses to livestock in tropical countries. Non-chemical control alternatives include the use of resistant cattle breeds, biological control and vaccines. However, the most widely used method is the application of different chemical classes of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. Populations of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, resistant to organophosphates (OP), synthetic pyrethroids (SP), amitraz and fipronil have been reported in Mexico. Macrocyclic lactones are the most sold antiparasitic drug in the Mexican veterinary market. Ivermectin-resistant populations of R. (B.) microplus have been reported in Brazil, Uruguay and especially in Mexico (Veracruz and Yucatan). Although ivermectin resistance levels in R. (B.) microplus from Mexico were generally low in most cases, some field populations of R. (B.) microplus exhibited high levels of ivermectin resistance. The CHPAT population showed a resistance ratio of 10.23 and 79.6 at lethal concentration of 50% and 99%, respectively. Many field populations of R. (B.) microplus are resistant to multiple classes of antiparasitic drugs, including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, coumaphos and diazinon), pyrethroids (flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin), amitraz and ivermectin. This paper reports the current status of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus to acaricides, especially ivermectin, in Mexican cattle.
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Lopez-Arias A, Villar-Argaiz D, Chaparro-Gutierrez JJ, Miller RJ, Perez de Leon AA. Reduced Efficacy of Commercial Acaricides Against Populations of Resistant Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus from Two Municipalities of Antioquia, Colombia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:71-80. [PMID: 25987840 PMCID: PMC4421976 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s16006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Two distant Antioquian cattle farms where systemic and topical acaricides had previously failed to control infestations by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were studied. An initial in vivo study was conducted using single subcutaneous injections with a long-acting formulation of ivermectin (630 μg/kg). Injections were made at 3-month intervals on animals at each farm to evaluate the therapeutic and persistent efficacy of ivermectin against R. microplus. Body tick counts and reproductive parameters of semi- or fully engorged females (≥5 mm) were assessed at 10-day intervals, and since no negative control group could be included, values were compared against those for day 0. Although there was an overall reduction of 50%-75% in tick numbers that persisted for 30-40 days, it was not significantly different at one of the farms and not enough to afford protection from severe infestations. The engorgement weight and egg mass weight of ticks from treated animals were significantly lower throughout the 50-day posttreatment period. Egg hatch was not significantly reduced posttreatment and remained at levels of 80%-90%. A random selection of 9 out of 28 commercial formulations of ivermectin sold in Colombia were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). All were within the expected labeled concentration (±15% deviation) of 1% and 3.15% ivermectin except for one. A popular unregistered injectable widely used in both farms and labeled as "natural pyrethrin", was found to contain 10.5% ivermectin. An adult immersion test was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of topical acaricides to recommended concentrations of five commercial products and/or their combinations. Efficacy was determined by comparing the reproductive index of each treated group to that of the control group. Cypermethrin (150 ppm) was completely ineffective at both farms. Amitraz (208 ppm) exhibited low and intermediate efficacies of 14% and 56%. The combination of amitraz (100 ppm) and cypermethrin (150 ppm) was less efficacious than the amitraz alone. A generic product based on amitraz + citronella (208 ppm + 10 ppm, respectively) was shown to be less efficacious than the name-brand amitraz product. Products containing the organophosphate chlorpyrifos or trichlorfon exhibited intermediate efficacies of approximately 60% at the Tarso farm. We conclude that at these two locations, there is a high degree of resistance to many of the acaricides available in Colombia and confirm suspicions that ivermectin is no longer able to eliminate tick infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Lopez-Arias
- Grupo Vericel, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antoquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David Villar-Argaiz
- Grupo Vericel, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antoquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jenny J Chaparro-Gutierrez
- Grupo Vericel, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antoquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Robert J Miller
- USDA ARS Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, Edinburg, TX, USA
- CORRESPONDENCE:
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