1
|
Laiho JE, Oikarinen S, Morfopoulou S, Oikarinen M, Renner A, Depledge D, Ross MC, Gerling IC, Breuer J, Petrosino JF, Plagnol V, Pugliese A, Toniolo A, Lloyd RE, Hyöty H. Detection of enterovirus RNA in pancreas and lymphoid tissues of organ donors with type 1 diabetes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.09.11.24313112. [PMID: 39314969 PMCID: PMC11419248 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.11.24313112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Aims/hypothesis The nPOD-Virus group collaboratively applied innovative technologies to detect and sequence viral RNA in pancreas and other tissues from organ donors with type 1 diabetes. These analyses involved the largest number of pancreas samples collected to date. Methods We analysed pancreas, spleen, pancreatic lymph nodes, and duodenum samples from the following donor groups: a) donors with type 1 diabetes (n=71), with (n=35) or without (n=36) insulin-containing islets, (b) donors with single or double islet autoantibody positivity without diabetes (n=22) and c) autoantibody-negative donors without diabetes (control donors) (n=74). Five research laboratories participated in this collaborative effort using approaches for unbiased discovery of RNA viruses (two RNA-Seq platforms), targeted detection of Enterovirus A-D species using RT-PCR, and tests for virus growth in cell-culture. Results Direct RNA-Seq did not detect virus signal in pancreas samples, whereas RT-PCR detected enterovirus RNA confirmed by sequencing in low amounts in pancreas samples in three of the five donor groups, namely donors with type 1 diabetes with insulin-containing islets, 16% (5/32) donors being positive, donors with single islet autoantibody positivity with 53% (8/15) donors being positive, and non-diabetic donors with 8% (4/49) being enterovirus RNA positive. Detection of enterovirus RNA was significantly more frequent in single islet autoantibody-positive donors compared to donors with type 1 diabetes with insulin-deficient islets (p-value <0.001) and control donors (p-value 0.004). In some donors, pancreatic lymph nodes were also positive. RT-PCR detected enterovirus RNA also in spleen of a small number of donors and virus enrichment in susceptible cell lines before RT-PCR resulted in much higher rate in spleen positivity, particularly in donors with type 1 diabetes. Interestingly, the enterovirus strains detected did not cause a typical lytic infection, possibly reflecting their persistence-prone nature. Conclusions/interpretation This was the largest coordinated effort to examine the presence of enterovirus RNA in pancreas of organ donors with type 1 diabetes, using a multitude of assays. These findings are consistent with the notion that both the subjects with type 1 diabetes and those with islet autoantibodies may carry a low-grade enterovirus infection in the pancreas and lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta E Laiho
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Sofia Morfopoulou
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maarit Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
| | - Ashlie Renner
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Depledge
- NYU, Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Matthew C Ross
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ivan C Gerling
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Alberto Pugliese
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckmann Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, United States
| | | | - Richard E Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Callon D, Glenet M, Lebreil AL, Heng L, Bouland N, Fichel C, Fornes P, Andreoletti L, Berri F. Major Group-B Enterovirus populations deleted in the noncoding 5' region of genomic RNA modulate activation of the type I interferon pathway in cardiomyocytes and induce myocarditis. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012125. [PMID: 38696536 PMCID: PMC11093299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Major 5'-terminally deleted (5'TD) RNA forms of group-B coxsackievirus (CVB-5'TD) has been associated with myocarditis in both mice and humans. Although it is known that interferon-β (IFN-β) signaling is critical for an efficient innate immune response against CVB-induced myocarditis, the link between CVB-5'TD RNA forms and type I IFN signaling in cardiomyocytes remains to be explored. In a mouse model of CVB3/28-induced myocarditis, major early-emerging forms of CVB-5'TD RNA have been characterized as replicative viral populations that impair IFN-β production in the heart. Synthetic CVB3/28 RNA forms mimicking each of these major 5'TD virus populations were transfected in mice and have been shown to modulate innate immune responses in the heart and to induce myocarditis in mice. Remarkably, transfection of synthetic viral RNA with deletions in the secondary structures of the 5'-terminal CVB3 RNA domain I, modifying stem-loops "b", "c" or "d", were found to impair IFN-β production in human cardiomyocytes. In addition, the activation of innate immune response by Poly(I:C), was found to restore IFN-β production and to reduce the burden of CVB-5'TD RNA-forms in cardiac tissues, thereby reducing the mortality rate of infected mice. Overall, our results indicate that major early-emerging CVB3 populations deleted in the domain I of genomic RNA, in the 5' noncoding region, modulate the activation of the type I IFN pathway in cardiomyocytes and induce myocarditis in mice. These findings shed new light on the role of replicative CVB-5'TD RNA forms as key pathophysiological factors in CVB-induced human myocarditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domitille Callon
- University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Inserm, UMR-S1320 CardioVir, Reims, France
- Academic Hospital of Reims, Robert Debré, Pathology Department, Reims, France
| | - Marie Glenet
- University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Inserm, UMR-S1320 CardioVir, Reims, France
| | - Anne-Laure Lebreil
- University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Inserm, UMR-S1320 CardioVir, Reims, France
| | - Laetitia Heng
- University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Inserm, UMR-S1320 CardioVir, Reims, France
| | - Nicole Bouland
- Academic Hospital of Reims, Robert Debré, Pathology Department, Reims, France
| | - Caroline Fichel
- Academic Hospital of Reims, Robert Debré, Pathology Department, Reims, France
| | - Paul Fornes
- University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Inserm, UMR-S1320 CardioVir, Reims, France
- Academic Hospital of Reims, Robert Debré, Pathology Department, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Inserm, UMR-S1320 CardioVir, Reims, France
- Academic Hospital of Reims, Robert Debré, Virology Department, Reims, France
| | - Fatma Berri
- University of Reims Champagne Ardennes, Inserm, UMR-S1320 CardioVir, Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Callon D, N'Guyen Y, Fornes P, Andreoletti L. Fatal heart arrhythmia associated with enterovirus cardiac infection and SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm. Pathology 2024; 56:434-437. [PMID: 37940481 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Domitille Callon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardennes, EA 4684 Cardiovir, France; Laboratoire de Biopathologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Yohan N'Guyen
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardennes, EA 4684 Cardiovir, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Maladies Infectieuses et Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France.
| | - Paul Fornes
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardennes, EA 4684 Cardiovir, France; Laboratoire de Biopathologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardennes, EA 4684 Cardiovir, France; Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Pole de Biologie Médicale, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gottipati K, McNeme SC, Tipo J, White MA, Choi K. Structural basis for cloverleaf RNA-initiated viral genome replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:8850-8863. [PMID: 37486760 PMCID: PMC10484678 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of positive-strand RNA viruses serve as a template for both protein translation and genome replication. In enteroviruses, a cloverleaf RNA structure at the 5' end of the genome functions as a switch to transition from viral translation to replication by interacting with host poly(C)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2) and the viral 3CDpro protein. We determined the structures of cloverleaf RNA from coxsackievirus and poliovirus. Cloverleaf RNA folds into an H-type four-way junction and is stabilized by a unique adenosine-cytidine-uridine (A•C-U) base triple involving the conserved pyrimidine mismatch region. The two PCBP2 binding sites are spatially proximal and are located on the opposite end from the 3CDpro binding site on cloverleaf. We determined that the A•C-U base triple restricts the flexibility of the cloverleaf stem-loops resulting in partial occlusion of the PCBP2 binding site, and elimination of the A•C-U base triple increases the binding affinity of PCBP2 to the cloverleaf RNA. Based on the cloverleaf structures and biophysical assays, we propose a new mechanistic model by which enteroviruses use the cloverleaf structure as a molecular switch to transition from viral protein translation to genome replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Gottipati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Sean C McNeme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jerricho Tipo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Mark A White
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kyung H Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bouin A, Vu MN, Al-Hakeem A, Tran GP, Nguyen JHC, Semler BL. Enterovirus-Cardiomyocyte Interactions: Impact of Terminally Deleted Genomic RNAs on Viral and Host Functions. J Virol 2023; 97:e0142622. [PMID: 36475766 PMCID: PMC9888282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01426-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), can persistently infect cardiac tissue and cause dilated cardiomyopathy. Persistence is linked to 5' terminal deletions of viral genomic RNAs that have been detected together with minor populations of full-length genomes in human infections. In this study, we explored the functions and interactions of the different viral RNA forms found in persistently infected patients and their putative role(s) in pathogenesis. Since enterovirus cardiac pathogenesis is linked to the viral proteinase 2A, we investigated the effect of different terminal genomic RNA deletions on 2A activity. We discovered that 5' terminal deletions in CVB3 genomic RNAs decreased the levels of 2A proteinase activity but could not abrogate it. Using newly generated viral reporters encoding nano-luciferase, we found that 5' terminal deletions resulted in decreased levels of viral protein and RNA synthesis in singly transfected cardiomyocyte cultures. Unexpectedly, when full-length and terminally deleted forms were cotransfected into cardiomyocytes, a cooperative interaction was observed, leading to increased viral RNA and protein production. However, when viral infections were carried out in cells harboring 5' terminally deleted CVB3 RNAs, a decrease in infectious particle production was observed. Our results provide a possible explanation for the necessity of full-length viral genomes during persistent infection, as they would stimulate efficient viral replication compared to that of the deleted genomes alone. To avoid high levels of viral particle production that would trigger cellular immune activation and host cell death, the terminally deleted RNA forms act to limit the production of viral particles, possibly as trans-dominant inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses like coxsackievirus B3 are able to initiate acute infections of cardiac tissue and, in some cases, to establish a long-term persistent infection that can lead to serious disease sequelae, including dilated cardiomyopathy. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of 5' terminally deleted forms of enterovirus RNAs in heart tissues derived from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. These deleted RNAs are found in association with very low levels of full-length enterovirus genomic RNAs, an interaction that may facilitate continued persistence while limiting virus particle production. Even in the absence of detectable infectious virus particle production, these deleted viral RNA forms express viral proteinases at levels capable of causing viral pathology. Our studies provide mechanistic insights into how full-length and deleted forms of enterovirus RNA cooperate to stimulate viral protein and RNA synthesis without stimulating infectious viral particle production. They also highlight the importance of targeting enteroviral proteinases to inhibit viral replication while at the same time limiting the long-term pathologies they trigger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michelle N. Vu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hakeem
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Genevieve P. Tran
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joseph H. C. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bert L. Semler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alhazmi A, Nekoua MP, Mercier A, Vergez I, Sane F, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Combating coxsackievirus B infections. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2406. [PMID: 36371612 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses B (CVB) are small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. They are common worldwide and cause a wide variety of human diseases ranging from those having relatively mild symptoms to severe acute and chronic pathologies such as cardiomyopathy and type 1 diabetes. The development of safe and effective strategies to combat these viruses remains a challenge. The present review outlines current approaches to control CVB infections and associated diseases. Various drugs targeting viral or host proteins involved in viral replication as well as vaccines have been developed and shown potential to prevent or combat CVB infections in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Repurposed drugs and alternative strategies targeting miRNAs or based on plant extracts and probiotics and their derivatives have also shown antiviral effects against CVB. In addition, clinical trials with vaccines and drugs are underway and offer hope for the prevention or treatment of CVB-induced diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhazmi
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France.,Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ambroise Mercier
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ines Vergez
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Replication Activities of Major 5' Terminally Deleted Group-B Coxsackievirus RNA Forms Decrease PCSK2 mRNA Expression Impairing Insulin Maturation in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122781. [PMID: 36560784 PMCID: PMC9788552 DOI: 10.3390/v14122781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of 5' terminally deleted coxsackievirus-B RNA forms (CVB-TD) have been associated with the development of human diseases. These CVB-TD RNA forms have been detected in mouse pancreas during acute or persistent experimental infections. To date, the impact of the replication activities of CVB-TD RNA forms on insulin metabolism remains unexplored. Using an immunocompetent mouse model of CVB3/28 infection, acute and persistent infections of major CVB-TD populations were evidenced in the pancreas. The inoculation of mice with homogenized pancreases containing major CVB-TD populations induced acute and chronic pancreatic infections with pancreatitis. In the mouse pancreas, viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) expression colocalized with a decrease in beta cells insulin content. Moreover, in infected mouse pancreases, we showed a decrease in pro-hormone convertase 2 (PCSK2) mRNA, associated with a decrease in insulin plasmatic concentration. Finally, transfection of synthetic CVB-TD50 RNA forms into cultured rodent pancreatic beta cells demonstrated that viral replication with protein synthesis activities decreased the PCSK2 mRNA expression levels, impairing insulin secretion. In conclusion, our results show that the emergence and maintenance of major CVB-TD RNA replicative forms in pancreatic beta cells can play a direct, key role in the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu Z, Yang D, Wang L, Demongeot J. Statistical analysis supports UTR (untranslated region) deletion theory in SARS-CoV-2. Virulence 2022; 13:1772-1789. [PMID: 36217240 PMCID: PMC9553139 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2132059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It was noticed that the mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced a significant declination in the early stage of the epidemic. We suspect that the sharp deterioration of virus toxicity is related to the deletion of the untranslated region (UTR) of the virus genome. It was found that the genome length of SARS-CoV-2 engaged a significant truncation due to UTR deletion after a mega-sequence analysis. Sequence similarity analysis further indicated that short UTR strains originated from its long UTR ancestors after an irreversible deletion. A good correlation was discovered between genome length and mortality, which demonstrated that the deletion of the virus UTR significantly affected the toxicity of the virus. This correlation was further confirmed in a significance analysis of the genetic influence on the clinical outcomes. The viral genome length of hospitalized patients was significantly more extensive than that of asymptomatic patients. In contrast, the viral genome length of asymptomatic was considerably longer than that of ordinary patients with symptoms. A genome-level mutation scanning was performed to systematically evaluate the influence of mutations at each position on virulence. The results indicated that UTR deletion was the primary driving force in alternating virus virulence in the early evolution. In the end, we proposed a mathematical model to explain why this UTR deletion was not continuous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Xu
- Department of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Dongying Yang
- Department of Medicine, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Department of Life Science, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Jacques Demongeot
- Laboratory AGEIS EA 7407, Team Tools for e-Gnosis Medical, Faculty of Medicine, University Grenoble Alpes (UGA), La Tronche, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Badrinath A, Bhatta S, Kloc A. Persistent viral infections and their role in heart disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1030440. [PMID: 36504781 PMCID: PMC9730422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are the culprit of many diseases, including inflammation of the heart muscle, known as myocarditis. Acute myocarditis cases have been described in scientific literature, and viruses, such as parvovirus B19, coxsackievirus B3, or more recently, SARS-CoV-2, were the direct cause of cardiac inflammation. If not treated, myocarditis could progress to dilated cardiomyopathy, which permanently impairs the heart and limits a person's lifespan. Accumulated evidence suggests that certain viruses may persist in cardiac tissue after the initial infection, which could open up the door to reactivation under favorable conditions. Whether this chronic infection contributes to, or initiates, cardiac damage over time, remains a pressing issue in the field of virus-induced heart pathology, and it is directly tied to patients' treatment. Previously, large case studies found that a few viruses: parvovirus B19, coxsackievirus, adenovirus, human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, are most commonly found in human endomyocardial biopsy samples derived from patients experiencing cardiac inflammation, or dilated cardiomyopathy. SARS-CoV-2 infection has also been shown to have cardiovascular consequences. This review examines the role of viral persistence in cardiac inflammation and heart disease, and discusses its implications for patients' outcomes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gharbi J, Almalki MA, Ben M’hadheb M. The introduction of mutations in the wild type coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) IRES RNA leads to different levels of in vitro reduced replicative and translation efficiencies. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274162. [PMID: 36190999 PMCID: PMC9529112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a principal causative agent of viral myocarditis, meningitis and pancreatitis. There is no vaccine available for clinical use. It has been demonstrated that the primary molecular determinant of virulence phenotype is located in the 5' UTR of the viral genome. Translation initiation of CVB3 RNA is directed by the IRES element situated in the 5'UTR. In the present study, we analyse the effects of single point mutations introduced in different positions in the domain V of the IRES RNA of CVB3 wild type. We characterize in vitro virus replicative capacitiy and translation efficiency and we test in vivo virulence of different CVB3 mutants produced by the introduction of different mutations in the domain V of IRES by site-directed mutagenesis to abolish its structure. Our results demonstrate that all RNA mutants display different levels of decreased replication and translation initiation efficiency in vitro. The translation defect was correlated with significant reduced viral titer of mutant particles in comparison with the wild type. When inoculated in mice, mutant viruses were checked for inflammation and necrosis.In vitro and in vivo Findings strongly suggest that the most attenuated mutant strain could be considered a candidate for live-attenuated CVB3 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jawhar Gharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammed A. Almalki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manel Ben M’hadheb
- Virology and Antiviral Strategies Research Unit [UR17/ES30 ViroBiotech], Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nekoua MP, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Persistent coxsackievirus B infection and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:503-516. [PMID: 35650334 PMCID: PMC9157043 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are believed to trigger or accelerate islet autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals, thereby resulting in loss of functional insulin-producing β-cells and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Although enteroviruses are primarily involved in acute and lytic infections in vitro and in vivo, they can also establish a persistent infection. Prospective epidemiological studies have strongly associated the persistence of enteroviruses, especially coxsackievirus B (CVB), with the appearance of islet autoantibodies and an increased risk of T1DM. CVB can persist in pancreatic ductal and β-cells, which leads to structural or functional alterations of these cells, and to a chronic inflammatory response that promotes recruitment and activation of pre-existing autoreactive T cells and β-cell autoimmune destruction. CVB persistence in other sites, such as the intestine, blood cells and thymus, has been described; these sites could serve as a reservoir for infection or reinfection of the pancreas, and this persistence could have a role in the disturbance of tolerance to β-cells. This Review addresses the involvement of persistent enterovirus infection in triggering islet autoimmunity and T1DM, as well as current strategies to control enterovirus infections for preventing or reducing the risk of T1DM onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Early Emergence of 5' Terminally Deleted Coxsackievirus-B3 RNA Forms Is Associated with Acute and Persistent Infections in Mouse Target Tissues. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081203. [PMID: 36016091 PMCID: PMC9413645 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Major EV-B populations characterized by 5′ terminal deletions (5′TD) have been shown to be associated with the development of myocarditis and type 1 diabetes in mice or humans. To date, the dynamics of EV-B 5′TD-RNA forms’ emergence during the course of infection and their impact on cellular functions remain unclear. Using a RACE-PCR approach in CVB3/28-infected mouse organs, we showed an early (3 days post infection, DPI) emergence of major 5′TD populations associated with minor full-length RNA forms. Viral replication activities with infectious particle production were associated with heart, liver, and pancreas acute inflammatory lesions, whereas clearance of viral RNA without organ lesions was observed in the brain, lung, intestines, and muscles from 3 to 7 DPI. At 28 DPI, low viral RNA levels, +/-RNA ratios < 5 associated with viral protein 1 expression revealed a persistent infection in the heart and pancreas. This persistent infection was characterized by molecular detection of only 5′TD RNA forms that were associated with dystrophin cleavage in the heart and insulin production impairment in beta-pancreatic cells. These results demonstrated that major EV-B 5′TD RNA forms can be early selected during systemic infection and that their maintenance may drive EV-induced acute and persistent infections with target cell dysfunctions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Persistent Enterovirus Infection: Little Deletions, Long Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050770. [PMID: 35632526 PMCID: PMC9143164 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses have now been shown to persist in cell cultures and in vivo by a novel mechanism involving the deletion of varying amounts of the 5′ terminal genomic region termed domain I (also known as the cloverleaf). Molecular clones of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) genomes with 5′ terminal deletions (TD) of varying length allow the study of these mutant populations, which are able to replicate in the complete absence of wildtype virus genomes. The study of TD enteroviruses has revealed numerous significant differences from canonical enteroviral biology. The deletions appear and become the dominant population when an enterovirus replicates in quiescent cell populations, but can also occur if one of the cis-acting replication elements of the genome (CRE-2C) is artificially mutated in the element’s stem and loop structures. This review discusses how the TD genomes arise, how they interact with the host, and their effects on host biology.
Collapse
|
14
|
Picornavirus May Be Linked to Parkinson’s Disease through Viral Antigen in Dopamine-Containing Neurons of Substantia Nigra. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030599. [PMID: 35336174 PMCID: PMC8953350 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease linked with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain region called substantia nigra and caused by unknown pathogenic mechanisms. Two currently recognized prominent features of PD are an inflammatory response manifested by glial reaction and T-cell infiltration, as well as the presence of various toxic mediators derived from activated glial cells. PD or parkinsonism has been described after infection with several different viruses and it has therefore been hypothesized that a viral infection might play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We investigated formalin-fixed post-mortem brain tissue from 9 patients with Parkinson’s disease and 11 controls for the presence of Ljungan virus (LV) antigen using a polyclonal antibody against the capsid protein of this recently identified picornavirus with neurotropic properties, suspected of being both a human and an animal pathogen. Evidence of viral antigen was found in 7 out of 9 Parkinson’s disease cases and in only 1 out of 11 controls (p = 0.005). The picornavirus antigen was present in dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra. We propose that LV or an LV-related virus initiates the pathological process underlying sporadic PD. LV-related picornavirus antigen has also been reported in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Potentially successful antiviral treatment in Alzheimer’s disease suggests a similar treatment for Parkinson's disease. Amantadine, originally developed as an antiviral drug against influenza infection, has also been used for symptomatic treatment of patients with PD for more than 50 years and is still commonly used by neurologists today. The fact that amantadine also has an antiviral effect on picornaviruses opens the question of this drug being re-evaluated as potential PD therapy in combination with other antiviral compounds directed against picornaviruses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lloyd RE, Tamhankar M, Lernmark Å. Enteroviruses and Type 1 Diabetes: Multiple Mechanisms and Factors? Annu Rev Med 2022; 73:483-499. [PMID: 34794324 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042320015952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycemia. Complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors trigger the onset of autoimmune mechanisms responsible for development of autoimmunity to β cell antigens and subsequent development of T1D. A potential role of virus infections has long been hypothesized, and growing evidence continues to implicate enteroviruses as the most probable triggering viruses. Recent studies have strengthened the association between enteroviruses and development of autoimmunity in T1D patients, potentially through persistent infections. Enterovirus infections may contribute to different stages of disease development. We review data from both human cohort studies and experimental research exploring the potential roles and molecular mechanisms by which enterovirus infections can impact disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
| | - Manasi Tamhankar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; ,
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skane University Hospital, Malmö 214 28, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycemia. Complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors trigger the onset of autoimmune mechanisms responsible for development of autoimmunity to β cell antigens and subsequent development of T1D. A potential role of virus infections has long been hypothesized, and growing evidence continues to implicate enteroviruses as the most probable triggering viruses. Recent studies have strengthened the association between enteroviruses and development of autoimmunity in T1D patients, potentially through persistent infections. Enterovirus infections may contribute to different stages of disease development. We review data from both human cohort studies and experimental research exploring the potential roles and molecular mechanisms by which enterovirus infections can impact disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Manasi Tamhankar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skane University Hospital, Malmö 214 28, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oikarinen S, Krogvold L, Edwin B, Buanes T, Korsgren O, Laiho JE, Oikarinen M, Ludvigsson J, Skog O, Anagandula M, Frisk G, Hyöty H, Dahl-Jørgensen K. Characterisation of enterovirus RNA detected in the pancreas and other specimens of live patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes in the DiViD study. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2491-2501. [PMID: 34390364 PMCID: PMC8494699 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study is the first study to laparoscopically collect pancreatic tissue and purified pancreatic islets together with duodenal mucosa, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and stools from six live adult patients (age 24-35 years) with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. The presence of enterovirus (EV) in the pancreatic islets of these patients has previously been reported. METHODS In the present study we used reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and sequencing to characterise EV genomes present in different tissues to understand the nature of infection in these individuals. RESULTS All six patients were found to be EV-positive by RT-qPCR in at least one of the tested sample types. Four patients were EV-positive in purified islet culture medium, three in PBMCs, one in duodenal biopsy and two in stool, while serum was EV-negative in all individuals. Sequencing the 5' untranslated region of these EVs suggested that all but one belonged to enterovirus B species. One patient was EV-positive in all these sample types except for serum. Sequence analysis revealed that the virus strain present in the isolated islets of this patient was different from the strain found in other sample types. None of the islet-resident viruses could be isolated using EV-permissive cell lines. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION EV RNA can be frequently detected in various tissues of patients with type 1 diabetes. At least in some patients, the EV strain in the pancreatic islets may represent a slowly replicating persisting virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Edwin
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Department of HPB Surgery, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Buanes
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jutta E Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahesh Anagandula
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gun Frisk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Paediatric Department, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Penza V, Russell SJ, Schulze AJ. The long-lasting enigma of polycytidine (polyC) tract. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009739. [PMID: 34347852 PMCID: PMC8336851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long polycytidine (polyC) tracts varying in length from 50 to 400 nucleotides were first described in the 5'-noncoding region (NCR) of genomes of picornaviruses belonging to the Cardio- and Aphthovirus genera over 50 years ago, but the molecular basis of their function is still unknown. Truncation or complete deletion of the polyC tracts in picornaviruses compromises virulence and pathogenicity but do not affect replicative fitness in vitro, suggesting a role as "viral security" RNA element. The evidence available suggests that the presence of a long polyC tract is required for replication in immune cells, which impacts viral distribution and targeting, and, consequently, pathogenic progression. Viral attenuation achieved by reduction of the polyC tract length has been successfully used for vaccine strategies. Further elucidation of the role of the polyC tract in viral replication cycle and its connection with replication in immune cells has the potential to expand the arsenal of tools in the fight against cancer in oncolytic virotherapy (OV). Here, we review the published data on the biological significance and mechanisms of action of the polyC tract in viral pathogenesis in Cardio- and Aphthoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velia Penza
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Autumn J. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Isaacs SR, Foskett DB, Maxwell AJ, Ward EJ, Faulkner CL, Luo JYX, Rawlinson WD, Craig ME, Kim KW. Viruses and Type 1 Diabetes: From Enteroviruses to the Virome. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071519. [PMID: 34361954 PMCID: PMC8306446 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, viruses have left a long trail of evidence implicating them as frequent suspects in the development of type 1 diabetes. Through vigorous interrogation of viral infections in individuals with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes using serological and molecular virus detection methods, as well as mechanistic studies of virus-infected human pancreatic β-cells, the prime suspects have been narrowed down to predominantly human enteroviruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of evidence supporting the hypothesised role of enteroviruses in the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. We also discuss concerns over the historical focus and investigation bias toward enteroviruses and summarise current unbiased efforts aimed at characterising the complete population of viruses (the “virome”) contributing early in life to the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Finally, we review the range of vaccine and antiviral drug candidates currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the prevention and potential treatment of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R. Isaacs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Dylan B. Foskett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Anna J. Maxwell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Emily J. Ward
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Clare L. Faulkner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Jessica Y. X. Luo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Science, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maria E. Craig
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia; (S.R.I.); (D.B.F.); (A.J.M.); (E.J.W.); (C.L.F.); (J.Y.X.L.); (W.D.R.); (M.E.C.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9382-9096
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nekoua MP, Bertin A, Sane F, Gimeno JP, Fournier I, Salzet M, Engelmann I, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Persistence of Coxsackievirus B4 in Pancreatic β Cells Disturbs Insulin Maturation, Pattern of Cellular Proteins, and DNA Methylation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061125. [PMID: 34067388 PMCID: PMC8224704 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus-B4 (CV-B4) can persist in pancreatic cell lines and impair the phenoytpe and/or gene expressions in these cells; however, the models used to study this phenomenon did not produce insulin. Therefore, we investigated CV-B4 persistence and its consequences in insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. The insulin-secreting rat β cell line, INS-1, was infected with CV-B4. After lysis of a large part of the cell layer, the culture was still maintained and no additional cytopathic effect was observed. The amount of insulin in supernatants of cell cultures persistently infected with CV-B4 was not affected by the infection; in fact, a larger quantity of proinsulin was found. The mRNA expression of pro-hormone convertase 2, an enzyme involved in the maturation of proinsulin into insulin and studied using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, was inhibited in infected cultures. Further, the pattern of 47 cell proteins analyzed using Shotgun mass spectrometry was significantly modified. The DNA of persistently infected cell cultures was hypermethylated unlike that of controls. The persistent infection of INS-1 cells with CV-B4 had a deep impact on these cells, especially on insulin metabolism. Cellular changes caused by persistent CV-B4 infection of β cells can play a role in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.P.N.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Antoine Bertin
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.P.N.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.P.N.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Jean-Pascal Gimeno
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Inserm U1192, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.-P.G.); (I.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Inserm U1192, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.-P.G.); (I.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Michel Salzet
- Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Inserm U1192, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.-P.G.); (I.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.P.N.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.P.N.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.P.N.); (A.B.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-3-2044-6688
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
López CB. Defective Viral Particles. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Bernard H, Teijeiro A, Chaves-Pérez A, Perna C, Satish B, Novials A, Wang JP, Djouder N. Coxsackievirus B Type 4 Infection in β Cells Downregulates the Chaperone Prefoldin URI to Induce a MODY4-like Diabetes via Pdx1 Silencing. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100125. [PMID: 33205075 PMCID: PMC7659558 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are suspected to contribute to insulin-producing β cell loss and hyperglycemia-induced diabetes. However, mechanisms are not fully defined. Here, we show that coxsackievirus B type 4 (CVB4) infection in human islet-engrafted mice and in rat insulinoma cells displays loss of unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor (URI) and PDX1, affecting β cell function and identity. Genetic URI ablation in the mouse pancreas causes PDX1 depletion in β cells. Importantly, diabetic PDX1 heterozygous mice overexpressing URI in β cells are more glucose tolerant. Mechanistically, URI loss triggers estrogen receptor nuclear translocation leading to DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression, which induces Pdx1 promoter hypermethylation and silencing. Consequently, demethylating agent procainamide-mediated DNMT1 inhibition reinstates PDX1 expression and protects against diabetes in pancreatic URI-depleted mice . Finally, the β cells of human diabetes patients show correlations between viral protein 1 and URI, PDX1, and DNMT1 levels. URI and DNMT1 expression and PDX1 silencing provide a causal link between enterovirus infection and diabetes. Coxsackievirus B type 4 infection downregulates URI and affects β cell function Genetic URI ablation in mouse pancreas recapitulates diabetes URI controls Pdx1 methylation via ERα-activating DNMT1 Coxsackievirus B type 4, URI, PDX1, and DNMT1 expression correlate in human pancreata
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/metabolism
- Coxsackievirus Infections/genetics
- Coxsackievirus Infections/metabolism
- Coxsackievirus Infections/pathology
- Coxsackievirus Infections/virology
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/genetics
- DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterovirus B, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus B, Human/metabolism
- Enterovirus B, Human/pathogenicity
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/drug effects
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/transplantation
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Procainamide/pharmacology
- Rats
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Bernard
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Teijeiro
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Almudena Chaves-Pérez
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Cristian Perna
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Basanthi Satish
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Novials
- IDIBAPS, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute and, CIBERDEM, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer P. Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Structures and Functions of Viral 5' Non-Coding Genomic RNA Domain-I in Group-B Enterovirus Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090919. [PMID: 32839386 PMCID: PMC7552046 DOI: 10.3390/v12090919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group-B enteroviruses (EV-B) are ubiquitous naked single-stranded positive RNA viral pathogens that are responsible for common acute or persistent human infections. Their genome is composed in the 5′ end by a non-coding region, which is crucial for the initiation of the viral replication and translation processes. RNA domain-I secondary structures can interact with viral or cellular proteins to form viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes regulating viral genomic replication, whereas RNA domains-II to -VII (internal ribosome entry site, IRES) are known to interact with cellular ribosomal subunits to initiate the viral translation process. Natural 5′ terminally deleted viral forms lacking some genomic RNA domain-I secondary structures have been described in EV-B induced murine or human infections. Recent in vitro studies have evidenced that the loss of some viral RNP complexes in the RNA domain-I can modulate the viral replication and infectivity levels in EV-B infections. Moreover, the disruption of secondary structures of RNA domain-I could impair viral RNA sensing by RIG-I (Retinoic acid inducible gene I) or MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5) receptors, a way to overcome antiviral innate immune response. Overall, natural 5′ terminally deleted viral genomes resulting in the loss of various structures in the RNA domain-I could be major key players of host–cell interactions driving the development of acute or persistent EV-B infections.
Collapse
|
24
|
Glenet M, N'Guyen Y, Mirand A, Henquell C, Lebreil AL, Berri F, Bani-Sadr F, Lina B, Schuffenecker I, Andreoletti L. Major 5'terminally deleted enterovirus populations modulate type I IFN response in acute myocarditis patients and in human cultured cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11947. [PMID: 32686697 PMCID: PMC7371739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Major 5'terminally deleted (5'TD) group-B enterovirus (EV-B) populations were identified in heart biopsies of patients with fulminant myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy suggesting that these 5'TD forms are key drivers of host-cell interaction in EV cardiac infections. To date, early emergence of EV-B 5'TD forms and its impact on type 1 IFN response during acute myocarditis remains unknown. Using quantitative RACE-PCR assay, we identified major EV-B 5'TD RNA populations in plasma or heart samples of acute myocarditis cases. Deletions identified within the 5' non-coding region of EV-B populations only affected secondary-structural elements of genomic RNA domain I and were distinguished in two major groups based on the extent of RNA structural deletions. Proportions of these two respective EV-B 5'TD population groups were positively or negatively correlated with IFN-β levels in plasma samples of myocarditis patients. Transfection of synthetic CVB3/28 RNAs harboring various 5'terminal full-length or deleted sequences into human cultured cardiomyocytes demonstrated that viral genomic RNA domain I possessed essential immunomodulatory secondary-structural elements responsible for IFN-β pathway induction. Overall, our results highlight the early emergence of major EVB-TD populations which deletions affecting secondary-structures of RNA domain I can modulate innate immune sensing mechanisms in cardiomyocytes of patients with acute myocarditis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Glenet
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne and EA4684 Cardiovir Research Laboratory, Reims, France
| | - Y N'Guyen
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne and EA4684 Cardiovir Research Laboratory, Reims, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - A Mirand
- National Reference Center of Enterovirus and Parechovirus, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C Henquell
- National Reference Center of Enterovirus and Parechovirus, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - A-L Lebreil
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne and EA4684 Cardiovir Research Laboratory, Reims, France
| | - F Berri
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne and EA4684 Cardiovir Research Laboratory, Reims, France
| | - F Bani-Sadr
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France
| | - B Lina
- National Reference Center of Enterovirus and Parechovirus, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - I Schuffenecker
- National Reference Center of Enterovirus and Parechovirus, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - L Andreoletti
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne and EA4684 Cardiovir Research Laboratory, Reims, France. .,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oikarinen M, Bertolet L, Toniolo A, Oikarinen S, Laiho JE, Pugliese A, Lloyd RE, Hyöty H. Differential Detection of Encapsidated versus Unencapsidated Enterovirus RNA in Samples Containing Pancreatic Enzymes-Relevance for Diabetes Studies. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070747. [PMID: 32664501 PMCID: PMC7411921 DOI: 10.3390/v12070747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Using immunohistochemistry, enterovirus capsid proteins were demonstrated in pancreatic islets of patients with type 1 diabetes. Virus proteins are mainly located in beta cells, supporting the hypothesis that enterovirus infections may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. In samples of pancreatic tissue, enterovirus RNA was also detected, but in extremely small quantities and in a smaller proportion of cases compared to the enteroviral protein. Difficulties in detecting viral RNA could be due to the very small number of infected cells, the possible activity of PCR inhibitors, and the presence—during persistent infection—of the viral genome in unencapsidated forms. The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to examine if enzymes or other compounds in pancreatic tissue could affect the molecular detection of encapsidated vs. unencapsidated enterovirus forms, and (b) to compare the sensitivity of RT-PCR methods used in different laboratories. Dilutions of encapsidated and unencapsidated virus were spiked into human pancreas homogenate and analyzed by RT-PCR. Incubation of pancreatic homogenate on wet ice for 20 h did not influence the detection of encapsidated virus. In contrast, a 15-min incubation on wet ice dramatically reduced detection of unencapsidated forms of virus. PCR inhibitors could not be found in pancreatic extract. The results show that components in the pancreas homogenate may selectively affect the detection of unencapsidated forms of enterovirus. This may lead to difficulties in diagnosing persisting enterovirus infection in the pancreas of patients with type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-3186338
| | - Lori Bertolet
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.B.); (R.E.L.)
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Global Virus Network, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Jutta E. Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Richard E. Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.B.); (R.E.L.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (S.O.); (J.E.L.); (H.H.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bouin A, Gretteau PA, Wehbe M, Renois F, N'Guyen Y, Lévêque N, Vu MN, Tracy S, Chapman NM, Bruneval P, Fornes P, Semler BL, Andreoletti L. Enterovirus Persistence in Cardiac Cells of Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Is Linked to 5' Terminal Genomic RNA-Deleted Viral Populations With Viral-Encoded Proteinase Activities. Circulation 2020; 139:2326-2338. [PMID: 30755025 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group B enteroviruses are common causes of acute myocarditis, which can be a precursor of chronic myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, leading causes of heart transplantation. To date, the specific viral functions involved in the development of dilated cardiomyopathy remain unclear. METHODS Total RNA from cardiac tissue of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy was extracted, and sequences corresponding to the 5' termini of enterovirus RNAs were identified. After next-generation RNA sequencing, viral cDNA clones mimicking the enterovirus RNA sequences found in patient tissues were generated in vitro, and their replication and impact on host cell functions were assessed on primary human cardiac cells in culture. RESULTS Major enterovirus B populations characterized by 5' terminal genomic RNA deletions ranging from 17 to 50 nucleotides were identified either alone or associated with low proportions of intact 5' genomic termini. In situ hybridization and immunohistological assays detected these persistent genomes in clusters of cardiomyocytes. Transfection of viral RNA into primary human cardiomyocytes demonstrated that deleted forms of genomic RNAs displayed early replication activities in the absence of detectable viral plaque formation, whereas mixed deleted and complete forms generated particles capable of inducing cytopathic effects at levels distinct from those observed with full-length forms alone. Moreover, deleted or full-length and mixed forms of viral RNA were capable of directing translation and production of proteolytically active viral proteinase 2A in human cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that persistent viral forms are composed of B-type enteroviruses harboring a 5' terminal deletion in their genomic RNAs and that these viruses alone or associated with full-length populations of helper RNAs could impair cardiomyocyte functions by the proteolytic activity of viral proteinase 2A in cases of unexplained dilated cardiomyopathy. These results provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the persistence of EV forms in human cardiac tissues and should stimulate the development of new therapeutic strategies based on specific inhibitors of the coxsackievirus B proteinase 2A activity for acute and chronic cardiac infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France (A.B., P.-A.G., M.W., F.R., Y.N., A.R., P.F., L.A.).,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine (A.B., M.N.V., B.L.S.)
| | - Paul-Antoine Gretteau
- EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France (A.B., P.-A.G., M.W., F.R., Y.N., A.R., P.F., L.A.)
| | - Michel Wehbe
- EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France (A.B., P.-A.G., M.W., F.R., Y.N., A.R., P.F., L.A.).,Centre AZM pour la recherche en biotechnologie et ses applications, Université Libanaise, Tripoli, Lebanon (M.W.)
| | - Fanny Renois
- EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France (A.B., P.-A.G., M.W., F.R., Y.N., A.R., P.F., L.A.).,LUNAM University, Oniris, LABERCA, UMR INRA 1329, Nantes, France (F.R.).,CHU Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Reims, France (F.R., Y.N., N.L., P.F., L.A.)
| | - Yohan N'Guyen
- EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France (A.B., P.-A.G., M.W., F.R., Y.N., A.R., P.F., L.A.).,CHU Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Reims, France (F.R., Y.N., N.L., P.F., L.A.)
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- CHU Robert Debré, Laboratoire de Virologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Reims, France (F.R., Y.N., N.L., P.F., L.A.).,EA-4331 LITEC, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hospital of Poitiers, France (N.L.)
| | - Michelle N Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine (A.B., M.N.V., B.L.S.)
| | - Steven Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.T., N.M.C.)
| | - Nora M Chapman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (S.T., N.M.C.)
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (P.B.)
| | - Paul Fornes
- EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France (A.B., P.-A.G., M.W., F.R., Y.N., A.R., P.F., L.A.)
| | - Bert L Semler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine (A.B., M.N.V., B.L.S.)
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculty of Medicine, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France (A.B., P.-A.G., M.W., F.R., Y.N., A.R., P.F., L.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen BS, Lee HC, Lee KM, Gong YN, Shih SR. Enterovirus and Encephalitis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32153545 PMCID: PMC7044131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-induced infection of the central nervous system (CNS) results in acute inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) and constitutes a significant global burden to human health. These viruses are thought to be highly cytolytic, therefore normal brain function could be greatly compromised following enteroviral infection of the CNS. A further layer of complexity is added by evidence showing that some enteroviruses may establish a persistent infection within the CNS and eventually lead to pathogenesis of certain neurodegenerative disorders. Interestingly, enterovirus encephalitis is particularly common among young children, suggesting a potential causal link between the development of the neuroimmune system and enteroviral neuroinvasion. Although the CNS involvement in enterovirus infections is a relatively rare complication, it represents a serious underlying cause of mortality. Here we review a selection of enteroviruses that infect the CNS and discuss recent advances in the characterization of these enteroviruses with regard to their routes of CNS infection, tropism, virulence, and immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Shiun Chen
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Hou-Chen Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ming Lee
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Persistent Infection and Transmission of Senecavirus A from Carrier Sows to Contact Piglets. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00819-19. [PMID: 31434730 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00819-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a picornavirus that causes acute vesicular disease (VD), that is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), in pigs. Notably, SVA RNA has been detected in lymphoid tissues of infected animals several weeks following resolution of the clinical disease, suggesting that the virus may persist in select host tissues. Here, we investigated the occurrence of persistent SVA infection and the contribution of stressors (transportation, immunosuppression, or parturition) to acute disease and recrudescence from persistent SVA infection. Our results show that transportation stress leads to a slight increase in disease severity following infection. During persistence, transportation, immunosuppression, and parturition stressors did not lead to overt/recrudescent clinical disease, but intermittent viremia and virus shedding were detected up to day 60 postinfection (p.i.) in all treatment groups following stress stimulation. Notably, real-time PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays confirmed that the tonsil harbors SVA RNA during the persistent phase of infection. Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) specific for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) demonstrated the presence of double-stranded viral RNA in tonsillar cells. Most importantly, infectious SVA was isolated from the tonsil of two animals on day 60 p.i., confirming the occurrence of carrier animals following SVA infection. These findings were supported by the fact that contact piglets (11/44) born to persistently infected sows were infected by SVA, demonstrating successful transmission of the virus from carrier sows to contact piglets. Results here confirm the establishment of persistent infection by SVA and demonstrate successful transmission of the virus from persistently infected animals.IMPORTANCE Persistent viral infections have significant implications for disease control strategies. Previous studies demonstrated the persistence of SVA RNA in the tonsil of experimentally or naturally infected animals long after resolution of the clinical disease. Here, we showed that SVA establishes persistent infection in SVA-infected animals, with the tonsil serving as one of the sites of virus persistence. Importantly, persistently infected carrier animals shedding SVA in oral and nasal secretions or feces can serve as sources of infection to other susceptible animals, as evidenced by successful transmission of SVA from persistently infected sows to contact piglets. These findings unveil an important aspect of SVA infection biology, suggesting that persistently infected pigs may function as reservoirs for SVA.
Collapse
|
29
|
Skog O, Klingel K, Roivainen M, Korsgren O. Large enteroviral vaccination studies to prevent type 1 diabetes should be well founded and rely on scientific evidence. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1097-1099. [PMID: 30810767 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Klingel
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Merja Roivainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lin J, Kimura BY, Oikarinen S, Nykter M. Bioinformatics Assembling and Assessment of Novel Coxsackievirus B1 Genome. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1838:261-272. [PMID: 30129002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8682-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome project via application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing techniques has found surprising large and diverse amounts of microbial sequences across different body sites. There is a wave of investigators studying autoimmune related diseases designing from birth case and control studies to elucidate microbial associations and potential direct triggers. Sequencing analysis, considered big data as it typically includes millions of reads, is challenging but particularly demanding and complex is virome profiling due to its lack of pan-viral genomic signature. Impressively thousands of virus complete genomes have been deposited and these high-quality references are core components of virus profiling pipelines and databases. Still it is commonly known that most viral sequences do not map to known viruses. Moreover human viruses, particularly RNA groups, are notoriously heterogeneous due to high mutation rates. Here, we present the related assembling challenges and a series of bioinformatics steps that were applied in the construction of the complete consensus genome of a novel clinical isolate of Coxsackievirus B1. We further demonstrate our effort in calling mutations between prototype Coxsackievirus B1 sequence from GenBank and serial clinical isolate genome grown in cell culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake Lin
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. .,Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Bryn Y Kimura
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Isaacs SR, Kim KW, Cheng JX, Bull RA, Stelzer-Braid S, Luciani F, Rawlinson WD, Craig ME. Amplification and next generation sequencing of near full-length human enteroviruses for identification and characterisation from clinical samples. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11889. [PMID: 30089864 PMCID: PMC6082906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 different enterovirus (EV) genotypes infect humans and contribute to substantial morbidity. However, current methods for characterisation of full-length genomes are based on Sanger sequencing of short genomic regions, which are labour-intensive and do not enable comprehensive characterisation of viral populations. Here, we describe a simple and sensitive protocol for the amplification and sequencing of near full-length genomes of human EV species using next generation sequencing. EV genomes were amplified from 89% of samples tested, with Ct values ranging between 15.7 and 39.3. These samples included 7 EV-A genotypes (CVA2, 5–7, 10, 16 and EV71), 19 EV-B genotypes (CVA9, CVB1-6, ECHO3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 16, 18, 25, 29, 30, and EV69), 3 EV-C genotypes (CVA19 and PV2, 3) and 1 EV-D genotype (EV70). We characterised 70 EVs from 58 clinical stool samples and eight reference strains, with a minimum of 100X depth. We found evidence of co-infection in four clinical specimens, each containing two distinct EV genotypes (CVB3/ECHO7, CVB3/ECHO18 and ECHO9/30). Characterisation of the complete genome provided conclusive genotyping of EVs, which can be applied to investigate the intra-host virus evolution of EVs, and allows further identification and investigation of EV outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia R Isaacs
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Junipearl X Cheng
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Systems Medicine, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Sacha Stelzer-Braid
- Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Fabio Luciani
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Systems Medicine, Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), NSW Health Pathology East, Department of Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Maria E Craig
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Virology Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Enteroviral infections in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: new insights for therapeutic intervention. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:11-19. [PMID: 30064099 PMCID: PMC6294842 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviral infection has been long-associated with type 1 diabetes in epidemiological studies. β-Cells express a specific enteroviral receptor isoform, CAR-SIV, mainly on secretory granules. β-Cells respond to enteroviruses by allowing the establishment of a persistent infection. Enteroviral vaccines are under development that might be effective in type 1 diabetes.
The development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes has long been linked with enteroviral infection but a causal relationship has proven hard to establish. This is partly because much of the epidemiological evidence derives from studies of neutralising antibody generation in blood samples while less attention has been paid to the pancreatic beta cell as a site of infection. Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed that beta cells express specific enteroviral receptors and that they can sustain a productive enteroviral infection. Importantly, they can also mount antiviral responses which attenuate viral replication and may favour the establishment of a persistent enteroviral infection. Together, these responses combine to create the Trojan horse by which enteroviruses might precipitate islet autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Sioofy-Khojine AB, Lehtonen J, Nurminen N, Laitinen OH, Oikarinen S, Huhtala H, Pakkanen O, Ruokoranta T, Hankaniemi MM, Toppari J, Vähä-Mäkilä M, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M, Hyöty H. Coxsackievirus B1 infections are associated with the initiation of insulin-driven autoimmunity that progresses to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1193-1202. [PMID: 29404673 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet autoimmunity usually starts with the appearance of autoantibodies against either insulin (IAA) or GAD65 (GADA). This categorises children with preclinical type 1 diabetes into two immune phenotypes, which differ in their genetic background and may have different aetiology. The aim was to study whether Coxsackievirus group B (CVB) infections, which have been linked to the initiation of islet autoimmunity, are associated with either of these two phenotypes in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. METHODS All samples were from children in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study. Individuals are recruited to the DIPP study from the general population of new-born infants who carry defined HLA genotypes associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Our study cohort included 91 children who developed IAA and 78 children who developed GADA as their first appearing single autoantibody and remained persistently seropositive for islet autoantibodies, along with 181 and 151 individually matched autoantibody negative control children, respectively. Seroconversion to positivity for neutralising antibodies was detected as the surrogate marker of CVB infections in serial follow-up serum samples collected before and at the appearance of islet autoantibodies in each individual. RESULTS CVB1 infections were associated with the appearance of IAA as the first autoantibody (OR 2.4 [95% CI 1.4, 4.2], corrected p = 0.018). CVB5 infection also tended to be associated with the appearance of IAA, however, this did not reach statistical significance (OR 2.3, [0.7, 7.5], p = 0.163); no other CVB types were associated with increased risk of IAA. Children who had signs of a CVB1 infection either alone or prior to infections by other CVBs were at the highest risk for developing IAA (OR 5.3 [95% CI 2.4, 11.7], p < 0.001). None of the CVBs were associated with the appearance of GADA. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CVB1 infections may contribute to the initiation of islet autoimmunity being particularly important in the insulin-driven autoimmune process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
- Vactech Ltd, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heini Huhtala
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Vactech Ltd, Tampere, Finland
- Biomeditech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mari Vähä-Mäkilä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre of Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Paediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, Oulu University, Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, PL 100, 33014 Tampereen yliopisto, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Allen DW, Kim KW, Rawlinson WD, Craig ME. Maternal virus infections in pregnancy and type 1 diabetes in their offspring: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1974. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Digby W. Allen
- School of Women's and Children's Health; University of New South Wales Medicine; Sydney Australia
- POWH and UNSW Virology Research Laboratory; Prince of Wales Hospital; Sydney Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- School of Women's and Children's Health; University of New South Wales Medicine; Sydney Australia
- POWH and UNSW Virology Research Laboratory; Prince of Wales Hospital; Sydney Australia
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- School of Women's and Children's Health; University of New South Wales Medicine; Sydney Australia
- POWH and UNSW Virology Research Laboratory; Prince of Wales Hospital; Sydney Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Maria E. Craig
- School of Women's and Children's Health; University of New South Wales Medicine; Sydney Australia
- POWH and UNSW Virology Research Laboratory; Prince of Wales Hospital; Sydney Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes; The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Sydney Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kloc A, Rai DK, Rieder E. The Roles of Picornavirus Untranslated Regions in Infection and Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:485. [PMID: 29616004 PMCID: PMC5870040 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral genomes have evolved to maximize their potential of overcoming host defense mechanisms and to induce a variety of disease syndromes. Structurally, a genome of a virus consists of coding and noncoding regions, and both have been shown to contribute to initiation and progression of disease. Accumulated work in picornaviruses has stressed out the importance of the noncoding RNAs, or untranslated 5′- and 3′-regions (UTRs), in both replication and translation of viral genomes. Unsurprisingly, defects in these processes have been reported to cause viral attenuation and affect viral pathogenicity. However, substantial evidence suggests that these untranslated RNAs may influence the outcome of the host innate immune response. This review discusses the involvement of 5′- and 3′-terminus UTRs in induction and regulation of host immunity and its consequences for viral life cycle and virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kloc
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Reproduction of RNA viruses is typically error-prone due to the infidelity of their replicative machinery and the usual lack of proofreading mechanisms. The error rates may be close to those that kill the virus. Consequently, populations of RNA viruses are represented by heterogeneous sets of genomes with various levels of fitness. This is especially consequential when viruses encounter various bottlenecks and new infections are initiated by a single or few deviating genomes. Nevertheless, RNA viruses are able to maintain their identity by conservation of major functional elements. This conservatism stems from genetic robustness or mutational tolerance, which is largely due to the functional degeneracy of many protein and RNA elements as well as to negative selection. Another relevant mechanism is the capacity to restore fitness after genetic damages, also based on replicative infidelity. Conversely, error-prone replication is a major tool that ensures viral evolvability. The potential for changes in debilitated genomes is much higher in small populations, because in the absence of stronger competitors low-fit genomes have a choice of various trajectories to wander along fitness landscapes. Thus, low-fit populations are inherently unstable, and it may be said that to run ahead it is useful to stumble. In this report, focusing on picornaviruses and also considering data from other RNA viruses, we review the biological relevance and mechanisms of various alterations of viral RNA genomes as well as pathways and mechanisms of rehabilitation after loss of fitness. The relationships among mutational robustness, resilience, and evolvability of viral RNA genomes are discussed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Bouin A, Nguyen Y, Wehbe M, Renois F, Fornes P, Bani-Sadr F, Metz D, Andreoletti L. Major Persistent 5' Terminally Deleted Coxsackievirus B3 Populations in Human Endomyocardial Tissues. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1488-90. [PMID: 27434549 PMCID: PMC4982168 DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.160186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed deep sequencing analysis of the enterovirus 5′ noncoding region in cardiac biopsies from a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy. Results displayed a mix of deleted and full-length coxsackievirus B3, characterized by a low viral RNA load (8.102 copies/μg of nucleic acids) and a low viral RNA positive-sense to RNA negative-sense ratio of 4.8.
Collapse
|
38
|
Immunological and pathological consequences of coxsackievirus RNA persistence in the heart. Virology 2017; 512:104-112. [PMID: 28950225 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Type B coxsackieviruses (CVB) can cause myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a potentially-fatal sequela that has been correlated to the persistence of viral RNA. Herein, we demonstrate that cardiac RNA persistence can be established even after an inapparent primary infection. Using an inducible Cre/lox mouse model, we ask: (i) Does persistent CVB3 RNA cause ongoing immune activation? (ii) If T1IFN signaling into cardiomyocytes is ablated after RNA persistence is established, is there any change in the abundance of persistent CVB3 RNA and/or does cytopathic infectious virus re-emerge? (iii) Does this loss of T1IFN responsiveness by cardiomyocytes lead to the recurrence/exacerbation of myocarditis? Our findings suggest that persistent enteroviral RNAs probably do not contribute to ongoing myocardial disease, and are more likely to be the fading remnants of a recent, possibly sub-clinical, primary infection which may have set in motion the process that ultimately ends in DCM.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epigenetics is defined as mitotically heritable changes in gene expression that do not directly alter the DNA sequence. By implication, such epigenetic changes are non-genetically determined, although they can be affected by inherited genetic variation. Extensive evidence indicates that autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes are determined by the interaction of genetic and non-genetic factors. Much is known of the genetic causes of these diseases, but the non-genetic effects are less clear-cut. Further, it remains unclear how they interact to cause the destructive autoimmune process. This review identifies the key issues in the genetic/non-genetic interaction, examining the most recent evidence of the role of non-genetic effects in the disease process, including the impact of epigenetic effects on key pathways. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research indicates that these pathways likely involve immune effector cells both of the innate and adaptive immune response. Specifically, there is evidence of cell type-specific enrichment in altered DNA methylation, changes which were temporally stable and enriched at gene regulatory elements. Epigenomics remains in its infancy, and we anticipate further studies will define how the interaction of genetic and non-genetic effects induces tissue-specific destruction and enhances our ability to predict, and possibly even modify that process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary N. Dang
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - R. David Leslie
- Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS UK
- The Blizard Institute, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Jean-Baptiste VSE, Xia CQ, Clare-Salzler MJ, Horwitz MS. Type 1 Diabetes and Type 1 Interferonopathies: Localization of a Type 1 Common Thread of Virus Infection in the Pancreas. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:10-17. [PMID: 28663145 PMCID: PMC5552106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Increasing incidence of T1D worldwide is prompting researchers to adopt different approaches to explain the biology of T1D, beyond the presence and activity of autoreactive lymphocytes. In this review, we propose inflammatory pathways as triggers for T1D. Within the scope of those inflammatory pathways and in understanding the pathogenesis of disease, we suggest that viruses, in particular Coxsackieviruses, act by causing a type 1 interferonopathy within the pancreas and the microenvironment of the islet. As such, this connection and common thread represents an exciting platform for the development of new diagnostic, treatment and/or prevention options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie S E Jean-Baptiste
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (I3) Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Chang-Qing Xia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Michael J Clare-Salzler
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity (I3) Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Functional Consequences of RNA 5'-Terminal Deletions on Coxsackievirus B3 RNA Replication and Ribonucleoprotein Complex Formation. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00423-17. [PMID: 28539455 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00423-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B coxsackieviruses are responsible for chronic cardiac infections. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the virus can persist in the human heart long after the signs of acute myocarditis have abated are still not completely understood. Recently, coxsackievirus B3 strains with 5'-terminal deletions in genomic RNAs were isolated from a patient suffering from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, suggesting that such mutant viruses may be the forms responsible for persistent infection. These deletions lacked portions of 5' stem-loop I, which is an RNA secondary structure required for viral RNA replication. In this study, we assessed the consequences of the genomic deletions observed in vivo for coxsackievirus B3 biology. Using cell extracts from HeLa cells, as well as transfection of luciferase replicons in two types of cardiomyocytes, we demonstrated that coxsackievirus RNAs harboring 5' deletions ranging from 7 to 49 nucleotides in length can be translated nearly as efficiently as those of wild-type virus. However, these 5' deletions greatly reduced the synthesis of viral RNA in vitro, which was detected only for the 7- and 21-nucleotide deletions. Since 5' stem-loop I RNA forms a ribonucleoprotein complex with cellular and viral proteins involved in viral RNA replication, we investigated the binding of the host cell protein PCBP2, as well as viral protein 3CDpro, to deleted positive-strand RNAs corresponding to the 5' end. We found that binding of these proteins was conserved but that ribonucleoprotein complex formation required higher PCBP2 and 3CDpro concentrations, depending on the size of the deletion. Overall, this study confirmed the characteristics of persistent CVB3 infection observed in heart tissues and provided a possible explanation for the low level of RNA replication observed for the 5'-deleted viral genomes-a less stable ribonucleoprotein complex formed with proteins involved in viral RNA replication.IMPORTANCE Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common indication for heart transplantation worldwide, and coxsackie B viruses are detected in about one-third of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies. Terminal deletions at the 5' end of the viral genome involving an RNA secondary structure required for RNA replication have been recently reported as a possible mechanism of virus persistence in the human heart. These mutations are likely to disrupt the correct folding of an RNA secondary structure required for viral RNA replication. In this report, we demonstrate that transfected RNAs harboring 5'-terminal sequence deletions are able to direct the synthesis of viral proteins, but not genomic RNAs, in human and murine cardiomyocytes. Moreover, we show that the binding of cellular and viral replication factors to viral RNA is conserved despite genomic deletions but that the impaired RNA synthesis associated with terminally deleted viruses could be due to destabilization of the ribonucleoprotein complexes formed.
Collapse
|
42
|
Alidjinou EK, Engelmann I, Bossu J, Villenet C, Figeac M, Romond MB, Sané F, Hober D. Persistence of Coxsackievirus B4 in pancreatic ductal-like cells results in cellular and viral changes. Virulence 2017; 8:1229-1244. [PMID: 28112573 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1284735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although known as cytolytic viruses, group B coxackieviruses (CVB) are able to establish a persistent infection in vitro and in vivo. Viral persistence has been reported as a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of CVB-associated chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). The impact of CVB4 persistence on human pancreas ductal-like cells was investigated. METHODS A persistent CVB4 infection was established in ductal-like cells. PDX-1 expression, resistance to CVB4-induced lysis and CAR expression were evaluated. The profile of cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) was investigated through miRNA-sequencing. Viral phenotypic changes were examined, and genomic modifications were assessed by sequencing of the viral genome. RESULTS The CVB4 persistence in ductal-like cells was productive, with continuous release of infectious particles. Persistently infected cells displayed a resistance to CVB4-induced lysis upon superinfection and expression of PDX-1 and CAR was decreased. These changes were maintained even after virus clearance. The patterns of cellular miRNA expression in mock-infected and in CVB4-persistently infected ductal-like cells were clearly different. The persistent infection-derived virus (PIDV) was still able to induce cytopathic effect but its plaques were smaller than the parental virus. Several mutations appeared in various PIDV genome regions, but amino acid substitutions did not affect the predicted site of interaction with CAR. CONCLUSION Cellular and viral changes occur during persistent infection of human pancreas ductal-like cells with CVB4. The persistence of cellular changes even after virus clearance supports the hypothesis of a long-lasting impact of persistent CVB infection on the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E K Alidjinou
- a Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610 , Lille , France
| | - I Engelmann
- a Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610 , Lille , France
| | - J Bossu
- a Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610 , Lille , France
| | - C Villenet
- b Plate-forme de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale , CHU de Lille , France
| | - M Figeac
- b Plate-forme de Génomique Fonctionnelle et Structurale , CHU de Lille , France
| | - M-B Romond
- a Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610 , Lille , France
| | - F Sané
- a Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610 , Lille , France
| | - D Hober
- a Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie EA3610 , Lille , France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chapman NM. Prior immune exposure can protect or can enhance pathology in the enteroviruses: what predicts the outcome? Virulence 2016; 8:643-645. [PMID: 27935428 PMCID: PMC5626233 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1269048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nora M Chapman
- a Department of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
N'Guyen Y, Lesaffre F, Metz D, Tassan S, Saade Y, Boulagnon C, Fornes P, Renois F, Andreoletti L. Enterovirus but not Parvovirus B19 is associated with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial CD3, CD68, or HLA-DR expression. J Med Virol 2016; 89:55-63. [PMID: 27301802 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We assessed Enterovirus (EV) &Parvovirus B19 (PVB19) genomes and CD3, CD68&HLA-DR detection in dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM). EV&PVB19 genomes and CD3, CD68&HLA-DR were detected by PCR and immunohistochemistry assays in 115 endomyocardial biopsies obtained in 13 idiopathic DCM (iDCM) and 10 explained DCM (eDCM) patients. Results were compared with those of 47 atrial surgical samples (47 surgery controls) and 22 autoptic cardiac samples (11 healthy heart controls) (2008-2014, Reims, France). EV was detected in 23.1% of iDCM patients but not in eDCM and controls (P = 0.003) (viral load 803 copies/μg). PVB19 was detected in 76.9%, 80.0%, 63.6% and 78.2% of iDCM, eDCM, healthy heart and surgery controls (P = 0.99) with a mean viral load of 413, 346, 1,428, and 71 copies/μg. CD3, CD68 or HLA-DR were detected in 100 and 50% of EV and PVB19 "mono-infected" iDCM patients. EV was exclusively detected in iDCM cases in association with CD3, CD68, or HLA-DR indicating that EV could be an etiological cause in a subset of iDCM cases. By contrast the equal frequent detection of PVB19 in iDCM cases and controls without association with CD3, CD68, or HLA-DR suggested that PVB19 could be a bystander in many DCM cases. J. Med. Virol. 89:55-63, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan N'Guyen
- Laboratoirede Virologie médicale et moléculaire, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France. .,EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculté de médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.
| | - François Lesaffre
- EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculté de médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France.,Service de Cardiologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France
| | - Damien Metz
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France
| | - Sophie Tassan
- Service de Cardiologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France
| | - Yves Saade
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France
| | - Camille Boulagnon
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardennes, Reims, France.,Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France
| | - Paul Fornes
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Reims Champagne Ardennes, Reims, France.,Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France
| | - Fanny Renois
- Laboratoirede Virologie médicale et moléculaire, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France.,EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculté de médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- Laboratoirede Virologie médicale et moléculaire, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Reims, France.,EA-4684 Cardiovir, Faculté de médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jaramillo L, Smithee S, Tracy S, Chapman NM. Domain I of the 5' non-translated genomic region in coxsackievirus B3 RNA is not required for productive replication. Virology 2016; 496:127-130. [PMID: 27289561 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Domain I is a cloverleaf-like secondary structure at the 5' termini of all enterovirus genomes, comprising part of a cis-acting replication element essential for efficient enteroviral replication. 5' genomic terminal deletions up to as much as 55% of domain I can occur without lethality following coxsackie B virus infections. We report here that the entire CVB structural domain I can be deleted without lethality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Jaramillo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA
| | - S Smithee
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA; Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - N M Chapman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The incidence of type 1 diabetes has risen considerably in the past 30 years due to changes in the environment that have been only partially identified. In this Series paper, we critically discuss candidate triggers of islet autoimmunity and factors thought to promote progression from autoimmunity to overt type 1 diabetes. We revisit previously proposed hypotheses to explain the growth in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in light of current data. Finally, we suggest a unified model in which immune tolerance to β cells can be broken by several environmental exposures that induce generation of hybrid peptides acting as neoautoantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Linköping University and Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Laitinen OH, Svedin E, Kapell S, Nurminen A, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. Enteroviral proteases: structure, host interactions and pathogenicity. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:251-67. [PMID: 27145174 PMCID: PMC7169145 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are common human pathogens, and infections are particularly frequent in children. Severe infections can lead to a variety of diseases, including poliomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis. Enterovirus infections have also been implicated in asthmatic exacerbations and type 1 diabetes. The large disease spectrum of the closely related enteroviruses may be partially, but not fully, explained by differences in tissue tropism. The molecular mechanisms by which enteroviruses cause disease are poorly understood, but there is increasing evidence that the two enteroviral proteases, 2Apro and 3Cpro, are important mediators of pathology. These proteases perform the post‐translational proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein, but they also cleave several host‐cell proteins in order to promote the production of new virus particles, as well as to evade the cellular antiviral immune responses. Enterovirus‐associated processing of cellular proteins may also contribute to pathology, as elegantly demonstrated by the 2Apro‐mediated cleavage of dystrophin in cardiomyocytes contributing to Coxsackievirus‐induced cardiomyopathy. It is likely that improved tools to identify targets for these proteases will reveal additional host protein substrates that can be linked to specific enterovirus‐associated diseases. Here, we discuss the function of the enteroviral proteases in the virus replication cycle and review the current knowledge regarding how these proteases modulate the infected cell in order to favour virus replication, including ways to avoid detection by the immune system. We also highlight new possibilities for the identification of protease‐specific cellular targets and thereby a way to discover novel mechanisms contributing to disease. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olli H Laitinen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Svedin
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Kapell
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anssi Nurminen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- BioMediTech, Finland and Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.,The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HS, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Smithee S, Tracy S, Chapman NM. Reversion to wildtype of a mutated and nonfunctional coxsackievirus B3CRE(2C). Virus Res 2016; 220:136-49. [PMID: 27130630 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cis-acting replication element (CRE) in the 2C protein coding region [CRE(2C)] of enteroviruses (EV) facilitates the addition of two uridine residues (uridylylation) onto the virus-encoded protein VPg in order for it to serve as the RNA replication primer. We demonstrated that coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is replication competent in the absence of a native (uridylylating) CRE(2C) and also demonstrated that lack of a functional CRE(2C) led to generation of 5' terminal genomic deletions in the CVB3 CRE-knock-out (CVB3-CKO) population. We asked whether reversion of the mutated CRE(2C) occurred, thus permitting sustained replication, and when were 5' terminal deletions generated during replication. Virions were isolated from HeLa cells previously electroporated with infectious CVB3-CKO T7 transcribed RNA or from hearts and spleens of mice after transfection with CVB3-CKO RNA. Viral RNA was isolated in order to amplify the CRE(2C) coding region and the genomic 5' terminal sequences. Sequence analysis revealed reversion of the CVB3-CKO sequence to wildtype occurs by 8 days post-electroporation of HeLa cells and by 20days post-transfection in mice. However, 5' terminal deletions evolve prior to these times. Reversion of the CRE(2C) mutations to wildtype despite loss of the genomic 5' termini is consistent with the hypothesis that an intact CRE(2C) is inherently vital to EV replication even when it is not enabling efficient positive strand initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane Smithee
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
| | - Steven Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nora M Chapman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Krasota A, Loginovskih N, Ivanova O, Lipskaya G. Direct Identification of Enteroviruses in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Suspected Meningitis by Nested PCR Amplification. Viruses 2016; 8:E10. [PMID: 26751470 PMCID: PMC4728570 DOI: 10.3390/v8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, the most common human viral pathogens worldwide, have been associated with serous meningitis, encephalitis, syndrome of acute flaccid paralysis, myocarditis and the onset of diabetes type 1. In the future, the rapid identification of the etiological agent would allow to adjust the therapy promptly and thereby improve the course of the disease and prognosis. We developed RT-nested PCR amplification of the genomic region coding viral structural protein VP1 for direct identification of enteroviruses in clinical specimens and compared it with the existing analogs. One-hundred-fifty-nine cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with suspected meningitis were studied. The amplification of VP1 genomic region using the new method was achieved for 86 (54.1%) patients compared with 75 (47.2%), 53 (33.3%) and 31 (19.5%) achieved with previously published methods. We identified 11 serotypes of the Enterovirus species B in 2012, including relatively rare echovirus 14 (E-14), E-15 and E-32, and eight serotypes of species B and 5 enteroviruses A71 (EV-A71) in 2013. The developed method can be useful for direct identification of enteroviruses in clinical material with the low virus loads such as CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Krasota
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow 142782, Russia.
| | - Natalia Loginovskih
- Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in the Omsk Region, Omsk 644116, Russia.
| | - Olga Ivanova
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow 142782, Russia.
| | - Galina Lipskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Hodik M, Anagandula M, Fuxe J, Krogvold L, Dahl-Jørgensen K, Hyöty H, Sarmiento L, Frisk G. Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor expression is enhanced in pancreas from patients with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2016; 4:e000219. [PMID: 27933184 PMCID: PMC5129002 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES One of the theories connecting enterovirus (EV) infection of human islets with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the development of a fertile field in the islets. This implies induction of appropriate proteins for the viral replication such as the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR). The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent CAR is expressed in human islets of Langerhans, and what conditions that would change the expression. DESIGN Immunohistochemistry for CAR was performed on paraffin-embedded pancreatic tissue from patients with T1D (n=9 recent onset T1D, n=4 long-standing T1D), islet autoantibody-positive individuals (n=14) and non-diabetic controls (n=24) individuals. The expression of CAR was also examined by reverse transcription PCR on microdissected islets (n=5), exocrine tissue (n=5) and on explanted islets infected with EV or exposed to chemokines produced by EV-infected islet cells. RESULTS An increased frequency of patients with T1D and autoantibody-positive individuals expressed CAR in the pancreas (p<0.039). CAR staining was detected more frequently in pancreatic islets from patients with T1D and autoantibody-positive subjects (15/27) compared with (6/24) non-diabetic controls (p<0.033). Also in explanted islets cultured in UV-treated culture medium from coxsackievirus B (CBV)-1-infected islets, the expression of the CAR gene was increased compared with controls. Laser microdissection of pancreatic tissue revealed that CAR expression was 10-fold higher in endocrine compared with exocrine cells of the pancreas. CAR was also expressed in explanted islets and the expression level decreased with time in culture. CBV-1 infection of explanted islets clearly decreased the expression of CAR (p<0.05). In contrast, infection with echovirus 6 did not affect the expression of CAR. CONCLUSIONS CAR is expressed in pancreatic islets of patients with T1D and the expression level of CAR is increased in explanted islets exposed to proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines produced by infected islets. T1D is associated with increased levels of certain chemokines/cytokines in the islets and this might be the mechanism behind the increased expression of CAR in TID islets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hodik
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology , Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory , Uppsala, Uppland , Sweden
| | - M Anagandula
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology , Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory , Uppsala, Uppland , Sweden
| | - J Fuxe
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Dahl-Jørgensen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Hyöty
- Department of Virology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; FimlabLaboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Sarmiento
- Autoimmunity Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Skåne University Hospital, Lund University , Malmo , Sweden
| | - G Frisk
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology , Uppsala University, The Rudbeck Laboratory , Uppsala, Uppland , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|