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Koc S, Gultekin ZN, Kahraman S, Cengiz A, Polat B, Caliskan C, Tufan-Cetin O, Cetin H. Larvicidal and repellent effects of essential oils on the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus Sensu lato) with description of new larval repellent activity test method. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:263-273. [PMID: 38351234 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the larvicidal and repellent effects of essential oils (EOs) obtained from two Lamiaceae plant species, Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz & P.H. Davis and Dorystoechas hastata Boiss. & Heldr. ex Bentham, both endemic to Turkey, on Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). The study also introduces a new test method that can be used to assess the repellent effects against ticks. Both plant EOs exhibited the highest larvicidal activity against brown dog tick larvae after 24 h and LC50 and LC90 values were determined as 0.101% and 0.125% for O. minutiflorum essential oil and 0.937% and 2.1% for D. hastata essential oil, respectively. In this study, we have described a detailed protocol for a novel larval repellent activity test (LRAT) for essential oils and extracts, using simple equipment. The advantages and limitations of LRAT, when compared to other tests commonly used to determine repellent effect against ticks, are also included in this study. The LRAT was developed with modifications of the larval immersion test (LIT) and proves to be a highly efficient and easily observable method. It can be used to test any active substance that may be toxic to humans and animals. According to the LRAT, at the end of 3 h, O. minutiflorum essential oil showed a high repellent effect, varying between 84.14% and 100% at 1% concentration. This result was not statistically different from the DEET, the positive control. When comparing the larvicidal and repellent activities, O. minutiflorum essential oil was found to be more effective than D. hastata essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samed Koc
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Centre, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Nur Gultekin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Burak Polat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Cansu Caliskan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozge Tufan-Cetin
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Chroho M, Rouphael Y, Petropoulos SA, Bouissane L. Carvacrol and Thymol Content Affects the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis Essential Oils. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:139. [PMID: 38391524 PMCID: PMC10885931 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are of great interest due to their potent pharmaceutical and biological activities. In this study, essential oils extracted from Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis originating from the Middle Atlas of Morocco were investigated. Their chemical compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, while the assessment of the trapping power of the radical (DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and the reducing antioxidant potential of ferric ions (FRAP: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) were performed in order to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Their antibacterial potency was tested against six bacterial strains through the disk diffusion method. The chromatography analyses of the extracted essential oils highlighted the presence of two main components, namely carvacrol at 75.70% in O. compactum and thymol at 40.67% in T. zygis. The antioxidant activity tests showed that both essential oils demonstrated a significant antioxidant activity comparable to the positive control (e.g., ascorbic acid). The antibacterial activity results showed a strong antimicrobial effect for both essential oils, compared to synthetic antibiotics. This study affirms the presence of bioactive components with interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the essential oils extracted from Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis, which could find several applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries through the substitution of synthetic antioxidants and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chroho
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Spyridon A Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Latifa Bouissane
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco
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Bava R, Castagna F, Lupia C, Ruga S, Musella V, Conforti F, Marrelli M, Argentieri MP, Britti D, Statti G, Palma E. Chemical Profile of Essential Oils of Selected Lamiaceae Plants and In Vitro Activity for Varroosis Control in Honeybees (Apis mellifera). Vet Sci 2023; 10:701. [PMID: 38133253 PMCID: PMC10747025 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The most significant ectoparasitic mite of honeybees, Varroa destructor, has a detrimental effect on bee health and honey output. The principal strategy used by the control programs is the application of synthetic acaricides. All of this has resulted in drug resistance, which is now a major worry for beekeeping. As a result, research on alternate products and techniques for mite management is now required. The aim of this study was to determine whether essential oils (EOs) extracted from botanical species of Lamiacae, typical of the Calabria region of Southern Italy, could reduce the population of the mite V. destructor. Among the best-known genera of the Lamiaceae family are oregano, rosemary and thyme, whose EOs were employed in this study. By steam distillation, the EOs were extracted from Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum (Martrin-Donos) Nyman, Thymus capitatus Hoffmanns. and Link, Thymus longicaulis C.Presl and Salvia rosmarinus Schleid. plant species harvested directly on the Calabrian territory in their balsamic time. Each EO went to the test in vitro (contact toxicity) against V. destructor. Fifty adult female mites, five for each EO and the positive and negative control, were used in each experimental replicate. The positive controls comprised five individuals treated to Amitraz dilute in acetone, and the negative controls included five individuals exposed to acetone alone. To create the working solution to be tested (50 μL/tube), the EOs were diluted (0.5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL) in HPLC-grade acetone. After 1 h of exposure, mite mortality was manually assessed. Origanum vulgare subsp. viridulum, Thymus capitatus and Thymus longicaulis were the EOs with the highest levels of efficiency at 2 mg/mL, neutralizing (dead + inactivated), 94%, 92% and 94% of parasites, respectively. Salvia rosmarinus EO gave a lower efficacy, resulting in a percentage of 38%. Interestingly, no adverse effects were highlighted in toxicity tests on honeybees. These results show that these OEs of the Lamiaceae family have antiparasitic action on V. destructor. Therefore, they could be used, individually or combined, to exploit the synergistic effect for a more sustainable control of this parasite mite in honeybee farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmine Lupia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Mediterranean Ethnobotanical Conservatory, 88054 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Musella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Pia Argentieri
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
| | - Giancarlo Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Cosenza, Italy; (F.C.); (M.M.); (G.S.)
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.B.); (C.L.); (S.R.); (V.M.); (D.B.); (E.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FISH), University of Catanzaro Magna Græcia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Nutramed S.c.a.r.l., Complesso Ninì Barbieri, 88021 Catanzaro, Italy
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Gamal A, Aboelhadid SM, Abo El-Ela FI, Abdel-Baki AAS, Ibrahium SM, EL-Mallah AM, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Gadelhaq SM. Synthesis of Carvacrol-Loaded Invasomes Nanoparticles Improved Acaricide Efficacy, Cuticle Invasion and Inhibition of Acetylcholinestrase against Hard Ticks. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030733. [PMID: 36985306 PMCID: PMC10057972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol found in many essential oils that has antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities. Drug loaded-invasome systems are used to deliver drugs utilizing nanoparticles to improve bioavailability, efficacy, and drug release duration. As a result, the present study developed carvacrol-loaded invasomes and evaluated their acaricidal effect against Rhipicephalus annulatus (cattle tick) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (dog tick). Carvacrol loaded-invasome (CLI) was prepared and characterized using UV/Vis spectrophotometer, zeta potential measurements, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis. CLI (5%) induced significant mortality (100%) in R. annulatus adult ticks with LC50 of 2.60%, whereas the LC50 of pure carvacrol was 4.30%. Carvacrol and CLI were shown to have a significant larvicidal action on both tick species, with LC50s of 0.24 and 0.21% against R. annulatus and 0.27 and 0.23% against R. sanguineus, respectively. Carvacrol and CLI (5%) induced significant repellent activities for 24 h against R. annulatus and R. sanguineus, as evidenced by the rod method and the petri-dish selective area choice method, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that the CLI form had 3.86 times the permeability of pure carvacrol. Moreover, carvacrol and CLI inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and decreased glutathione and malonedealdehyde levels in the treated ticks. In conclusion, invasomes significantly improved adulticidal and repellency activities of carvacrol against both tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr Gamal
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Shawky M. Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Fatma I. Abo El-Ela
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | | | - Samar M. Ibrahium
- Department of Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Fayum Branch, Fayum 16101, Egypt
| | - Almahy M. EL-Mallah
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 2455, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sahar M. Gadelhaq
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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Susurluk H. Potential use of essential oils from Origanum vulgare and Syzygium aromaticum to control Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on two host plant species. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14475. [PMID: 36700001 PMCID: PMC9869773 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts and essential oils are considered alternatives to synthetic chemicals with toxic effects on insects and mites. Acaricidal, repellent, and oviposition effects of commercially available essential oils of Origanum vulgare L. (Lamiaceae) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) (Myrtaceae) were investigated in this study on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), one of the main pests in agriculture, on two host plant species using leaf disc bioassays. O. vulgare essential oil showed higher toxicity to T. urticae protonymphs and adult females inhabiting both bean and tomato leaves than S. aromaticum essential oil. The LC50 values of O. vulgare essential oil were found to be 1.67 and 2.05 µl L-1 air for the bean populations in protonymphs and adult females and 1.87 and 3.07 µl L-1 air for the tomato populations, respectively. Five percent concentration of S. aromaticum essential oil had the highest repellent effect on the bean population of T. urticae after 1, 24, and 48 h, resulting in 61.22%, 40.81%, and 18% repellence, respectively. Although O. vulgare showed higher toxic effects, S. aromaticum was a better repellent against the bean population of T. urticae. The mortality rates of adult females of T. urticae treated with either O. vulgare or S. aromaticum essential oil increased with the increasing concentration and time on both host plants. Both essential oils caused a decrease in egg number and larvae hatching in both bean and tomato populations of T. urticae. In the light of the results obtained, O. vulgare and S. aromatium essential oils have the potential to be used in the control programs against T. urticae in both host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Susurluk
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
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Aboelhadid SM, Abdel-Baki AAS, Hassan KM, Arafa WM, Abdel-Tawab H, Al-Quraishy S, Hassan AO, Moawad UK, Ahmed O, Kamel AA. Role of antioxidant activity of essential oils in their acaricidal activities against Rhipicephalus annulatus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:209-224. [PMID: 36348156 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils of Origanum majorana and Satureja thymbra as well as carvacrol are natural products that are known to have potent antioxidant activities. The current study was designed to investigate the role of the antioxidant properties of these natural products in their acaricidal activities against Rhipicephalus annulatus larvae. The synergistic and/or antagonistic effects of the addition of vitamins E and C and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to these natural products were also evaluated. Larval packet tests were used to evaluate the acaricidal activities against the larvae of R. annulatus. The antioxidant effectiveness of these products was determined by a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay. The addition of vitamin E at 100 mg/mL to O. majorana and S. thymbra decreased the concentrations required to achieve the death of half of the larvae (LC50) to 0.44 and 0.47%, respectively. The combination of O. majorana and S. thymbra attained the LC50 at 1.54% which was decreased to 0.69% after addition of vitamin E. Also, the addition of vitamin E to carvacrol reduced the LC50 to 0.27%. The total antioxidant activity of these natural products increased significantly in presence of vitamin E. The addition of H2O2 inhibited the acaricidal activity of all tested materials, especially at low concentrations. All treatments induced an increase in lipid peroxidation, whereas carvacrol-treated larvae revealed the lowest values for the superoxide dismutase. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity decreased in larvae treated with S. thymbra combined with vitamin E. In conclusion, the addition of vitamins E and C increased the acaricidal activities of the tested compounds, whereas the addition of H2O2 decreased these activities. The antioxidant activities of essential oils and their active components may play an important role in mediating their acaricidal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Khaled M Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Beni-Suef Laboratory, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research center (ARC), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Arafa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba Abdel-Tawab
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed O Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 63110, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Usama K Moawad
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Osama Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Kamel
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, 62511, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Obaid MK, Islam N, Alouffi A, Khan AZ, da Silva Vaz I, Tanaka T, Ali A. Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941831. [PMID: 35873149 PMCID: PMC9299439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-feeding ecto-parasites that have a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ticks cause economic losses in the form of reduced blood, meat and dairy products, as well as pathogen transmission. Different acaricides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, formamidines (e.g. amitraz), synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fipronil, and fluazuron are currently used sequentially or simultaneously to control tick infestations. Most acaricide treatments now face increasingly high chances of failure, due to the resistance selection in different tick populations against these drugs. Acaricide resistance in ticks can be developed in different ways, including amino acid substitutions that result in morphological changes in the acaricide target, metabolic detoxification, and reduced acaricide entry through the outer layer of the tick body. The current literature brings a plethora of information regarding the use of different acaricides for tick control, resistance selection, analysis of mutations in target sites, and resistance mitigation. Alternatives such as synergistic use of different acaricides, plant-derived phytochemicals, fungi as biological control agents, and anti-tick vaccines have been recommended to avoid and mitigate acaricide resistance. The purpose of this review was to summarize and discuss different acaricides applied for tick control, their mechanisms of action and resistance selection, genetic polymorphisms in their target molecules, as well as the approaches used for diagnosis and mitigation of acaricide resistance, specifically in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Zeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Aboelhadid SM, Abdel-Tawab H, Mahran HA, Daferera D, Sokmen A, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Baki AAS. Synergistic larvicidal and repellent effects of essential oils of three Origanum species on Rhipicephalus annulatus tick. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 87:273-287. [PMID: 35933564 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are of great economic importance worldwide, both because they represent major obstacles to livestock productivity and because of their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Although synthetic acaricides are the most common method for tick control, their overuse has led to the development of resistance as well as unacceptable residual levels in animal products and in the environment in general. There is therefore an urgent need to identify alternative treatments. Among such alternative approaches for tick control is plant essential oil (EO) therapy. In the present study, we investigated the synergistic effect of EOs of three oregano species-Origanum onites, O. majorana and O. minutiflorum-against Rhipicephalus annulatus larvae. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry profiles of the three EOs revealed that carvacrol was their major component, with a concentration of 86.2% in O. majorana, 79.1% in O. minutiflorum and 77.4% in O. onites. The results of larvicidal assays revealed that the doses that lead to the death of 50% of the ticks (LC50) were 22.99, 25.08 and 27.06 µL/mL for O. majorana, O. minutiflorum and O. onites EOs, respectively, whereas the doses that lead to the death of 99% (LC99) were 41.26, 43.62 and 48.96 µL/mL. In addition, the LC50 and LC99 of the three oils combined was lower (viz., 4.01 and 6.97 µL/mL) than that of each oil alone. The tested EOs were also able to repel larvae of R. annulatus to varying degrees, with O. onites oil exhibiting the greatest repellent effect, as shown by the lowest RC50 dose, followed by O. minutiflorum and O. majorana. Interestingly, this means that the oil that was least effective in killing the larvae was the most effective in repelling them. The calculated synergistic factor of any combination was higher than 1 which means that combinations have a synergistic effect. In conclusion, the combination of all three oils showed higher toxic and repellent activities than either oil separately or combinations of any two oils, suggesting synergistic effects with low doses. Further studies including field trials and the establishment of the mode of action and side effects are urgently needed to expand on these findings, and other tick stages such as adults should also be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Heba Abdel-Tawab
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Hesham A Mahran
- Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Dimitra Daferera
- Laboratory of General Chemistry, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Atalay Sokmen
- Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Konya Food and Agriculture University, 42080, Konya, Turkey
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Integrative Alternative Tactics for Ixodid Control. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030302. [PMID: 35323601 PMCID: PMC8948879 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hard ticks are important for economic and health reasons, and control has mainly relied upon use of synthetic acaricides. Contemporary development of resistance and concerns relating to health and environmental safety have elicited exploration into alternative tactics for hard tick management. Some examples of alternative tactics involve biological control, desiccant dusts, growth regulators, vaccines, cultural methods, and ingested medications. Abstract Ixodids (hard ticks), ectoparasitic arthropods that vector the causal agents of many serious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, have become increasingly difficult to control because of the development of resistance against commonly applied synthetic chemical-based acaricides. Resistance has prompted searches for alternative, nonconventional control tactics that can be used as part of integrated ixodid management strategies and for mitigating resistance to conventional acaricides. The quest for alternative control tactics has involved research on various techniques, each influenced by many factors, that have achieved different degrees of success. Alternative approaches include cultural practices, ingested and injected medications, biological control, animal- and plant-based substances, growth regulators, and inert desiccant dusts. Research on biological control of ixodids has mainly focused on predators, parasitoid wasps, infective nematodes, and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Studies on animal-based substances have been relatively limited, but research on botanicals has been extensive, including whole plant, extract, and essential oil effects on ixodid mortality, behavior, and reproduction. The inert dusts kaolin, silica gel, perlite, and diatomaceous earth are lethal to ixodids, and they are impervious to environmental degradation, unlike chemical-based toxins, remaining effective until physically removed.
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Lima-de-Souza JR, de Oliveira PR, Anholeto LA, Sodelli LF, Ferreira ARF, Remedio RN, Camargo-Mathias MI. The bioactive compound carvacrol as a potential acaricide: An assessment of its effects on the integument of female Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:1784-1790. [PMID: 34962006 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Studies seeking control methods for infestation of Riphicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) ticks (dog ticks) have been carried out in order to minimize damage to both the tick's hosts and the environment, the latter due to the misuse of acaricide products. In this regard, carvacrol has been used as a natural alternative against ticks as it displays several properties including acaricidal. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the ultramorphology and morphohistochemistry of the integument of semi-engorged R. sanguineus s.l. females exposed to different carvacrol concentrations. The findings indicate that the integument surface of females exposed to the highest carvacrol concentration (25 μl/ml) became wrinkled, suggesting dehydration or the result of integument cuticular and epithelial layer disorganization in response to the toxic product. Morphohistochemical integument layer alterations were more significant and intense in females exposed to the highest carvacrol concentration (25 μl/ml), confirming dose-dependent carvacrol action. Among other cell and tissue alterations, changes in epithelial cell shape, size, and arrangement (epidermal layer) were noted, alongside altered and pyknotic-shaped nuclei, suggesting a death process for these cells. This epithelium changed from simple cubic to stratified, also in response to the presence of the evaluated bioactive compound. Thus, the findings reported herein demonstrate that carvacrol may be an alternative for an efficient and more sustainable tick control in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ribamar Lima-de-Souza
- Center for Biological and Natural Sciences (CCBN), Federal University of Acre (UFAC), Rio Branco, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Rosa de Oliveira
- Biosciences Postgraduate Program, Multidisciplinary Institute for Health, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Vitória da Conquista/BA, 45029-094., Brazil.,Chemistry Postgraduate Program, Exact and Technology Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís/MA, 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Luís Adriano Anholeto
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Sodelli
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rio Claro, Brazil
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11
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Qiao Y, Yu Z, Bai L, Li H, Zhang S, Liu J, Gao Z, Yang X. Chemical composition of essential oils from Thymus mongolicus, Cinnamomum verum, and Origanum vulgare and their acaricidal effects on Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112672. [PMID: 34416637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical acaricides are mainly used in traditional tick control, which leads to the emergence of tick resistance and concurrently results in environmental pollution. In the present study, the chemical constituents of essential oils (EOs) from Thymus mongolicus, Cinnamomum verum, and Origanum vulgare was analyzed, and their potential application was evaluated to control the vector tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, which is widely distributed over vast areas of Eurasia, Australia, and New Zealand. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the phenols thymol and carvacrol accounted for 34.66% and 75.72% of the EOs of T. mongolicus and O. vulgare, respectively, whereas trans-cinnamaldehyde (49.42%) was the main constituent of C. verum EO. Immersion tests showed that the EOs of C. verum and O. vulgare had significant acaricidal activity against larval H. longicornis, with the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) being 16.07 and 18.02 mg/mL, respectively, and the 95% lethal concentration (LC95) being 120.37 and 130.09 mg/mL, respectively. The EOs of O. vulgare and T. mongolicus showed significant acaricidal activity against unfed adult H. longicornis, with LC50 being 43.50 and 44.21 mg/mL, respectively, and LC95 being 113.66 and 137.99 mg/mL, respectively. The fumigant toxicity test showed significant acaricidal activity of the three EOs against both unfed and engorged nymphal and adult H. longicornis. Enzyme assays revealed that the EOs of both C. verum and O. vulgare significantly inhibited glutathione S-transferase activity (P < 0.05). In contrast, the activities of carboxylesterase and multifunction oxidases were significantly inhibited by EOs extracted from all three plants (P < 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest that plant EOs may serve as an environment-friendly alternative for synthetic acaricides in future tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Qiao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhijun Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Lingqian Bai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hao Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Songbo Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
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12
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Silva JJMD, Campanharo SC, Paschoal JAR. Ethnoveterinary for food-producing animals and related food safety issues: A comprehensive overview about terpenes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:48-90. [PMID: 33443807 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternatives to the use of conventional veterinary drugs in food-producing animals have gained attention, such as the use of natural products (NPs), mainly to soften the risks to the animal, the environment, and consumer's health. Although NPs have consistent advantages over conventional drugs, they cannot be considered risk free under food safety matters. In this way, this document presents a comprehensive overview of the importance of considering both the pharmacological and toxicological properties of the constituents of a NP from plants intending the standardization and regulation of its use in food-producing animals. Terpenes are the most diverse class of natural substances present in NP of vegetal origin with a broad range of biological activities that can be explored in veterinary science; however, certain plants and terpenes also have significant toxic effects, a fact that can harm the health of animals and consequently generate economic losses and risks for humans. In this context, this review gathered scientific data of vegetal species of importance to ethnoveterinary for food-producing animals, which produce terpenes, its biological effects, and their implications on food safety issues for consumers. For this, more than 300 documents were selected from different online scientific databases. The present data and discussion may contribute to the rational commercial exploration of this class of NPs in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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13
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de Oliveira MVS, Konig IFM, Reis AC, Silva L, Peconick AP, Thomasi SS, Lima-De-Souza JR, Camargo-Mathias MI, Remedio RN. Sublethal concentrations of acetylcarvacrol affect reproduction and integument morphology in the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 82:265-279. [PMID: 32857314 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.), also known as the brown dog tick, is among the main tick species involved in the transmission of pathogens to humans and other animals and, therefore, the target of numerous control methods. However, due to the disadvantages of synthetic acaricides, the use of alternative products such as plant derivatives has been encouraged. This study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal potential of acetylcarvacrol and to determine its efficacy at sublethal doses for the control of R. sanguineus s.l. female ticks. In addition, as acetylcarvacrol was applied topically, morphological alterations in the integument were assessed. Acetylation of carvacrol was performed by reaction with acetic anhydride in a sodium hydroxide solution, being confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The lethal concentration for 50 and 90% (LC50 and LC90) of unfed ticks and the efficacy of acetylcarvacrol in engorged females were determined after the Adult Immersion Test (AIT). For the evaluation of effects of acetylcarvacrol in the integument, routine histological techniques were employed after the AIT. The LC50 and LC90 in unfed females were 2.8 and 7.2 μL/mL, respectively. Regarding reproductive performance, after treatment with 8.0 μL/mL acetylcarvacrol 90.9% control was achieved, as ticks showed the lowest egg production index (EPI), hatching rate (HR), and fecundity rate (FR). In the integument, considerable morphological alterations were observed both in cuticle and epithelium. Thus, acetylcarvacrol affected R. sanguineus s.l. external coating and reproduction when applied at sublethal concentrations, probably contributing to a long-term control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aline Chaves Reis
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Av. Dr. Sylvio Menicucci 1001, Lavras, MG, 37.200-900, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Peconick
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Neodini Remedio
- Department of Health Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Av. Dr. Sylvio Menicucci 1001, Lavras, MG, 37.200-900, Brazil.
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14
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Hou H, Zhang X, Zhao T, Zhou L. Effects of Origanum vulgare essential oil and its two main components, carvacrol and thymol, on the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9626. [PMID: 32864206 PMCID: PMC7430266 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Botrytis cinerea causes serious gray mold disease in many plants. This pathogen has developed resistance to many fungicides. Thus, it has become necessary to look for new safe yet effective compounds against B. cinerea. Methods Essential oils (EOs) from 17 plant species were assayed against B. cinerea, of which Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) showed strong antifungal activity, and accordingly its main components were detected by GC/MS. Further study was conducted on the effects of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol in vitro on mycelium growth and spore germination, mycelium morphology, leakages of cytoplasmic contents, mitochondrial injury and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of B. cinerea. The control efficacies of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol on tomato gray mold were evaluated in vivo. Results Of all the 17 plant EOs tested, Cinnamomum cassia, Litsea cubeba var. formosana and O. vulgare EOs had the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea, with 0.5 mg/mL completely inhibiting the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. Twenty-one different compounds of OVEO were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the main chemical components were carvacrol (89.98%), β-caryophyllene (3.34%), thymol (2.39%), α-humulene (1.38%) and 1-methyl-2-propan-2-ylbenzene isopropyl benzene (1.36%). In vitro experiment showed EC50 values of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol were 140.04, 9.09 and 21.32 μg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol and thymol completely inhibited the spore germination of B. cinerea at the concentration of 300 μg/mL while the inhibition rate of OVEO was 80.03%. EC50 of carvacrol and thymol have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the fresh and dry weight of mycelia. The collapse and damage on B. cinerea mycelia treated with 40 μg/mL of carvacrol and thymol was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Through extracellular conductivity test and fluorescence microscope observation, it was found that carvacrol and thymol led to increase the permeability of target cells, the destruction of mitochondrial membrane and ROS accumulation. In vivo conditions, 1000 μg/mL carvacrol had the best protective and therapeutic effects on tomato gray mold (77.98% and 28.04%, respectively), and the protective effect was significantly higher than that of 400 μg/mL pyrimethanil (43.15%). While the therapeutic and protective effects of 1,000 μg/mL OVEO and thymol were comparable to chemical control. Conclusions OVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Hou
- Henan Key Laboratory for Creation and Application of New Pesticides, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Creation and Application of New Pesticides, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Te Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory for Creation and Application of New Pesticides, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory for Creation and Application of New Pesticides, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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15
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Salman M, Abbas RZ, Israr M, Abbas A, Mehmood K, Khan MK, Sindhu ZUD, Hussain R, Saleemi MK, Shah S. Repellent and acaricidal activity of essential oils and their components against Rhipicephalus ticks in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109178. [PMID: 32652458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ticks, particularly the Rhipicephalus which are the most prevalent and invasive affect 80 % of the cattle population worldwide. Through transmission of pathogens, tick worry and physical damage to the hides, ticks cause economic loss of billions of dollars each year with 1 billion US dollars loss per annum reported only in Latin-America. These losses can be minimized only by successful management of Rhipicephalus ticks. Various strategies like chemical control, vaccination and biological control are aimed at control of Rhipicephalus ticks. There are some serious limitations associated with them like tick resistance, drug toxicity, antigenic variations etc. In contrast to these issues related with chemical tick control, the botanicals particularly the essential oils obtained from aromatic plants of medicinal importance are eco-friendly and non-toxic to most host. In recent years, essential oils-based control of cattle ticks has gained considerable attraction of scientists all over the world as depicted from this review. A comprehensive effort has been made to critically analyze the role of essential oils in controlling Rhipicephalus ticks with particular emphasis on the mode of action of bioactive compounds both as repellents and acaricides. Furthermore, we have pointed out the most important challenges which need to be addressed for development and commercialization of an essential oil based anti-tick product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | | | - Asghar Abbas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture Multan, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Zia Ud Din Sindhu
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Sehar Shah
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
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16
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Fouche G, Adenubi OT, Leboho T, McGaw LJ, Naidoo V, Wellington KW, Eloff JN. Acaricidal activity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of 15 South African plants against Rhipicephalus turanicus and their toxicity on human liver and kidney cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e7. [PMID: 31368326 PMCID: PMC6676935 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hot water and hydroethanolic (70:30) extracts were prepared from 15 plant species, which were investigated to discover eco-friendly and less expensive tick control methods as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. A contact bioassay was used to determine the acaricidal activity of these extracts against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus turanicus (Acari: Ixodidae) at a concentration of 20% (200 mg/mL). The hydroethanolic extracts had better activity than the hot water extracts against R. turanicus. The hydroethanolic extract from Tabernaemontana elegans (leaves) had the best mortality (87.0%). This was followed by Calpurnia aurea (stems) with a mortality of 75.0%, Schkuhria pinnata (whole plant) with a mortality of 67.0% and Aloe rupestris (leaves) with a mortality of 66.6%. The toxicity of the plant extracts was also investigated and it was found that most of the hydroethanolic and hot water extracts were either safe or very safe on human Vero kidney and liver HepG2 cells. From this study, it was evident that botanicals have the potential to be developed as environmentally benign natural acaricides against R. turanicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda Fouche
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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17
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Chemical Composition and Acaricidal Activity of the Essential Oils of Some Plant Species of Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae against the Vector of Tropical Bovine Theileriosis: Hyalomma scupense (syn. Hyalomma detritum). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7805467. [PMID: 30881997 PMCID: PMC6383433 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7805467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the acaricidal properties of six essential oils. They were extracted from some plant species (Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae) using the technique of hydrodistillation with the Clevenger apparatus. The chemical compositions of the essential oils under study were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC-MS). An Adult Immersion Test (AIT) and a Larval Immersion Test (LIT) were used to evaluate the acaricidal activity of these essential oils against the adults and larvae of Hyalomma scupense. GC-MS analysis showed the major constituents of each essential oil: 25.49% of α-thujone (lavender); 46.82% of carvacrol (oregano); 78.78% of carvacrol (thyme); 40.27% of 1,8-cineole (blue gum); 17.45% of p-cymene (river red gum); and 26.96% of 1,8-cineole (rosemary). The biotests on the essential oils revealed that they inhibit the reproduction of H. scupense engorged females at a rate of 100 % with doses of 0.781 μl/ml of rosemary, 1.562 μl/ml of thyme, 3.125 μl/ml of lavender and oregano, and 6.250 μl/ml of blue gum and river red gum. After a treatment that lasted for 24 hours, essential oils showed a larvicidal activity with respective values of lethal concentrations (LC): LC50, LC90, and LC95 (0.058, 0.358, and 0.600 μl/ml for thyme; 0.108, 0.495, and 0.761 μl/ml for rosemary; 0.131, 0.982, and 1.740 μl/ml for oregano; 0.155, 2.387, and 5.183 μl/ml for blue gum; 0.207, 1.653, and 2.978 μl/ml for river red gum; and 0.253, 2.212, and 4.092 μl/ml for lavender). This is the first report on the acaricidal activity of these essential oils against H. scupense. The results obtained showed that the essential oils with chemotype carvacrol, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, and p-cymene are highly acaricidal, and they can be used for ticks control. However, further studies on their toxicity in nontarget organisms are required.
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18
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Lima de Souza JR, Oliveira PRD, Anholeto LA, Arnosti A, Daemon E, Remedio RN, Camargo-Mathias MI. Effects of carvacrol on oocyte development in semi-engorged Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato females ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Micron 2019; 116:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Jia M, He Q, Wang W, Dai J, Zhu L. Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of Arisaema anurans essential oil and its major constituents against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Rosado-Aguilar JA, Arjona-Cambranes K, Torres-Acosta JFJ, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Bolio-González ME, Ortega-Pacheco A, Alzina-López A, Gutiérrez-Ruiz EJ, Gutiérrez-Blanco E, Aguilar-Caballero AJ. Plant products and secondary metabolites with acaricide activity against ticks. Vet Parasitol 2017; 238:66-76. [PMID: 28385541 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present review documents the results of studies evaluating the acaricidal activity of different plant products and secondary metabolites against ticks that are resistant and susceptible to conventional acaricides. Studies published from 1998 to 2016 were included. The acaricidal activity of plant extracts, essential oils and secondary compounds from plants have been evaluated using bioassays with ticks in the larval and adult stages. There is variable effectiveness according to the species of plant and the concentrations used, with observed mortalities ranging from 5 to 100% against the Rhipicephalus (Boophilus), Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Hyalomma, and Argas genera. A number of plants have been reported to cause high mortalities and/or affect the reproductive capacity of ticks in the adult phase. In the majority of these trials, the main species of plants evaluated correspond to the families Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Piperaceae, Verbenaceae, and Poaceae. Different secondary metabolites such as thymol, carvacrol, 1,8-cineol and n-hexanal, have been found to be primarily responsible for the acaricidal activity of different essential oils against different species of ticks, while nicotine, dibenzyldisulfide and dibenzyltrisulfide have been evaluated for plant extracts. Only thymol, carvacrol and 1,8-cineol have been evaluated for acaricidal activity under in vivo conditions. The information in the present review allows the conclusion that the secondary metabolites contained in plant products could be used as an alternative for the control of ticks that are susceptible or resistant to commercial acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rosado-Aguilar
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - K Arjona-Cambranes
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J F J Torres-Acosta
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M E Bolio-González
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - A Ortega-Pacheco
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - A Alzina-López
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E J Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E Gutiérrez-Blanco
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - A J Aguilar-Caballero
- Departamento de Salud Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Apdo, Post: 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Anholeto LA, Oliveira PRD, Rodrigues RAF, Spindola CDS, Labruna MB, Pizano MA, Castro KNDC, Camargo-Mathias MI. Potential action of extract of Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen to control Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1787) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2017; 8:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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In vitro activity of the essential oil from Hesperozygis myrtoides on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Haemonchus contortus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pinheiro CG, Machado CM, Amaral LP, Silva DT, Almeida CAA, Longhi SJ, Mallmann CA, Heinzmann BM. Seasonal variability of the essential oil of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling. BRAZ J BIOL 2016; 76:176-84. [PMID: 26871746 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.16314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was developed to evaluate the effect of seasonality on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling, a native species from the Brazilian Pampa. Leaves were collected from four specimens of a single population in each of the four seasons for a year and were extracted in triplicate by hydro-distillation for 2 hours. The yield of EO (% w/w) was calculated on fresh weight basis (FWB), and the 16 oil samples were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used as statistical tools to evaluate differences in chemical composition. The highest yields were obtained in autumn, spring and summer (2.32-4.38%), while the lowest yields were detected in winter, ranging from 1.15 to 1.91%. Oxygenated monoterpenoids were the predominant class of chemical constituents in the EO obtained in all seasons, showing the highest contents in autumn and summer, and pulegone was identified as a major compound, whose contents varied between 54.13 and 81.17%. The EO samples were divided into three chemical groups by HCA and PCA and were assigned to the same group, except for the three samples gathered in winter. The results showed a seasonal influence on the yield and chemical composition of the EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Pinheiro
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C M Machado
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - L P Amaral
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - D T Silva
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C A A Almeida
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - S J Longhi
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - C A Mallmann
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - B M Heinzmann
- Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Ellse L, Wall R. The use of essential oils in veterinary ectoparasite control: a review. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28:233-43. [PMID: 24147451 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence indicating the potential value of essential oils as control agents against a range of arthropod ectoparasites, particularly lice, mites and ticks. Toxicity has been demonstrated following immersion and physical contact with treated surfaces, as well as after exposure to the vapour of these oils; the last of these factors implies that there is a neurotoxic, rather than simply a mechanical, pathway in their mode of action. However, the volatile nature of essential oils suggests that their residual activity is likely to be short-lived. A possible advantage of essential oils over conventional ectoparasite treatments may refer to their reported ovicidal efficacy, although it is unclear whether this results from neurotoxicity or mechanical suffocation. There are many difficulties in comparing the findings of existing studies of essential oil toxicity. One major issue is the wide variation among batches in the relative concentrations of oil constituents. A second issue concerns the fact that many experimental designs make it difficult to confirm that the effect seen is attributable to the oil; in many cases inappropriate controls mean that the effects of the excipient on mortality cannot be distinguished. Hence, it is important that an excipient-only control is always included in these bioassays. Furthermore, in direct contact assays, when attempting to identify the toxicity pathway of the essential oil tested, it is important to include a hydrophobic control. Without this, it is impossible to distinguish simple mechanical effects from neurological or other cellular toxicity. The use of essential oils in the control of veterinary ectoparasites is an area which holds considerable potential for the future and research into their use is still at an early stage. More extensive field trials, the standardization of components, the standardization of extraction, the standardization of good experimental design, mammalian toxicology profiling and excipient development, as well as further investigation into the residual activities and shelf-lives of these oils are all required to allow the full realization of their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ellse
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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