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Souza JBB, Silva ZMDA, Alves-Ribeiro BS, Moraes IDS, Alves-Sobrinho AV, Saturnino KC, Ferraz HT, Machado MRF, Braga ÍA, Ramos DGDS. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites, Risk Factors and Zoonotic Aspects in Dog and Cat Populations from Goiás, Brazil. Vet Sci 2023; 10:492. [PMID: 37624279 PMCID: PMC10459326 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases caused by parasites are frequently diagnosed in the clinical routine of domestic animals, especially dogs and cats. In general, they trigger factors that can affect human health due to zoonoses. Therefore, this study aims to identify the main intestinal parasites obtained from the fecal samples of dogs and cats in the municipality of Jata, Brazil, and their associated risk factors. Between October 2020 and March 2022, fecal samples were collected from 359 dogs and 55 cats through spontaneous defecation and subsequently subjected to coproparasitological analyses using the Willis fluctuation and Hoffman spontaneous sedimentation techniques. The following parasitic species were identified: Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara spp., Trichuris vulpis, Dipylidium caninum; Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Cystoisospora spp., and Platynosomum fastosum. The risk factors associated with parasitism include age, average income of owners, access to garbage, sewage, waste, outdated deworming, and contact with animals. The results demonstrate the need to establish public policies and implement preventive and control measures to reduce the occurrence of parasites in animals and the exposure of humans to pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bruno Borges Souza
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Zara Mariana de Assis Silva
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Bruna Samara Alves-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Iago de Sá Moraes
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Ana Vitória Alves-Sobrinho
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Klaus Casaro Saturnino
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil;
| | - Henrique Trevizoli Ferraz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil;
| | - Mônica Rodrigues Ferreira Machado
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Physiology in Fish, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil;
| | - Ísis Assis Braga
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
| | - Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Veterinary Clinical Analysis, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí 75801-615, Brazil; (J.B.B.S.); (Z.M.d.A.S.); (B.S.A.-R.); (I.d.S.M.); (A.V.A.-S.); (Í.A.B.)
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Noaman EA, Nayel M, Salama A, Mahmoud MA, El-Kattan AM, Dawood AS, Abd El-Hamid IS, Elsify A, Mousa W, Elkhtam A, Zaghawa A. Enteric protozoal infections in camels: Etiology, epidemiology, and future perspectives. GERMAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.51585/gjvr.2023.1.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Camels have great potential as a safety valve for current and future food security for pastoralists, agropastoralists, and urban populations. Enteric protozoal diseases are important causes of economic losses in camels; however, they are poorly concerned globally. The most common members of enteric protozoa are Balantidium, Eimeria, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Some of them threaten human health as humans can be infected by consuming food or water contaminated with camel feces, particularly in poor communities with inadequate sanitation and low-quality healthcare facilities. For these reasons, a comprehensive and careful investigation was conducted on some enteric protozoal diseases of camels to present an updated insight into the etiology, epidemiology, and future trends in diagnosing and controlling camel enteric protozoa. Future studies on the camel enteric protozoa should be carried out to develop advanced diagnostic approaches in diverse farm animal species. Moreover, the protozoan zoonotic potential should be considered to secure human health.
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Retrospective Survey of Dog and Cat Endoparasites in Ireland: Antigen Detection. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010137. [PMID: 36611746 PMCID: PMC9817875 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoparasites of dogs and cats, play an important role in both veterinary medicine and public health. Untreated and stray dogs and cats, in particular, play an important role in contaminating the environment with important zoonotic parasites. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray dogs and cats using highly sensitive and specific copro-antigen tests. Archive faecal samples from previous surveys conducted between 2016−2019 from dogs (n = 789) and cats (n = 241) were included in this study. The IDEXX Fecal Dx™ antigen panel was used for the detection of Toxocara, hookworms, Trichuris and the SNAP™ Giardia antigen assay was used for the detection of Giardia infection. Giardia duodenalis was the most common parasite (26%, n = 205) detected in the dogs, followed by ascarids (17.6%, n = 139) and hookworms (5.3%, n = 42). Trichuris vulpis was only detected in 1 dog. Ascarids (23.2%, n = 56) was the most common parasite detected in the cats, followed by Giardia (12.9%, n = 31) and hookworms (n = 7, 2.9%). No whipworms were detected in cats. Overall, there was little difference in the positivity between sexes in both dogs and cats. However, in terms of age, adolescent dogs (<3 years) and kittens (<1 year) had the highest parasite prevalence overall, with G. duodenalis and ascarids being the most prevalent. This study shows a high prevalence of parasite infection in untreated and stray dogs and cats in the greater Dublin area in Ireland. Since they live in synanthropic conditions and can roam over vast distances they can contaminate public areas and pose a risk to both humans and owned pets that utilise these spaces. It is therefore important to raise public awareness and increase the knowledge on zoonotic parasites.
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Zeng Y, Xiong Y, Yang C, He N, He J, Luo W, Chen Y, Zeng X, Wu Z. Investigation of Parasitic Infection in Crocodile Lizards ( Shinisaurus crocodilurus) Using High-Throughput Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202726. [PMID: 36290112 PMCID: PMC9597849 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly endangered crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus) continues to be impacted by disease, especially in captive breeding populations. In this paper, based on high-throughput sequencing, we investigated parasitic infections in captive and wild crocodile lizard populations in the Daguishan National Nature Reserve and Guangdong Luokeng Shinisaurus crocodilurus National Nature Reserve. The results show that the overall parasitic infection rate in crocodile lizards was 33.33% (23/69). Four parasite genera were detected, including Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Nematopsis, and Acanthamoeba, with infection rates of 15.94% (11/69), 17.39% (12/69), 7.25% (5/69), and 4.35% (3/69), respectively. Significant differences in the infection rate were found between the different parasite species (χ2 = 8.54, p < 0.05, chi-squared test). The parasitic infection rates in the captive and wild populations were 39.29% (22/56) and 7.69% (1/13), respectively, which were significantly different (p < 0.05, Fisher’s exact test). However, no significant differences in the infection rates of the four parasite genera were found between the captive and wild populations (p > 0.05, Fisher’s exact test). The parasitic infection rates in Daguishan and Luokeng were 34.09% (15/44) and 32.00% (8/25), respectively, which were not significantly different (p > 0.05, Fisher’s exact test). However, significant differences in terms of species were found in the two reserves (p < 0.01, Fisher’s exact test). Only Cryptosporidium infection showed a significant difference between the two regions (p < 0.01, Fisher’s exact test). Our results suggest that captive crocodile lizards are more susceptible to parasitic diseases than wild crocodile lizards and that Cryptosporidium infection varies by geographical region. This study provides basic information about the parasites of endangered crocodile lizards, as well as a reference for disease control and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongru Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chunsheng Yang
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou 542824, China
| | - Nan He
- Guangdong Luokeng Shinisaurus crocodilurus National Nature Reserve, Shaoguan 512100, China
| | - Jiasong He
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou 542824, China
| | - Wenxian Luo
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou 542824, China
| | - Yaohuan Chen
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou 542824, China
| | - Xiaochen Zeng
- Daguishan National Nature Reserve for Crocodile Lizards, Hezhou 542824, China
| | - Zhengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, College of Life Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-1783-6091
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Ogbuigwe P, Biggs PJ, Garcia-Ramirez JC, Knox MA, Pita A, Velathanthiri N, French NP, Hayman DTS. Uncovering the genetic diversity of Giardia intestinalis in isolates from outbreaks in New Zealand. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:49. [PMID: 35509037 PMCID: PMC9066983 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia intestinalis is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea worldwide. Molecular techniques have greatly improved our understanding of the taxonomy and epidemiology of this parasite. Co-infection with mixed (sub-) assemblages has been reported, however, Sanger sequencing is sometimes unable to identify shared subtypes between samples involved in the same epidemiologically linked event, due to samples showing multiple dominant subtypes within the same outbreak. Here, we aimed to use a metabarcoding approach to uncover the genetic diversity within samples from sporadic and outbreak cases of giardiasis to characterise the subtype diversity, and determine if there are common sequences shared by epidemiologically linked cases that are missed by Sanger sequencing. Methods We built a database with 1109 unique glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus sequences covering most of the assemblages of G. intestinalis and used gdh metabarcoding to analyse 16 samples from sporadic and outbreak cases of giardiasis that occurred in New Zealand between 2010 and 2018. Results There is considerable diversity of subtypes of G. intestinalis present in each sample. The utilisation of metabarcoding enabled the identification of shared subtypes between samples from the same outbreak. Multiple variants were identified in 13 of 16 samples, with Assemblage B variants most common, and Assemblages E and A present in mixed infections. Conclusions This study showed that G. intestinalis infections in humans are frequently mixed, with multiple subtypes present in each host. Shared sequences among epidemiologically linked cases not identified through Sanger sequencing were detected. Considering the variation in symptoms observed in cases of giardiasis, and the potential link between symptoms and (sub-) assemblages, the frequency of mixed infections could have implications for our understanding of host–pathogen interactions. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00969-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogbuigwe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand.,School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew A Knox
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Pita
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
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Soler P, Moreno-Mesonero L, Zornoza A, Macián VJ, Moreno Y. Characterization of eukaryotic microbiome and associated bacteria communities in a drinking water treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149070. [PMID: 34303230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of drinking water treatment is critical to achieve an optimal and safe drinking water. Disinfection is one of the most important steps to eliminate the health concern caused by the microbial population in this type of water. However, no study has evaluated the changes in its microbiome, specially the eukaryotic microbiome, and the fates of opportunistic pathogens generated by UV disinfection with medium-pressure mercury lamps in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). In this work, the eukaryotic community composition of a DWTP with UV disinfection was evaluated before and after a UV disinfection treatment by means of Illumina 18S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing. Among the physicochemical parameters analysed, flow and nitrate appeared to be related with the changes in the eukaryotic microbiome shape. Public health concern eukaryotic organisms such as Blastocystis, Entamoeba, Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, Naegleria, Microsporidium or Caenorhabditis were identified. Additionally, the relation between the occurrence of some human bacterial pathogens and the presence of some eukaryotic organisms has been studied. The presence of some human bacterial pathogens such as Arcobacter, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas and Parachlamydia were statistically correlated with the presence of some eukaryotic carriers showing the public health risk due to the bacterial pathogens they could shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Soler
- Empresa Mixta Valenciana de Aguas, S.A. (EMIVASA), Av. del Regne de València, 28, 46005, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura Moreno-Mesonero
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Andrés Zornoza
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; H2OCITIES, SL. Arte Mayor de la Seda, 15, 46950 Xirivella, Valencia, Spain.
| | - V Javier Macián
- Empresa Mixta Valenciana de Aguas, S.A. (EMIVASA), Av. del Regne de València, 28, 46005, Valencia, Spain; Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Moreno
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Sarmiento-Rubiano LA, Filott M, Gómez L, Suarez-Marenco M, Sarmiento MC, Becerra JE. Comparative study of the intestinal parasitism profiles between communities across the 5 municipalities of the Barranquilla metropolitan area, Colombia. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2021; 12:333-341. [PMID: 34719225 PMCID: PMC8561017 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2021.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the rate of parasitism and intestinal parasitism profiles of children who live in relatively proximal communities across the 5 municipalities of the Barranquilla metropolitan area, Colombia. Methods In total, 986 fecal samples from children aged 1 to 10 were analyzed using a direct method (physiological saline and lugol) and the zinc sulfate flotation technique. A comparative analysis of the parasitism profiles between sampling locations (7 schools and 3 health centers providing growth and development services) was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA). The presence of Taenia solium antibodies was evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method in 269 serum samples from the same group of children. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitism was 57.6% (range, 42.1%–77.6%) across the sampling areas. The prevalence of helminthiasis was between 4.1% and 23.7%, and that of intestinal protozoa was between 38.2% and 73.5%. PCA showed that the parasite profiles of each sampling location shared no common characteristics. A total of 3.0% of the serum samples were positive for T. solium antibodies. Conclusion The intestinal parasitism profiles between relatively proximal sampling locations with similar geographic conditions were vastly different, indicating the need to study each small ecological niche on a localized scale to develop more cost-effective interventions for controlling intestinal parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarita Filott
- Caribbean Infectious Diseases and Microbial Resistance Research Group, Metropolitan University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Lucila Gómez
- Caribbean Infectious Diseases and Microbial Resistance Research Group, Metropolitan University, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - María C Sarmiento
- Preventive and Community Medicine of Sinú University, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jimmy E Becerra
- Feeding and Human Behavior Research Group, Metropolitan University, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Review on Emerging Waterborne Pathogens in Africa: The Case of Cryptosporidium. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13212966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Water-related diseases, particularly waterborne diseases, remain significant sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide but especially in developing countries. Emerging waterborne pathogens represent a major health risk. Cryptosporidium is one such pathogen which is globally recognized as a major cause of diarrhea in children and adults. The objective of this paper is not only to review published studies on the impact of these emerging waterborne pathogens but also to identify the various risk factors that favor their transmission. A number of envisaged and needed actions to tackle the challenge of these pathogens in Africa have also been discussed. We have searched the web of ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus. ISI Web of Science, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. The first database search yielded 3099 articles. As a result, 141 studies were submitted for abstract review. A total of 68 articles were selected for full text analysis. After evaluating a considerable number of articles on this topic, the following results were obtained. A number of pathogens are likely to present public health risks, including Cryptosporidium. The contaminating potential of these pathogens is associated with a multitude of factors, such as the effects of climate change, social and behavioral aspects of local populations, water issues, geographical locations that may cause isolation, and inequalities due to lack of transparency of governments in the distribution of financial resources. We stress the need to maintain and strengthen real-time surveillance and rapid epidemiological responses to outbreaks and the emergence of new waterborne pathogens in all countries. African governments, for their part, should be aware of future risks of waterborne protozoan diseases. They must provide immediate and effective responses by establishing technical and financial mechanisms to ensure sufficient quantities of safe drinking water, sewage disposal, and hygiene for all.
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Identification of Zoonotic Balantioides coli in Pigs by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and Its Distribution in Korea. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092659. [PMID: 34573625 PMCID: PMC8465230 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Balantioides coli is a zoonotic protozoan parasite whose main reservoir is pigs. Recent studies have shown that B. coli variant A but not B has zoonotic potential. While B. coli infection has been reported in different animals and countries, the prevalence of the zoonotic variant is limited due to a lack of molecular information. Therefore, this study investigated the prevalence of B. coli in domestic pigs in Korea and assessed its zoonotic potential. A total of 188 pig fecal samples were collected from slaughterhouses in Korea. B. coli was identified by microscopy and molecular methods. B. coli was identified in 79 (42.9%) and 174 (94.6%) samples by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. This study also developed a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to differentiate B. coli variant A from B without sequence analysis. Using this method, 62 (33.7%) and 160 (87.0%) samples were positive for variants A and B, respectively, and 48 (26.1%) samples were co-infected with both variants. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed a high genetic diversity of B. coli in pigs in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop a method to differentiate B. coli variants A and B without sequence analysis and to assess the molecular epidemiology of B. coli in pigs. Continuous monitoring of zoonotic B. coli in pigs should be performed as pigs are the main source of human balantidiasis.
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Giarratana F, Nalbone L, Napoli E, Lanzo V, Panebianco A. Prevalence of Balantidium coli (Malmsten, 1857) infection in swine reared in South Italy: A widespread neglected zoonosis. Vet World 2021; 14:1044-1049. [PMID: 34083958 PMCID: PMC8167529 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1044-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Balantidiasis, caused by Balantidium coli (syn. Neobalantidium coli or B. coli), represents a neglected parasitic infection of zoonotic significance affecting a variety of hosts, including domestic pigs that are the main reservoir. B. coli has a direct life cycle with a fecal-oral route transmission that occurs mainly by the ingestion of food and water contaminated with cysts. The ingestion of meat contaminated during inappropriate slaughtering processes may represent a new potential route of transmission. Only a few studies have investigated the prevalence of B. coli in domestic pigs in Italy, despite its high prevalence and zoonotic significance. This study aimed to improve the knowledge on B. coli prevalence in domestic swine reared both in intensive and “en plein air” breeding systems in the south of Italy. Materials and Methods: The infection rate of B. coli in pigs bred in 15 different pig farms and regularly slaughtered in South Italy, in the Calabria region, was investigated. From 2017 to 2019, 177 terminal parts of the rectums of pigs, of which 91 commercial hybrids and 86 autochthonous (Nero Calabrese), reared, respectively, in intensive and “en plein air” breeding system, were tested for parasite detection. After the slaughtering, the terminal part of the rectum was sampled and transported to the laboratories and immediately processed. For the detection of trophozoites, fresh smears of feces were examined at light microscopy. Moreover, flotation was performed using a sodium chloride solution, then smears of feces were dispersed on microscope slides and examined at light microscopy. The observed parasites were identified at the species level using morphological characteristics. Results: B. coli was detected in a total of 83 (i.e., 46.89%) pigs, with a significantly higher prevalence (p<0.0001) found in commercial hybrid (i.e., 59/91-64.84%) pigs rather than in autochthonous ones (i.e., 24/86-27.91%). It follows that the infection was more common in pigs reared in the intensive breeding system than in “en plein air” ones (p<0.0001). The infection prevalence was higher in males than in females and lower in elder animals than in younger ones (p=0.012 and p<0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: The breeding system is likely the main discriminant for the parasite spread as well as the hygienic condition of the farms. Good manufacturing and hygiene practices along the food production chain are crucial in preventing human balantidiasis transmission by meat consumption. The high B. coli prevalence, the wide spectrum of host species, and its zoonotic significance push toward a greater public interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Giarratana
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Nalbone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Ettore Napoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lanzo
- Freelance Veterinary Professional , 89024 Polistena (RC), Italy
| | - Antonio Panebianco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Guo Y, Li N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Zoonotic parasites in farmed exotic animals in China: Implications to public health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 14:241-247. [PMID: 33898224 PMCID: PMC8056123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several species of wild mammals are farmed in China as part of the rural development and poverty alleviation, including fur animals, bamboo rats, and macaque monkeys. Concerns have been raised on the potential dispersal of pathogens to humans and other farm animals brought in from native habitats. Numerous studies have been conducted on the genetic identity and public health potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in these newly farmed exotic animals. The data generated have shown a high prevalence of the pathogens in farmed wildlife, probably due to the stress from the short captivity and congregation of large numbers of susceptible animals. Host adaptation at species/genotype and subtype levels has reduced the potential for cross-species and zoonotic transmission of pathogens, but the farm environment appears to favor the transmission of some species, genotypes, and subtypes, with reduced pathogen diversity compared with their wild relatives. Most genotypes and subtypes of the pathogens detected appear to be brought in from their native habitats. A few of the subtypes have emerged as human pathogens. One Health measures should be developed to slow the dispersal of indigenous pathogens among farmed exotic animals and prevent their spillover to other farm animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Thakur S, Kaur U, Sehgal R. Genetic diversity of Giardia isolates from patients in Chandigarh region: India. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:26. [PMID: 33468229 PMCID: PMC7816347 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of study was to characterize Giardia isolates genetically among patients in Chandigarh region, India. For this, nested PCR targeting fragment of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1 earlier named as GDH) gene was used. Phylogenetic analysis was done by constructing neighbor-joining tree made out of the nucleotide sequences of G. intestinalis isolates obtained in this study and with the known sequences published in GenBank. RESULTS Out of 40 samples, GLUD1 gene was amplified in 33 samples (82.5%). The product of GLUD1 gene was successfully sequenced only in 32 samples. In these samples, assemblage B was found in 27 (84.37%) samples whereas 5 (15.6%) samples had assemblage A. Among assemblage B most of them were of BIII. Therefore, genotyping of Giardia would be helpful in conducting epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Thakur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Upninder Kaur
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Research and Education, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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13
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Zaheer T, Imran M, Abbas RZ, Zaheer I, Malik MA. Avian cryptosporidiosis and its zoonotic significance in Asia. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1866961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Iwashita H, Sugamoto T, Takemura T, Tokizawa A, Vu TD, Nguyen TH, Pham TD, Tran NL, Doan HT, Pham AHQ, Yamashiro T. Molecular epidemiology of Giardia spp. in northern Vietnam: Potential transmission between animals and humans. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2020; 12:e00193. [PMID: 33490658 PMCID: PMC7806796 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2020.e00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia spp. is detected frequently in humans and animals. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of giardiasis, there is a scarcity of information on the genetic diversity and the dynamics of transmission of Giardia spp. in Vietnam. The zoonotic potential of Giardia spp. remains elusive. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of Giardia spp. in both humans and livestock to assess the existence of a route of infection between livestock and humans. Our goal was to assess the role animals play in the epidemiology of human infection in northern Vietnam. In Hien Khanh commune in northern Vietnam, 311 households with 1508 residents were randomly selected for a diarrheal cohort study. Of these, 2120 human diarrheal samples were collected from 1508 residents in 2014 and 2017. Of these, non-diarrheal samples were cross-sectionally collected from 471 residents. At the same site, livestock samples from buffalo, dairy and beef cattle, pigs, and dogs were collected. All stool samples were examined for Giardia spp. by Direct Immunofluorescence Assay (DFA) using fluorescent microscope. DNA extraction, PCR analysis of the 3 genes (bg, gdh, tpi), and sequencing analysis were continuously carried out. A total of 23 animal stool samples, 8 human non-diarrheal samples, and 36 human diarrheal samples were Giardia spp. were positive by PCR using the bg and gdh genes. Giardia spp. assemblage AII and E were detected in both animal samples and human samples in this study site. The detection of assemblage E in human stool samples suggests the first human case report in Vietnam. We assume that the unexpected human infection of all Giardia assemblages including A, B, and E may be due to an environment contaminated with animal and human feces in this village. Giardia spp. assemblage A and E have been detected in buffalo, cattle and pigs, as well as in humans, while assemblage B appeared only in humans. This was the first report of assemblage E in humans in Vietnam. Zoonotic transmission of assemblage AII and E could not be excluded in our study site. In addition to the ‘animal-to-human’ route, there potentially might be transmission routes from ‘humans-to-humans’ and/or ‘humans-to-animals’ in this study site. The novel genotype belonging to assemblage AIII has been isolated only in buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Iwashita
- Department of International Affairs and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Sugamoto
- International Programs, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan
| | - Taichiro Takemura
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Asako Tokizawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Thiem Dinh Vu
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No.1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tuan Hai Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No.1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Tho Duc Pham
- International hospital Vinmec Times City, 458 Minh Khai, Vinh Tuy, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Na Ly Tran
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang Thi Doan
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Anh Hong Quynh Pham
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishiharacho, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Gong XQ, Xiao X, Gu XL, Han HJ, Yu XJ. Detection of Intestinal Parasites and Genetic Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Hedgehogs from China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:63-66. [PMID: 33170090 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are a group of unicellular and opportunistic intestinal parasites in which Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a frequent species causing microsporidial infections in humans. Many domesticated and wild animals have been shown to be hosts of E. bieneusi and other microsporidia. The role of hedgehogs in the ecology of microsporidia is unclear; therefore, we investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi, Cryptosporidium, and Blastocystis spp. in hedgehogs (Erinaceus amurensis) collected from Hubei Province in Central China. PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA indicated that 9.8% (4/41) hedgehogs were positive to E. bieneusi, but none (0/41) was positive to Cryptosporidium and Blastocystis spp. Phylogenetic analysis showed the strains detected from the hedgehogs belong to four novel genotypes (EA1-EA4), which were most closely related to type IV of group 1c. This study demonstrated that hedgehogs are hosts of E. bieneusi and may play a role in the transmission of E. bieneusi to humans in the process of being caught and slaughtered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Epidemiology Research, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Ju Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Bibliometric methods were used to analyse the major research trends, themes and topics over the last 30 years in the parasitology discipline. The tools used were SciMAT, VOSviewer and SWIFT-Review in conjunction with the parasitology literature contained in the MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus and Dimensions databases. The analyses show that the major research themes are dynamic and continually changing with time, although some themes identified based on keywords such as malaria, nematode, epidemiology and phylogeny are consistently referenced over time. We note the major impact of countries like Brazil has had on the literature of parasitology research. The increase in recent times of research productivity on 'antiparasitics' is discussed, as well as the change in emphasis on different antiparasitic drugs and insecticides over time. In summary, innovation in parasitology is global, extensive, multidisciplinary, constantly evolving and closely aligned with the availability of technology.
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Harvey TV, Tang AM, da Paixao Sevá A, Albano dos Santos C, Santos Carvalho SM, Magalhães da Rocha CMB, Oliveira BCM, Albuquerque GR. Enteric parasitic infections in children and dogs in resource-poor communities in northeastern Brazil: Identifying priority prevention and control areas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008378. [PMID: 32516309 PMCID: PMC7282628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of the main enteric parasitic infections that affect children and dogs in the municipality of Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil; and to identify the geopolitical areas that should receive priority interventions to combat them. Between March and November 2016, fecal samples of 143 dogs and 193 children aged 1 month to 5 years were collected in 40 rural and semirural communities using a systematic sampling approach, stratified by district. Samples were collected by legal guardians of the children and / or dog owners. Eggs, larvae, cysts and oocysts of parasites were concentrated by centrifugal-flotation and centrifugal-sedimentation, and acid-resistant staining was used to visualize parasites. One hundred and thirty-two children (68.4%), 111 dogs (77.6%) and 199 (73.7%) dog fecal samples collected from streets were parasitized. Giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, amoeba infections and hookworm were the most frequent infections in all studied populations, in addition to trichuriasis in dogs and ascaridiasis in children. A predominance of Giardia and hookworms was observed in children and dogs, respectively. The coastal districts of Aritaguá, Olivença and the main district had a higher parasitic diversity and overlapping of important potential zoonotic infections. Age over one year (p<0.001), adjusted OR = 3.65; 95% CI = 1.86-7.16) and income below the minimum monthly salary (p = 0.02, adjusted OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.17-6.59) were the main factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections in children and dogs, respectively. The coastal districts of Aritaguá and Olivença and the main district should be prioritized through enteric disease control programs, and the factors associated with infections must be considered in the design of health interventions in these districts. The integration between affirmative income actions and investments to improve the health infrastructure of these communities may work more effectively than current preventive measures to combat enteric parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiani Vitor Harvey
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alice M. Tang
- Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of América
| | - Anaiá da Paixao Sevá
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo–USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Camila Albano dos Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
| | | | | | - Bruno César Miranda Oliveira
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz—UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
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18
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Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Parasites of Baboons ( Papio anubis) in the Shai Hill Reserve in Ghana. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1083251. [PMID: 32258100 PMCID: PMC7086414 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1083251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several intestinal parasites of baboons are of zoonotic importance, especially where there is considerable interaction between the baboons and humans. The identification of gastrointestinal parasite infections of baboons (Papio anubis) was undertaken at the Shai Hills Reserve Resort, Ghana. A total of 51 faecal samples were collected randomly from individual baboons (51) and examined for cysts, eggs, and larvae of parasites of medical importance, using the direct saline smear and formol-ether concentration technique. The baboons were in 7 troops and were grouped into juveniles, subadults, and adults. The survey showed that 92% of the baboon samples examined were infected with at least one or more parasite(s) of medical importance. Hookworm had the highest prevalence of 38.39% followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (22.32%), whilst Diphyllobotrium latum recorded the lowest prevalence of 0.89%. Adults had the highest prevalence of A. lumbricoides (35.42%). Hookworm (47.92%) occurred most in the juveniles. This is the first report of intestinal parasitic infection in baboons within the Shai Hills Reserve. The results showed a high level of multiparasitism in the nonhuman primates, thus the need for possible interventions to maintain ecosystem health and control the infections as they may be a potential source of transmission to humans.
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Ahmed A, Ijaz M, Ayyub RM, Ghaffar A, Ghauri HN, Aziz MU, Ali S, Altaf M, Awais M, Naveed M, Nawab Y, Javed MU. Balantidium coli in domestic animals: An emerging protozoan pathogen of zoonotic significance. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105298. [PMID: 31837314 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Balantidium coli (B. coli) is an emerging ciliated protozoan parasite of zoonotic importance which causes a disease balantidiasis in a variety of host species including pigs, camels, ruminants, equines and even human. This disease has a cosmopolitan distribution with high prevalence rates in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world due to favorable geo-climatic conditions for the development and survival of the parasite in these regions. Main reservoir hosts for this pathogen are pigs and animals; acquire infection mainly by the ingestion of the food or water contaminated with the porcine feces. The infected animal manifests clinical signs of anorexia, dehydration, profuse watery diarrhea and retarded growth. Wet mount slide prepared from intestinal scrapings and fecal material is used for the identification of trophozoites and cysts stages of this parasite. PCR can also be used to confirm the parasite. Secnidazole, oxytetracycline and metronidazole have varying efficacy against B. coli infection in various domestic animal species. There is no comprehensive literature available on the occurrence and distribution of the infection at international level. Therefore, the published data between 1989 and 2019 regarding this disease is critically analyzed to provide a detailed overview on this pathogen with special emphasis on geographical distribution of B. coli in domestic animals and different therapeutic agents used to treat this infection. This review will pinpoint the endemic regions which may be a source of potential disease outbreaks and will also help in application of more effectual control strategies against balantidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Rana Muhammad Ayyub
- Department of Economics and Business Management, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ghaffar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Nayyar Ghauri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Aziz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sadaqat Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Parasitology, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nawab
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Javed
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
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20
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Kostopoulou D, Claerebout E, Arvanitis D, Ligda P, Casaert S, Sotiraki S. Identifying human enteric parasitic infections in Greece, with focus on Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol 2020; 211:107864. [PMID: 32088147 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted in two different areas in Greece to investigate the presence of intestinal human parasitic infections (targeting healthy and individuals with diarrhoea). In total, 876 stool samples were collected from 822 adults and 54 children. Both sedimentation (acid/ether) and concentration/flotation techniques were performed in all samples to detect intestinal parasites. Additionally, a quantitative direct immunofluorescence assay was used specifically for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. PCR followed by sequencing was applied to genotype Giardia and Cryptosporidium positive samples. Thirty-five (4%) of the individuals examined harboured at least one species of intestinal parasite, the majority of which were protozoa (3.8%). The species found were Blastocystis hominis (1.8%), Giardia duodenalis (1.3%), Cryptosporidium spp. (0.6%), Entamoeba coli (0.2%) and E. histolytica/E. dispar (0.1%). Two persons were positive for Enterobius vermicularis. Genotyping results revealed the presence of G. duodenalis sub-assemblage AII, whereas sequencing was not successful for Cryptosporidium positive samples. A novel multi-locus genotype of G. duodenalis was identified, which has not been described in humans or animals previously. Overall, in the studied population, infection rates with intestinal parasites were low and similar to previous published data. As infection levels were low, no associations could be made between infection status and clinical relevance, risk factors or indication of potential sources of infection, apart from the fact that infections with Giardia were positively correlated to diarrhoea. Based on the parasite species and genotypes detected, there was no indication that animals were an important source of infection. Thus, it is suggested that Giardia infections were more likely to be acquired via human-to-human transmission, either involving indirect pathways such as contaminated food or water, or via direct contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium; Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium.
| | - D Arvanitis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - P Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium; Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - S Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium.
| | - S Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, 57001, Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Tangtrongsup S, Scorza AV, Reif JS, Ballweber LR, Lappin MR, Salman MD. Seasonal distributions and other risk factors for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in dogs and cats in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2020; 174:104820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hastutiek P, Yuniarti WM, Djaeri M, Lastuti NDR, Suprihati E, Suwanti LT. Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal protozoa in Madura cattle at Bangkalan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2019; 12:198-204. [PMID: 31040558 PMCID: PMC6460879 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.198-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to describe the gastrointestinal protozoa in Madura cattle at Bangkalan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 samples of Madura cattle feces were collected from 10 districts at Bangkalan Regency. Those ten districts represent the lowland and upland areas, and each district was represented by one village. The collected feces were examined using native, sedimentation, and floating methods. The species identification was determined by their morphology. Results: There were 357 (71.4%) samples positively infected with protozoan. The highest rate of sample with protozoan infection was at Kamal District (88.23%), and Bangkalan District (52.83%) was the lowest one. There were six species of protozoa that infected gastrointestinal tract; those are Eimeria spp., Balantidium spp., Isospora spp., Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. The highest number of protozoa found in this research was Eimeria (53.42%) followed by Blastocystis (14.43%). In this study, we found that 295 samples (58.76%) infected by one kind of protozoa, 53 samples (10.56%) infected by two kinds of protozoa, and 11 samples (2.19%) infected by three kinds of protozoa. In addition, there were 65.54% of bulls infected with protozoa, considerably lower than cows (72.97%). Cattle aged 6 months-2 years old (73.39%) and >2 years old (71.25%) are known more prone to protozoan infections than cattle aged <6 months (66.15%). Conclusion: The present study revealed that protozoan infection of cattle is common in Bangkalan Regency. Studies focused on determining that the prevalence of protozoan, risk factors for the parasitism, and the geographic distribution are needed and will be effective guide for prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poedji Hastutiek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mufasirin Djaeri
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Endang Suprihati
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Tri Suwanti
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Jl. Mulyorejo, Kampus C Unair, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Al-Shehri H, James LaCourse E, Klimach O, Kabatereine NB, Stothard JR. Molecular characterisation and taxon assemblage typing of giardiasis in primary school children living close to the shoreline of Lake Albert, Uganda. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2018; 4:e00074. [PMID: 30662961 PMCID: PMC6324016 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2018.e00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of an epidemiological survey for gastrointestinal parasites in school children across five primary schools on the shoreline of Lake Albert, the prevalence of giardiasis was 87.0% (n = 254) as determined by real-time PCR analysis of faecal samples with a genus-specific Giardia 18S rDNA probe. Faecal samples were further characterised with taxon assemblage-specific triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) Taqman® probes and by sequence characterisation of the β-giardin gene. While less sensitive than the 18S rDNA assay, general prevalence by TPI probes was 52.4%, with prevalence by taxon assemblage of 8.3% (assemblage A), 35.8% (assemblage B) and 8.3% co-infection (A & B assemblages). While assemblage B was dominant across the sample, proportions of assemblages A and B, and co-infections thereof, varied by school and by age of child; mixed infections were particularly common at Runga school (OR = 6.9 [95% CI; 2.5, 19.3]) and in children aged 6 and under (OR = 2.7 [95% CI; 1.0, 7.3]). Infection with assemblage B was associated with underweight children (OR = 2.0 [95% CI; 1.0, 3.9]). The presence of each assemblage was also confirmed by sequence analysis of the β-giardin gene finding sub-assemblage AII and further genetic diversity within assemblage B. To better explore the local epidemiology of giardiasis and its impact on child health, additional sampling of school children with assemblage typing would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajri Al-Shehri
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.,Ministry of Health, Asir District, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - E James LaCourse
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Otto Klimach
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - J Russell Stothard
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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Lejard-Malki R, Follet J, Vlandas A, Senez V. Selective electrohydrodynamic concentration of waterborne parasites on a chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3310-3322. [PMID: 30283951 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00840j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentrating diluted samples is a key step to improve detection capabilities. The wise use of scaling laws shows the advantages of working with sub-microliter-sized samples. Rapid progress in MEMS technologies has driven the design of integrated platforms performing many biochemical operations. Here we report a new concentrator device based on electro-hydrodynamic forces which can be easily integrated into electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) platforms. This approach is label-free and applicable to a wide range of micro-objects. The detection and analysis of two common waterborne parasites, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, is a perfect test case due to their global health relevance. By fully controlling the interplay of the various forces acting on the micron-sized Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris oocysts, we show that it is possible to concentrate them on the side of a 10 μL initial drop and then extract them efficiently from a droplet of a few hundred nanoliters. We performed a finite element modeling of the forces acting on the parasites' oocysts to optimize the electrodes' shapes. We obtained state-of-the-art concentration factors of 12 ± 0.4 times and 2 to 4 times in the sub-region of the drop and the extracted droplet, respectively, with an efficiency of 70 ± 6%. Furthermore, this device had the ability to selectively concentrate parasites of different species out of a mix. We demonstrated this by segregating C. parvum oocysts from either Giardia lamblia cysts or its related species, C. muris oocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Lejard-Malki
- CNRS, ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, Univ. Lille, Avenue Poincaré, C.S. 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, Lille F-59000, France.
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25
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Epidemiology and associated risk factors of giardiasis in a peri-urban setting in New South Wales Australia. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e15. [PMID: 30264685 PMCID: PMC6520257 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is one of the most important non-viral causes of human diarrhoea. Yet, little is known about the epidemiology of giardiasis in the context of developed countries such as Australia and there is a limited information about local sources of exposure to inform prevention strategies in New South Wales. This study aimed to (1) describe the epidemiology of giardiasis and (2) identify potential modifiable risk factors associated with giardiasis that are unique to south-western Sydney, Australia. A 1:2 matched case-control study of 190 confirmed giardiasis cases notified to the South-Western Local Health District Public Health Unit from January to December 2016 was employed to investigate the risk factors for giardiasis. Two groups of controls were selected to increase response rate; Pertussis cases and neighbourhood (NBH) controls. A matched analysis was carried out for both control groups separately. Variables with a significant odds ratio (OR) in the univariate analysis were placed into a multivariable regression for each matched group, respectively. In the regression model with the NBH controls, age and sex were controlled as potential confounders. Identified risk factors included being under 5 years of age (aOR = 7.08; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.02–49.36), having a household member diagnosed with a gastrointestinal illness (aOR = 15.89; 95% CI 1.53–164.60) and having contact with farm animals, domestic animals or wildlife (aOR = 3.03; 95% CI 1.08–8.54). Cases that travelled overseas were at increased risk of infection (aOR = 19.89; 95% CI 2.00–197.37) when compared with Pertussis cases. This study provides an update on the epidemiology and associated risk factors of a neglected tropical disease, which can inform enhanced surveillance and prevention strategies in the developed metropolitan areas.
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Entamoeba histolytica infection in humans, chimpanzees and baboons in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem, Tanzania. Parasitology 2018; 146:1116-1122. [PMID: 30157971 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric parasite that infects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Although E. histolytica is a zoonotic parasite that has the potential to infect nonhuman primates, such transmission is poorly understood. Consequently, this study examined whether E. histolytica is present among humans, chimpanzees and baboons living in the Greater Gombe Ecosystem (GGE), Tanzania. The primary aims were to determine patterns of E. histolytica infection in a system with human-nonhuman primate overlap and to test associations between infection status and potential risk factors of disease. Entamoeba spp. occurred in 60.3% of human, 65.6% of chimpanzee and 88.6% of baboon samples. Entamoeba histolytica occurred in 12.1% of human, 34.1% of chimpanzee and 10.9% of baboon samples. Human E. histolytica infection was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. This was the first study to confirm the presence of E. histolytica in the GGE. The high sample prevalence of E. histolytica in three sympatric primates suggests that zoonotic transmission is possible and stresses the need for further phylogenetic studies. Interventions targeting better sanitation and hygiene practices for humans living in the GGE can help prevent E. histolytica infection in humans, while also protecting the endangered chimpanzees and other primates in this region.
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Exotic Parasite Threats to Australia's Biosecurity-Trade, Health, and Conservation. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3030076. [PMID: 30274472 PMCID: PMC6161237 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites have threatened Australia’s biosecurity since the early days of European settlement. Tick fever in cattle and liver fluke, along with their invertebrate hosts, and hydatid disease head the list of parasites that are still impacting livestock industries. In addition, there are many parasites that have been introduced that are of significance to public health as well as the conservation of native wildlife. As a consequence of these early arrivals, Australia has become much more aware of its vulnerability should parasites such as Trichinella and Trypanosoma evansi become established in Australia. However, recent discoveries concerning Leishmania and other trypanosomes have demonstrated that Australia must not become complacent and reliant on dogma when considering the potential emergence of new threats to its biosecurity. In this short review, the major parasite threats to Australia’s biosecurity are summarised, some misconceptions are emphasised, and attention is given to the importance of challenging dogma in the face of a dearth of information about Australian native fauna.
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Barbosa ADS, Barbosa HS, Souza SMDO, Dib LV, Uchôa CMA, Bastos OMP, Amendoeira MRR. Balantioides coli: morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of pig and non-human primate isolates. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:287-298. [PMID: 29654686 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Balantioides coli is a ciliated protozoon that inhabits the intestine of pigs, non-human primates and humans. Light microscopy studies have described over 50 species of the genus Balantioides but their validity is in doubt. Due to the limited information about this genus, this study is aimed to identify morphological characteristics of Balantioides coli isolated using fluorescence microscopy and both scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Trophozoites isolated from the feces of pig and macaque were washed and subjected to centrifugation. These cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde for immunofluorescence. Other aliquots of these trophozoites were fixed with glutaraldehyde, post fixed with osmium tetroxide and processed for SEM and TEM. Immunofluorescence studies revealed microtubules with a longitudinal distribution to the main axis of the parasite and in the constitution of cilia. SEM demonstrated a high concentration of cilia covering the oral apparatus and a poor presence of such structures in cytopyge. TEM revealed in the plasma membrane, several associated structures were observed to delineate the cellular cortex and mucocysts. The cytoskeleton of the oral region was observed in detail and had an organization pattern consisting of microtubules, which formed files and nematodesmal networks. Organelles such as hydrogenosomes like and peroxisomes were observed close to the cortex. Macronuclei were observed, but structures that were consistent with micronuclei were not identified. Ultrastructural morphological analysis of isolates confirms its similarity to Balantioides coli. In this study were identified structures that had not yet been described, such as hydrogenosomes like and cytoskeletal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alynne da Silva Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, CEP: 21045900
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia. Rua Professor Hernani de Mello, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, CEP: 24210130
| | - Helene Santos Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil, CEP: 21045900
| | - Sandra Maria de Oliveira Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-361, Brazil, CEP: 21045900
| | - Laís Verdan Dib
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia. Rua Professor Hernani de Mello, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, CEP: 24210130
| | - Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia. Rua Professor Hernani de Mello, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, CEP: 24210130
| | - Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia. Rua Professor Hernani de Mello, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, CEP: 24210130
| | - Maria Regina Reis Amendoeira
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, CEP: 21045900
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Delahoy MJ, Wodnik B, McAliley L, Penakalapati G, Swarthout J, Freeman MC, Levy K. Pathogens transmitted in animal feces in low- and middle-income countries. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:661-676. [PMID: 29729998 PMCID: PMC6013280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Animals found in close proximity to humans in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) harbor many pathogens capable of infecting humans, transmissible via their feces. Contact with animal feces poses a currently unquantified-though likely substantial-risk to human health. In LMIC settings, human exposure to animal feces may explain some of the limited success of recent water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions that have focused on limiting exposure to human excreta, with less attention to containing animal feces. We conducted a review to identify pathogens that may substantially contribute to the global burden of disease in humans through their spread in animal feces in the domestic environment in LMICs. Of the 65 potentially pathogenic organisms considered, 15 were deemed relevant, based on burden of disease and potential for zoonotic transmission. Of these, five were considered of highest concern based on a substantial burden of disease for which transmission in animal feces is potentially important: Campylobacter, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Lassa virus, Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasma gondii. Most of these have a wide range of animal hosts, except Lassa virus, which is spread through the feces of rats indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. Combined, these five pathogens cause close to one million deaths annually. More than half of these deaths are attributed to invasive NTS. We do not estimate an overall burden of disease from improperly managed animal feces in LMICs, because it is unknown what proportion of illnesses caused by these pathogens can be attributed to contact with animal feces. Typical water quantity, water quality, and handwashing interventions promoted in public health and development address transmission routes for both human and animal feces; however, sanitation interventions typically focus on containing human waste, often neglecting the residual burden of disease from pathogens transmitted via animal feces. This review compiles evidence on which pathogens may contribute to the burden of disease through transmission in animal feces; these data will help prioritize intervention types and regions that could most benefit from interventions aimed at reducing human contact with animal feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Delahoy
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Breanna Wodnik
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lydia McAliley
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gauthami Penakalapati
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jenna Swarthout
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Matthew C Freeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karen Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Moreira ADS, Baptista CT, Brasil CL, Valente JDSS, Bruhn FRP, Pereira DIB. Risk factors and infection due to Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and cats in southern Rio Grande do Sul. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract This study investigated the frequency of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. in feces from dogs and cats in five municipalities in the southern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The risk factors associated with infection were also investigated. Feces samples from 110 dogs and 18 cats were stained using the auramine method. At the time of feces sampling, a questionnaire with semi-open-ended questions was applied to the animal guardians and all data obtained underwent statistical analysis. The real frequency of oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. was 24.63% (27 dogs and two cats). Only four samples of dog feces were diarrheic and no presence of oocysts was observed in any of them. Variables that represented risk factors for infection were: homemade food, untreated water, circulation of animals on grassy terrain and living in the same environment as other animals (cattle). The results made it possible to inferring that within the population studied, the frequency of parasitism due to Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs was relevant and emphasize the asymptomatic nature of this infection. The adopting control measures are highlighted, particularly in relation to variables that represent risk factors for this infection.
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31
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Faust CL, McCallum HI, Bloomfield LSP, Gottdenker NL, Gillespie TR, Torney CJ, Dobson AP, Plowright RK. Pathogen spillover during land conversion. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:471-483. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Faust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Montana MT USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; Universtiy of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Hamish I. McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment; Griffith University; Griffith Qld. Australia
| | - Laura S. P. Bloomfield
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - Nicole L. Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Thomas R. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Department of Environmental Health; Rollins School of Public Health; Program In Population; Biology, Ecology and Evolution; Emory University; Athens GA USA
| | - Colin J. Torney
- School of Mathematics and Statistics; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Andrew P. Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Princeton University; Princeton NJ USA
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Montana State University; Montana MT USA
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Barbosa ADS, Cardozo ML, Dib LV, Fonseca ABM, Uchôa CMA, Bastos OMP, Amendoeira MRR. Comparative study of three xenic media culture for cultivation of Balantidium coli strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:20-26. [PMID: 29641791 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growth rate of Balantidium coli in three xenic media cultures. Between 2013 and 2015, 10 B. coli isolates obtained from feces of Cynomolgus macaques, and 30 isolates from feces of pigs were studied. An inoculum of 500 trophozoites was transferred to tubes containing LES, TYSGM-9 and Pavlova media. These cultures were evaluated at incubation times of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. In most of strains analyzed wasn't showed significant difference in the growth rate comparing TYSGM-9 and Pavlova media (Wilcoxon p>0.016). In Pavlova medium, the trophozoites showed a maximum growth at 72 hours with significant difference when compared with the times of 24 h and 96 h (Wilcoxon <0.008). In LES, viable trophozoites were observed until 24 hours, with a significant difference (Friedman p<0.05, Wilcoxon p<0.016) in the number of parasite cells compared with Pavlova and TYSGM-9 media cultures. Thus, LES medium seemed to be less adequate than the other media for maintenance of B. coli. Despite the satisfactory results in TYSGM-9, Pavlova medium was considered ideal for the maintenance of this protozoan strain, guaranteeing the viability of the parasite with subculture every three days, presenting lower costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alynne da Silva Barbosa
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Matheus Lessa Cardozo
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Laís Verdan Dib
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Beatriz Monteiro Fonseca
- Laboratório de Estatística, Departamento de Estatística, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos
- Disciplina de Parasitologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Regina Reis Amendoeira
- Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Barnes AN, Davaasuren A, Baasandagva U, Gray GC. A systematic review of zoonotic enteric parasitic diseases among nomadic and pastoral people. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188809. [PMID: 29190664 PMCID: PMC5708844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zoonotic enteric parasites are ubiquitous and remain a public health threat to humans due to our close relationship with domestic animals and wildlife, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and diet. While most communities are now sedentary, nomadic and pastoral populations still exist and experience unique exposure risks for acquiring zoonotic enteric parasites. Through this systematic review we sought to summarize published research regarding pathogens present in nomadic populations and to identify the risk factors for their infection. Methods Using systematic review guidelines set forth by PRISMA, research articles were identified, screened and summarized based on exclusion criteria for the documented presence of zoonotic enteric parasites within nomadic or pastoral human populations. A total of 54 articles published between 1956 and 2016 were reviewed to determine the pathogens and exposure risks associated with the global transhumance lifestyle. Results The included articles reported more than twenty different zoonotic enteric parasite species and illustrated several risk factors for nomadic and pastoralist populations to acquire infection including; a) animal contact, b) food preparation and diet, and c) household characteristics. The most common parasite studied was Echinococcosis spp. and contact with dogs was recognized as a leading risk factor for zoonotic enteric parasites followed by contact with livestock and/or wildlife, water, sanitation, and hygiene barriers, home slaughter of animals, environmental water exposures, household member age and sex, and consumption of unwashed produce or raw, unprocessed, or undercooked milk or meat. Conclusion Nomadic and pastoral communities are at risk of infection with a variety of zoonotic enteric parasites due to their living environment, cultural and dietary traditions, and close relationship to animals. Global health efforts aimed at reducing the transmission of these animal-to-human pathogens must incorporate a One Health approach to support water, sanitation, and hygiene development, provide education on safe food handling and preparation, and improve the health of domestic animals associated with these groups, particularly dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Barnes
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anu Davaasuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- National Center for Communicable Disease, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Uyanga Baasandagva
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- National Center for Zoonotic Disease, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Moreno Y, Moreno-Mesonero L, Amorós I, Pérez R, Morillo JA, Alonso JL. Multiple identification of most important waterborne protozoa in surface water used for irrigation purposes by 18S rRNA amplicon-based metagenomics. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 221:102-111. [PMID: 29066287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding waterborne protozoan parasites (WPPs) diversity has important implications in public health. In this study, we evaluated a NGS-based method as a detection approach to identify simultaneously most important WPPs using 18S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. A set of primers to target the V4 18S rRNA region of WPPs such as Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia sp., Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba spp, Toxoplasma sp. and free-living amoebae (FLA) was designed. In order to optimize PCR conditions before sequencing, both a mock community with a defined composition of representative WPPs and a real water sample inoculated with specific WPPs DNA were prepared. Using the method proposed in this study, we have detected the presence of Giardia intestinalis, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica and Blastocystis sp. at species level in real irrigation water samples. Our results showed that untreated surface irrigation water in open fields can provide an important source of WPPs. Therefore, the methodology proposed in this study can establish a basis for an accurate and effective diagnostic of WPPs to provide a better understanding of the risk associated to irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Moreno
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - L Moreno-Mesonero
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - I Amorós
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - R Pérez
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - J A Morillo
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZA-CSIC), Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada, Almería, Spain
| | - J L Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Pouillevet H, Dibakou SE, Ngoubangoye B, Poirotte C, Charpentier MJ. A Comparative Study of Four Methods for the Detection of Nematode Eggs and Large Protozoan Cysts in Mandrill Faecal Material. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:344-357. [DOI: 10.1159/000480233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Oudni-M'rad M, Chaâbane-Banaoues R, M'rad S, Trifa F, Mezhoud H, Babba H. Gastrointestinal parasites of canids, a latent risk to human health in Tunisia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:280. [PMID: 28583158 PMCID: PMC5460421 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although data on the parasite environmental contamination are crucial to implement strategies for control and treatment, information about zoonotic helminths is very limited in Tunisia. Contamination of areas with canid faeces harboring infective parasite elements represents a relevant health-risk impact for humans. The aim of this study was to assess the environmental contamination with eggs and oocysts of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and wild canids in Tunisia with special attention to those that can be transmitted to humans. RESULTS One thousand two hundred and seventy faecal samples from stray dogs and 104 from wild canids (red foxes and golden jackals) were collected from different geographical regions throughout Tunisia. The helminth eggs and protozoan oocysts were concentrated by sucrose flotation and identified by microscopic examination. The most frequently observed parasites in dog samples were Toxocara spp. (27.2%), E. granulosus (25.8%), and Coccidia (13.1%). For wild canid faeces, the most commonly encountered parasites were Toxocara spp. (16.3%) followed by Capillaria spp. (9.6%). The parasite contamination of dog faeces varied significantly from one region to another in function of the climate. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the study highlights for the first time in Tunisia a serious environmental contamination by numerous parasitic stages infective to humans. Efforts should be made to increase the awareness of the contamination risk of such parasites in the environment and implement a targeted educational program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Oudni-M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Raja Chaâbane-Banaoues
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Selim M'rad
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Trifa
- Laboratory of Biomass Valorisation and Production of Eukaryotic Proteins, Center of Biotechnology, University of Sfax, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Habib Mezhoud
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), LR 12ES08. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EPS F. Bourguiba, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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Al-Jassim KBN, Mahmmod YS, Salem ZM, Al-Jubury A. Epidemiological investigation of gastrointestinal parasites in dog populations in Basra province, Southern Iraq. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:1006-1013. [PMID: 29114134 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the epidemiology of canine parasitic infections is necessary for an efficient control program to minimize the risk of zoonotic transmission. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of canine gastrointestinal helminths and protozoa in Basra province, Southern Iraq, and (2) to identify the association of epidemiological characteristics (age, breed, gender, and feed type) of dogs with the parasitic infections. A total of 93 fecal samples, collected in the period from December 2014 to June 2015, were examined macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of worm eggs and protozoal oocysts, using centrifugal flotation method. The overall prevalence of infected dogs was 77.4% (72/93). About 54.8% (51/93) dogs were infected with more than one genus of parasites. The prevalence of multiple infections with two, three, and four parasites was 30.1% (28/93), 22.6% (21/93), and 2.2% (2/93), respectively. The most frequently detected parasites were Toxocara canis (62.4%, 58/93), Physaloptera spp. (28%, 26/93), Alaria spp. (26.9%, 25/93), Trichuris vulpis (9.7%, 9/93), and Ancylostoma caninum (7.5%, 7/93). Isospora canis (6.5%, 6/93) and Giardia spp. (4.3%, 4/93) were the only protozoan parasites identified in this study. Toxocara canis infection was significantly associated with sex and age of the dogs (P < 0.05). Feeding type was significantly associated with the occurrence of T. canis (P < 0.0001), A. caninum (P < 0.03) and Alaria spp. (P < 0.02). The high prevalence of intestinal helminths in dog's population suggesting the need for more efficient control measures. The high prevalence of T. canis, T. vulpis, A. caninum and Giardia spp. suggested that dogs could play an active role in the transmission of zoonotic parasites in this area of Iraq. Educating the dog owners and increasing their health awareness should be considered in the control program. The results of the present study provide relevant "base-line" data for assessing the effectiveness of future control strategies against canine parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla B N Al-Jassim
- Central Animal Laboratory of Basra, Veterinary Hospital, Basra, 61004 Basra Province Iraq
| | - Yasser S Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Sharkia Province 44511 Egypt
| | - Zainab M Salem
- Central Animal Laboratory of Basra, Veterinary Hospital, Basra, 61004 Basra Province Iraq
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Tangtrongsup S, Scorza AV, Reif JS, Ballweber LR, Lappin MR, Salman MD. Prevalence and Multilocus Genotyping Analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Isolates from Dogs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020026. [PMID: 29056685 PMCID: PMC5606608 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis isolated from dogs in Chiang Mai, Thailand were determined. Fecal samples were collected from 109 dogs between July and August 2008. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was determined by immunofluorescent assay (IFA), PCR assays that amplify Cryptosporidium heat-shock protein 70 kDa (hsp70), and two PCR assays that amplify a small subunit-ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA). Giardiaduodenalis infection was identified using zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation, IFA, and four PCR assays that amplify the Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg), and generic and dog-specific assays of triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G.duodenalis was 31.2% and 45.9%, respectively. Sequence analysis of 22 Cryptosporidium-positive samples and 21 Giardia-positive samples revealed the presence of C.canis in 15, and C. parvum in 7, G. duodenalis Assemblage C in 8, D in 11, and mixed of C and D in 2 dogs. Dogs in Chiang Mai were commonly exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. Cryptosporidium parvum can be isolated from the feces of dogs, and all G. duodenalis assemblages were dog-specific. Dogs could be a reservoir for a zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection in humans, but further studies will be required to determine the clinical and zoonotic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - A Valeria Scorza
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - John S Reif
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Lora R Ballweber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Mo D Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Debenham JJ, Tysnes K, Khunger S, Robertson LJ. Occurrence of Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba in wild rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) living in urban and semi-rural North-West India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2017; 6:29-34. [PMID: 28229045 PMCID: PMC5312650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Entamoeba spp. are intestinal protozoa capable of infecting a range of host species, and are important causes of human morbidity and mortality. Understanding their epidemiology is important, both for public health and for the health of the animals they infect. This study investigated the occurrence of these protozoans in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in India, with the aim of providing preliminary information on the potential for transmission of these pathogens between macaques and humans. Faecal samples (n = 170) were collected from rhesus macaques from four districts of North-West India. Samples were analysed for Giardia/Cryptosporidium using a commercially available direct immunofluorescent antibody test after purification via immunomagnetic separation. Positive samples were characterised by sequencing of PCR products. Occurrence of Entamoeba was investigated first by using a genus-specific PCR, and positive samples further investigated via species-specific PCRs for Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii. Giardia cysts were found in 31% of macaque samples, with all isolates belonging to Assemblage B. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 1 sample, however this sample did not result in amplification by PCR. Entamoeba spp. were found in 79% of samples, 49% of which were positive for E. coli. Multiplex PCR for E. histolytica, E. dispar and E. moshkovskii, did not result in amplification in any of the samples. Thus in 51% of the samples positive at the genus specific PCR, the Entamoeba species was not identified. This study provides baseline information on the potential for transmission of these zoonotic parasites at the wildlife-human interface. Intestinal protozoa in wild rhesus macaques (n = 170) in India investigated. Cryptosporidium oocysts identified in only one sample. No zoonotic Entamoeba detected, but Entamoeba coli and unknown Entamoeba spp. Giardia duodenalis cysts detected in approximately 30% samples. Only Assemblage B Giardia, even when exposure to Assemblages A and E in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Debenham
- The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Ullevålsveien 72, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Tysnes
- The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Food Safety and Infection Biology, Ullevålsveien 72, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandhya Khunger
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, Department of Medical Parasitology, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Food Safety and Infection Biology, Ullevålsveien 72, 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Kostopoulou D, Claerebout E, Arvanitis D, Ligda P, Voutzourakis N, Casaert S, Sotiraki S. Abundance, zoonotic potential and risk factors of intestinal parasitism amongst dog and cat populations: The scenario of Crete, Greece. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:43. [PMID: 28122583 PMCID: PMC5264337 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence and infection intensity of intestinal parasites in different dog and cat populations in Crete, Greece, estimate the zoonotic risk and identify risk factors. Methods Faecal samples from shelter, household and shepherd dogs and shelter and household cats were analyzed using sedimentation/flotation techniques. Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected by a quantitative direct immunofluorescence assay (IFA). PCR and sequencing was performed to evaluate the zoonotic potential of Giardia and Cryptosporidium positive samples. Results Totals of 879 dog and 264 cat faecal samples were examined. In dogs, the overall prevalence was 25.2% (CI: 22.4–28.1) for Giardia spp.; 9.2% (CI: 7.3–11.1) for Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp.; 7.6% (CI: 5.9–9.4) for Toxocara spp.; 5.9% (CI: 4.4–7.5) for Cryptosporidium spp.; 4.6% (CI: 3.2–5.9) for Cystoisospora spp.; 2.7% (CI: 1.7–3.8) for Toxascaris leonina; 1.7% (CI: 0.9–2.6) for Capillaria spp.; 0.8% (CI: 0.2–1.4) for taeniid eggs; 0.2% (CI: 0–0.5) for Dipylidium caninum; and 0.1% (CI: 0–0.3) for Strongyloides stercoralis. In cats, the prevalence was 20.5% (CI: 15.6–25.3) for Giardia spp.; 9.5% (CI: 5.9–13.0) for Cystoisospora spp.; 8.3% (CI: 5.0–11.7) for Toxocara spp.; 7.6% (CI: 4.4–10.8) for Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp.; 6.8% (CI: 3.8–9.9) for Cryptosporidium spp.; 4.2% (CI: 1.8–6.6) for Capillaria spp.; 0.8% (CI: 0–1.8) for taeniid eggs; and 0.4% (CI: 0–1.1) for Hammondia/Toxoplasma. Concerning the risk factors evaluated, there was a negative association between age and Giardia infection and between age and T. leonina infection intensity for dogs. Sequencing results revealed the presence of mainly animal-specific G. duodenalis assemblages C and D in dogs and assemblages F, C and BIV-like in cats, with only a limited number of (co-)infections with assemblage A. As for Cryptosporidium, the dog-specific C. canis and the pig-specific C. scrofarum were detected in dogs and the cat-specific C. felis was detected in cats. Conclusions High levels of parasitism in both dogs and cats were recorded. Giardia was the most prevalent parasite in all dog and cat populations except for shepherd dogs. Genotyping results suggest a limited zoonotic risk of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections from dogs and cats in Crete. Taeniid eggs were more prevalent in shepherd dogs suggesting access to carcasses and posing a threat for cystic echinococcosis transmission. Infection rates of Toxocara spp. in both dogs and cats show that companion animals could be a significant source of infection to humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-1989-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium. .,Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece.
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios Arvanitis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ligda
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium.,Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Voutzourakis
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
| | - Stijn Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute - Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, Thessaloniki, 57001, Greece
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Rodriguez-Rivera LD, Cummings KJ, McNeely I, Suchodolski JS, Scorza AV, Lappin MR, Mesenbrink BT, Leland BR, Bodenchuk MJ. Prevalence and Diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Identified Among Feral Pigs in Texas. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:765-768. [PMID: 27763822 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The population size and geographic range of feral pigs in the United States are rapidly expanding. Nevertheless, the role of this invasive species in the ecology and transmission of zoonotic enteric pathogens is poorly understood. Our objectives were to describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia shedding among feral pigs throughout Texas and to identify risk factors for infection. Fecal samples were collected from feral pigs in Texas from February 2014 through May 2015. Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were detected using a direct immunofluorescence assay, and genotyping of positive samples was performed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium shedding was 1.6% (6/370), and C. scrofarum and C. suis were identified. The prevalence of Giardia shedding was 4.3% (16/370), and assemblages A and E were identified. Cryptosporidium shedding was significantly more common among juvenile and subadult pigs than among adult pigs, but age group was not associated with Giardia shedding status. Feral pigs may serve as a source of Cryptosporidium and Giardia transmission to humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine D Rodriguez-Rivera
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- 1 Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Isaac McNeely
- 2 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- 2 Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Andrea V Scorza
- 3 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Michael R Lappin
- 3 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brian T Mesenbrink
- 4 Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Bruce R Leland
- 4 Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture , San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael J Bodenchuk
- 4 Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture , San Antonio, Texas
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Comparison of the genetic variability of Blastocystis subtypes between human carriers from two contrasting climatic regions of México. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 44:334-340. [PMID: 27476606 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is an anaerobic intestinal microorganism commonly identified in the feces of several animals, including humans. Blastocystis exhibits high genetic polymorphism and at least 17 subtypes (ST) have been identified; ST1-ST3 are frequently found in the Americas. Furthermore, in vitro assays have shown that temperature and humidity can affect the viability of Blastocystis cysts. In this study, we describe the genetic variability and genetic differentiation among and within Blastocystis STs in adults and children from the cities of Hermosillo and Morelia cities, which represent arid and humid subtropical climatic regions of México, respectively. Phylogenetic and genetic diversity was assessed by analyzing a region of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) gene as a marker. Blastocystis ST3 and ST1 were associated with children from Hermosillo and Morelia, respectively. An analysis of the nucleotide diversity (π) and haplotype polymorphism (θ) indexes showed that they were similar within each ST, but different between ST1 and ST3. Interestingly, the group of symptomatic carriers from Hermosillo showed scarce mean nucleotide diversity compared to the asymptomatic carriers (0.0039±0.0030 and 0.0329±0.0286, respectively). Furthermore, the gene flow and genetic differentiation indexes between the children and adults suggested that the Blastocystis haplotypes in the adult carriers were "highly mobile" among humans, while the haplotypes found in the children were more isolated and genetically differentiated between them.
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Chan D, Barratt J, Roberts T, Phillips O, Šlapeta J, Ryan U, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis J, Stark D. Detection of Dientamoeba fragilis in animal faeces using species specific real time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:42-7. [PMID: 27523936 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is a potentially pathogenic, enteric, protozoan parasite with a worldwide distribution. While clinical case reports and prevalence studies appear regularly in the scientific literature, little attention has been paid to this parasite's biology, life cycle, host range, and possible transmission routes. Overall, these aspects of Dientamoeba biology remain poorly understood at best. In this study, a total of 420 animal samples, collected from Australia, were surveyed for the presence of Dientamoeba fragilis using PCR. Several PCR assays were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Two previously published PCR methods demonstrated cross reactivity with other trichomonads commonly found in animal samples. Only one assay exhibited excellent specificity. Using this assay D. fragilis was detected from one dog and one cat sample. This is the first report of D. fragilis from these animals and highlights the role companion animals may play in D. fragilis transmission. This study demonstrated that some published D. fragilis molecular assays cross react with other closely related trichomonads and consequently are not suitable for animal prevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Chan
- Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, N.S.W, Australia; i3 Institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, N.S.W, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, N.S.W, Australia
| | - Joel Barratt
- i3 Institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, N.S.W, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, N.S.W, Australia
| | - Tamalee Roberts
- Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, N.S.W, Australia
| | - Owen Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, N.S.W, Australia
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah Marriott
- Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, N.S.W, Australia
| | - John Harkness
- Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, N.S.W, Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, N.S.W, Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Victoria St, Darlinghurst, N.S.W, Australia; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, N.S.W, Australia.
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Thompson R, Ash A. Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:315-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abdel-Moein KA, Saeed H. The zoonotic potential of Giardia intestinalis assemblage E in rural settings. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3197-202. [PMID: 27112756 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a globally re-emerging protozoan disease with veterinary and public health implications. The current study was carried out to investigate the zoonotic potential of livestock-specific assemblage E in rural settings. For this purpose, a total of 40 microscopically positive Giardia stool samples from children with gastrointestinal complaints with or without diarrhea were enrolled in the study as well as fecal samples from 46 diarrheic cattle (18 dairy cows and 28 calves). Animal samples were examined by sedimentation method to identify Giardia spp., and then, all Giardia positive samples from human and animals were processed for molecular detection of livestock-specific assemblage E through amplification of assemblage-specific triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of the study revealed high unexpected occurrence of assemblage E among human samples (62.5 %), whereas the distribution among patients with diarrhea and those without was 42.1 and 81 %, respectively. On the other hand, the prevalence of Giardia spp. among diarrheic dairy cattle was (8.7 %), while only calves yielded positive results (14.3 %) and all bovine Giardia spp. were genetically classified as Giardia intestinalis assemblage E. Moreover, DNA sequencing of randomly selected one positive human sample and another bovine one revealed 100 and 99 % identity with assemblage E tpi gene sequences available at GenBank after BLAST analysis. In conclusion, the current study highlights the wide dissemination of livestock-specific assemblage E among humans in rural areas, and thus, zoonotic transmission cycle should not be discounted during the control of giardiasis in such settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled A Abdel-Moein
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hossam Saeed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mbae C, Mulinge E, Guleid F, Wainaina J, Waruru A, Njiru ZK, Kariuki S. Molecular Characterization of Giardia duodenalis in Children in Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:135. [PMID: 27005473 PMCID: PMC4802924 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia duodenalis is an important intestinal protozoan in humans worldwide with high infection rates occurring in densely populated and low resource settings. The parasite has been recorded to cause diarrhea in children. This study was carried out to identify G. duodenalis assemblages and sub-assemblages in children presenting with diarrhea in Kenya. METHODS A total of 2112 faecal samples were collected from children aged ≤ 5 years and screened for the presence of Giardia cysts using microscopy. A total of 96 (4.5%) samples were identified as Giardia positive samples and were genotyped using glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and β-giardin loci. RESULTS The three markers successfully genotyped 72 isolates and grouped 2 (1.4) isolates as Assemblage A, 64 (88.9) as Assemblage B and 7 (9.7%) consisted of mixed infections with assemblage A and B. A further analysis of 50 isolates using GDH Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) categorized 2 assemblage A isolates as sub-assemblage AII while 6 and 14 assemblage B isolates were categorized into sub-assemblage BIII and BIV respectively. A mixed infection with sub-assemblage BIII and BIV was recorded in 28 isolates. Over half (55.6%) of Giardia infections were recorded among the children between 13 to 48 months old. CONCLUSION This paper reports the first data on the assemblages and sub-assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in children representing with diarrhea in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Mbae
- />Centre for Microbiological Research, KEMRI, P.O Box 19464–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E. Mulinge
- />Centre for Microbiological Research, KEMRI, P.O Box 19464–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - F. Guleid
- />Centre for Microbiological Research, KEMRI, P.O Box 19464–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J. Wainaina
- />International Livestock Research Institute, Naivasha Rd, P.O Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - A. Waruru
- />Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O Box 58540–00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Z. K. Njiru
- />Murdoch University, School of Health Professions, Peel Campus, Mandurah, WA 6210 Australia
| | - S. Kariuki
- />Centre for Microbiological Research, KEMRI, P.O Box 19464–00202, Nairobi, Kenya
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Diel de Amorim M, Nielsen K, McKell B, Huang Y, Card C. Aortic rupture causing cardiac tamponade in a 24-day-old Friesian colt with concurrent colonic Chlamydiosisand Balantidiasis. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Diel de Amorim
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - K. Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - B. McKell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - Y. Huang
- Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc.; Saskatoon Canada
| | - C. Card
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
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Waters EK, Hamilton AJ, Sidhu HS, Sidhu LA, Dunbar M. Zoonotic Transmission of Waterborne Disease: A Mathematical Model. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:169-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11538-015-0136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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