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Cui L, Li X, Liu Z, Liu X, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Han Z, Zhang Y, Liu S, Li H. MAPK pathway orchestrates gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 infection through the biphasic activation of MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK signaling. Virology 2024; 597:110159. [PMID: 38943781 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Therapies targeting virus-host interactions are seen as promising strategies for treating gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (ILTV) infection. Our study revealed a biphasic activation of two MAPK cascade pathways, MEK/ERK and p38 MAPK, as a notably activated host molecular event in response to ILTV infection. It exhibits antiviral functions at different stages of infection. Initially, the MEK/ERK pathway is activated upon viral invasion, leading to a broad suppression of metabolic pathways crucial for ILTV replication, thereby inhibiting viral replication from the early stage of ILTV infection. As the viral replication progresses, the p38 MAPK pathway activates its downstream transcription factor, STAT1, further hindering viral replication. Interestingly, ILTV overcomes this biphasic antiviral barrier by hijacking host p38-AKT axis, which protects infected cells from the apoptosis induced by infection and establishes an intracellular equilibrium conducive to extensive ILTV replication. These insights could provide potential therapeutic targets for ILTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cui
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zheyi Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yongxin Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
| | - Hai Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Institute, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of the Education Ministry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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2
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Ma J, Bruce K, Stevenson PG, Farrell HE. Mouse cytomegalovirus lacking sgg1 shows reduced import into the salivary glands. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:002013. [PMID: 39093048 PMCID: PMC11296724 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) transmit via chronic shedding from the salivary glands. How this relates to the broad cell tropism they exhibit in vitro is unclear. Human CMV (HCMV) infection presents only after salivary gland infection is established. Murine CMV (MCMV) is therefore useful to analyse early infection events. It reaches the salivary glands via infected myeloid cells. Three adjacent spliced genes designated as m131/129 (MCK-2), sgg1 and sgg1.1, positional homologues of the HCMV UL128/130/131 tropism determinants, are implicated. We show that a sgg1 null mutant is defective in infected myeloid cell entry into the salivary glands, a phenotype distinct from MCMV lacking MCK-2. These data point to a complex, multi-step process of salivary gland colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberley Bruce
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Philip G. Stevenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen E. Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Li H, Fletcher-Etherington A, Hunter LM, Keshri S, Fielding CA, Nightingale K, Ravenhill B, Nobre L, Potts M, Antrobus R, Crump CM, Rubinsztein DC, Stanton RJ, Weekes MP. Human cytomegalovirus degrades DMXL1 to inhibit autophagy, lysosomal acidification, and viral assembly. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:466-478.e11. [PMID: 38479395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen that regulates host immunity and hijacks host compartments, including lysosomes, to assemble virions. We combined a quantitative proteomic analysis of HCMV infection with a database of proteins involved in vacuolar acidification, revealing Dmx-like protein-1 (DMXL1) as the only protein that acidifies vacuoles yet is degraded by HCMV. Systematic comparison of viral deletion mutants reveals the uncharacterized 7 kDa US33A protein as necessary and sufficient for DMXL1 degradation, which occurs via recruitment of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Kip1 ubiquitination-promoting complex (KPC). US33A-mediated DMXL1 degradation inhibits lysosome acidification and autophagic cargo degradation. Formation of the virion assembly compartment, which requires lysosomes, occurs significantly later with US33A-expressing virus infection, with reduced viral replication. These data thus identify a viral strategy for cellular remodeling, with the potential to employ US33A in therapies for viral infection or rheumatic conditions, in which inhibition of lysosome acidification can attenuate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqi Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher-Etherington
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Leah M Hunter
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Swati Keshri
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Institute, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Ceri A Fielding
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Katie Nightingale
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Benjamin Ravenhill
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Luis Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Martin Potts
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Colin M Crump
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK; UK Dementia Institute, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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4
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Chen C, Chen L, Mao C, Jin L, Wu S, Zheng Y, Cui Z, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Jiang H, Liu X. Natural Extracts for Antibacterial Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306553. [PMID: 37847896 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria-induced epidemics and infectious diseases are seriously threatening the health of people around the world. In addition, antibiotic therapy has been inducing increasingly more serious bacterial resistance, which makes it urgent to develop new treatment strategies to combat bacteria, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Natural extracts displaying antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility have attracted much attention due to greater concerns about the safety of synthetic chemicals and emerging drug resistance. These antibacterial components can be isolated and utilized as antimicrobials, as well as transformed, combined, or wrapped with other substances by using modern assistive technologies to fight bacteria synergistically. This review summarizes recent advances in natural extracts from three kinds of sources-plants, animals, and microorganisms-for antibacterial applications. This work discusses the corresponding antibacterial mechanisms and the future development of natural extracts in antibacterial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Chen
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Health Science & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Xiping Avenue 5340#, Tianjin, 300401, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Health Science & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Xiping Avenue 5340#, Tianjin, 300401, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Congyang Mao
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Liguo Jin
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5#, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenduo Cui
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shengli Zhu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, the Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135#, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
- School of Health Science & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Xiping Avenue 5340#, Tianjin, 300401, China
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5
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Kaur A, Vaccari M. Exploring HIV Vaccine Progress in the Pre-Clinical and Clinical Setting: From History to Future Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:368. [PMID: 38543734 PMCID: PMC10974975 DOI: 10.3390/v16030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to pose a significant global health challenge, with millions of people affected and new cases emerging each year. While various treatment and prevention methods exist, including antiretroviral therapy and non-vaccine approaches, developing an effective vaccine remains the most crucial and cost-effective solution to combating the HIV epidemic. Despite significant advancements in HIV research, the HIV vaccine field has faced numerous challenges, and only one clinical trial has demonstrated a modest level of efficacy. This review delves into the history of HIV vaccines and the current efforts in HIV prevention, emphasizing pre-clinical vaccine development using the non-human primate model (NHP) of HIV infection. NHP models offer valuable insights into potential preventive strategies for combating HIV, and they play a vital role in informing and guiding the development of novel vaccine candidates before they can proceed to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitinder Kaur
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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6
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Kubiś P, Kuźmak J. Development of a recombinant protein-based ELISA for detection of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 6 (BoHV6). J Vet Res 2023; 67:509-515. [PMID: 38130460 PMCID: PMC10730543 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine herpesvirus 6 (BoHV6) belongs to the Herpesviridae family, Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily and Macavirus genus. It is common in cattle, but was also detected in American bison (Bison bison) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The aim of the experiment was to develop an ELISA for serological examination of cattle sera for the presence of anti-BoHV6 specific antibodies. Material and Methods Viral DNA from a BoHV6-positive cow was amplified by qPCR and the resulting fragments of the gB and gH genes encoding glycoproteins B and H (gB and gH) were cloned into the pLATE52 vector to express recombinant gB (rgB) and gH (rgH) in Rosetta (DE3) E. coli. The expressed recombinant proteins were used as antigens in the developed ELISA. Results The proteins expressed had the expected molecular weight. A total of 143 sera were examined, and 141 of them were positive, according to the chosen cut-off values of 9% and 10% for the sample-to-positive ratios of the rgB and rgH antigens, respectively. Conclusion The rgB and rgH recombinant antigens of BoHV6 were successfully expressed in E. coli and successfully used in a newly developed ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kubiś
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Kamel MS, Munds RA, Verma MS. The Quest for Immunity: Exploring Human Herpesviruses as Vaccine Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16112. [PMID: 38003300 PMCID: PMC10671728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that have long been used as powerful gene therapy tools. In recent years, the ability of herpesviruses to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses has led to their transition to various applications as vaccine vectors. This vaccinology branch is growing at an unprecedented and accelerated rate. To date, human herpesvirus-based vectors have been used in vaccines to combat a variety of infectious agents, including the Ebola virus, foot and mouth disease virus, and human immunodeficiency viruses. Additionally, these vectors are being tested as potential vaccines for cancer-associated antigens. Thanks to advances in recombinant DNA technology, immunology, and genomics, numerous steps in vaccine development have been greatly improved. A better understanding of herpesvirus biology and the interactions between these viruses and the host cells will undoubtedly foster the use of herpesvirus-based vaccine vectors in clinical settings. To overcome the existing drawbacks of these vectors, ongoing research is needed to further advance our knowledge of herpesvirus biology and to develop safer and more effective vaccine vectors. Advanced molecular virology and cell biology techniques must be used to better understand the mechanisms by which herpesviruses manipulate host cells and how viral gene expression is regulated during infection. In this review, we cover the underlying molecular structure of herpesviruses and the strategies used to engineer their genomes to optimize capacity and efficacy as vaccine vectors. Also, we assess the available data on the successful application of herpesvirus-based vaccines for combating diseases such as viral infections and the potential drawbacks and alternative approaches to surmount them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Kamel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 11221, Egypt
| | - Rachel A. Munds
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Krishi Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Krishi Inc., West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Pezzotti G, Ohgitani E, Imamura H, Ikegami S, Shin-Ya M, Adachi T, Adachi K, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Marin E, Zhu W, Higasa K, Yasukochi Y, Okuma K, Mazda O. Raman Multi-Omic Snapshot and Statistical Validation of Structural Differences between Herpes Simplex Type I and Epstein-Barr Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15567. [PMID: 37958551 PMCID: PMC10647490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy was applied to study the structural differences between herpes simplex virus Type I (HSV-1) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Raman spectra were first collected with statistical validity on clusters of the respective virions and analyzed according to principal component analysis (PCA). Then, average spectra were computed and a machine-learning approach applied to deconvolute them into sub-band components in order to perform comparative analyses. The Raman results revealed marked structural differences between the two viral strains, which could mainly be traced back to the massive presence of carbohydrates in the glycoproteins of EBV virions. Clear differences could also be recorded for selected tyrosine and tryptophan Raman bands sensitive to pH at the virion/environment interface. According to the observed spectral differences, Raman signatures of known biomolecules were interpreted to link structural differences with the viral functions of the two strains. The present study confirms the unique ability of Raman spectroscopy for answering structural questions at the molecular level in virology and, despite the structural complexity of viral structures, its capacity to readily and reliably differentiate between different virus types and strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shin-Machi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Eriko Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
| | - Hayata Imamura
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Saki Ikegami
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
| | - Masaharu Shin-Ya
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan;
| | - Keiji Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (K.A.); (T.Y.); (N.K.)
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-Ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; (H.I.); (S.I.); (W.Z.)
| | - Koichiro Higasa
- Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1191, Japan; (K.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yoshiki Yasukochi
- Genome Analysis, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, 2-3-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1191, Japan; (K.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan;
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, 465 Kajii-Cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (E.O.); (M.S.-Y.); (T.A.); (O.M.)
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9
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Barry PA, Iyer SS, Gibson L. Re-Evaluating Human Cytomegalovirus Vaccine Design: Prediction of T Cell Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1629. [PMID: 38005961 PMCID: PMC10674879 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HCMV vaccine development has traditionally focused on viral antigens identified as key targets of neutralizing antibody (NAb) and/or T cell responses in healthy adults with chronic HCMV infection, such as glycoprotein B (gB), the glycoprotein H-anchored pentamer complex (PC), and the unique long 83 (UL83)-encoded phosphoprotein 65 (pp65). However, the protracted absence of a licensed HCMV vaccine that reduces the risk of infection in pregnancy regardless of serostatus warrants a systematic reassessment of assumptions informing vaccine design. To illustrate this imperative, we considered the hypothesis that HCMV proteins infrequently detected as targets of T cell responses may contain important vaccine antigens. Using an extant dataset from a T cell profiling study, we tested whether HCMV proteins recognized by only a small minority of participants encompass any T cell epitopes. Our analyses demonstrate a prominent skewing of T cell responses away from most viral proteins-although they contain robust predicted CD8 T cell epitopes-in favor of a more restricted set of proteins. Our findings raise the possibility that HCMV may benefit from evading the T cell recognition of certain key proteins and that, contrary to current vaccine design approaches, including them as vaccine antigens could effectively take advantage of this vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Barry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Laura Gibson
- Departments of Medicine and of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Luo W, Qi H, Huang Z, Guo M, Peng D, Yang Z, Fan Z, Wang Q, Qin Q, Yang M, Lee X. Autophagy induced by Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) facilitated intracellular viral replication and extracellular viral yields in common carp brain cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109049. [PMID: 37678483 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conservative and important process that exists in all eukaryotic cells in nature. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as KHV (Koi Herpesvirus), is a pathogen that mainly infecting common carp and koi. In the present study, we identified the CcLC3B gene, with a length of 379 bp and displaying a close evolutionary relationship with other sixteen different species, the tissue distribution and expression pattern of CcLC3 were also identified. We found that CyHV-3 infection could promote autophagy in CCB cells at the early stage but inhibit autophagy at the late stage by using confocal fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and western blotting. And we measured the protein levels associated with the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, intracellular replication of CyHV-3 at the mRNA and protein levels as well as viral titters. Collectively, the results taken together suggested that CyHV-3 infection could promote autophagy in CCB cells at the early stage but inhibit autophagy at the late stage via mTOR and that promoting autophagy could facilitate CyHV-3 intracellular replication and extracellular viral yields in CCB cells. These findings revealed the relationship between CyHV-3 and autophagy and provided a novel treatment strategy targeting the autophagy signalling pathway against CyHV-3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Hemei Qi
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Centre, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Min Guo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Dikuang Peng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Zimin Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Zihan Fan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - Xuezhu Lee
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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11
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Barros MHM, Alves PDS. Contribution of the Epstein-Barr virus to the oncogenesis of mature T-cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1240359. [PMID: 37781191 PMCID: PMC10538126 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1240359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
EBV is a lymphotropic virus, member of the Herpesviridae family that asymptomatically infects more than 90% of the human population, establishing a latent infection in memory B cells. EBV exhibits complex survival and persistence dynamics, replicating its genome through the proliferation of infected B cells or production of the lytic virions. Many studies have documented the infection of T/NK cells by EBV in healthy individuals during and after primary infection. This feature has been confirmed in humanized mouse models. Together these results have challenged the hypothesis that the infection of T/NK cells per se by EBV could be a triggering event for lymphomagenesis. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive nodal T- and NK-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) are two EBV-associated lymphomas of T/NK cells. These two lymphomas display different clinical, histological and molecular features. However, they share two intriguing characteristics: the association with EBV and a geographical prevalence in East Asia and Latin America. In this review we will discuss the genetic characteristics of EBV in order to understand the possible role of this virus in the oncogenesis of ENKTCL and NKTCL. In addition, the main immunohistological, molecular, cytogenetic and epigenetic differences between ENKTCL and NKTCL will be discussed, as well as EBV differences in latency patterns and other viral molecular characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Daniela S. Alves
- Oncovirology Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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12
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Clouthier S, Tomczyk M, Schroeder T, Klassen C, Dufresne A, Emmenegger E, Nalpathamkalam T, Wang Z, Thiruvahindrapuram B. A New Sturgeon Herpesvirus from Juvenile Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens Displaying Epithelial Skin Lesions. Pathogens 2023; 12:1115. [PMID: 37764923 PMCID: PMC10537993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infections of sturgeon pose a potential threat to sturgeon culture efforts worldwide. A new epitheliotropic herpesvirus named Acipenser herpesvirus 3 (AciHV-3) was detected in hatchery-reared Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens displaying skin lesions in central Canada. The growths were discovered in the fall, reached average prevalence levels of 0.2-40% and eventually regressed. No unusual mortality was observed. The cellular changes within the lesions included epithelial hyperplasia and were reminiscent of other herpesvirus infections. The virus was not evident in lesions examined by electron microscopy. Skin tissue homogenates from symptomatic sturgeon produced atypical cytopathic effects on a primary Lake Sturgeon cell line, and next-generation sequence analysis of the DNA samples revealed the presence of an alloherpesvirus. A new genotyping PCR assay targeting the major capsid protein sequence detected AciHV-3 in symptomatic Lake Sturgeon as well as other apparently healthy sturgeon species. Bayesian inference of phylogeny reconstructed with a concatenation of five alloherpesvirus core proteins revealed a new Alloherpesviridae lineage isomorphic with a new genus. The presence of AciHV-3 homologs in cell lines and sturgeon sequence datasets, low sequence divergence among these homologs and branching patterns within the genotyping phylogeny provide preliminary evidence of an endogenous virus lifestyle established in an ancestral sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Clouthier
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | - Marek Tomczyk
- Manitoba Agriculture & Resource Development Veterinary Diagnostic Services, 545 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5S6, Canada;
| | - Tamara Schroeder
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | - Cheryl Klassen
- Manitoba Hydro, 360 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3C 0G8, Canada;
| | - André Dufresne
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada;
| | - Eveline Emmenegger
- Western Fisheries Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
| | - Thomas Nalpathamkalam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
| | - Bhooma Thiruvahindrapuram
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; (T.N.); (Z.W.); (B.T.)
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13
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van Oers MM, Herniou EA, Jehle JA, Krell PJ, Abd-Alla AMM, Ribeiro BM, Theilmann DA, Hu Z, Harrison RL. Developments in the classification and nomenclature of arthropod-infecting large DNA viruses that contain pif genes. Arch Virol 2023; 168:182. [PMID: 37322175 PMCID: PMC10271883 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05793-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses of four families of arthropod-specific, large dsDNA viruses (the nuclear arthropod large DNA viruses, or NALDVs) possess homologs of genes encoding conserved components involved in the baculovirus primary infection mechanism. The presence of such homologs encoding per os infectivity factors (pif genes), along with their absence from other viruses and the occurrence of other shared characteristics, suggests a common origin for the viruses of these families. Therefore, the class Naldaviricetes was recently established, accommodating these four families. In addition, within this class, the ICTV approved the creation of the order Lefavirales for three of these families, whose members carry homologs of the baculovirus genes that code for components of the viral RNA polymerase, which is responsible for late gene expression. We further established a system for the binomial naming of all virus species in the order Lefavirales, in accordance with a decision by the ICTV in 2019 to move towards a standardized nomenclature for all virus species. The binomial species names for members of the order Lefavirales consist of the name of the genus to which the species belongs (e.g., Alphabaculovirus), followed by a single epithet that refers to the host species from which the virus was originally isolated. The common names of viruses and the abbreviations thereof will not change, as the format of virus names lies outside the remit of the ICTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS - University of Tours, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Julius Kühn-Institut, 69221, Dossenheim, Germany
| | - Peter J Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bergmann M Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Baculovirus, Cell Biology Department, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - David A Theilmann
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Box 5000, Summerland, BC, V0H1Z0, Canada
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Robert L Harrison
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg 007 Barc‑West, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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14
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Pasdeloup D, Chuard A, Rémy S, Courvoisier-Guyader K, Denesvre C. The pUL51 Tegument Protein Is Essential for Marek's Disease Virus Growth In Vitro and Bears a Function That Is Critical for Pathogenesis In Vivo. J Virol 2023; 97:e0024223. [PMID: 37154764 PMCID: PMC10231150 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00242-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
pUL51 is a minor tegument protein important for viral assembly and cell-to-cell spread (CCS) but dispensable for replication in cell culture of all Herpesviruses for which its role has been investigated. Here, we show that pUL51 is essential for the growth of Marek's disease virus, an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus of chickens that is strictly cell-associated in cell culture. MDV pUL51 localized to the Golgi apparatus of infected primary skin fibroblasts, as described for other Herpesviruses. However, the protein was also observed at the surface of lipid droplets in infected chicken keratinocytes, hinting at a possible role of this compartment for viral assembly in the unique cell type involved in MDV shedding in vivo. Deletion of the C-terminal half of pUL51 or fusion of GFP to either the N- or C-terminus were sufficient to disable the protein's essential function(s). However, a virus with a TAP domain fused at the C-terminus of pUL51 was capable of replication in cell culture, albeit with viral spread reduced by 35% and no localization to lipid droplets. In vivo, we observed that although the replication of this virus was moderately impacted, its pathogenesis was strongly impaired. This study describes for the first time the essential role of pUL51 in the biology of a herpesvirus, its association to lipid droplets in a relevant cell type, and its unsuspected role in the pathogenesis of a herpesvirus in its natural host. IMPORTANCE Viruses usually spread from cell to cell through two mechanisms: cell-released virus and/or cell-to-cell spread (CCS). The molecular determinants of CCS and their importance in the biology of viruses during infection of their natural host are unclear. Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a deadly and highly contagious herpesvirus of chickens that produces no cell-free particles in vitro, and therefore, spreads only through CCS in cell culture. Here, we show that viral protein pUL51, an important factor for CCS of Herpesviruses, is essential for MDV growth in vitro. We demonstrate that the fusion of a large tag at the C-terminus of the protein is sufficient to moderately impair viral replication in vivo and almost completely abolish pathogenesis while only slightly reducing viral growth in vitro. This study thus uncovers a role for pUL51 associated with virulence, linked to its C-terminal half, and possibly independent of its essential functions in CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pasdeloup
- Laboratory of Biology of Avian Viruses, INRAE-Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélien Chuard
- Laboratory of Biology of Avian Viruses, INRAE-Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Rémy
- Laboratory of Biology of Avian Viruses, INRAE-Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Caroline Denesvre
- Laboratory of Biology of Avian Viruses, INRAE-Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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15
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Role of Innate Interferon Responses at the Ocular Surface in Herpes Simplex Virus-1-Induced Herpetic Stromal Keratitis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030437. [PMID: 36986359 PMCID: PMC10058014 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful pathogen that primarily infects epithelial cells of the orofacial mucosa. After initial lytic replication, HSV-1 enters sensory neurons and undergoes lifelong latency in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Reactivation from latency occurs throughout the host’s life and is more common in people with a compromised immune system. HSV-1 causes various diseases depending on the site of lytic HSV-1 replication. These include herpes labialis, herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), meningitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). HSK is an immunopathological condition and is usually the consequence of HSV-1 reactivation, anterograde transport to the corneal surface, lytic replication in the epithelial cells, and activation of the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses in the cornea. HSV-1 is recognized by cell surface, endosomal, and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activates innate immune responses that include interferons (IFNs), chemokine and cytokine production, as well as the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of replication. In the cornea, HSV-1 replication promotes type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) IFN production. This review summarizes our current understanding of HSV-1 recognition by PRRs and innate IFN-mediated antiviral immunity during HSV-1 infection of the cornea. We also discuss the immunopathogenesis of HSK, current HSK therapeutics and challenges, proposed experimental approaches, and benefits of promoting local IFN-λ responses.
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16
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Yee JL, Strelow LI, White JA, Rosenthal AN, Barry PA. Horizontal transmission of endemic viruses among rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): Implications for human cytomegalovirus vaccine/challenge design. J Med Primatol 2023; 52:53-63. [PMID: 36151734 PMCID: PMC9825633 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rhesus macaques are natural hosts to multiple viruses including rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), and Simian Foamy Virus (SFV). While viral infections are ubiquitous, viral transmissions to uninfected animals are incompletely defined. Management procedures of macaque colonies include cohorts that are Specific Pathogen Free (SPF). Greater understanding of viral transmission would augment SPF protocols. Moreover, vaccine/challenge studies of human viruses would be enhanced by leveraging transmission of macaque viruses to recapitulate expected challenges of human vaccine trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study characterizes viral transmissions to uninfected animals following inadvertent introduction of RhCMV/RRV/SFV-infected adults to a cohort of uninfected juveniles. Following co-housing with virus-positive adults, juveniles were serially evaluated for viral infection. RESULTS Horizontal viral transmission was rapid and absolute, reaching 100% penetrance between 19 and 78 weeks. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into viral natural histories with implications for colony management and modeling vaccine-mediated immune protection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lisa I Strelow
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jessica A White
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ann N Rosenthal
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Davis, California, USA
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17
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Evseev P, Gutnik D, Shneider M, Miroshnikov K. Use of an Integrated Approach Involving AlphaFold Predictions for the Evolutionary Taxonomy of Duplodnaviria Viruses. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010110. [PMID: 36671495 PMCID: PMC9855967 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the evolutionary relationships is exceptionally important for the taxonomy of viruses, which is a rapidly expanding area of research. The classification of viral groups belonging to the realm Duplodnaviria, which include tailed bacteriophages, head-tailed archaeal viruses and herpesviruses, has undergone many changes in recent years and continues to improve. One of the challenging tasks of Duplodnaviria taxonomy is the classification of high-ranked taxa, including families and orders. At the moment, only 17 of 50 families have been assigned to orders. The evaluation of the evolutionary relationships between viruses is complicated by the high level of divergence of viral proteins. However, the development of structure prediction algorithms, including the award-winning AlphaFold, encourages the use of the results of structural predictions to clarify the evolutionary history of viral proteins. In this study, the evolutionary relationships of two conserved viral proteins, the major capsid protein and terminase, representing different viruses, including all classified Duplodnaviria families, have been analysed using AlphaFold modelling. This analysis has been undertaken using structural comparisons and different phylogenetic methods. The results of the analyses mainly indicated the high quality of AlphaFold modelling and the possibility of using the AlphaFold predictions, together with other methods, for the reconstruction of the evolutionary relationships between distant viral groups. Based on the results of this integrated approach, assumptions have been made about refining the taxonomic classification of bacterial and archaeal Duplodnaviria groups, and problems relating to the taxonomic classification of Duplodnaviria have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Evseev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (P.E.); (K.M.)
| | - Daria Gutnik
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shneider
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (P.E.); (K.M.)
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18
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Molecular Tools to Identify and Characterize Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses (MCFV) of Ruminants and Captive Artiodactyla. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122697. [PMID: 36560701 PMCID: PMC9787554 DOI: 10.3390/v14122697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Herpesviridae includes viruses identified in mammals, birds and reptiles. All herpesviruses share a similar structure, consisting of a large linear double-stranded DNA genome surrounded by a proteic icosahedral capsid further contained within a lipidic bilayer envelope. The continuous rise of genetic variability and the evolutionary selective pressure underlie the appearance and consolidation of novel viral strains. This applies also to several gamma(γ)-herpesviruses, whose role as primary pathogen has been often neglected and, among these to newly emerged viruses or virus variants responsible for the development of Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) or MCF-like disease. The identification of γ-herpesviruses adapted to new zoological hosts requires specific molecular tools for detection and characterization. These viruses can cause MCF in livestock and wild animals, a disease generally sporadic but with serious welfare implications and which, in many cases, leads to death within a few days from the appearance of the clinical signs. In the absence of a vaccine, the first step to improve disease control is based on the improvement of molecular tools to identify and characterize these viruses, their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary interaction with the host species. A Panherpes PCR-specific test, based on the conserved DNA polymerase gene, employing consensus/degenerate and deoxyinosine-substituted primers followed by sequencing, is still the preferred diagnostic test to confirm and characterize herpesviral infections. The drawback of this test is the amplification of a relatively short sequence, which makes phylogenetic analysis less stringent. Based on these diagnostic requirements, and with a specific focus on γ-herpesviruses, the present review aims to critically analyze the currently available methods to identify and characterize novel MCFV strains, to highlight advantages and drawbacks and to identify the gaps to be filled in order to address research priorities. Possible approaches for improving or further developing these molecular tools are also suggested.
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M. Disease-causing human viruses: novelty and legacy. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:1232-1242. [PMID: 35902319 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
About 270 viruses are known to infect humans. Some of these viruses have been known for centuries, whereas others have recently emerged. During their evolutionary history, humans have moved out of Africa to populate the world. In historical times, human migrations resulted in the displacement of large numbers of people. All these events determined the movement and dispersal of human-infecting viruses. Technological advances have resulted in the characterization of the genetic variability of human viruses, both in extant and in archaeological samples. Field studies investigated the diversity of viruses hosted by other animals. In turn, these advances provided insight into the evolutionary history of human viruses back in time and defined the key events through which they originated and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy.
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20
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Li K, Yu Z, Lan X, Wang Y, Qi X, Cui H, Gao L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Liu C. Complete genome analysis reveals evolutionary history and temporal dynamics of Marek’s disease virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1046832. [PMID: 36406400 PMCID: PMC9669313 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1046832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease has caused enormous losses in poultry production worldwide. However, the evolutionary process and molecular mechanisms underlying Marek’s disease virus (MDV) remain largely unknown. Using complete genomic sequences spanning an unprecedented diversity of MDVs, we explored the evolutionary history and major patterns in viruses sampled from 1964 to 2018. We found that the evolution of MDV strains had obvious geographical features, with the Eurasian and North American strains having independent evolutionary paths, especially for Asian strains. The evolution of MDVs generally followed a clock-like structure with a relatively high evolutionary rate. Asian strains had evolved at a faster rate than European strains, with most genetic mutations occurring in Asian strains. Our results showed that all recombination events occurred in the UL and US subregions. We found direct evidence of a closer correlation between Eurasian strains, related to a series of reorganization events represented by the European strain ATE2539. We also discovered that the vaccine strains had recombined with the wild virulent strains. Base substitution and recombination were found to be the two main mechanisms of MDV evolution. Our study offers novel insights into the evolution of MDVs that could facilitate predicting the spread of infections, and hence their control.
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21
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Campbell MA, Loncar S, Kotin RM, Gifford RJ. Comparative analysis reveals the long-term coevolutionary history of parvoviruses and vertebrates. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001867. [PMID: 36445931 PMCID: PMC9707805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are small DNA viruses that cause numerous diseases of medical, veterinary, and agricultural significance and have important applications in gene and anticancer therapy. DNA sequences derived from ancient parvoviruses are common in animal genomes and analysis of these endogenous parvoviral elements (EPVs) has demonstrated that the family, which includes twelve vertebrate-specific genera, arose in the distant evolutionary past. So far, however, such "paleovirological" analysis has only provided glimpses into the biology of ancient parvoviruses and their long-term evolutionary interactions with hosts. Here, we comprehensively map EPV diversity in 752 published vertebrate genomes, revealing defining aspects of ecology and evolution within individual parvovirus genera. We identify 364 distinct EPV sequences and show these represent approximately 200 unique germline incorporation events, involving at least five distinct parvovirus genera, which took place at points throughout the Cenozoic Era. We use the spatiotemporal and host range calibrations provided by these sequences to infer defining aspects of long-term evolution within individual parvovirus genera, including mammalian vicariance for genus Protoparvovirus, and interclass transmission for genus Dependoparvovirus. Moreover, our findings support a model of virus evolution in which the long-term cocirculation of multiple parvovirus genera in vertebrates reflects the adaptation of each viral genus to fill a distinct ecological niche. Our findings show that efforts to develop parvoviruses as therapeutic tools can be approached from a rational foundation based on comparative evolutionary analysis. To support this, we published our data in the form of an open, extensible, and cross-platform database designed to facilitate the wider utilisation of evolution-related domain knowledge in parvovirus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Campbell
- University of Alaska Museum of the North, Fishes and Marine Invertebrates, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shannon Loncar
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Gene Therapy Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Kotin
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, Gene Therapy Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Carbon Biosciences, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Gifford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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22
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Cosentino MAC, D’arc M, Moreira FRR, Cavalcante LTDF, Mouta R, Coimbra A, Schiffler FB, Miranda TDS, Medeiros G, Dias CA, Souza AR, Tavares MCH, Tanuri A, Soares MA, dos Santos AFA. Discovery of two novel Torque Teno viruses in Callithrix penicillata provides insights on Anelloviridae diversification dynamics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1002963. [PMID: 36160188 PMCID: PMC9493276 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies and metagenomics protocols deeply impacted the discovery of viral diversity. Moreover, the characterization of novel viruses in the Neotropical primates (NP) is central for the comprehension of viral evolution dynamics in those hosts, due to their evolutionary proximity to Old World primates, including humans. In the present work, novel anelloviruses were detected and characterized through HTS protocols in the NP Callithrix penicillata, the common black-tufted marmoset. De novo assembly of generated sequences was carried out, and a total of 15 contigs were identified with complete Anelloviridae ORF1 gene, two of them including a flanking GC-rich region, confirming the presence of two whole novel genomes of ~3 kb. The identified viruses were monophyletic within the Epsilontorquevirus genus, a lineage harboring previously reported anelloviruses infecting hosts from the Cebidae family. The genetic divergence found in the new viruses characterized two novel species, named Epsilontorquevirus callithrichensis I and II. The phylogenetic pattern inferred for the Epsilontorquevirus genus was consistent with the topology of their host species tree, echoing a virus-host diversification model observed in other viral groups. This study expands the host span of Anelloviridae and provides insights into their diversification dynamics, highlighting the importance of sampling animal viral genomes to obtain a clearer depiction of their long-term evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Augusto Calvano Cosentino
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mirela D’arc
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ricardo Mouta
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Coimbra
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francine Bittencourt Schiffler
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thamiris dos Santos Miranda
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Medeiros
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia A. Dias
- Centro de Primatologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves Soares
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Felipe Andrade dos Santos
- Laboratório de Diversidade e Doenças Virais, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: André Felipe Andrade dos Santos,
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23
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Mozzi A, Cagliani R, Pontremoli C, Forni D, Saulle I, Saresella M, Pozzoli U, Cappelletti G, Vantaggiato C, Clerici M, Biasin M, Sironi M. Simplexviruses successfully adapt to their host by fine-tuning immune responses. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6613336. [PMID: 35731846 PMCID: PMC9250107 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate herpes simplex viruses are species-specific and relatively harmless to their natural hosts. However, cross-species transmission is often associated with severe disease, as exemplified by the virulence of macacine herpesvirus 1 (B virus) in humans. We performed a genome-wide scan for signals of adaptation of simplexviruses to their hominin hosts. Among core genes, we found evidence of episodic positive selection in three glycoproteins, with several selected sites located in antigenic determinants. Positively selected noncore genes were found to be involved in different immune-escape mechanisms. The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1/HSV-2 encoded product (ICP47) of one of these genes is known to down-modulate major histocompatibility complex class I expression. This feature is not shared with B virus, which instead up-regulates Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G, an immunomodulatory molecule. By in vitro expression of different ICP47 mutants, we functionally characterized the selection signals. Results indicated that the selected sites do not represent the sole determinants of binding to the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Conversely, the amino acid status at these sites was sufficient to determine HLA-G up-regulation. In fact, both HSV-1 and HSV-2 ICP47 induced HLA-G when mutated to recapitulate residues in B virus, whereas the mutated version of B virus ICP47 failed to determine HLA-G expression. These differences might contribute to the severity of B virus infection in humans. Importantly, they indicate that the evolution of ICP47 in HSV-1/HSV-2 led to the loss of an immunosuppressive effect. Thus, related simplexviruses finely tune the balance between immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory pathways to promote successful co-existence with their primate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Pontremoli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Vantaggiato
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
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24
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Walker L, Subramaniam K, Viadanna PHO, Vann JA, Marcquenski S, Godard D, Kieran E, Frasca S, Popov VL, Kerr K, Davison AJ, Waltzek TB. Characterization of an alloherpesvirus from wild lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in Wisconsin (USA). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2022; 149:83-96. [PMID: 35686452 DOI: 10.3354/dao03661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the spring of 2017, 2 adult lake sturgeon (LS) Acipenser fulvescens captured from the Wolf River, Wisconsin (USA), presented with multiple cutaneous plaques that, upon microscopic examination, indicated proliferative epidermitis. Ultrastructural examination of affected keratinocytes revealed particles in the nucleus having a morphology typical of herpesviruses. A degenerate PCR assay targeting the DNA polymerase catalytic subunit (pol) gene of large double-stranded DNA viruses generated amplicons of the anticipated size from skin samples, and sequences of amplicons confirmed the presence of a novel alloherpesvirus (lake sturgeon herpesvirus, LSHV) related to acipenserid herpesvirus 1 (AciHV1). The complete genome (202660 bp) of this virus was sequenced using a MiSeq System, and phylogenetic analyses substantiated the close relationship to AciHV1. A PCR assay targeting the LSHV DNA packaging terminase subunit 1 (ter1) gene demonstrated the presence of the virus in 39/42 skin lesion samples collected from wild LS captured in 2017-2019 and 2021 in 4/4 rivers in Wisconsin. Future efforts to isolate LSHV in cell culture would facilitate challenge studies to determine the disease potential of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Walker
- Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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25
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Pan X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Yao S, Guan C, Wang L, Chen L. Inhibitory activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against herpes simplex virus type 1. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1619-1636. [PMID: 35648293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common pathogen that infects 50-90% of the world's population and causes a variety of diseases, some of which can be life-threatening. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. In this study, we investigated the activity of AgNPs against HSV-1 and found that AgNPs effectively inhibited plaque formation and HSV-1 progeny production, reduced the genomic load, and interfered with HSV-1 mRNA expression and protein synthesis. Transmission electron microscopy showed that AgNPs interacted with HSV-1 and altered the shape of the viral particles. Furthermore, AgNPs affected the entry of HSV-1 into cells as well as their release and cell-to-cell spread. AgNPs were also found to downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon HSV-1 infection. Combined treatment with AgNPs and acyclovir (ACV) confirmed that AgNPs significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of ACV against HSV-1. Our findings may contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of the antiviral effect of AgNPs against HSV-1 and help to provide a theoretical basis for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhe Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Liuzhou People's Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Siqi Yao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chaxiang Guan
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Linqian Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, No. 283, Tongzipo Road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Liyu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo road, Yuelu District, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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26
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Gray WL. Comparative Analysis of the Simian Varicella Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus Genomes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050844. [PMID: 35632586 PMCID: PMC9144398 DOI: 10.3390/v14050844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and simian varicella virus (SVV) cause varicella (chickenpox) in children and nonhuman primates, respectively. After resolution of acute disease, the viruses establish latent infection in neural ganglia, after which they may reactivate to cause a secondary disease, such as herpes zoster. SVV infection of nonhuman primates provides a model to investigate VZV pathogenesis and antiviral strategies. The VZV and SVV genomes are similar in size and structure and share 70–75% DNA homology. SVV and VZV DNAs are co-linear in gene arrangement with the exception of the left end of the viral genomes. Viral gene expression is regulated into immediate early, early, and late transcription during in vitro and in vivo infection. During viral latency, VZV and SVV gene expression is limited to transcription of a viral latency-associated transcript (VLT). VZV and SVV are closely related alphaherpesviruses that likely arose from an ancestral varicella virus that evolved through cospeciation into species-specific viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne L Gray
- Biology Department, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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27
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Kumar S, Ramamurthy C, Choudhary D, Sekar A, Patra A, Bhavesh NS, Vivekanandan P. Contrasting roles for G-quadruplexes in regulating human Bcl-2 and virus homologues KSHV KS-Bcl-2 and EBV BHRF1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5019. [PMID: 35322051 PMCID: PMC8943185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are known to acquire several genes from their hosts during evolution. We found that a significant proportion of virus homologues encoded by HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV and KSHV and their human counterparts contain G-quadruplex motifs in their promoters. We sought to understand the role of G-quadruplexes in the regulatory regions of viral Bcl-2 homologues encoded by KSHV (KS-Bcl-2) and EBV (BHRF1). We demonstrate that the KSHV KS-Bcl-2 and the EBV BHRF1 promoter G-quadruplex motifs (KSHV-GQ and EBV-GQ) form stable intramolecular G-quadruplexes. Ligand-mediated stabilization of KS-Bcl-2 and BHRF1 promoter G-quadruplexes significantly increased the promoter activity resulting in enhanced transcription of these viral Bcl-2 homologues. Mutations disrupting KSHV-GQ and EBV-GQ inhibit promoter activity and render the KS-Bcl-2 and the BHRF1 promoters non-responsive to G-quadruplex ligand. In contrast, promoter G-quadruplexes of human bcl-2 gene inhibit promoter activity. Further, KS-Bcl-2 and BHRF1 promoter G-quadruplexes augment RTA (a virus-encoded transcription factor)-mediated increase in viral bcl-2 promoter activity. In sum, this work highlights how human herpesviruses have evolved to exploit promoter G-quadruplexes to regulate virus homologues to counter their cellular counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chitteti Ramamurthy
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Divya Choudhary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Aashika Sekar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anupam Patra
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Neel Sarovar Bhavesh
- Transcription Regulation Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Perumal Vivekanandan
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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28
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He Q, Wu Y, Wang M, Chen S, Jia R, Yang Q, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Tian B, Cheng A. ICP22/IE63 Mediated Transcriptional Regulation and Immune Evasion: Two Important Survival Strategies for Alphaherpesviruses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:743466. [PMID: 34925320 PMCID: PMC8674840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of infecting the host, alphaherpesviruses have derived a series of adaptation and survival strategies, such as latent infection, autophagy and immune evasion, to survive in the host environment. Infected cell protein 22 (ICP22) or its homologue immediate early protein 63 (IE63) is a posttranslationally modified multifunctional viral regulatory protein encoded by all alphaherpesviruses. In addition to playing an important role in the efficient use of host cell RNA polymerase II, it also plays an important role in the defense process of the virus overcoming the host immune system. These two effects of ICP22/IE63 are important survival strategies for alphaherpesviruses. In this review, we summarize the complex mechanism by which the ICP22 protein regulates the transcription of alphaherpesviruses and their host genes and the mechanism by which ICP22/IE63 participates in immune escape. Reviewing these mechanisms will also help us understand the pathogenesis of alphaherpesvirus infections and provide new strategies to combat these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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29
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van den Berg SPH, Derksen LY, Drylewicz J, Nanlohy NM, Beckers L, Lanfermeijer J, Gessel SN, Vos M, Otto SA, de Boer RJ, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D. Quantification of T-cell dynamics during latent cytomegalovirus infection in humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010152. [PMID: 34914799 PMCID: PMC8717968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has a major impact on the T-cell pool, which is thought to be associated with ageing of the immune system. The effect on the T-cell pool has been interpreted as an effect of CMV on non-CMV specific T-cells. However, it remains unclear whether the effect of CMV could simply be explained by the presence of large, immunodominant, CMV-specific memory CD8+ T-cell populations. These have been suggested to establish through gradual accumulation of long-lived cells. However, little is known about their maintenance. We investigated the effect of CMV infection on T-cell dynamics in healthy older adults, and aimed to unravel the mechanisms of maintenance of large numbers of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells. We studied the expression of senescence, proliferation, and apoptosis markers and quantified the in vivo dynamics of CMV-specific and other memory T-cell populations using in vivo deuterium labelling. Increased expression of late-stage differentiation markers by CD8+ T-cells of CMV+ versus CMV- individuals was not solely explained by the presence of large, immunodominant CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations. The lifespans of circulating CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells did not differ significantly from those of bulk memory CD8+ T-cells, and the lifespans of bulk memory CD8+ T-cells did not differ significantly between CMV- and CMV+ individuals. Memory CD4+ T-cells of CMV+ individuals showed increased expression of late-stage differentiation markers and decreased Ki-67 expression. Overall, the expression of senescence markers on T-cell populations correlated positively with their expected in vivo lifespan. Together, this work suggests that i) large, immunodominant CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations do not explain the phenotypical differences between CMV+ and CMV- individuals, ii) CMV infection hardly affects the dynamics of the T-cell pool, and iii) large numbers of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells are not due to longer lifespans of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P. H. van den Berg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lyanne Y. Derksen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nening M. Nanlohy
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Beckers
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie N. Gessel
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sigrid A. Otto
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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30
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Olfactory Entry Promotes Herpesvirus Recombination. J Virol 2021; 95:e0155521. [PMID: 34523965 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01555-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus genomes show abundant evidence of past recombination. Its functional importance is unknown. A key question is whether recombinant viruses can outpace the immunity induced by their parents to reach higher loads. We tested this by coinfecting mice with attenuated mutants of murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4). Infection by the natural olfactory route routinely allowed mutant viruses to reconstitute wild-type genotypes and reach normal viral loads. Lung coinfections rescued much less well. Attenuated murine cytomegalovirus mutants similarly showed recombinational rescue via the nose but not the lungs. These infections spread similarly, so route-specific rescue implied that recombination occurred close to the olfactory entry site. Rescue of replication-deficient MuHV-4 confirmed this, showing that coinfection occurred in the first encountered olfactory cells. This worked even with asynchronous inoculation, implying that a defective virus can wait here for later rescue. Virions entering the nose get caught on respiratory mucus, which the respiratory epithelial cilia push back toward the olfactory surface. Early infection was correspondingly focused on the anterior olfactory edge. Thus, by concentrating incoming infection into a small area, olfactory entry seems to promote functionally significant recombination. IMPORTANCE All organisms depend on genetic diversity to cope with environmental change. Small viruses rely on frequent point mutations. This is harder for herpesviruses because they have larger genomes. Recombination provides another means of genetic optimization. Human herpesviruses often coinfect, and they show evidence of past recombination, but whether this is rare and incidental or functionally important is unknown. We showed that herpesviruses entering mice via the natural olfactory route meet reliably enough for recombination routinely to repair crippling mutations and restore normal viral loads. It appeared to occur in the first encountered olfactory cells and reflected a concentration of infection at the anterior olfactory edge. Thus, natural host entry incorporates a significant capacity for herpesvirus recombination.
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31
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Naniima P, Naimo E, Koch S, Curth U, Alkharsah KR, Ströh LJ, Binz A, Beneke JM, Vollmer B, Böning H, Borst EM, Desai P, Bohne J, Messerle M, Bauerfeind R, Legrand P, Sodeik B, Schulz TF, Krey T. Assembly of infectious Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus progeny requires formation of a pORF19 pentamer. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001423. [PMID: 34735435 PMCID: PMC8568140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses cause severe diseases particularly in immunocompromised patients. Both genome packaging and release from the capsid require a unique portal channel occupying one of the 12 capsid vertices. Here, we report the 2.6 Å crystal structure of the pentameric pORF19 of the γ-herpesvirus Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) resembling the portal cap that seals this portal channel. We also present the structure of its β-herpesviral ortholog, revealing a striking structural similarity to its α- and γ-herpesviral counterparts despite apparent differences in capsid association. We demonstrate pORF19 pentamer formation in solution and provide insights into how pentamerization is triggered in infected cells. Mutagenesis in its lateral interfaces blocked pORF19 pentamerization and severely affected KSHV capsid assembly and production of infectious progeny. Our results pave the way to better understand the role of pORF19 in capsid assembly and identify a potential novel drug target for the treatment of herpesvirus-induced diseases. In herpesviruses, genome packaging and release from the capsid require a unique portal channel. Here, the authors have resolved the crystal structure of a pentameric KSHV pORF19 assembly and find that it resembles the herpesviral portal cap and provides insights how the viral genome is retained within the capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Naniima
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eleonora Naimo
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Koch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute Curth
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Khaled R. Alkharsah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luisa J. Ströh
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Binz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan-Marc Beneke
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Benjamin Vollmer
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie (HPI), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Böning
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Borst
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Prashant Desai
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens Bohne
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Research Core Unit Laser Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner sites Hannover-Braunschweig and Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Gatherer D, Depledge DP, Hartley CA, Szpara ML, Vaz PK, Benkő M, Brandt CR, Bryant NA, Dastjerdi A, Doszpoly A, Gompels UA, Inoue N, Jarosinski KW, Kaul R, Lacoste V, Norberg P, Origgi FC, Orton RJ, Pellett PE, Schmid DS, Spatz SJ, Stewart JP, Trimpert J, Waltzek TB, Davison AJ. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Herpesviridae 2021. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34704922 PMCID: PMC8604186 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Herpesviridae have enveloped, spherical virions with characteristic complex structures consisting of symmetrical and non-symmetrical components. The linear, double-stranded DNA genomes of 125–241 kbp contain 70–170 genes, of which 43 have been inherited from an ancestral herpesvirus. In general, herpesviruses have coevolved with and are highly adapted to their hosts, which comprise many mammalian, avian and reptilian species. Following primary infection, they are able to establish lifelong latent infection, during which there is limited viral gene expression. Severe disease is usually observed only in the foetus, the very young, the immunocompromised or following infection of an alternative host. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Herpesviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/herpesviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paola K Vaz
- The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mária Benkő
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Andor Doszpoly
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ursula A Gompels
- Virokine Therapeutics, London BioScience Innovation Centre, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | | | | | - Rajeev Kaul
- University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip E Pellett
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - D Scott Schmid
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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33
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Xiang L, Meng X. Emerging cellular and molecular interactions between the lung microbiota and lung diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:577-610. [PMID: 34693852 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1992345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the discovery of the lung microbiota, its study in both pulmonary health and disease has become a vibrant area of emerging research interest. Thus far, most studies have described the lung microbiota composition in lung disease quite well, and some of these studies indicated alterations in lung microbial communities related to the onset and development of lung disease and vice versa. However, the underlying mechanisms, particularly the cellular and molecular links, are still largely unknown. In this review, we highlight the current progress in the complex cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the lung microbiome interacts with immune homeostasis and pulmonary disease pathogenesis to advance our understanding of the elaborate function of the lung microbiota in lung disease. We hope that this work can attract more attention to this still-young yet very promising field to facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets and provide more innovative therapies. Additional accurate standard-based methodologies and technological breakthroughs are critical to propel the field forward to ultimately achieve the goal of maintaining respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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34
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Aptamers in Virology-A Consolidated Review of the Most Recent Advancements in Diagnosis and Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101646. [PMID: 34683938 PMCID: PMC8540715 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of short oligonucleotide or peptide molecules as target-specific aptamers has recently garnered substantial attention in the field of the detection and treatment of viral infections. Based on their high affinity and high specificity to desired targets, their use is on the rise to replace antibodies for the detection of viruses and viral antigens. Furthermore, aptamers inhibit intracellular viral transcription and translation, in addition to restricting viral entry into host cells. This has opened up a plethora of new targets for the research and development of novel vaccines against viruses. Here, we discuss the advances made in aptamer technology for viral diagnosis and therapy in the past decade.
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35
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Cytomegalovirus Infections in Children with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102001. [PMID: 34696432 PMCID: PMC8538792 DOI: 10.3390/v13102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a human herpes virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed children. CMV primary infection causes a clinically mild disease in healthy children, usually in early childhood; the virus then utilises several mechanisms to establish host latency, which allows for periodic reactivation, particularly when the host is immunocompromised. It is this reactivation that is responsible for the significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised children. We review CMV infection in the primary immunodeficient host, including early identification of these infants by newborn screening to allow for CMV infection prevention strategies. Furthermore, clinical CMV is discussed in the context of children treated with secondary immunodeficiency, particularly paediatric cancer patients and children undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Treatments for CMV are highlighted and include CMV immunotherapy.
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36
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Saleh M, Sellyei B, Kovács G, Székely C. Viruses Infecting the European Catfish ( Silurus glanis). Viruses 2021; 13:1865. [PMID: 34578446 PMCID: PMC8473376 DOI: 10.3390/v13091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, disease management and pathogen control are key for a successful fish farming industry. In past years, European catfish farming has been flourishing. However, devastating fish pathogens including limiting fish viruses are considered a big threat to further expanding of the industry. Even though mainly the ranavirus (Iridoviridea) and circovirus (Circoviridea) infections are considered well- described in European catfish, more other agents including herpes-, rhabdo or papillomaviruses are also observed in the tissues of catfish with or without any symptoms. The etiological role of these viruses has been unclear until now. Hence, there is a requisite for more detailed information about the latter and the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches to complete them. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about viruses that affect the European catfish and describe their origin, distribution, molecular characterisation, and phylogenetic classification. We also highlight the knowledge gaps, which need more in-depth investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Boglárka Sellyei
- Fish Pathology and Parasitology Research Team, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Gyula Kovács
- Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (HAKI), Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Anna-liget utca 35., 5540 Szarvas, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Székely
- Fish Pathology and Parasitology Research Team, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (C.S.)
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37
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Depledge DP, Breuer J. Varicella-Zoster Virus-Genetics, Molecular Evolution and Recombination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 438:1-23. [PMID: 34374828 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This chapter first details the structure, organization and coding content of the VZV genome to provide a foundation on which the molecular evolution of the virus can be projected. We subsequently describe the evolution of molecular profiling approaches from restriction fragment length polymorphisms to single nucleotide polymorphism profiling to modern day high-throughput sequencing approaches. We describe how the application of these methodologies led to our current model of VZV phylogeograpy including the number and structure of geographic clades and the role of recombination in reshaping these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Depledge
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Judith Breuer
- Department of Infection & Immunology, University College London, London, UK
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38
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Li M, Hu Q, Collins G, Parida M, Ball CB, Price DH, Meier JL. Cytomegalovirus late transcription factor target sequence diversity orchestrates viral early to late transcription. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009796. [PMID: 34339482 PMCID: PMC8360532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta- and gammaherpesviruses late transcription factors (LTFs) target viral promoters containing a TATT sequence to drive transcription after viral DNA replication has begun. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a betaherpesvirus, uses the UL87 LTF to bind both TATT and host RNA polymerase II (Pol II), whereas the UL79 LTF has been suggested to drive productive elongation. Here we apply integrated functional genomics (dTag system, PRO-Seq, ChIP-Seq, and promoter function assays) to uncover the contribution of diversity in LTF target sequences in determining degree and scope to which LTFs drive viral transcription. We characterize the DNA sequence patterns in LTF-responsive and -unresponsive promoter populations, determine where and when Pol II initiates transcription, identify sites of LTF binding genome-wide, and quantify change in nascent transcripts from individual promoters in relation to core promoter sequences, LTF loss, stage of infection, and viral DNA replication. We find that HCMV UL79 and UL87 LTFs function concordantly to initiate transcription from over half of all active viral promoters in late infection, while not appreciably affecting host transcription. Both LTFs act on and bind to viral early-late and late kinetic-class promoters. Over one-third of these core promoters lack the TATT and instead have a TATAT, TGTT, or YRYT. The TATT and non-TATT motifs are part of a sequence block with a sequence code that correlates with promoter transcription level. LTF occupancy of a TATATA palindrome shared by back-to-back promoters is linked to bidirectional transcription. We conclude that diversity in LTF target sequences shapes the LTF-transformative program that drives the viral early-to-late transcription switch. Herpesviruses have a group of genes earmarked for expression late in the infection. Beta- and gammaherpesviruses utilize a six-member set of viral late transcription factors to selectively activate these genes by binding to a DNA sequence signature in gene promoters. We made an unexpected discovery that a wider range of differences in sequence signatures configures the late gene expression program for human cytomegalovirus, a beta-herpesvirus of global public health importance. Diversity in signature patterns expands promoter targets and probably pre-sets amount of individual promoter output. A unique palindromic sequence signature is linked to the activation of back-to-back promoters at multiple locations in the viral genome. We deduce that diversity in late transcription factor targets functionally orchestrates the rollout of a productive late-stage infection. This may be a generalizable feature adopted by beta- and gammaherpesvirus subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Qiaolin Hu
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey Collins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mrutyunjaya Parida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Ball
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David H. Price
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jeffery L. Meier
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Yu PL, Cao SJ, Wu R, Zhao Q, Yan QG. Regulatory effect of m 6 A modification on different viruses. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6100-6115. [PMID: 34329499 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification is the most common and reversible posttranscriptional modification of RNA in eukaryotes, which is mainly regulated by methyltransferase, demethylase, and specific binding protein. The replication of the virus and host immune response to the virus are affected by m6 A modification. In different kinds of viruses, m6 A modification has two completely opposite regulatory functions. This paper reviews the regulatory effects of m6 A modification on different viruses and provides a reference for studying the regulatory effects of RNA epitranscriptomic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lun Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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40
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The Requirement of Glycoprotein C for Interindividual Spread Is Functionally Conserved within the Alphaherpesvirus Genus ( Mardivirus), but Not the Host ( Gallid). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081419. [PMID: 34452285 PMCID: PMC8402654 DOI: 10.3390/v13081419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease (MD) in chickens is caused by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2, better known as MD herpesvirus (MDV). Current vaccines do not block interindividual spread from chicken-to-chicken, therefore, understanding MDV interindividual spread provides important information for the development of potential therapies to protect against MD, while also providing a natural host to study herpesvirus dissemination. It has long been thought that glycoprotein C (gC) of alphaherpesviruses evolved with their host based on their ability to bind and inhibit complement in a species-selective manner. Here, we tested the functional importance of gC during interindividual spread and host specificity using the natural model system of MDV in chickens through classical compensation experiments. By exchanging MDV gC with another chicken alphaherpesvirus (Gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 or infectious laryngotracheitis virus; ILTV) gC, we determined that ILTV gC could not compensate for MDV gC during interindividual spread. In contrast, exchanging turkey herpesvirus (Meleagrid alphaherpesvirus 1 or HVT) gC could compensate for chicken MDV gC. Both ILTV and MDV are Gallid alphaherpesviruses; however, ILTV is a member of the Iltovirus genus, while MDV is classified as a Mardivirus along with HVT. These results suggest that gC is functionally conserved based on the virus genera (Mardivirus vs. Iltovirus) and not the host (Gallid vs. Meleagrid).
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Baasch S, Giansanti P, Kolter J, Riedl A, Forde AJ, Runge S, Zenke S, Elling R, Halenius A, Brabletz S, Hengel H, Kuster B, Brabletz T, Cicin-Sain L, Arens R, Vlachos A, Rohr JC, Stemmler MP, Kopf M, Ruzsics Z, Henneke P. Cytomegalovirus subverts macrophage identity. Cell 2021; 184:3774-3793.e25. [PMID: 34115982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) have co-evolved with their mammalian hosts for millions of years, leading to remarkable host specificity and high infection prevalence. Macrophages, which already populate barrier tissues in the embryo, are the predominant immune cells at potential CMV entry sites. Here we show that, upon CMV infection, macrophages undergo a morphological, immunophenotypic, and metabolic transformation process with features of stemness, altered migration, enhanced invasiveness, and provision of the cell cycle machinery for viral proliferation. This complex process depends on Wnt signaling and the transcription factor ZEB1. In pulmonary infection, mouse CMV primarily targets and reprograms alveolar macrophages, which alters lung physiology and facilitates primary CMV and secondary bacterial infection by attenuating the inflammatory response. Thus, CMV profoundly perturbs macrophage identity beyond established limits of plasticity and rewires specific differentiation processes, allowing viral spread and impairing innate tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Baasch
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Piero Giansanti
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Riedl
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron James Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Solveig Runge
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Zenke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Elling
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Halenius
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), Technical University Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Immune Aging and Chronic Infections Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hanover Medical School (MHH), 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Christopher Rohr
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Philippe Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine I, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Over the last two decades, the viromes of our closest relatives, the African great apes (AGA), have been intensively studied. Comparative approaches have unveiled diverse evolutionary patterns, highlighting both stable host-virus associations over extended evolutionary timescales and much more recent viral emergence events. In this chapter, we summarize these findings and outline how they have shed a new light on the origins and evolution of many human-infecting viruses. We also show how this knowledge can be used to better understand the evolution of human health in relation to viral infections.
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Dorsch AD, Hölper JE, Franzke K, Zaeck LM, Mettenleiter TC, Klupp BG. Role of Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein-Associated Proteins (VAP) A and VAPB in Nuclear Egress of the Alphaherpesvirus Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061117. [PMID: 34200728 PMCID: PMC8229525 DOI: 10.3390/v13061117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism affecting translocation of newly synthesized herpesvirus nucleocapsids from the nucleus into the cytoplasm is still not fully understood. The viral nuclear egress complex (NEC) mediates budding at and scission from the inner nuclear membrane, but the NEC is not sufficient for efficient fusion of the primary virion envelope with the outer nuclear membrane. Since no other viral protein was found to be essential for this process, it was suggested that a cellular machinery is recruited by viral proteins. However, knowledge on fusion mechanisms involving the nuclear membranes is rare. Recently, vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) was shown to play a role in nuclear egress of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). To test this for the related alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV), we mutated genes encoding VAPB and VAPA by CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in our standard rabbit kidney cells (RK13), either individually or in combination. Single as well as double knockout cells were tested for virus propagation and for defects in nuclear egress. However, no deficiency in virus replication nor any effect on nuclear egress was obvious suggesting that VAPB and VAPA do not play a significant role in this process during PrV infection in RK13 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Dorsch
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Julia E. Hölper
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Barbara G. Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany; (A.D.D.); (J.E.H.); (L.M.Z.); (T.C.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Discovery and Characterization of Actively Replicating DNA and Retro-Transcribing Viruses in Lower Vertebrate Hosts Based on RNA Sequencing. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061042. [PMID: 34072878 PMCID: PMC8227577 DOI: 10.3390/v13061042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, a metatranscriptomics survey of RNA viruses in several important lower vertebrate host groups revealed huge viral diversity, transforming the understanding of the evolution of vertebrate-associated RNA virus groups. However, the diversity of the DNA and retro-transcribing viruses in these host groups was left uncharacterized. Given that RNA sequencing is capable of revealing viruses undergoing active transcription and replication, we collected previously generated datasets associated with lower vertebrate hosts, and searched them for DNA and retro-transcribing viruses. Our results revealed the complete genome, or “core gene sets”, of 18 vertebrate-associated DNA and retro-transcribing viruses in cartilaginous fishes, ray-finned fishes, and amphibians, many of which had high abundance levels, and some of which showed systemic infections in multiple organs, suggesting active transcription or acute infection within the host. Furthermore, these new findings recharacterized the evolutionary history in the families Hepadnaviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Alloherpesviridae, confirming long-term virus–host codivergence relationships for these virus groups. Collectively, our results revealed reliable and sufficient information within metatranscriptomics sequencing to characterize not only RNA viruses, but also DNA and retro-transcribing viruses, and therefore established a key methodology that will help us to understand the composition and evolution of the total “infectome” within a diverse range of vertebrate hosts.
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Babaei A, Shatizadeh Malekshahi S, Pirbonyeh N, Moattari A. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of herpes simplex virus infection among suspected patients of herpes simplex encephalitis in Shiraz, Iran. Virusdisease 2021; 32:266-271. [PMID: 34350317 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitis has infectious and noninfectious etiology. Among infectious agents, viruses are the main causes of encephalitis; Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is known as the most common causative agent of viral encephalitis. In this current cross-sectional investigation, we aimed to assess the prevalence of HSV in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE) suspected patients and also determining the clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of this viral complication. Two hundred consecutive HSE suspected patients with clinical diagnosis of encephalitis were included in the study and then the presence of HSV DNA in their CSF was applied by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. Molecular detection of two hundred (117 males with mean age: 43 years, 83 females with mean age: 39 years) CSF samples showed that 22 (11.11%) cases were positive for HSV infection. 15(68.18%) of the positive samples were more than 50 years old, however, there was no significant correlation between age distribution, gender and HSE clinical manifestations. Fever (91%), headache (72.7%), seizer (59%), and weakness (59%) were the most common symptoms in positive patients and also mortality rate was (18.18%). CSF laboratory abnormalities of HSE cases were as follows; lymphocytic pleocytosis 19 (86.3%), leukocytosis 19 (86.3%), elevated protein level 16 (72.7%), and hypoglycorrhachia 3(13.6%). Screening of HSE suspected patients is crucial in the treatment of patients and reduce the mobility and morbidity of patients. Qualitative PCR as an available method in most developing countries could be a reliable method to monitor consecutive HSE suspected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Babaei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Neda Pirbonyeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Microbiology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afagh Moattari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Shojaei Jeshvaghani Z, Arefian E, Asgharpour S, Soleimani M. Latency-Associated Transcript-Derived MicroRNAs in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Target SMAD3 and SMAD4 in TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2021; 25:169-79. [PMID: 33546553 DOI: 10.29252/ibj.25.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Background During its latent infection, hepatic stellate cell (HSV-1) produces only a micro RNA (miRNA) precursor called latency-associated transcript (LAT), which encodes six distinct miRNAs. Recent studies have suggested that some of these miRNAs could target cellular mRNAs. One of the key cell signaling pathways that can be affected by HSV-1 is the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Herein, we investigated the potential role of the LAT as well as three LAT-derived miRNAs in targeting SMAD3 and SMAD4, as two main mediators in TGF-β/Smad. Methods The selection of LAT-derived miRNAs was based on the search results obtained from an online miRNA prediction tool. HEK293T cells were transfected with each miRNA-expressing lentivector and with the construct-expressing LAT. To survey the effect of LAT on the expression of pro-fibrotic markers, we transfected LX-2 cells with LAT construct. The impact of viral miRNA overexpression on SMADs and fibrotic markers was measured by quantitative PCR and luciferase assays. Results Among the LAT-derived miRNAs, miR-H2, miR-H3, and miR-H4 were selected for the study. Our results demonstrated that while miR-H2 binds to both SMAD mRNAs, miR-H3 and miR-H4 inhibit only the expression of the SMAD4 and SMAD3, respectively. Transfection of the LX-2 with LAT also decreased pro-fibrotic genes expression. Conclusion Our findings display that LAT negatively regulates TGF-β/Smad through targeting SMAD3 and SMAD4 by its miRNAs. These viral miRNAs can also contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions in diseases for which prevention or treatment can be achieved through targeting TGF-β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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47
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Latency-Associated Transcript-Derived MicroRNAs in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Target SMAD3 and SMAD4 in TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [PMID: 33546553 PMCID: PMC8183387 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.25.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: During its latent infection, HSV-1 produces only a miRNA precursor called LAT, which encodes six distinct miRNAs. Recent studies have suggested that some of these miRNAs could target cellular mRNAs. One of the key cell signaling pathways that can be affected by HSV-1 is the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Herein, we investigated the potential role of the LAT as well as three LAT-derived miRNAs in targeting SMAD3 and SMAD4, as two main mediators in TGF-β/Smad. Methods: The selection of LAT-derived miRNAs was based on the search results obtained from an online miRNA prediction tool. HEK293T cells were transfected with each miRNA-expressing lentivector and with the construct-expressing LAT. To survey the effect of LAT on the expression of pro-fibrotic markers, we transfected LX-2 cells with LAT construct. The impact of viral miRNA overexpression on SMADs and fibrotic markers was measured by qPCR and luciferase assays. Results: Among the LAT-derived miRNAs, miR-H2, miR-H3, and miR-H4 were selected for the study. Our results demonstrated that while miR-H2 binds to both SMAD mRNAs, miR-H3 and miR-H4 inhibit only the expression of the SMAD4 and SMAD3, respectively. Transfection of the LX-2 with LAT also decreased pro-fibrotic genes expression. Conclusion: Our findings display that LAT negatively regulates TGF-β/Smad through targeting SMAD3 and SMAD4 by its miRNAs. These viral miRNAs can also contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions in diseases for which prevention or treatment can be achieved through targeting TGF-β pathway.
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48
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Chen X, Yang JX, Li YY, Song TY, Ge JQ. Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV) ORF95 encodes a late, structural envelope protein. Virus Genes 2021; 57:280-283. [PMID: 33929643 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV) is one of the vital pathogenic agents found in the wild and cultured eel populations, which has brought significant losses to eel culture industry in China. In this study, AngHV ORF95 was characterized. Bioinformatics analysis showed that ORF95 putatively encodes a structural protein that is homologous to hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). Temporal transcription and expression analysis indicated that ORF95 is a viral late gene. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ORF95 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. Further, western blot analysis indicated that ORF95 is a structural protein of virion envelope. These results provide a novel basis to make further efforts to clarify the function of ORF95 in the process of AngHV infection and the possibility to use ORF95 as antigen to develop AngHV subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Jin-Xian Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Tie-Ying Song
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Jun-Qing Ge
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 247 Wusi Road, Fuzhou, 350003, China.
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Gowthaman V, Kumar S, Koul M, Dave U, Murthy TRGK, Munuswamy P, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Michalak I, Joshi SK. Infectious laryngotracheitis: Etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2021; 40:140-161. [PMID: 32315579 PMCID: PMC7241549 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1759845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious upper respiratory tract disease of chicken caused by a Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) belonging to the genus Iltovirus, and subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae within Herpesviridae family. The disease is characterized by conjunctivitis, sinusitis, oculo-nasal discharge, respiratory distress, bloody mucus, swollen orbital sinuses, high morbidity, considerable mortality and decreased egg production. It is well established in highly dense poultry producing areas of the world due to characteristic latency and carrier status of the virus. Co-infections with other respiratory pathogens and environmental factors adversely affect the respiratory system and prolong the course of the disease. Latently infected chickens are the primary source of ILT virus (ILTV) outbreaks irrespective of vaccination. Apart from conventional diagnostic methods including isolation and identification of ILTV, serological detection, advanced biotechnological tools such as PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, next generation sequencing, and others are being used in accurate diagnosis and epidemiological studies of ILTV. Vaccination is followed with the use of conventional vaccines including modified live attenuated ILTV vaccines, and advanced recombinant vector vaccines expressing different ILTV glycoproteins, but still these candidates frequently fail to reduce challenge virus shedding. Some herbal components have proved to be beneficial in reducing the severity of the clinical disease. The present review discusses ILT with respect to its current status, virus characteristics, epidemiology, transmission, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccination and control strategies to counter this important disease of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Gowthaman
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Monika Koul
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Urmil Dave
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - T R Gopala Krishna Murthy
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivelu Munuswamy
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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50
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Forni D, Pontremoli C, Clerici M, Pozzoli U, Cagliani R, Sironi M. Recent Out-of-Africa Migration of Human Herpes Simplex Viruses. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1259-1271. [PMID: 31917410 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are ubiquitous human pathogens. Both viruses evolved from simplex viruses infecting African primates and they are thus thought to have left Africa during early human migrations. We analyzed the population structure of HSV-1 and HSV-2 circulating strains. Results indicated that HSV-1 populations have limited geographic structure and the most evident clustering by geography is likely due to recent bottlenecks. For HSV-2, the only level of population structure is accounted for by the so-called "worldwide" and "African" lineages. Analysis of ancestry components and nucleotide diversity, however, did not support the view that the worldwide lineage followed early humans during out-of-Africa dispersal. Although phylogeographic analysis confirmed an African origin for both viruses, molecular dating with a method that corrects for the time-dependent rate phenomenon indicated that HSV-1 and HSV-2 migrated from Africa in relatively recent times. In particular, we estimated that the HSV-2 worldwide lineage left the continent in the 18th century, which corresponds to the height of the transatlantic slave trade, possibly explaining the high prevalence of HSV-2 in the Americas (second highest after Africa). The limited geographic clustering of HSV-1 makes it difficult to date its exit from Africa. The split between the basal clade, containing mostly African sequences, and all other strains was dated at ∼5,000 years ago. Our data do not imply that herpes simplex viruses did not infect early humans but show that the worldwide distribution of circulating strains is the result of relatively recent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Lecco, Italy
| | | | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Lecco, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Lecco, Italy
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