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Lorenzi A, Legeai F, Jouan V, Girard PA, Strand MR, Ravallec M, Eychenne M, Bretaudeau A, Robin S, Rochefort J, Villegas M, Burke GR, Rebollo R, Nègre N, Volkoff AN. Identification of a viral gene essential for the genome replication of a domesticated endogenous virus in ichneumonid parasitoid wasps. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011980. [PMID: 38662774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species in the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae harbor "domesticated endogenous viruses" (DEVs) in their genomes. This study focuses on ichneumonid DEVs, named ichnoviruses (IVs). Large quantities of DNA-containing IV virions are produced in ovary calyx cells during the pupal and adult stages of female wasps. Females parasitize host insects by injecting eggs and virions into the body cavity. After injection, virions rapidly infect host cells which is followed by expression of IV genes that promote the successful development of wasp offspring. IV genomes consist of two components: proviral segment loci that serve as templates for circular dsDNAs that are packaged into capsids, and genes from an ancestral virus that produce virions. In this study, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly for Hyposoter didymator that harbors H. didymator ichnovirus (HdIV). We identified a total of 67 HdIV loci that are amplified in calyx cells during the wasp pupal stage. We then focused on an HdIV gene, U16, which is transcribed in calyx cells during the initial stages of replication. Sequence analysis indicated that U16 contains a conserved domain in primases from select other viruses. Knockdown of U16 by RNA interference inhibited virion morphogenesis in calyx cells. Genome-wide analysis indicated U16 knockdown also inhibited amplification of HdIV loci in calyx cells. Altogether, our results identified several previously unknown HdIV loci, demonstrated that all HdIV loci are amplified in calyx cells during the pupal stage, and showed that U16 is required for amplification and virion morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Lorenzi
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- INRAE, UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), BioInformatics Platform for Agroecosystems Arthropods (BIPAA), Campus Beaulieu, Rennes, France
- INRIA, IRISA, GenOuest Core Facility, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rita Rebollo
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, Villeurbanne, France
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2
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Wang ZH, Ye XQ, Wu XT, Wang ZZ, Huang JH, Chen XX. A new gene family (BAPs) of Cotesia bracovirus induces apoptosis of host hemocytes. Virulence 2023; 14:2171691. [PMID: 36694288 PMCID: PMC9908294 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2171691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs), obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps, function as host immune suppressors and growth and development regulator. PDVs can induce host haemocyte apoptosis, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we provided evidence that, during the early stages of parasitism, the activated Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) reduced the overall number of host haemocytes by inducing apoptosis. We found that one haemocyte-highly expressed CvBV gene, CvBV-26-4, could induce haemocyte apoptosis. Further analyses showed that CvBV-26-4 has four homologs from other Cotesia bracoviruses and BV from wasps in the genus Glyptapanteles, and all four of them possessed a similar structure containing 3 copies of a well-conserved motif (Gly-Tyr-Pro-Tyr, GYPY). Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that CvBV-26-4 was secreted into plasma by haemocytes and then degraded into peptides that induced the apoptosis of haemocytes. Moreover, ectopic expression of CvBV-26-4 caused fly haemocyte apoptosis and increased the susceptibility of flies to bacteria. Based on this research, a new family of bracovirus genes, Bracovirus apoptosis-inducing proteins (BAPs), was proposed. Furthermore, it was discovered that the development of wasp larvae was affected when the function of CvBV BAP was obstructed in the parasitized hosts. The results of our study indicate that the BAP gene family from the bracoviruses group is crucial for immunosuppression during the early stages of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Regional Development and Governance Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,CONTACT Xue-Xin Chen
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3
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Salvia R, Scieuzo C, Boschi A, Pezzi M, Mistri M, Munari C, Chicca M, Vogel H, Cozzolino F, Monaco V, Monti M, Falabella P. An Overview of Ovarian Calyx Fluid Proteins of Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): An Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Approach. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1547. [PMID: 37892230 PMCID: PMC10605793 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The larval stages of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are parasitized by the endophagous parasitoid wasp, Toxoneuron nigriceps (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). During the injections of eggs, this parasitoid wasp also injects into the host body the secretion of the venom gland and the calyx fluid, which contains a polydnavirus (T. nigriceps BracoVirus: TnBV) and the Ovarian calyx fluid Proteins (OPs). The effects of the OPs on the host immune system have recently been described. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the OPs cause hemocytes to undergo a number of changes, such as cellular oxidative stress, actin cytoskeleton modifications, vacuolization, and the inhibition of hemocyte encapsulation capacity, which results in both a loss of hemocyte functionality and cell death. In this study, by using a combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, the main components of T. nigriceps ovarian calyx fluid proteins were identified and their possible role in the parasitic syndrome was discussed. This study provides useful information to support the analysis of the function of ovarian calyx fluid proteins, to better understand T. nigriceps parasitization success and for a more thorough understanding of the components of ovarian calyx fluid proteins and their potential function in combination with other parasitoid factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (A.B.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (A.B.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Boschi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Marco Pezzi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (M.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Michele Mistri
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (M.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Munari
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.P.); (M.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Milvia Chicca
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Flora Cozzolino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (V.M.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Monaco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (V.M.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (F.C.); (V.M.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies Franco Salvatore, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.S.); (A.B.)
- Spinoff XFlies s.r.l., University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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4
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Kim J, Rahman MM, Kim AY, Ramasamy S, Kwon M, Kim Y. Genome, host genome integration, and gene expression in Diadegma fenestrale ichnovirus from the perspective of coevolutionary hosts. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1035669. [PMID: 36876096 PMCID: PMC9981800 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1035669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) exhibit species-specific mutualistic relationships with endoparasitoid wasps. PDVs can be categorized into bracoviruses and ichnoviruses, which have independent evolutionary origins. In our previous study, we identified an ichnovirus of the endoparasitoid Diadegma fenestrale and named it DfIV. Here, DfIV virions from the ovarian calyx of gravid female wasps were characterized. DfIV virion particles were ellipsoidal (246.5 nm × 109.0 nm) with a double-layered envelope. Next-generation sequencing of the DfIV genome revealed 62 non-overlapping circular DNA segments (A1-A5, B1-B9, C1-C15, D1-D23, E1-E7, and F1-F3); the aggregate genome size was approximately 240 kb, and the GC content (43%) was similar to that of other IVs (41%-43%). A total of 123 open reading frames were predicted and included typical IV gene families such as repeat element protein (41 members), cysteine motif (10 members), vankyrin (9 members), polar residue-rich protein (7 members), vinnexin (6 members), and N gene (3 members). Neuromodulin N (2 members) was found to be unique to DfIV, along with 45 hypothetical genes. Among the 62 segments, 54 showed high (76%-98%) sequence similarities to the genome of Diadegma semiclausum ichnovirus (DsIV). Three segments, namely, D22, E3, and F2, contained lepidopteran host genome integration motifs with homologous regions of about 36-46 bp between them (Diadegma fenestrale ichnovirus, DfIV and lepidopteran host, Plutella xylostella). Most of the DfIV genes were expressed in the hymenopteran host and some in the lepidopteran host (P. xylostella), parasitized by D. fenestrale. Five segments (A4, C3, C15, D5, and E4) were differentially expressed at different developmental stages of the parasitized P. xylostella, and two segments (C15 and D14) were highly expressed in the ovaries of D. fenestrale. Comparative analysis between DfIV and DsIV revealed that the genomes differed in the number of segments, composition of sequences, and internal sequence homologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juil Kim
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Program of Applied Biology, Division of Bio-Resource Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Md-Mafizur Rahman
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,Department Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - A-Young Kim
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Min Kwon
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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5
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Gao HS, Hu RM, Wang ZH, Ye XQ, Wu XT, Huang JH, Wang ZZ, Chen XX. A Polydnavirus Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Negatively Regulates the Host Phenoloxidase Pathway. Viruses 2022; 15:56. [PMID: 36680096 PMCID: PMC9866809 DOI: 10.3390/v15010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnavirus (PDV) is a parasitic factor of endoparasitic wasps and contributes greatly to overcoming the immune response of parasitized hosts. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate a wide variety of biological processes at the post-transcriptional level in mammals, but knowledge of PDV PTP action during a parasitoid−host interaction is limited. In this study, we characterized a PTP gene, CvBV_12-6, derived from Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV), and explored its possible regulatory role in the immune response of the host Plutella xylostella. Our results from qPCR show that CvBV_12-6 was highly expressed in hemocytes at an early stage of parasitization. To explore CvBV_12-6 function, we specifically expressed CvBV_12-6 in Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes. The results show that Hml-Gal4 > CvBV_12-6 suppressed the phenoloxidase activity of hemolymph in D. melanogaster, but exerted no effect on the total count or the viability of the hemocytes. In addition, the Hml-Gal4 > CvBV_12-6 flies exhibited decreased antibacterial abilities against Staphylococcus aureus. Similarly, we found that CvBV_12-6 significantly suppressed the melanization of the host P. xylostella 24 h post parasitization and reduced the viability, but not the number, of hemocytes. In conclusion, CvBV_12-6 negatively regulated both cellular and humoral immunity in P. xylostella, and the related molecular mechanism may be universal to insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Shuai Gao
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rong-Min Hu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- The Rural Development Academy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Cerqueira de Araujo A, Josse T, Sibut V, Urabe M, Asadullah A, Barbe V, Nakai M, Huguet E, Periquet G, Drezen JM. Chelonus inanitus bracovirus encodes lineage-specific proteins and truncated immune IκB-like factors. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bracoviruses and ichnoviruses are endogenous viruses of parasitic wasps that produce particles containing virulence genes expressed in host tissues and necessary for parasitism success. In the case of bracoviruses the particles are produced by conserved genes of nudiviral origin integrated permanently in the wasp genome, whereas the virulence genes can strikingly differ depending on the wasp lineage. To date most data obtained on bracoviruses concerned species from the braconid subfamily of Microgastrinae. To gain a broader view on the diversity of virulence genes we sequenced the genome packaged in the particles of Chelonus inanitus bracovirus (CiBV) produced by a wasp belonging to a different subfamily: the Cheloninae. These are egg-larval parasitoids, which means that they oviposit into the host egg and the wasp larvae then develop within the larval stages of the host. We found that most of CiBV virulence genes belong to families that are specific to Cheloninae. As other bracoviruses and ichnoviruses however, CiBV encode v-ank genes encoding truncated versions of the immune cactus/IκB factor, which suggests these proteins might play a key role in host–parasite interactions involving domesticated endogenous viruses. We found that the structures of CiBV V-ANKs are different from those previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that they may originate from a cactus/IκB immune gene from the wasp genome acquired by the bracovirus. However, their evolutionary history is different from that shared by other V-ANKs, whose common origin probably reflects horizontal gene transfer events of virus sequences between braconid and ichneumonid wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thibaut Josse
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Vonick Sibut
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Mariko Urabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Azam Asadullah
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Valérie Barbe
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Georges Periquet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
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7
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Envelope-Fusion-Syncytium Formation in Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus Maturation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102183. [PMID: 36298738 PMCID: PMC9608618 DOI: 10.3390/v14102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral envelope is essential for virus maturation. Virus-mediated syncytium formations are induced by viral envelope proteins that cause membrane fusion of the infected cells. Polydnaviridae (Polydnavirus) are enveloped viruses with multiple nucleocapsids, and virions mature in symbiotic parasitoid wasp ovaries. However, the mechanism governing the envelope packaging of multiple nucleocapsids remains unclear. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy to examine the process whereby multiple nucleocapsids of Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus are packaged into an envelope and observed envelope-fusion-syncytium formation in symbiotic wasp calyx cells during virus maturation. The virus maturation process in calyx cells comprised four stages: pre-virogenic stroma, virogenic stroma, assembly, and fusion. Each virus contained a single envelope with one nucleocapsid in the assembly stage; multiple envelopes then fused to form a viral envelope with multiple nucleocapsids (i.e., the envelope-fusion-syncytium) around the envelope fusion core in the fusion stage. The envelope-fusion-syncytium then stabilized the virions that were released into the lumen of the ovary across the calyx epithelial layer. The phagocytic calyx epithelial cells on the border of the calyx and ovary lumen cleared the majority of non-enveloped nucleocapsids. In contrast, non-phagocytic calyx epithelial cells with microvilli and a cuticular line between the ovary wall and the lumen remained intact in the ovary lumen. These results indicate that envelope-fusion-syncytium formation is important for packaging multiple nucleocapsids in bracovirus maturation.
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8
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Wu X, Wu Z, Ye X, Pang L, Sheng Y, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Hu R, Zhou S, Chen J, Wang Z, Shi M, Huang J, Chen X. The Dual Functions of a Bracovirus C-Type Lectin in Caterpillar Immune Response Manipulation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877027. [PMID: 35663984 PMCID: PMC9157488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoids are widespread in natural ecosystems and normally equipped with diverse viral factors to defeat host immune responses. On the other hand, parasitoids can enhance the antibacterial abilities and improve the hypoimmunity traits of parasitized hosts that may encounter pathogenic infections. These adaptive strategies guarantee the survival of parasitoid offspring, yet their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we focused on Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitoid of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, and found that C. vestalis parasitization decreases the number of host hemocytes, leading to disruption of the encapsulation reaction. We further found that one bracovirus C-type lectin gene, CvBV_28-1, is highly expressed in the hemocytes of parasitized hosts and participates in suppressing the proliferation rate of host hemocytes, which in turn reduces their population and represses the process of encapsulation. Moreover, CvBV_28-1 presents a classical bacterial clearance ability via the agglutination response in a Ca2+-dependent manner in response to gram-positive bacteria. Our study provides insights into the innovative strategy of a parasitoid-derived viral gene that has dual functions to manipulate host immunity for a successful parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Sheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuenan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Zhu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongmin Hu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sicong Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Guangdong Lab for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Santos BF, Klopfstein S, Whitfield JB, Sharanowski BJ. Many evolutionary roads led to virus domestication in ichneumonoid parasitoid wasps. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100861. [PMID: 34896617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of endogenous viral elements (EVEs) has historically focused on only a few lineages of parasitoid wasps, with negative results consistently underreported. Recent studies show that multiple viral lineages were integrated in at least seven instances in Ichneumonoidea and may be much more widespread than previously thought. Increasingly affordable genomic and bioinformatic approaches have made it feasible to search for viral sequences within wasp genomes, opening an extremely promising research avenue. Advances in wasp phylogenetics have shed light on the evolutionary history of EVE integration, although many questions remain. Phylogenetic proximity can be used as a guide to facilitate targeted screening, to estimate the number and age of integration events and to identify taxa involved in major host switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo F Santos
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 57 rue Cuvier CP50, Paris Cedex 05, 75231, France
| | - Seraina Klopfstein
- Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, 4501, Switzerland
| | - James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, 505 S. Goodwin Ave., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Barbara J Sharanowski
- University of Central Florida, Department of Biology, 4110 Libra Drive, Biological Sciences Bldg Rm 301, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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10
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Lorenzi A, Strand MR, Burke GR, Volkoff AN. Identifying bracovirus and ichnovirus genes involved in virion morphogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 49:63-70. [PMID: 34839031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bracoviruses (BVs) and ichnoviruses (IVs) evolved from different endogenized viruses but through convergence have been coopted by parasitoids in the families Braconidae and Ichneumonidae for similar functions in parasitizing hosts. Experimentally studying the role of endogenized viral genes in virion morphogenesis remains a key challenge in the study of BVs and IVs. Here we summarize how multiomics, electron microscopy, and RNA interference (RNAi) methods have provided new insights about BV and IV gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Lorenzi
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA.
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
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11
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Chen L, Segar ST, Chantarasuwan B, Wong DM, Wang R, Chen X, Yu H. Adaptation of Fig Wasps (Agaodinae) to Their Host Revealed by Large-Scale Transcriptomic Data. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12090815. [PMID: 34564255 PMCID: PMC8471397 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Research on fig wasps has made a considerable contribution to the understanding of insect–plant interactions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fig wasp host specificity are poorly understood. This study reports on a relatively large-scale transcriptomic dataset of 25 fig wasp species. We outline potential genetic mechanisms underlying the specific host adaptation by investigating changes in a gene family, in evolutionary rates, and in genes under positive selection. The transcriptome datasets reported here (1) provide new insights into the evolutionary diversification and host specificity of fig wasps and (2) contribute to a growing dataset on fig wasp genomics. Abstract Figs and fig wasps are highly species-specific and comprise a model system for studying co-evolution and co-speciation. The evolutionary relationships and molecular adaptations of fig wasps to their fig hosts are poorly understood, and this is in part due to limited sequence data. Here, we present large-scale transcriptomic datasets of 25 fig wasp species with the aim of uncovering the genetic basis for host specificity. Our phylogenetic results support the monophyly of all genera associated with dioecious figs, and two genera associated with monoecious figs, Eupristina and Platyscapa, were revealed to be close relatives. We identified gene loss and gain, potentially rapidly evolving genes, and genes under positive selection. Potentially functional changes were documented and we hypothesize as to how these may determine host specificity. Overall, our study provides new insights into the evolutionary diversification of fig wasps and contributes to our understanding of adaptation in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.C.); (D.-M.W.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK;
| | - Bhanumas Chantarasuwan
- Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, PtthumThani 12120, Thailand; (B.C.); (R.W.)
| | - Da-Mien Wong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.C.); (D.-M.W.)
| | - Rong Wang
- Thailand Natural History Museum, National Science Museum, PtthumThani 12120, Thailand; (B.C.); (R.W.)
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Tiantong National Station for Forest Ecosystem Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +886-021-54345469 (X.C.); +886-020-37252759 (H.Y.)
| | - Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.C.); (D.-M.W.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +886-021-54345469 (X.C.); +886-020-37252759 (H.Y.)
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12
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Wang Z, Ye X, Zhou Y, Wu X, Hu R, Zhu J, Chen T, Huguet E, Shi M, Drezen JM, Huang J, Chen X. Bracoviruses recruit host integrases for their integration into caterpillar's genome. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009751. [PMID: 34492000 PMCID: PMC8460044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Some DNA viruses infect host animals usually by integrating their DNAs into the host genome. However, the mechanisms for integration remain largely unknown. Here, we find that Cotesia vestalis bracovirus (CvBV), a polydnavirus of the parasitic wasp C. vestalis (Haliday), integrates its DNA circles into host Plutella xylostella (L.) genome by two distinct strategies, conservatively and randomly, through high-throughput sequencing analysis. We confirmed that the conservatively integrating circles contain an essential "8+5" nucleotides motif which is required for integration. Then we find CvBV circles are integrated into the caterpillar's genome in three temporal patterns, the early, mid and late stage-integration. We further identify that three CvBV-encoded integrases are responsible for some, but not all of the virus circle integrations, indeed they mainly participate in the processes of early stage-integration. Strikingly, we find two P. xylostella retroviral integrases (PxIN1 and PxIN2) are highly induced upon wasp parasitism, and PxIN1 is crucial for integration of some other early-integrated CvBV circles, such as CvBV_04, CvBV_12 and CvBV_24, while PxIN2 is important for integration of a late-integrated CvBV circle, CvBV_21. Our data uncover a novel mechanism in which CvBV integrates into the infected host genome, not only by utilizing its own integrases, but also by recruiting host enzymes. These findings will strongly deepen our understanding of how bracoviruses regulate and integrate into their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuenan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongmin Hu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Zhu
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- UMR CNRS/ Université de Tours 7261 -IRBI: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, Tours, France
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- UMR CNRS/ Université de Tours 7261 -IRBI: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, Tours, France
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Cusumano A, Urbach S, Legeai F, Ravallec M, Dicke M, Poelman EH, Volkoff AN. Plant-phenotypic changes induced by parasitoid ichnoviruses enhance the performance of both unparasitized and parasitized caterpillars. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4567-4583. [PMID: 34245612 PMCID: PMC8518489 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing awareness that interactions between plants and insects can be mediated by microbial symbionts. Nonetheless, evidence showing that symbionts associated with organisms beyond the second trophic level affect plant‐insect interactions are restricted to a few cases belonging to parasitoid‐associated bracoviruses. Insect parasitoids harbour a wide array of symbionts which, like bracoviruses, can be injected into their herbivorous hosts to manipulate their physiology and behaviour. Yet, the function of these symbionts in plant‐based trophic webs remains largely overlooked. Here, we provide the first evidence of a parasitoid‐associated symbiont belonging to the group of ichnoviruses which affects the strength of plant‐insect interactions. A comparative proteomic analysis shows that, upon parasitoid injection of calyx fluid containing ichnovirus particles, the composition of salivary glands of caterpillars changes both qualitatively (presence of two viral‐encoded proteins) and quantitatively (abundance of several caterpillar‐resident enzymes, including elicitors such as glucose oxidase). In turn, plant phenotypic changes triggered by the altered composition of caterpillar oral secretions affect the performance of herbivores. Ichnovirus manipulation of plant responses to herbivory leads to benefits for their parasitoid partners in terms of reduced developmental time within the parasitized caterpillar. Interestingly, plant‐mediated ichnovirus‐induced effects also enhance the performances of unparasitized herbivores which in natural conditions may feed alongside parasitized ones. We discuss these findings in the context of ecological costs imposed to the plant by the viral symbiont of the parasitoid. Our results provide intriguing novel findings about the role played by carnivore‐associated symbionts on plant‐insect‐parasitoid systems and underline the importance of placing mutualistic associations in an ecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- DGIMI Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serge Urbach
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,BCM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France.,Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- DGIMI Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Wang Y, Wu X, Wang Z, Chen T, Zhou S, Chen J, Pang L, Ye X, Shi M, Huang J, Chen X. Symbiotic bracovirus of a parasite manipulates host lipid metabolism via tachykinin signaling. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009365. [PMID: 33647060 PMCID: PMC7951984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites alter host energy homeostasis for their own development, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unknown. Here, we show that Cotesia vestalis, an endoparasitic wasp of Plutella xylostella larvae, stimulates a reduction of host lipid levels. This process requires excess secretion of P. xylostella tachykinin (PxTK) peptides from enteroendocrine cells (EEs) in the midgut of the parasitized host larvae. We found that parasitization upregulates PxTK signaling to suppress lipogenesis in midgut enterocytes (ECs) in a non-cell-autonomous manner, and the reduced host lipid level benefits the development of wasp offspring and their subsequent parasitic ability. We further found that a C. vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) gene, CvBV 9–2, is responsible for PxTK induction, which in turn reduces the systemic lipid level of the host. Taken together, these findings illustrate a novel mechanism for parasite manipulation of host energy homeostasis by a symbiotic bracovirus gene to promote the development and increase the parasitic efficiency of an agriculturally important wasp species. Parasitic wasps are ubiquitous on earth and diverse. They lay eggs in or on the bodies of their hosts, and they have evolved adaptive strategies to regulate the energy metabolism of their hosts to match their own specific nutrition requirements. Here, we found that Cotesia vestalis, a solitary endoparasitoid of Plutella xylostella, uses symbiotic bracovirus as a weapon to manipulate host systemic lipid levels. Specifically, a C. vestalis bracovirus (CvBV) gene, CvBV 9–2, is responsible for the induction of PxTK, which in turn suppresses lipogenesis in the midgut of the parasitized host, leading to a nutritional lipid level suitable for the development and subsequent parasitic efficiency of C. vestalis wasps. Our study provides innovative insights into the mechanisms by which parasitic wasps manipulate host lipid homeostasis and may help to expand our knowledge of other parasitic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Wu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sicong Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Wang ZH, Zhou YN, Yang J, Ye XQ, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. Genome-Wide Profiling of Diadegma semiclausum Ichnovirus Integration in Parasitized Plutella xylostella Hemocytes Identifies Host Integration Motifs and Insertion Sites. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:608346. [PMID: 33519757 PMCID: PMC7843510 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.608346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs), classified into two genera, bracoviruses (BVs) and ichnoviruses (IVs), are large, double-stranded DNA viruses, which are beneficial symbionts of parasitoid wasps. PDVs do not replicate in their infected lepidopteran hosts. BV circles have been demonstrated to be integrated into host genomic DNA after natural parasitization. However, the integrations of IV circles in vivo remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the integration of Diadegma semiclausum ichnovirus (DsIV) in the genomic DNA of parasitized Plutella xylostella hemocytes. We found that DsIV circles are present in host hemocytes with non-integrated and integrated forms. Moreover, DsIV integrates its DNA circles into the host genome by two distinct strategies, conservatively, and randomly. We also found that four conserved-broken circles share similar motifs containing two reverse complementary repeats at their breaking sites, which were host integration motifs (HIMs). We also predicted HIMs of eight circles from other ichnoviruses, indicating that a HIM-mediated specific mechanism was conserved in IV integrations. Investigation of DsIV circle insertion sites of the host genome revealed the enrichment of microhomologies between the host genome and the DsIV circles at integration breakpoints. These findings will deepen our understanding of the infections of PDVs, especially IVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Qian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Sharanowski BJ, Ridenbaugh RD, Piekarski PK, Broad GR, Burke GR, Deans AR, Lemmon AR, Moriarty Lemmon EC, Diehl GJ, Whitfield JB, Hines HM. Phylogenomics of Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) and implications for evolution of mode of parasitism and viral endogenization. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 156:107023. [PMID: 33253830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ichneumonoidea is one of the most diverse lineages of animals on the planet with >48,000 described species and many more undescribed. Parasitoid wasps of this superfamily are mostly beneficial insects that attack and kill other arthropods and are important for understanding diversification and the evolution of life history strategies related to parasitoidism. Further, some lineages of parasitoids within Ichneumonoidea have acquired endogenous virus elements (EVEs) that are permanently a part of the wasp's genome and benefit the wasp through host immune disruption and behavioral control. Unfortunately, understanding the evolution of viral acquisition, parasitism strategies, diversification, and host immune disruption mechanisms, is deeply limited by the lack of a robust phylogenetic framework for Ichneumonoidea. Here we design probes targeting 541 genes across 91 taxa to test phylogenetic relationships, the evolution of parasitoid strategies, and the utility of probes to capture polydnavirus genes across a diverse array of taxa. Phylogenetic relationships among Ichneumonoidea were largely well resolved with most higher-level relationships maximally supported. We noted codon use biases between the outgroups, Braconidae, and Ichneumonidae and within Pimplinae, which were largely solved through analyses of amino acids rather than nucleotide data. These biases may impact phylogenetic reconstruction and caution for outgroup selection is recommended. Ancestral state reconstructions were variable for Braconidae across analyses, but consistent for reconstruction of idiobiosis/koinobiosis in Ichneumonidae. The data suggest many transitions between parasitoid life history traits across the whole superfamily. The two subfamilies within Ichneumonidae that have polydnaviruses are supported as distantly related, providing strong evidence for two independent acquisitions of ichnoviruses. Polydnavirus capture using our designed probes was only partially successful and suggests that more targeted approaches would be needed for this strategy to be effective for surveying taxa for these viral genes. In total, these data provide a robust framework for the evolution of Ichneumonoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan D Ridenbaugh
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Patrick K Piekarski
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; Laboratory of Social Evolution and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gavin R Broad
- Department of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30606, USA
| | - Andrew R Deans
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
| | - Alan R Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | | - Gloria J Diehl
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - James B Whitfield
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Heather M Hines
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802; Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802
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17
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The Unconventional Viruses of Ichneumonid Parasitoid Wasps. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101170. [PMID: 33076395 PMCID: PMC7602663 DOI: 10.3390/v12101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure their own immature development as parasites, ichneumonid parasitoid wasps use endogenous viruses that they acquired through ancient events of viral genome integration. Thousands of species from the campoplegine and banchine wasp subfamilies rely, for their survival, on their association with these viruses, hijacked from a yet undetermined viral taxon. Here, we give an update of recent findings on the nature of the viral genes retained from the progenitor viruses and how they are organized in the wasp genome.
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18
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Sun R, Gols R, Harvey JA, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Pandit SS, Vassão DG. Detoxification of plant defensive glucosinolates by an herbivorous caterpillar is beneficial to its endoparasitic wasp. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4014-4031. [PMID: 32853463 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant chemical defences impact not only herbivores, but also organisms in higher trophic levels that prey on or parasitize herbivores. While herbivorous insects can often detoxify plant chemicals ingested from suitable host plants, how such detoxification affects endoparasitoids that use these herbivores as hosts is largely unknown. Here, we used transformed plants to experimentally manipulate the major detoxification reaction used by Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) to deactivate the glucosinolate defences of its Brassicaceae host plants. We then assessed the developmental, metabolic, immune, and reproductive consequences of this genetic manipulation on the herbivore as well as its hymenopteran endoparasitoid Diadegma semiclausum. Inhibition of P. xylostella glucosinolate metabolism by plant-mediated RNA interference increased the accumulation of the principal glucosinolate activation products, the toxic isothiocyanates, in the herbivore, with negative effects on its growth. Although the endoparasitoid manipulated the excretion of toxins by its insect host to its own advantage, the inhibition of herbivore glucosinolate detoxification slowed endoparasitoid development, impaired its reproduction, and suppressed the expression of genes of a parasitoid-symbiotic polydnavirus that aids parasitism. Therefore, the detoxification of plant glucosinolates by an herbivore lowers its toxicity as a host and benefits the parasitoid D. semiclausum at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Multitrophic Interactions, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Ecological Sciences, Section Animal Ecology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sagar S Pandit
- Molecular and Chemical Ecology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Daniel G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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19
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Legeai F, Santos BF, Robin S, Bretaudeau A, Dikow RB, Lemaitre C, Jouan V, Ravallec M, Drezen JM, Tagu D, Baudat F, Gyapay G, Zhou X, Liu S, Webb BA, Brady SG, Volkoff AN. Genomic architecture of endogenous ichnoviruses reveals distinct evolutionary pathways leading to virus domestication in parasitic wasps. BMC Biol 2020; 18:89. [PMID: 32703219 PMCID: PMC7379367 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are mutualistic endogenous viruses inoculated by some lineages of parasitoid wasps into their hosts, where they facilitate successful wasp development. PDVs include the ichnoviruses and bracoviruses that originate from independent viral acquisitions in ichneumonid and braconid wasps respectively. PDV genomes are fully incorporated into the wasp genomes and consist of (1) genes involved in viral particle production, which derive from the viral ancestor and are not encapsidated, and (2) proviral segments harboring virulence genes, which are packaged into the viral particle. To help elucidating the mechanisms that have facilitated viral domestication in ichneumonid wasps, we analyzed the structure of the viral insertions by sequencing the whole genome of two ichnovirus-carrying wasp species, Hyposoter didymator and Campoletis sonorensis. RESULTS Assemblies with long scaffold sizes allowed us to unravel the organization of the endogenous ichnovirus and revealed considerable dispersion of the viral loci within the wasp genomes. Proviral segments contained species-specific sets of genes and occupied distinct genomic locations in the two ichneumonid wasps. In contrast, viral machinery genes were organized in clusters showing highly conserved gene content and order, with some loci located in collinear wasp genomic regions. This genomic architecture clearly differs from the organization of PDVs in braconid wasps, in which proviral segments are clustered and viral machinery elements are more dispersed. CONCLUSIONS The contrasting structures of the two types of ichnovirus genomic elements are consistent with their different functions: proviral segments are vehicles for virulence proteins expected to adapt according to different host defense systems, whereas the genes involved in virus particle production in the wasp are likely more stable and may reflect ancestral viral architecture. The distinct genomic architectures seen in ichnoviruses versus bracoviruses reveal different evolutionary trajectories that have led to virus domestication in the two wasp lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
| | - Stéphanie Robin
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Anthony Bretaudeau
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Rebecca B Dikow
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
- Data Science Lab, Office of the Chief Information Officer, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
| | - Claire Lemaitre
- Université Rennes 1, INRIA, CNRS, IRISA, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- DGIMI, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- DGIMI, INRAE, University of Montpellier, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - Université de Tours, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, France
| | - Denis Tagu
- IGEPP, Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, Université de Rennes 1, 35650, Le Rheu, France
| | - Frédéric Baudat
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 34396, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabor Gyapay
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Génomique (IG), Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, BP5706, 91057, Evry, France
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518083, People's Republic of China
| | - Bruce A Webb
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560-0165, USA
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20
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Chang Y, Tang CK, Lin YH, Tsai CH, Lu YH, Wu YL. Snellenius manilae bracovirus suppresses the host immune system by regulating extracellular adenosine levels in Spodoptera litura. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2096. [PMID: 32034183 PMCID: PMC7005799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sufficient energy supply to the host immune system is important for resisting pathogens. Therefore, during pathogen infection, the host metabolism is reassigned from storage, growth, and development to the immune system. Previous studies in Drosophila melanogaster have demonstrated that systemic metabolic switching upon an immune challenge is activated by extracellular adenosine signaling, modulating carbohydrate mobilization and redistributing energy to the hemocytes. In the present study, we discovered that symbiotic virus (SmBV) of the parasitoid wasp Snellenius manilae is able to down-regulate the extracellular adenosine of its host, Spodoptera litura, to inhibit metabolism switching. The decreased carbohydrate mobilization, glycogenolysis, and ATP synthesis upon infection results in the host being unable to supply energy to its immune system, thus benefitting the development of wasp larvae. When we added adenosine to the infected S. litura larvae, we observed enhanced host immune responses that decreased the pupation rate of S. manilae. Previous studies showed that after pathogen infection, the host activates its adenosine pathway to trigger immune responses. However, our results suggest a different model: we found that in S. manilae, SmBV modulates the host adenosine pathway such that wasp eggs and larvae can evade the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Kang Tang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsien Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Heng Lu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Lung Wu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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21
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Abstract
Parasitoids depend on other insects for the development of their offspring. Their eggs are laid in or on a host insect that is consumed during juvenile development. Parasitoids harbor a diversity of microbial symbionts including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In contrast to symbionts of herbivorous and hematophagous insects, parasitoid symbionts do not provide nutrients. Instead, they are involved in parasitoid reproduction, suppression of host immune responses, and manipulation of the behavior of herbivorous hosts. Moreover, recent research has shown that parasitoid symbionts such as polydnaviruses may also influence plant-mediated interactions among members of plant-associated communities at different trophic levels, such as herbivores, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids. This implies that these symbionts have a much more extended phenotype than previously thought. This review focuses on the effects of parasitoid symbionts on direct and indirect species interactions and the consequences for community ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; , ,
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; , ,
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; , ,
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22
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Burke GR. Common themes in three independently derived endogenous nudivirus elements in parasitoid wasps. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:28-35. [PMID: 31113628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous Viral Elements (EVEs) are remnants of viral genomes that are permanently integrated into the genome of another organism. Parasitoid wasps have independently acquired nudivirus-derived EVEs in three lineages. Each parasitoid produces virions or virus-like particles (VLPs) that are injected into hosts during parasitism to function in subversion of host defenses. Comparing the inventory of nudivirus-like genes in different lineages of parasitoids can provide insights into the importance of each encoded function in virus or VLP production and parasitism success. Comparisons revealed the following conserved features: first, retention of genes encoding a viral RNA polymerase and infectivity factors; second, loss of the ancestral DNA polymerase gene; and third, signatures of viral ancestry in patterns of gene retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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23
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Darboux I, Cusson M, Volkoff AN. The dual life of ichnoviruses. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 32:47-53. [PMID: 31113631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ichnoviruses (IVs) are mutualistic, double-stranded DNA viruses playing a key role in the successful parasitism of thousands of endoparasitoid wasp species. IV particles are produced exclusively in the female wasp reproductive tract. They are co-injected along with the parasitoid egg into caterpillar hosts upon parasitization. The expression of viral genes by infected host cells leads to an immunosuppressive state and delayed development of the host, two pathologies that are critical to the successful development of the wasp egg and larva. Ichnovirus is one of the two recognized genera within the family Polydnaviridae (polydnaviruses or PDVs), the other genus being Bracovirus (BV), associated with braconid wasps. IVs are associated with ichneumonid wasps belonging to the subfamilies Campopleginae and Banchinae; attempts to identify IV particles in other ichneumonid subfamilies have so far been unsuccessful. Functional studies targeting IV genes expressed in parasitized hosts, along with investigations of the molecular mechanisms responsible for viral morphogenesis in the female wasp, have resulted in a better understanding of the biology of these atypical viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Darboux
- UMR DGIMI 1333 INRA Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Michel Cusson
- Centre de foresterie des Laurentides, Ressources naturelles Canada, Québec, Canada
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24
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Robin S, Ravallec M, Frayssinet M, Whitfield J, Jouan V, Legeai F, Volkoff AN. Evidence for an ichnovirus machinery in parasitoids of coleopteran larvae. Virus Res 2019; 263:189-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Visconti V, Eychenne M, Darboux I. Modulation of antiviral immunity by the ichnovirus HdIV in Spodoptera frugiperda. Mol Immunol 2019; 108:89-101. [PMID: 30784767 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts found in thousands of endoparasitoid species and essential for successful parasitism. The two genera of PDVs, ichnovirus (IV) and bracovirus (BV), use different sets of virulence factors to ensure successful parasitization of the host. Previous studies have shown that PDVs target apoptosis, one of the innate antiviral responses in many host organisms. However, IV and BV have been shown to have opposite effects on this process. BV induces apoptosis in host cells, whereas some IV proteins have been shown to have anti-apoptotic activity. The different biological contexts in which the assays were performed may account for this difference. In this study, we evaluated the interplay between apoptosis and the ichnovirus HdIV from the parasitoid Hyposoter didymator, in the HdIV-infected hemocytes and fat bodies of S. frugiperda larvae, and in the Sf9 insect cell line challenged with HdIV. We found that HdIV induced cell death in hemocytes and fat bodies, whereas anti-apoptotic activity was observed in HdIV-infected Sf9 cells, with and without stimulation with viral PAMPs or chemical inducers. We also used an RT-qPCR approach to determine the expression profiles of a set of genes known to encode key components of the other main antiviral immune pathways described in insects. The analysis of immune gene transcription highlighted differences in antiviral responses to HdIV as a function of host cell type. However, all these antiviral pathways appeared to be neutralized by low levels of expression for the genes encoding the key components of these pathways, in all biological contexts. Finally, we investigated the effect of HdIV on the general antiviral defenses of the lepidopteran larvae in more detail, by studying the survival of S. frugiperda co-infected with HdIV and the entomopathogenic densovirus JcDV. Coinfected S. frugiperda larvae have increased resistance to JcDV at an early phase of infection, whereas HdIV effects enhance the virulence of the virus at later stages of infection. Overall, these results reveal complex interactions between HdIV and its cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Visconti
- UMR 1333 INRA - Université de Montpellier Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Magali Eychenne
- UMR 1333 INRA - Université de Montpellier Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- UMR 1333 INRA - Université de Montpellier Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), 34095 Montpellier, France.
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26
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Salvia R, Nardiello M, Scieuzo C, Scala A, Bufo SA, Rao A, Vogel H, Falabella P. Novel Factors of Viral Origin Inhibit TOR Pathway Gene Expression. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1678. [PMID: 30534083 PMCID: PMC6275226 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligate symbionts of endoparasitoid wasps, which exclusively attack the larval stages of their lepidopteran hosts. The Polydnavirus is injected by the parasitoid female during oviposition to selectively infect host tissues by the expression of viral genes without undergoing replication. Toxoneuron nigriceps bracovirus (TnBV) is associated with Toxoneuron nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) wasp, an endoparasitoid of the tobacco budworm larval stages, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Previous studies showed that TnBV is responsible for alterations in host physiology. The arrest of ecdysteroidogenesis is the main alteration which occurs in last (fifth) instar larvae and, as a consequence, prevents pupation. TnBV induces the functional inactivation of H. virescens prothoracic glands (PGs), resulting in decreased protein synthesis and phosphorylation. Previous work showed the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/TOR pathway in H. virescens PG ecdysteroidogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that this cellular signaling is one of the targets of TnBV infection. Western blot analysis and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) showed that parasitism inhibits ecdysteroidogenesis and the phosphorylation of the two targets of TOR (4E-BP and S6K), despite the stimulation of PTTH contained in the brain extract. Using a transcriptomic approach, we identified viral genes selectively expressed in last instar H. virescens PGs, 48 h after parasitization, and evaluated expression levels of PI3K/Akt/TOR pathway genes in these tissues. The relative expression of selected genes belonging to the TOR pathway (tor, 4e-bp, and s6k) in PGs of parasitized larvae was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The down-regulation of these genes in PGs of parasitized larvae supports the hypothesis of TnBV involvement in blocking ecdysteroidogenesis, through alterations of the PI3K/Akt/TOR pathway at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Marisa Nardiello
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Scala
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Sabino A. Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Asha Rao
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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27
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Cryo-EM structure reveals cylindrical nucleocapsids from two polydnaviruses. Arch Virol 2018; 163:3357-3363. [PMID: 30173353 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bracovirus is one of the two polydnavirus genera. Here, we used a cryo-EM analysis to reveal the near-native morphology of two nucleocapsid-containing model bracoviruses: Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV) and Microplitis mediator bracovirus (MmBV). MbBV and MmBV nucleocapsids have discernable cap structures in two distal regions with relatively high electron density. Adjacent to the end-cap structures are two electron-lucent rings. Some nucleocapsids were uniformly electron-dense and had a distinctive "helix-tail-like structure". Cryo-EM revealed inconsistent nucleocapsid diameters of 34-69.9 nm in MbBV and 46-69.9 nm in MmBV, and the largest observed cylindrical area length was expanded to 126 nm.
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28
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Whole Genome Sequence of the Parasitoid Wasp Microplitis demolitor That Harbors an Endogenous Virus Mutualist. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2875-2880. [PMID: 30018085 PMCID: PMC6118312 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microplitis demolitor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a parasitoid used as a biological control agent to control larval-stage Lepidoptera and serves as a model for studying the function and evolution of symbiotic viruses in the genus Bracovirus Here we present the M. demolitor genome (assembly version 2.0), with a genome size of 241 Mb, and a N50 scaffold and contig size of 1.1 Mb and 14 Kb, respectively. Using RNA-Seq data and manual annotation of genes of viral origin, we produced a high-quality gene set that includes 18,586 eukaryotic and 171 virus-derived protein-coding genes. Bracoviruses are dsDNA viruses with unusual genome architecture, in which the viral genome is integrated into the wasp genome and is comprised of two distinct components: proviral segments that are amplified, circularized, and packaged into virions for export into the wasp's host via oviposition; and replication genes. This genome assembly revealed that at least two scaffolds contain both nudivirus-like genes and proviral segments, demonstrating that at least some of these components are near each other in the genome on a single chromosome. The updated assembly and annotation are available in several publicly accessible databases; including the National Center for Biotechnology Information and the Ag Data Commons. In addition, all raw sequence data available for M. demolitor have been consolidated and are available for visualization at the i5k Workspace. This whole genome assembly and annotation represents the only genome-scale, annotated assembly from the lineage of parasitoid wasps that has associations with bracoviruses (the 'microgastroid complex'), providing important baseline knowledge about the architecture of co-opted virus symbiont genomes.
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Zhang P, Turnbull MW. Virus innexin expression in insect cells disrupts cell membrane potential and pH. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1444-1452. [PMID: 30091698 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain parasitoid wasps are associated with Polydnaviruses, symbiotic viruses that encode virulence factors which are essential to successful parasitization by the wasp of a caterpillar host. Members of one group of Polydnaviruses, the Ichnoviruses, encode a multi-gene family known as Vinnexins. Vinnexins are homologues of insect gap junction genes, and form functional gap junctions that may affect host cell physiology. However, the role of Vinnexins in host pathology and the mechanism by which these affect their caterpillar host are largely unknown. In this article, we generated recombinant baculoviruses to express vinnexins in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. To measure cell physiological changes caused by Vinnexins, cells were probed with a membrane potential-sensitive probe, DiBac4(3), and a pH indicator, carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA). In addition, we utilized carbenoxolone and ouabain, respectively, to probe the role of gap junctions and hemi-channels, and Na+/K+-ATPase in establishing membrane potential in studied cells. Our results indicate that Vinnexins induce cell membrane depolarization and cytoplasmic alkalization to a degree specific to each tested Vinnexin, and that neither Vinnexin hemi-channels nor Na+/K+-ATPase appear to underlie these effects directly. These results hint that members of the Vinnexin protein family may affect host bio-electrical phenomena to disrupt host cell physiology, and that the individual proteins of the family may differentially affect host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- 1Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Matthew W Turnbull
- 1Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Kim Y, Kumar S. Persistent expression of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus genes in parasitized host, Plutella xylostella. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200663. [PMID: 30011308 PMCID: PMC6047808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotesia plutellae (= vestalis) bracovirus (CpBV) is symbiotic to an endoparasitoid wasp, C. plutellae, and plays crucial roles in parasitism against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. CpBV virion genome consists of 35 circular DNAs encoding 157 putative open reading frames (ORFs). This study re-annotated 157 ORFs with update genome database and analyzed their gene expressions at early and late parasitic stages. Re-annotation has established 15 different viral gene families, to which 83 ORFs are assigned with remaining 74 hypothetical genes. Among 157 ORFs, 147 genes were expressed at early or late parasitic stages, among which 141 genes were expressed in both parasitic stages, indicating persistent nature of gene expression. Relative frequencies of different viral circles present in the ovarian lumen did not explain the expression variation of the viral ORFs. Furthermore, expression level of each viral gene was varied during parasitism along with host development. Highly up-regulated CpBV genes at early parasitic stage included BEN (BANP, E5R and NAC1), ELP (EP1-like protein), IkB (inhibitor kB), P494 (protein 494 kDa) family genes, while those at late stage were mostly hypothetical genes. Along with the viral gene expression, 362 host genes exhibited more than two fold changes in expression levels at early parasitic stage compared to nonparasitized host. At late stage, more number (1,858) of host genes was regulated. These results suggest that persistent expression of most CpBV genes may be necessary to regulate host physiological processes during C. plutellae parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
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Ye XQ, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. Parasitoid polydnaviruses and immune interaction with secondary hosts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:124-129. [PMID: 29352983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps. The PDV virions are produced solely in wasp (the primary host) calyx cells. They are injected into caterpillar hosts (the secondary host) during parasitoid oviposition, where they express irreplaceable actions to ensure survival and development of wasp larvae. Some of PDV gene products suppress host immune responses while others alter host growth, metabolism or endocrine system. Here, we treat new findings on PDV gene products and their action on immunity within secondary hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qian Ye
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Zhu F, Cusumano A, Bloem J, Weldegergis BT, Villela A, Fatouros NE, van Loon JJA, Dicke M, Harvey JA, Vogel H, Poelman EH. Symbiotic polydnavirus and venom reveal parasitoid to its hyperparasitoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:5205-5210. [PMID: 29712841 PMCID: PMC5960289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717904115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic relationships may provide organisms with key innovations that aid in the establishment of new niches. For example, during oviposition, some species of parasitoid wasps, whose larvae develop inside the bodies of other insects, inject polydnaviruses into their hosts. These symbiotic viruses disrupt host immune responses, allowing the parasitoid's progeny to survive. Here we show that symbiotic polydnaviruses also have a downside to the parasitoid's progeny by initiating a multitrophic chain of interactions that reveals the parasitoid larvae to their enemies. These enemies are hyperparasitoids that use the parasitoid progeny as host for their own offspring. We found that the virus and venom injected by the parasitoid during oviposition, but not the parasitoid progeny itself, affected hyperparasitoid attraction toward plant volatiles induced by feeding of parasitized caterpillars. We identified activity of virus-related genes in the caterpillar salivary gland. Moreover, the virus affected the activity of elicitors of salivary origin that induce plant responses to caterpillar feeding. The changes in caterpillar saliva were critical in inducing plant volatiles that are used by hyperparasitoids to locate parasitized caterpillars. Our results show that symbiotic organisms may be key drivers of multitrophic ecological interactions. We anticipate that this phenomenon is widespread in nature, because of the abundance of symbiotic microorganisms across trophic levels in ecological communities. Their role should be more prominently integrated in community ecology to understand organization of natural and managed ecosystems, as well as adaptations of individual organisms that are part of these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Berhane T Weldegergis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Villela
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E Fatouros
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey A Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Section, Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erik H Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Cusumano A, Zhu F, Volkoff AN, Verbaarschot P, Bloem J, Vogel H, Dicke M, Poelman EH. Parasitic wasp-associated symbiont affects plant-mediated species interactions between herbivores. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:957-967. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Cusumano
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Feng Zhu
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- DGIMI UMR 1333; INRA; Université de Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex France
| | - Patrick Verbaarschot
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Bloem
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Hans-Knöll-Str. 8 D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Erik H. Poelman
- Laboratory of Entomology; Wageningen University; P.O. Box 16 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
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Drezen JM, Gauthier J, Josse T, Bézier A, Herniou E, Huguet E. Foreign DNA acquisition by invertebrate genomes. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 147:157-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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McMullen JG, Peterson BF, Forst S, Blair HG, Stock SP. Fitness costs of symbiont switching using entomopathogenic nematodes as a model. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:100. [PMID: 28412935 PMCID: PMC5392933 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steinernematid nematodes form obligate symbioses with bacteria from the genus Xenorhabdus. Together Steinernema nematodes and their bacterial symbionts successfully infect, kill, utilize, and exit their insect hosts. During this process the nematodes and bacteria disassociate requiring them to re-associate before emerging from the host. This interaction can be complicated when two different nematodes co-infect an insect host. RESULTS Non-cognate nematode-bacteria pairings result in reductions for multiple measures of success, including total progeny production and virulence. Additionally, nematode infective juveniles carry fewer bacterial cells when colonized by a non-cognate symbiont. Finally, we show that Steinernema nematodes can distinguish heterospecific and some conspecific non-cognate symbionts in behavioral choice assays. CONCLUSIONS Steinernema-Xenorhabdus symbioses are tightly governed by partner recognition and fidelity. Association with non-cognates resulted in decreased fitness, virulence, and bacterial carriage of the nematode-bacterial pairings. Entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts are a useful, tractable, and reliable model for testing hypotheses regarding the evolution, maintenance, persistence, and fate of mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. McMullen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 117 East Lowell Street, PO Box 210090, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Current address: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 2130 Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Brittany F. Peterson
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 11490 E. South Campus Dr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Steven Forst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Lapham Hall 458, Milwaukee, WI 53201-0413 USA
| | - Heidi Goodrich Blair
- Current address: Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, F331A Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, TN 37996-0845 USA
| | - S. Patricia Stock
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 117 East Lowell Street, PO Box 210090, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell St, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 11490 E. South Campus Dr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
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Hasegawa DK, Erickson SL, Hersh BM, Turnbull MW. Virus Innexins induce alterations in insect cell and tissue function. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 98:173-181. [PMID: 28077262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses are dsDNA viruses that induce immune and developmental alterations in their caterpillar hosts. Characterization of polydnavirus gene families and family members is necessary to understand mechanisms of pathology and evolution of these viruses, and may aid to elucidate the role of host homologues if present. For example, the polydnavirus vinnexin gene family encodes homologues of insect gap junction genes (innexins) that are expressed in host immune cells (hemocytes). While the roles of Innexin proteins and gap junctions in insect immunity are largely unclear, we previously demonstrated that Vinnexins form functional gap junctions and alter the junctional characteristics of a host Innexin when co-expressed in paired Xenopus oocytes. Here, we test the effect of ectopic vinnexin expression on host cell physiology using both a lepidopteran cell culture model and a dipteran whole organism model. Vinnexin expression in the cell culture system resulted in gene-specific alterations in cell morphology and a slight, but non-statistically significant, reduction in gap junction activity as measured by dye transfer, while ectopic expression of a lepidopteran innexin2 gene led to morphological alterations and increase in gap junction activity. Global ectopic expression in the model dipteran, Drosophila melanogaster, of one vinnexin (vinnexinG) or D. melanogaster innexin2 (Dm-inx2) resulted in embryonic lethality, while expression of the other vinnexin genes had no effect. Furthermore, ectopic expression of vinnexinG, but not other vinnexin genes or Dm-inx2, in D. melanogaster larval gut resulted in developmental arrest in the pupal stage. These data indicate the vinnexins likely have gene-specific roles in host manipulation. They also support the use of Drosophila in further analysis of the role of Vinnexins and other polydnavirus genes in modifying host physiological processes. Finally, our findings suggest the vinnexin genes may be useful to perturb and characterize the physiological functions of insect Innexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hasegawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | | | - Bradley M Hersh
- Department of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16335, USA.
| | - Matthew W Turnbull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Wang F, Fang Q, Wang B, Yan Z, Hong J, Bao Y, Kuhn JH, Werren JH, Song Q, Ye G. A novel negative-stranded RNA virus mediates sex ratio in its parasitoid host. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006201. [PMID: 28278298 PMCID: PMC5344506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are important natural enemies of arthropod hosts in natural and agricultural ecosystems and are often associated with viruses or virion-like particles. Here, we report a novel negative-stranded RNA virus from a parasitoid wasp (Pteromalus puparum). The complete viral genome is 12,230 nucleotides in length, containing five non-overlapping, linearly arranged open reading frames. Phylogenetically, the virus clusters with and is a novel member of the mononegaviral family Nyamiviridae, here designated as Pteromalus puparum negative-strand RNA virus 1 (PpNSRV-1). PpNSRV-1 is present in various tissues and life stages of the parasitoid wasp, and is transmitted vertically through infected females and males. Virus infections in field populations of P. puparum wasps ranged from 16.7 to 37.5%, without linearly correlating with temperature. PpNSRV-1 increased adult longevity and impaired several fitness parameters of the wasp, but had no influence on successful parasitism. Strikingly, PpNSRV-1 mediated the offspring sex ratio by decreasing female offspring numbers. RNA interference knockdown of virus open reading frame I eliminated these PpNSRV-1-induced effects. Thus, we infer that PpNSRV-1 has complex effects on its insect host including sex ratio distortion towards males, as well as possible mutualistic benefits through increasing wasp longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences & Institute of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Bao
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John H. Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Pradeu T. Mutualistic viruses and the heteronomy of life. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 59:80-8. [PMID: 26972872 PMCID: PMC7108282 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Though viruses have generally been characterized by their pathogenic and more generally harmful effects, many examples of mutualistic viruses exist. Here I explain how the idea of mutualistic viruses has been defended in recent virology, and I explore four important conceptual and practical consequences of this idea. I ask to what extent this research modifies the way scientists might search for new viruses, our notion of how the host immune system interacts with microbes, the development of new therapeutic approaches, and, finally, the role played by the criterion of autonomy in our understanding of living things. Overall, I suggest that the recognition of mutualistic viruses plays a major role in a wider ongoing revision of our conception of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- ImmunoConcept, UMR5164, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France.
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Kim E, Kim Y. Translational Control of Host Gene Expression by a Cys-Motif Protein Encoded in a Bracovirus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161661. [PMID: 27598941 PMCID: PMC5012692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational control is a strategy that various viruses use to manipulate their hosts to suppress acute antiviral response. Polydnaviruses, a group of insect double-stranded DNA viruses symbiotic to some endoparasitoid wasps, are divided into two genera: ichnovirus (IV) and bracovirus (BV). In IV, some Cys-motif genes are known as host translation-inhibitory factors (HTIF). The genome of endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia plutellae contains a Cys-motif gene (Cp-TSP13) homologous to an HTIF known as teratocyte-secretory protein 14 (TSP14) of Microplitis croceipes. Cp-TSP13 consists of 129 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 13.987 kDa and pI value of 7.928. Genomic DNA region encoding its open reading frame has three introns. Cp-TSP13 possesses six conserved cysteine residues as other Cys-motif genes functioning as HTIF. Cp-TSP13 was expressed in Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by C. plutellae. C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) was purified and injected into non-parasitized P. xylostella that expressed Cp-TSP13. Cp-TSP13 was cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector and used to infect Sf9 cells to transiently express Cp-TSP13. The synthesized Cp-TSP13 protein was detected in culture broth. An overlaying experiment showed that the purified Cp-TSP13 entered hemocytes. It was localized in the cytosol. Recombinant Cp-TSP13 significantly inhibited protein synthesis of secretory proteins when it was added to in vitro cultured fat body. In addition, the recombinant Cp-TSP13 directly inhibited the translation of fat body mRNAs in in vitro translation assay using rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Moreover, the recombinant Cp-TSP13 significantly suppressed cellular immune responses by inhibiting hemocyte-spreading behavior. It also exhibited significant insecticidal activities by both injection and feeding routes. These results indicate that Cp-TSP13 is a viral HTIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunseong Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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A polydnaviral genome of Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus and molecular interactions between the host and virus involved in NF-κB signaling. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3095-124. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2988-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kumar S, Venkata P, Kim Y. Suppressive activity of a viral histone H4 against two host chromatin remodelling factors: lysine demethylase and SWI/SNF. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2780-2796. [PMID: 27443988 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H4, a nucleosome subunit in eukaryotes, plays crucial roles in DNA package and regulation of gene expression through covalent modification. A viral histone H4 encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), a polydnavirus, is called CpBV-H4. It is highly homologous to other histone H4 proteins excepting 38 extra amino acid residues in the N terminus. CpBV-H4 can form octamer with other histone subunits and alter host gene expression. In this study, CpBV-H4 was transiently expressed in a natural host (Plutella xylostella) and its suppressive activity on host gene expression was evaluated by the suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. The SSH targets down-regulated by CpBV-H4 were read with the 454 pyrosequencing platform and annotated using the genome of P. xylostella. The down-regulated genes (610 contigs) were annotated in most functional categories based on gene ontology. Among these SSH targets, 115 genes were functionally distinct, including two chromatin remodelling factors: a lysine-specific demethylase (Px-KDM) and a chromatin remodelling complex [Px-SWI/SNF (SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable)]. Px-KDM was highly expressed in all tested tissues during the entire larval period. Suppression of Px-KDM expression by specific RNA interference (RNAi) significantly (P<0.05) reduced haemocyte nodule formation in response to immune challenge and impaired both larval and pupal development. Px-SWI/SNF was expressed in all developmental stages. Suppression of Px-SWI/SNF expression by RNAi reduced cellular immune response and interfered with adult metamorphosis. These results suggest that CpBV-H4 can alter host gene expression by interfering with chromatin modification and remodelling factors in addition to its direct epigenetic control activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Prasad Venkata
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
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Permissiveness of lepidopteran hosts is linked to differential expression of bracovirus genes. Virology 2016; 492:259-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Virus-host associations are usually viewed as parasitic, but several studies in recent years have reported examples of viruses that benefit host organisms. The Polydnaviridae are of particular interest because these viruses are all obligate mutualists of insects called parasitoid wasps. Parasitoids develop during their immature stages by feeding inside the body of other insects, which serve as their hosts. Polydnaviruses are vertically transmitted as proviruses through the germ line of wasps but also function as gene delivery vectors that wasps rely upon to genetically manipulate the hosts they parasitize. Here we review the evolutionary origin of polydnaviruses, the organization and function of their genomes, and some of their roles in parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; ,
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602; ,
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Kumar S, Kim Y. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a mediator of hemocyte-spreading behavior and molecular target of immunosuppressive factor CrV1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:97-108. [PMID: 26366678 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immunity is accompanied by hemocyte-spreading behavior, which undergoes cytoskeletal rearrangement. Polydnaviral factor CpBV-CrV1 can inhibit the hemocyte-spreading behavior and suppress host immune response of Plutella xylostella. However, host target molecule of CpBV-CrV1 that inhibits the hemocyte behavior has not been identified yet. This study used a pull-down approach to identify the target molecule of CpBV-CrV1. A protein bound to CpBV-CrV1 was co-precipitated and identified to be glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by LC-MS/MS analysis. RNA interference (RNAi) specific to GAPDH of P. xylostella was found to be able to inhibit the hemocyte-spreading behavior, while RNAi treatments with other glycolytic genes had no effect on the spreading behavior. An addition of recombinant CpBV-CrV1 on hemocyte monolayer interrupted the association between GAPDH and α-tubulin in the cytoplasm. Overlay of mutant proteins (Y492A or Y501A with tyrosine to alanine at putative GAPDH-binding site) of CpBV-CrV1 on hemocyte monolayer revealed that they could enter hemocytes unlike a mutant in the N-terminal coiled-coil domain. However, they failed to inhibit the hemocyte-spreading behavior without any binding affinity to GAPDH. These results suggest that GAPDH plays a critical role in hemocyte-spreading behavior during immune challenge as a molecular target of viral factor CpBV-CrV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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Pang Z, Li M, Yu D, Yan Z, Liu X, Ji X, Yang Y, Hu J, Luo K. TWO INNEXINS OF Spodoptera litura INFLUENCES HEMICHANNEL AND GAP JUNCTION FUNCTIONS IN CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSES. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 90:43-57. [PMID: 25939810 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Insect cellular immune responses include encapsulation, nodule formation, and phagocytosis. Hemichannels and gap junctions are involved in these cellular actions. Innexins (Inxs: analogous to the vertebrate connexins) form hemichannels and gap junctions, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their biology is still unclear. In this article, we reported a steady-state level of Inxs (SpliInxs) in hemocytes of Spodoptera litura, which formed nonfunctional hemichannels on the cell surface to maintain normal metabolism. We also reported that two innnexins (SpliInx2 and SpliInx3) were expressed significantly higher in hemocytes compared to other tissues, suggesting that they play important roles in hemocytes. Amino acid analysis found that two cysteine residues in two extracellular loops provided the capability for SpliInx2 and SpliInx3 hemichannels to dock into gap junctions. Western blotting demonstrated that both extracellular and intracellular loops of SpliInx3 and the extracellular loops of SpliInx2 might undergo posttranslational modification during the formation of a steady-state hemichannel. During hemichannel formation, SpliInx2 presented as one isoform, while SpliInx3 presented as three isoforms. These results provide fundamental knowledge for further study of how steady-state levels of SpliInxs are dynamically adjusted to perform cellular immune responses under immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunyu Pang
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
| | - Dongshuai Yu
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
| | - Zhang Yan
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
| | - Xinglai Ji
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
| | - Jiansheng Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
| | - Kaijun Luo
- School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R., China
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Strand MR, Burke GR. Polydnaviruses: From discovery to current insights. Virology 2015; 479-480:393-402. [PMID: 25670535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognized the Polydnaviridae in 1991 as a virus family associated with insects called parasitoid wasps. Polydnaviruses (PDVs) have historically received limited attention but advances in recent years have elevated interest because their unusual biology sheds interesting light on the question of what viruses are and how they function. Here, we present a succinct history of the PDV literature. We begin with the findings that first led ICTV to recognize the Polydnaviridae. We then discuss what subsequent studies revealed and how these findings have shaped views of PDV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Gaelen R Burke
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
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Drezen JM, Chevignon G, Louis F, Huguet E. Origin and evolution of symbiotic viruses associated with parasitoid wasps. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 6:35-43. [PMID: 32846671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Polydnaviridae (PDV), including the Bracovirus (BV) and Ichnovirus (IV) genera, originated from the integration of viruses in the genomes of two parasitoid wasp lineages. In a remarkable example of convergent evolution BVs evolved from the domestication of a nudivirus, while IVs originate from a different ancestral virus belonging to a new virus entity. In both cases the ancestor genomes have been maintained in wasp genomes as endogenous viral elements involved in production of particles containing DNA encoding virulence genes that are injected into lepidopteran hosts. However many PDV virulence genes appear to be of eukaryotic origin, and expansion and diversification of these genes have led to the production of novel PDVs in different wasp species that promote survival of offspring in particular hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université F. Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
| | - Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université F. Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Faustine Louis
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université F. Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, Université F. Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France.
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48
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Dorémus T, Darboux I, Cusson M, Ravallec M, Jouan V, Frayssinet M, Stoltz DB, Webb BA, Volkoff AN. Specificities of ichnoviruses associated with campoplegine wasps: genome, genes and role in host-parasitoid interaction. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 6:44-51. [PMID: 32846675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ichnoviruses (IVs), unique symbiotic viruses carried by ichneumonid campoplegine wasps, derive from integration of a paleo-ichnovirus into an ancestral wasp genome. The modern 'genome' is composed of both regions that are amplified, circularized and encapsidated into viral particles and non-encapsidated viral genomic regions involved in particle morphogenesis. Packaged genomes include multiple circular dsDNAs encoding many genes mostly organized in gene families. Virus particles are assembled in specialized ovarian cells from which they exit into the oviduct lumen; mature virions are injected during oviposition into the insect host. Expression of viral proteins in infected cells correlates with physiological alterations of the host enabling success of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Dorémus
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Darboux
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Ste. Foy, Quebec G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Marc Ravallec
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Jouan
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Marie Frayssinet
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Don B Stoltz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Bruce A Webb
- Department of Entomology, S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- "Diversity, Genomes & Interactions Microorganisms Insects" Laboratory, INRA (UMR 1333), Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France.
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49
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Kumar S, Kim Y. Point mutagenesis reveals that a coiled-coil motif of CrV1 is required for entry to hemocytes to suppress cellular immune responses. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 177:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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50
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Li M, Pang Z, Xiao W, Liu X, Zhang Y, Yu D, Yang M, Yang Y, Hu J, Luo K. A transcriptome analysis suggests apoptosis-related signaling pathways in hemocytes of Spodoptera litura after parasitization by Microplitis bicoloratus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110967. [PMID: 25350281 PMCID: PMC4211697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microplitis bicoloratus parasitism induction of apoptotic DNA fragmentation of host Spodoptera litura hemocytes has been reported. However, how M. bicoloratus parasitism regulates the host signaling pathways to induce DNA fragmentation during apoptosis remains unclear. To address this question, we performed a new RNAseq-based comparative analysis of the hemocytes transcriptomes of non-parasitized and parasitized S. litura. We were able to assemble a total of more than 11.63 Gbp sequence, to yield 20,571 unigenes. At least six main protein families encoded by M. bicoloratus bracovirus are expressed in the parasitized host hemocytes: Ankyrin-repeat, Ben domain, C-type lectin, Egf-like and Mucin-like, protein tyrosine phosphatase. The analysis indicated that during DNA fragmentation and cell death, 299 genes were up-regulated and 2,441 genes were down-regulated. Data on five signaling pathways related with cell death, the gap junctions, Ca2+, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, ATM/p53 revealed that CypD, which is involved in forming a Permeability Transition Pore Complex (PTPC) to alter mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP), was dramatically up-regulated. The qRT-PCR also provided that the key genes for cell survival were down-regulated under M. bicoloratus parasitism, including those encoding Inx1, Inx2 and Inx3 of the gap junction signaling pathway, p110 subunit of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and the p50 and p65 subunit of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggest that M. bicoloratus parasitism may regulate host mitochondria to trigger internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. This study will facilitate the identification of immunosuppression-related genes and also improves our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying polydnavirus-parasitoid-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Zunyu Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Dongshuai Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Minjun Yang
- Shanghai–Ministry of Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Kaijun Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Diversity and Evolution of High Education in Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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