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Dawah HA, Abdullah MA, Ahmad SK, Turner J, Azari-Hamidian S. An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females. Zootaxa 2023; 5394:1-76. [PMID: 38220993 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fact that mosquito-borne infections have considerable consequences for public health in Saudi Arabia, there is neither a thorough review of the species that occur in the country nor updated keys for the identification of the adult females. In this study, species accounts are given for 49 Saudi Arabian mosquito species, as well as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is not recorded in Saudi Arabia, but is medically important and is found in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Taxonomic notes provide additional information for certain taxa and/or aid their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Dawah
- Centre for Environmental Research and Studies; Jazan University; P.O. Box 2095; Jazan; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Abdullah
- Department of Biology; College of Science; King Khalid University; PO Box 9004; Abha-61413; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Kamran Ahmad
- Department of Plant Protection; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh; India.
| | - James Turner
- National Museum of Wales; Department of Natural Sciences; Entomology Section; Cardiff; CF10 3NP; UK.
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Research Center of Health and Environment; School of Health; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology; Mycology and Entomology; School of Medicine; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran.
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2
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Hermanns K, Marklewitz M, Zirkel F, Kopp A, Kramer-Schadt S, Junglen S. Mosquito community composition shapes virus prevalence patterns along anthropogenic disturbance gradients. eLife 2023; 12:e66550. [PMID: 37702388 PMCID: PMC10547478 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously unknown pathogens often emerge from primary ecosystems, but there is little knowledge on the mechanisms of emergence. Most studies analyzing the influence of land-use change on pathogen emergence focus on a single host-pathogen system and often observe contradictory effects. Here, we studied virus diversity and prevalence patterns in natural and disturbed ecosystems using a multi-host and multi-taxa approach. Mosquitoes sampled along a disturbance gradient in Côte d'Ivoire were tested by generic RT-PCR assays established for all major arbovirus and insect-specific virus taxa including novel viruses previously discovered in these samples based on cell culture isolates enabling an unbiased and comprehensive approach. The taxonomic composition of detected viruses was characterized and viral infection rates according to habitat and host were analyzed. We detected 331 viral sequences pertaining to 34 novel and 15 previously identified viruses of the families Flavi-, Rhabdo-, Reo-, Toga-, Mesoni- and Iflaviridae and the order Bunyavirales. Highest host and virus diversity was observed in pristine and intermediately disturbed habitats. The majority of the 49 viruses was detected with low prevalence. However, nine viruses were found frequently across different habitats of which five viruses increased in prevalence towards disturbed habitats, in congruence with the dilution effect hypothesis. These viruses were mainly associated with one specific mosquito species (Culex nebulosus), which increased in relative abundance from pristine (3%) to disturbed habitats (38%). Interestingly, the observed increased prevalence of these five viruses in disturbed habitats was not caused by higher host infection rates but by increased host abundance, an effect tentatively named abundance effect. Our data show that host species composition is critical for virus abundance. Environmental changes that lead to an uneven host community composition and to more individuals of a single species are a key driver of virus emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hermanns
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-Universtiy Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-Universtiy Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Florian Zirkel
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical CentreBerlinGermany
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-Universtiy Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
| | - Stephanie Kramer-Schadt
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife ResearchBerlinGermany
- Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-Universtiy Berlin, and Berlin Institute of HealthBerlinGermany
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3
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Munivenkatappa A, Nyayanit DA, Yadav PD, Rangappa M, Patil S, Majumdar T, Mohandas S, Sinha DP, Jayaswamy MM, OmPrakash P. Identification of Phasi Charoen-Like Phasivirus in Field Collected Aedes aegypti from Karnataka State, India. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:900-909. [PMID: 34520272 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A wide range of insect-specific viruses (ISVs) have been reported worldwide. There are no studies from India that have reported ISVs. The current study describes the identification of Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) from Aedes aegypti mosquito-pools from six districts of Karnataka state, India. Materials and Methods: During the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak in the Bangalore Urban district in 2019, using conventional PCR, it was found that both human and mosquito samples were positive for CHIKV. For retrieve the complete genome sequence, mosquito samples were subjected to next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and PCLV was also found. During 2019, as part of a vector-borne disease surveillance, we received 50 mosquito pool samples from 6 districts of the state, all of them were subjected to NGS to identify PCLV. Results: The A. aegypti mosquito-pools samples were subjected to the NGS platform that led to identification of an ISV, PCLV. PCLV was identified in 26 A. aegypti mosquito-pools collected from 6 districts. We also found mixed infection of PCLV with the Dengue virus (DENV; genotypes 1 and 3) and CHIKV from five pools. The nucleotide identity for the L gene of Indian PCLV sequences ranged between 97.1% and 98.3% in comparison with the Thailand sequences. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of PCLV dual infection with DENV and CHIKV in India. The present study confirms the presence of PCLV in A. aegypti mosquitoes from Karnataka state. The study adds India in the global geographical distribution of PCLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Munivenkatappa
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dimpal A Nyayanit
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manjushree Rangappa
- National Anti-Malaria Programme Bangalore Zone, Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Services, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Savita Patil
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Triparna Majumdar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Diamond Prakash Sinha
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath M Jayaswamy
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Patil OmPrakash
- Directorate of Health and Family Welfare Services, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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4
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Agboli E, Zahouli JBZ, Badolo A, Jöst H. Mosquito-Associated Viruses and Their Related Mosquitoes in West Africa. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050891. [PMID: 34065928 PMCID: PMC8151702 DOI: 10.3390/v13050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-associated viruses (MAVs), including mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) and mosquito-borne (arbo)viruses (MBVs), are an increasing public, veterinary, and global health concern, and West Africa is projected to be the next front for arboviral diseases. As in-depth knowledge of the ecologies of both western African MAVs and related mosquitoes is still limited, we review available and comprehensive data on their diversity, abundance, and distribution. Data on MAVs’ occurrence and related mosquitoes were extracted from peer-reviewed publications. Data on MSVs, and mosquito and vertebrate host ranges are sparse. However, more data are available on MBVs (i.e., dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Rift Valley fever viruses), detected in wild and domestic animals, and humans, with infections more concentrated in urban areas and areas affected by strong anthropogenic changes. Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes albopictus are incriminated as key arbovirus vectors. These findings outline MAV, related mosquitoes, key knowledge gaps, and future research areas. Additionally, these data highlight the need to increase our understanding of MAVs and their impact on host mosquito ecology, to improve our knowledge of arbovirus transmission, and to develop specific strategies and capacities for arboviral disease surveillance, diagnostic, prevention, control, and outbreak responses in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agboli
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany;
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana
| | - Julien B. Z. Zahouli
- Centre d’Entomologie Médicale et Vétérinaire, Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouake, 27 BP 529 Abidjan 27, Cote D’Ivoire;
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Département de Recherche et Développement, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Cote D’Ivoire
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Entomology, Universitée Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Hanna Jöst
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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5
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Carvalho VL, Long MT. Insect-Specific Viruses: An overview and their relationship to arboviruses of concern to humans and animals. Virology 2021; 557:34-43. [PMID: 33631523 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The group of Insect-specific viruses (ISVs) includes viruses apparently restricted to insects based on their inability to replicate in the vertebrates. Increasing numbers of ISVs have been discovered and characterized representing a diverse number of viral families. However, most studies have focused on those ISVs belonging to the family Flaviviridae, which highlights the importance of ISV study from other viral families, which allow a better understanding for the mechanisms of transmission and evolution used for this diverse group of viruses. Some ISVs have shown the potential to modulate arboviruses replication and vector competence of mosquitoes. Based on this, ISVs may be used as an alternative tool for biological control, development of vaccines, and diagnostic platforms for arboviruses. In this review, we provide an update of the general characteristics of ISVs and their interaction with arboviruses that infect vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria L Carvalho
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1945 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA; Department of Arbovirology and Hemorrhagic Fevers, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7, S/n, Ananindeua, Para, 67030-000, Brazil.
| | - Maureen T Long
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1945 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
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6
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Elrefaey AME, Abdelnabi R, Rosales Rosas AL, Wang L, Basu S, Delang L. Understanding the Mechanisms Underlying Host Restriction of Insect-Specific Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:E964. [PMID: 32878245 PMCID: PMC7552076 DOI: 10.3390/v12090964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses contribute significantly to global mortality and morbidity in humans and animals. These viruses are mainly transmitted between susceptible vertebrate hosts by hematophagous arthropod vectors, especially mosquitoes. Recently, there has been substantial attention for a novel group of viruses, referred to as insect-specific viruses (ISVs) which are exclusively maintained in mosquito populations. Recent discoveries of novel insect-specific viruses over the past years generated a great interest not only in their potential use as vaccine and diagnostic platforms but also as novel biological control agents due to their ability to modulate arbovirus transmission. While arboviruses infect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, the replication of insect-specific viruses is restricted in vertebrates at multiple stages of virus replication. The vertebrate restriction factors include the genetic elements of ISVs (structural and non-structural genes and the untranslated terminal regions), vertebrate host factors (agonists and antagonists), and the temperature-dependent microenvironment. A better understanding of these bottlenecks is thus warranted. In this review, we explore these factors and the complex interplay between ISVs and their hosts contributing to this host restriction phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.A.); (A.L.R.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Ana Lucia Rosales Rosas
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.A.); (A.L.R.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Lanjiao Wang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.A.); (A.L.R.R.); (L.W.)
| | - Sanjay Basu
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.A.); (A.L.R.R.); (L.W.)
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7
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Bakker JW, Loy DE, Takken W, Hahn BH, Verhulst NO. Attraction of mosquitoes to primate odours and implications for zoonotic Plasmodium transmission. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:17-26. [PMID: 31420992 PMCID: PMC7002228 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases often originate from wildlife and can spill over into the human population. One of the most important determinants of vector-borne disease transmission is the host preference of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes with a specialised host preference are guided by body odours to find their hosts in addition to carbon dioxide. Little is known about the role of mosquito host preference in the spillover of pathogenic agents from humans towards animals and vice versa. In the Republic of Congo, the attraction of mosquitoes to primate host odours was determined, as well as their possible role as malaria vectors, using odour-baited traps mimicking the potential hosts of mosquitoes. Most of the mosquito species caught showed a generalistic host preference. Anopheles obscurus was the most abundant Anopheles mosquito, with a generalistic host preference observed from the olfactory response and the detection of various Plasmodium parasites. Interestingly, Culex decens showed a much higher attraction towards chimpanzee odours than to human or cow odours. Human Plasmodium parasites were observed in both human and chimpanzee blood, although not in the Anopheles mosquitoes that were collected. Understanding the role of mosquito host preference for cross-species parasite transmission provides information that will help to determine the risk of spillover of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Bakker
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - D. E. Loy
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAU.S.A.
| | - W. Takken
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - B. H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAU.S.A.
| | - N. O. Verhulst
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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8
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Agboli E, Leggewie M, Altinli M, Schnettler E. Mosquito-Specific Viruses-Transmission and Interaction. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090873. [PMID: 31533367 PMCID: PMC6784079 DOI: 10.3390/v11090873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) are a subset of insect-specific viruses that are found to infect mosquitoes or mosquito derived cells. There has been an increase in discoveries of novel MSVs in recent years. This has expanded our understanding of viral diversity and evolution but has also sparked questions concerning the transmission of these viruses and interactions with their hosts and its microbiome. In fact, there is already evidence that MSVs interact with the immune system of their host. This is especially interesting, since mosquitoes can be infected with both MSVs and arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses of public health concern. In this review, we give an update on the different MSVs discovered so far and describe current data on their transmission and interaction with the mosquito immune system as well as the effect MSVs could have on an arboviruses-co-infection. Lastly, we discuss potential uses of these viruses, including vector and transmission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agboli
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana.
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mine Altinli
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Esther Schnettler
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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9
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Atoni E, Zhao L, Karungu S, Obanda V, Agwanda B, Xia H, Yuan Z. The discovery and global distribution of novel mosquito-associated viruses in the last decade (2007-2017). Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2079. [PMID: 31410931 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, virus hunting and discovery has gained pace. This achievement has been driven by three major factors: (a) advancements in sequencing technologies, (b) scaled-up routine arbovirus surveillance strategies, and (c) the "hunt" for emerging pathogens and novel viruses. Many novel viruses have been discovered from a myriad of hosts, vectors, and environmental samples. To help promote understanding of the global diversity and distribution of mosquito-associated viruses and facilitate future studies, we review mosquito-associated viruses discovered between years 2007 and 2017, across the world. In the analyzed period, novel mosquito-associated viruses belonging to 25 families and a general group of unclassified viruses were categorized. The top three discovered novel mosquito-associated viruses belonged to families Flaviviridae (n=32), Rhabdoviridae (n=16), and Peribunyaviridae (n=14). Also, 67 unclassified viruses were reported. Majority of these novel viruses were identified from Culex spp, Anopheles spp, Aedes spp, and Mansonia spp mosquitoes, respectively. Notably, the number of these discovered novels is not representative of intercontinental virus diversity but rather is influenced by the number of studies done in the study period. Some of these newly discovered mosquito-associated viruses have medical significance, either directly or indirectly. For instance, in the study period, 14 novel mosquito-borne viruses that infect mammalian cells in vitro were reported. These viruses pose a danger to the global health security on emerging viral diseases. On the other hand, some of the newly discovered insect specific viruses described herein have potential application as future biocontrol and vaccine agents against known pathogenic arboviruses. Overall, this review outlines the crucial role played by mosquitoes as viral vectors in the global virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel Karungu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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10
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Ecological Factors of Transmission, Persistence and Circulation of Pathogens In Bat Populations. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The existence of bats is crucial for all ecosystem units as they fulfil numerous ecological roles. However, they are also considered to be natural reservoirs of a wide range of zoonotic microorganisms, especially viruses. In this review article we briefly summarize current knowledge about various ecological factors that facilitate bat pathogen dispersal and about the current approaches to monitoring viral communities present within bat populations. On the basis of the cited papers, we suggest that the increased focus on complex viral populations in bats and their interactions with other populations and the environment is necessary to fully comprehend the relationship between emerging infectious diseases, the environment and their toll on human health.
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11
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Jeffries CL, Tantely LM, Raharimalala FN, Hurn E, Boyer S, Walker T. Diverse novel resident Wolbachia strains in Culicine mosquitoes from Madagascar. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17456. [PMID: 30498246 PMCID: PMC6265278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria are widespread throughout insect species and Wolbachia transinfected in Aedes mosquito species has formed the basis for biocontrol programs as Wolbachia strains inhibit arboviral replication and can spread through populations. Resident strains in wild Culicine mosquito populations (the vectors of most arboviruses) requires further investigation given resident strains can also affect arboviral transmission. As Madagascar has a large diversity of both Culicine species and has had recent arboviral outbreaks, an entomology survey was undertaken, in five ecologically diverse sites, to determine the Wolbachia prevalence. We detected diverse novel resident Wolbachia strains within the Aedeomyia, Culex, Ficalbia, Mansonia and Uranotaenia genera. Wolbachia prevalence rates and strain characterisation through Sanger sequencing with multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and phylogenetic analysis revealed significant diversity and we detected co-infections with the environmentally acquired bacteria Asaia. Mosquitoes were screened for major arboviruses to investigate if any evidence could be provided for their potential role in transmission and we report the presence of Rift Valley fever virus in three Culex species: Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex antennatus and Culex decens. The implications of the presence of resident Wolbachia strains are discussed and how the discovery of novel strains can be utilized for applications in the development of biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Luciano M Tantely
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Ambatofotsikely, 101-Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Fara N Raharimalala
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Ambatofotsikely, 101-Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Eliot Hurn
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Sébastien Boyer
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Ambatofotsikely, 101-Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Medical Entomology Platform, Institut Pasteur of Cambodge, 5 Bd Monivong, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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12
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Økland AL, Skoge RH, Nylund A. The complete genome sequence of CrRV-Ch01, a new member of the family Rhabdoviridae in the parasitic copepod Caligus rogercresseyi present on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Chile. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1657-1661. [PMID: 29445987 PMCID: PMC5958147 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the complete genome sequence of a new rhabdovirus, tentatively named Caligus rogercresseyi rhabdovirus Ch01 (CrRV-Ch01), which was found in the parasite Caligus rogercresseyi, present on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Chile. The genome encodes the five canonical rhabdovirus proteins in addition to an unknown protein, in the order N-P-M-U (unknown)-G-L. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus clusters with two rhabdoviruses (Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdovirus No9 and Lepeophtheirus salmonis rhabdovirus No127) obtained from another parasitic caligid, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, present on farmed Atlantic salmon on the west coast of Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Are Nylund
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
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13
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Varghese FS, van Rij RP. Insect Virus Discovery by Metagenomic and Cell Culture-Based Approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1746:197-213. [PMID: 29492897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7683-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insects are the most abundant and diverse group of animals on earth, but our knowledge of their viruses is biased toward insect-borne viruses that cause disease in plants, animals, or humans. Recent metagenomic studies and systematic surveys of viruses in wild-caught insects have identified an unanticipated large repertoire of novel viruses and viral sequences. These include new members of existing clades, new clades, and even entirely new virus families. These studies greatly expand the known virosphere in insects, provide opportunities to study virus-host interactions, and generate new insights into virus evolution. In this chapter, we discuss the methods used to identify novel viruses in insects and highlight some notable surprises arising from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finny S Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Bigot D, Atyame CM, Weill M, Justy F, Herniou EA, Gayral P. Discovery of Culex pipiens associated tunisia virus: a new ssRNA(+) virus representing a new insect associated virus family. Virus Evol 2018; 4:vex040. [PMID: 29340209 PMCID: PMC5763275 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vex040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the global context of arboviral emergence, deep sequencing unlocks the discovery of new mosquito-borne viruses. Mosquitoes of the species Culex pipiens, C. torrentium, and C. hortensis were sampled from 22 locations worldwide for transcriptomic analyses. A virus discovery pipeline was used to analyze the dataset of 0.7 billion reads comprising 22 individual transcriptomes. Two closely related 6.8 kb viral genomes were identified in C. pipiens and named as Culex pipiens associated tunisia virus (CpATV) strains Ayed and Jedaida. The CpATV genome contained four ORFs. ORF1 possessed helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains related to new viral sequences recently found mainly in dipterans. ORF2 and 4 contained a capsid protein domain showing strong homology with Virgaviridae plant viruses. ORF3 displayed similarities with eukaryotic Rhoptry domain and a merozoite surface protein (MSP7) domain only found in mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium, suggesting possible interactions between CpATV and vertebrate cells. Estimation of a strong purifying selection exerted on each ORFs and the presence of a polymorphism maintained in the coding region of ORF3 suggested that both CpATV sequences are genuine functional viruses. CpATV is part of an entirely new and highly diversified group of viruses recently found in insects, and that bears the genomic hallmarks of a new viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bigot
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Célestine M Atyame
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier–CNRS–IRD–EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier–CNRS–IRD–EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabienne Justy
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier–CNRS–IRD–EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth A Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Philippe Gayral
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université François-Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
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15
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Öncü C, Brinkmann A, Günay F, Kar S, Öter K, Sarıkaya Y, Nitsche A, Linton YM, Alten B, Ergünay K. West Nile virus, Anopheles flavivirus, a novel flavivirus as well as Merida-like rhabdovirus Turkey in field-collected mosquitoes from Thrace and Anatolia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 57:36-45. [PMID: 29128516 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are involved in the transmission and maintenance of several viral diseases with significant health impact. Biosurveillance efforts have also revealed insect-specific viruses, observed to cocirculate with pathogenic strains. This report describes the findings of flavivirus and rhabdovirus screening, performed in eastern Thrace and Aegean region of Anatolia during 2016, including and expanding on locations with previously-documented virus activity. A mosquito cohort of 1545 individuals comprising 14 species were collected and screened in 108 pools via generic and specific amplification and direct metagenomics by next generation sequencing. Seven mosquito pools (6.4%) were positive in the flavivirus screening. West Nile virus lineage 1 clade 1a sequences were characterized in a pool Culex pipiens sensu lato specimens, providing the initial virus detection in Aegean region following 2010 outbreak. In an Anopheles maculipennis sensu lato pool, sequences closely-related to Anopheles flaviviruses were obtained, with similarities to several African and Australian strains of this new insect-specific flavivirus clade. In pools comprising Uranotaenia unguiculata (n=3), Cx. pipiens s.l. (n=1) and Aedes caspius (n=1) mosquitoes, sequences of a novel flavivirus, distantly-related to Flavivirus AV2011, identified previously in Spain and Turkey, were characterized. Moreover, DNA forms of the novel flavivirus were detected in two Ur. unguiculata pools. These sequences were highly-similar to the sequences amplified from viral RNA, with undisrupted reading frames, suggest the occurrence of viral DNA forms in natural conditions within mosquito hosts. Rhabdovirus screening revealed sequences of a recently-described novel virus, named the Merida-like virus Turkey (MERDLVT) in 5 Cx. pipiens s.l. pools (4.6%). Partial L and N gene sequences of MERDLVT were well-conserved among strains, with evidence for geographical clustering in phylogenetic analyses. Metagenomics provided the near-full genomic sequence in a specimen, revealing an identical genome organization and limited divergence from the prototype MERDLVT isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Öncü
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Annika Brinkmann
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS-1), Berlin, Germany
| | - Filiz Günay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sırrı Kar
- Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Kerem Öter
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Turkey
| | - Yasemen Sarıkaya
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS-1), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, MD, USA; Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bülent Alten
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Ergünay
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS-1), Berlin, Germany; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Ankara, Turkey.
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16
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Detection and characterization of a novel rhabdovirus in Aedes cantans mosquitoes and evidence for a mosquito-associated new genus in the family Rhabdoviridae. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:260-268. [PMID: 28943405 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to recent advances in random amplification technologies, metagenomic surveillance expanded the number of novel, often unclassified viruses within the family Rhabdoviridae. Using a vector-enabled metagenomic (VEM) tool, we identified a novel rhabdovirus in Aedes cantans mosquitoes collected from Germany provisionally named Ohlsdorf virus (OHSDV). The OHSDV genome encodes the canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with alternative ORF in the P gene. Sequence analysis indicated that OHSDV exhibits a similar genome organization and characteristics compared to other mosquito-associated rhabdoviruses (Riverside virus, Tongilchon virus and North Creek virus). Complete L protein based phylogeny revealed that all four viruses share a common ancestor and form a deeply rooted and divergent monophyletic group within the dimarhabdovirus supergroup and define a new genus, tentatively named Ohlsdorfvirus. Although the Ohlsdorfvirus clade is basal within the dimarhabdovirus supergroup phylogeny that includes genera of arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses, it remains unknown if viruses in the proposed new genus are vector-borne pathogens. The observed spatiotemporal distribution in mosquitoes suggests that members of the proposed genus Ohlsdorfvirus are geographically restricted/separated. These findings increase the current knowledge of the genetic diversity, classification and evolution of this virus family. Further studies are needed to determine the host range, transmission route and the evolutionary relationships of these mosquito-associated viruses with those infecting vertebrates.
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17
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Hermanns K, Zirkel F, Kopp A, Marklewitz M, Rwego IB, Estrada A, Gillespie TR, Drosten C, Junglen S. Discovery of a novel alphavirus related to Eilat virus. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:43-49. [PMID: 28206905 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods and infect vertebrate hosts. An exception is Eilat virus (EILV), the only described alphavirus with a host range restricted to insects. We established a new generic reverse transcription PCR assay for alphaviruses and tested 8860 tropical mosquitoes. We detected a novel alphavirus, tentatively named Taï Forest alphavirus (TALV), in Culex decens mosquitoes collected in Ivory Coast. The full genome was sequenced, and closest similarity was found to EILV. Pairwise amino acid identities to EILV ranged between 67 and 88 % for the corresponding proteins, suggesting that TALV defines a proposed new alphavirus species. Phylogenetic analyses placed TALV as a sister species to EILV with a basal relationship to the western equine encephalitis virus complex. In comparison to the highly abundant insect-specific flaviviruses, insect-specific alphaviruses seem to be rare. This new PCR assay can detect novel alphaviruses and may facilitate the identification of additional new alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Hermanns
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian Zirkel
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Innocent B Rwego
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Present address: Ecosystem Health Initiative, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Fauver JR, Grubaugh ND, Krajacich BJ, Weger-Lucarelli J, Lakin SM, Fakoli LS, Bolay FK, Diclaro JW, Dabiré KR, Foy BD, Brackney DE, Ebel GD, Stenglein MD. West African Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes harbor a taxonomically diverse virome including new insect-specific flaviviruses, mononegaviruses, and totiviruses. Virology 2016; 498:288-299. [PMID: 27639161 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae are a major vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Viruses that naturally infect these mosquitoes may impact their physiology and ability to transmit pathogens. We therefore used metagenomics sequencing to search for viruses in adult Anopheles mosquitoes collected from Liberia, Senegal, and Burkina Faso. We identified a number of virus and virus-like sequences from mosquito midgut contents, including 14 coding-complete genome segments and 26 partial sequences. The coding-complete sequences define new viruses in the order Mononegavirales, and the families Flaviviridae, and Totiviridae. The identification of a flavivirus infecting Anopheles mosquitoes broadens our understanding of the evolution and host range of this virus family. This study increases our understanding of virus diversity in general, begins to define the virome of a medically important vector in its natural setting, and lays groundwork for future studies examining the potential impact of these viruses on anopheles biology and disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Fauver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Benjamin J Krajacich
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven M Lakin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Fatorma K Bolay
- Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia
| | | | | | - Brian D Foy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Doug E Brackney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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19
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Junglen S. Evolutionary origin of pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses-a case study in the family Bunyaviridae. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 16:81-86. [PMID: 27720055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses have a dual-host tropism and their transmission requires the infection of two disparate hosts, arthropods and vertebrates. Arboviruses occur in several RNA families that also contain viruses with a monotropism for either arthropods or vertebrates. The evolutionary origin of the dual-host tropism of arboviruses was recently identified for the family Bunyaviridae. Bunyaviruses were suggested to have evolved from viruses that are restricted to arthropods as hosts (arthropod-specific viruses). Additional findings of an immense genetic diversity of bunyaviruses in non-blood feeding arthropods support the hypothesis of an arthropod origin of vertebrate-pathogenic bunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Ehlen L, Tödtmann J, Specht S, Kallies R, Papies J, Müller MA, Junglen S, Drosten C, Eckerle I. Epithelial cell lines of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) are highly susceptible in vitro models to zoonotic Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Flaviviruses. Virol J 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27142375 PMCID: PMC4855710 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0531-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small mammals such as bats and rodents have been increasingly recognized as reservoirs of novel potentially zoonotic pathogens. However, few in vitro model systems to date allow assessment of zoonotic viruses in a relevant host context. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a New World rodent species that has a long-standing history as an experimental animal model due to its unique susceptibility to human viruses. Furthermore, wild cotton rats are associated with a large variety of known or potentially zoonotic pathogens. Methods A method for the isolation and culture of airway epithelial cell lines recently developed for bats was applied for the generation of rodent airway and renal epithelial cell lines from the cotton rat. Continuous cell lines were characterized for their epithelial properties as well as for their interferon competence. Susceptibility to members of zoonotic Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Flaviviridae, in particular Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), West Nile virus (WNV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was tested. Furthermore, novel arthropod-derived viruses belonging to the families Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Mesoniviridae were tested. Results We successfully established airway and kidney epithelial cell lines from the cotton rat, and characterized their epithelial properties. Cells were shown to be interferon-competent. Viral infection assays showed high-titre viral replication of RVFV, VSV, WNV, and TBEV, as well as production of infectious virus particles. No viral replication was observed for novel arthropod-derived members of the Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Mesoniviridae families in these cell lines. Conclusion In the current study, we showed that newly established cell lines from the cotton rat can serve as host-specific in vitro models for viral infection experiments. These cell lines may also serve as novel tools for virus isolation, as well as for the investigation of virus-host interactions in a relevant host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ehlen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Tödtmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Specht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology (IMMIP), University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Present address: Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Kallies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Present address: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Papies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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21
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Tantely ML, Le Goff G, Boyer S, Fontenille D. An updated checklist of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Madagascar. Parasite 2016; 23:20. [PMID: 27101839 PMCID: PMC4840257 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An updated checklist of 235 mosquito species from Madagascar is presented. The number of species has increased considerably compared to previous checklists, particularly the last published in 2003 (178 species). This annotated checklist provides concise information on endemism, taxonomic position, developmental stages, larval habitats, distribution, behavior, and vector-borne diseases potentially transmitted. The 235 species belong to 14 genera: Aedeomyia (3 species), Aedes (35 species), Anopheles (26 species), Coquillettidia (3 species), Culex (at least 50 species), Eretmapodites (4 species), Ficalbia (2 species), Hodgesia (at least one species), Lutzia (one species), Mansonia (2 species), Mimomyia (22 species), Orthopodomyia (8 species), Toxorhynchites (6 species), and Uranotaenia (73 species). Due to non-deciphered species complexes, several species remain undescribed. The main remarkable characteristic of Malagasy mosquito fauna is the high biodiversity with 138 endemic species (59%). Presence and abundance of species, and their association, in a given location could be a bio-indicator of environmental particularities such as urban, rural, forested, deforested, and mountainous habitats. Finally, taking into account that Malagasy culicidian fauna includes 64 species (27%) with a known medical or veterinary interest in the world, knowledge of their biology and host preference summarized in this paper improves understanding of their involvement in pathogen transmission in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Luciano Tantely
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Laboratoire d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo
101 Madagascar
| | - Gilbert Le Goff
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IRD UMR MIVEGEC, 34394 Montpellier and IRD La Réunion-GIP CYROI 97490
Sainte Clotilde La Réunion France
| | - Sébastien Boyer
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Laboratoire d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar Antananarivo
101 Madagascar
| | - Didier Fontenille
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IRD UMR MIVEGEC, 34394 Montpellier and Institut Pasteur du Cambodge 5 BP 983, Blvd. Monivong 12201
Phnom Penh Cambodia
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22
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Charles J, Firth AE, Loroño-Pino MA, Garcia-Rejon JE, Farfan-Ale JA, Lipkin WI, Blitvich BJ, Briese T. Merida virus, a putative novel rhabdovirus discovered in Culex and Ochlerotatus spp. mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:977-987. [PMID: 26868915 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences corresponding to a putative, novel rhabdovirus [designated Merida virus (MERDV)] were initially detected in a pool of Culex quinquefasciatus collected in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The entire genome was sequenced, revealing 11 798 nt and five major ORFs, which encode the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). The deduced amino acid sequences of the N, G and L proteins have no more than 24, 38 and 43 % identity, respectively, to the corresponding sequences of all other known rhabdoviruses, whereas those of the P and M proteins have no significant identity with any sequences in GenBank and their identity is only suggested based on their genome position. Using specific reverse transcription-PCR assays established from the genome sequence, 27 571 C. quinquefasciatus which had been sorted in 728 pools were screened to assess the prevalence of MERDV in nature and 25 pools were found positive. The minimal infection rate (calculated as the number of positive mosquito pools per 1000 mosquitoes tested) was 0.9, and similar for both females and males. Screening another 140 pools of 5484 mosquitoes belonging to four other genera identified positive pools of Ochlerotatus spp. mosquitoes, indicating that the host range is not restricted to C. quinquefasciatus. Attempts to isolate MERDV in C6/36 and Vero cells were unsuccessful. In summary, we provide evidence that a previously undescribed rhabdovirus occurs in mosquitoes in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermilia Charles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria A Loroño-Pino
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Julian E Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Jose A Farfan-Ale
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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23
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Dilcher M, Faye O, Faye O, Weber F, Koch A, Sadegh C, Weidmann M, Sall AA. Zahedan rhabdovirus, a novel virus detected in ticks from Iran. Virol J 2015; 12:183. [PMID: 26542354 PMCID: PMC4635997 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhabdoviridae infect a wide range of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. Their transmission can occur via various arthropod vectors. In recent years, a number of novel rhabdoviruses have been identified from various animal species, but so far only few tick-transmitted rhabdoviruses have been described. Methods We isolated a novel rhabdovirus, provisionally named Zahedan rhabdovirus (ZARV), from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks collected in Iran. The full-length genome was determined using 454 next-generation sequencing and the phylogenetic relationship to other rhabdoviruses was analyzed. Inoculation experiments in mammalian Vero cells and mice were conducted and a specific PCR assay was developed. Results The complete genome of ZARV has a size of 11,230 nucleotides (nt) with the typical genomic organization of Rhabdoviridae. Phylogenetic analysis confirms that ZARV is closely related to Moussa virus (MOUV) from West Africa and Long Island tick rhabdovirus (LITRV) from the U.S., all forming a new monophyletic clade, provisionally designated Zamolirhabdovirus, within the Dimarhabdovirus supergroup. The glycoprotein (G) contains 12 conserved cysteins which are specific for animal rhabdoviruses infecting fish and mammals. In addition, ZARV is able to infect mammalian Vero cells and is lethal for mice when inoculated intracerebrally or subcutaneously. The developed PCR assay can be used to specifically detect ZARV. Conclusion The novel tick-transmitted rhabdovirus ZARV is closely related to MOUV and LITRV. All three viruses seem to form a new monophyletic clade. ZARV might be pathogenic for mammals, since it can infect Vero cells, is lethal for mice and its glycoprotein contains 12 conserved cysteins only found in animal rhabdoviruses. The mammalian host of ZARV remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meik Dilcher
- Department of Virology, Univerity Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Oumar Faye
- Institute Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Institute Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Franziska Weber
- Department of Virology, Univerity Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Koch
- Department of Virology, Univerity Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | - Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Institute Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
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Kudom AA, Mensah BA, Froeschl G, Rinder H, Boakye D. DDT and pyrethroid resistance status and laboratory evaluation of bio-efficacy of long lasting insecticide treated nets against Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex decens in Ghana. Acta Trop 2015. [PMID: 26215129 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuisance from Culex mosquitoes in Ghana has a serious negative impact on the standard of living in many urban communities. In addition, a perceived lack of efficacy of long lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) against nuisance mosquitoes contributes to their discontinued use. This again compromises malaria control, even if Anopheles species themselves would still be susceptible to the insecticides used. Control strategies involve pyrethroid insecticides but information on Culex mosquito susceptibility to these insecticides is limited. A nationwide survey was conducted to address this problem. In adults, susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin and DDT as well as enzyme activity and kdr mutation were determined. Cone and tunnel bioassay were also carried out to determine the efficacy of LLINs against the mosquitoes. Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex decens were identified in the study area. Higher deltamethrin and DDT resistance and relatively low permethrin resistance were observed in both species. High enzyme activities and kdr mutations were observed in C. quinquefasciatus but not in C. decens. However, reduced efficacy of LLINs was observed in both mosquito species. This adds up to the evidence of the spread of pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes and its negative impact on control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Kudom
- Center for International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany; Department of Entomology and Wildlife, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Ben A Mensah
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Guenter Froeschl
- Center for International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz Rinder
- Center for International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Germany; Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Boakye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Ghana
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25
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Bolling BG, Weaver SC, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. Insect-Specific Virus Discovery: Significance for the Arbovirus Community. Viruses 2015; 7:4911-28. [PMID: 26378568 PMCID: PMC4584295 DOI: 10.3390/v7092851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), especially those transmitted by mosquitoes, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals worldwide. Recent discoveries indicate that mosquitoes are naturally infected with a wide range of other viruses, many within taxa occupied by arboviruses that are considered insect-specific. Over the past ten years there has been a dramatic increase in the literature describing novel insect-specific virus detection in mosquitoes, which has provided new insights about viral diversity and evolution, including that of arboviruses. It has also raised questions about what effects the mosquito virome has on arbovirus transmission. Additionally, the discovery of these new viruses has generated interest in their potential use as biological control agents as well as novel vaccine platforms. The arbovirus community will benefit from the growing database of knowledge concerning these newly described viral endosymbionts, as their impacts will likely be far reaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany G Bolling
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Chandler JA, Liu RM, Bennett SN. RNA shotgun metagenomic sequencing of northern California (USA) mosquitoes uncovers viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:185. [PMID: 25852655 PMCID: PMC4371751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes, most often recognized for the microbial agents of disease they may carry, harbor diverse microbial communities that include viruses, bacteria, and fungi, collectively called the microbiota. The composition of the microbiota can directly and indirectly affect disease transmission through microbial interactions that could be revealed by its characterization in natural populations of mosquitoes. Furthermore, the use of shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SMS) approaches could allow the discovery of unknown members of the microbiota. In this study, we use RNA SMS to characterize the microbiota of seven individual mosquitoes (species include Culex pipiens, Culiseta incidens, and Ochlerotatus sierrensis) collected from a variety of habitats in California, USA. Sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq platform and the resulting sequences were quality-checked and assembled into contigs using the A5 pipeline. Sequences related to single stranded RNA viruses of the Bunyaviridae and Rhabdoviridae were uncovered, along with an unclassified genus of double-stranded RNA viruses. Phylogenetic analysis finds that in all three cases, the closest relatives of the identified viral sequences are other mosquito-associated viruses, suggesting widespread host-group specificity among disparate viral taxa. Interestingly, we identified a Narnavirus of fungi, also reported elsewhere in mosquitoes, that potentially demonstrates a nested host-parasite association between virus, fungi, and mosquito. Sequences related to 8 bacterial families and 13 fungal families were found across the seven samples. Bacillus and Escherichia/Shigella were identified in all samples and Wolbachia was identified in all Cx. pipiens samples, while no single fungal genus was found in more than two samples. This study exemplifies the utility of RNA SMS in the characterization of the natural microbiota of mosquitoes and, in particular, the value of identifying all microbes associated with a specific host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Angus Chandler
- Department of Microbiology, California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel M Liu
- Department of Microbiology, California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shannon N Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, California Academy of Sciences San Francisco, CA, USA
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27
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Bolling BG, Vasilakis N, Guzman H, Widen SG, Wood TG, Popov VL, Thangamani S, Tesh RB. Insect-specific viruses detected in laboratory mosquito colonies and their potential implications for experiments evaluating arbovirus vector competence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:422-8. [PMID: 25510714 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the detection and characterization of insect-specific viruses in field-collected mosquitoes. Evidence suggests that these viruses are ubiquitous in nature and that many are maintained by vertical transmission in mosquito populations. Some studies suggest that the presence of insect-specific viruses may inhibit replication of a super-infecting arbovirus, thus altering vector competence of the mosquito host. Accordingly, we screened our laboratory mosquito colonies for insect-specific viruses. Pools of colony mosquitoes were homogenized and inoculated into cultures of Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. The infected cells were examined by electron microscopy and deep sequencing was performed on RNA extracts. Electron micrograph images indicated the presence of three different viruses in three of our laboratory mosquito colonies. Potential implications of these findings for vector competence studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany G Bolling
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Økland AL, Nylund A, Øvergård AC, Blindheim S, Watanabe K, Grotmol S, Arnesen CE, Plarre H. Genomic characterization and phylogenetic position of two new species in Rhabdoviridae infecting the parasitic copepod, salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). PLoS One 2014; 9:e112517. [PMID: 25402203 PMCID: PMC4234470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Several new viruses have emerged during farming of salmonids in the North Atlantic causing large losses to the industry. Still the blood feeding copepod parasite, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, remains the major challenge for the industry. Histological examinations of this parasite have revealed the presence of several virus-like particles including some with morphologies similar to rhabdoviruses. This study is the first description of the genome and target tissues of two new species of rhabdoviruses associated with pathology in the salmon louse. Salmon lice were collected at different Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming sites on the west coast of Norway and prepared for histology, transmission electron microscopy and Illumina sequencing of the complete RNA extracted from these lice. The nearly complete genomes, around 11,600 nucleotides encoding the five typical rhabdovirus genes N, P, M, G and L, of two new species were obtained. The genome sequences, the putative protein sequences, and predicted transcription strategies for the two viruses are presented. Phylogenetic analyses of the putative N and L proteins indicated closest similarity to the Sigmavirus/Dimarhabdoviruses cluster, however, the genomes of both new viruses are significantly diverged with no close affinity to any of the existing rhabdovirus genera. In situ hybridization, targeting the N protein genes, showed that the viruses were present in the same glandular tissues as the observed rhabdovirus-like particles. Both viruses were present in all developmental stages of the salmon louse, and associated with necrosis of glandular tissues in adult lice. As the two viruses were present in eggs and free-living planktonic stages of the salmon louse vertical, transmission of the viruses are suggested. The tissues of the lice host, Atlantic salmon, with the exception of skin at the attachment site for the salmon louse chalimi stages, were negative for these two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Are Nylund
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Sindre Grotmol
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- SLRC-Sea Lice Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Heidrun Plarre
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Kallies R, Kopp A, Zirkel F, Estrada A, Gillespie TR, Drosten C, Junglen S. Genetic characterization of goutanap virus, a novel virus related to negeviruses, cileviruses and higreviruses. Viruses 2014; 6:4346-57. [PMID: 25398046 PMCID: PMC4246226 DOI: 10.3390/v6114346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pools of mosquitoes collected in Côte d’Ivoire and Mexico were tested for cytopathic effects on the mosquito cell line C6/36. Seven pools induced strong cytopathic effects after one to five days post infection and were further investigated by deep sequencing. The genomes of six virus isolates from Côte d’Ivoire showed pairwise nucleotide identities of ~99% among each other and of 56%–60% to Dezidougou virus and Wallerfield virus, two insect-specific viruses belonging to the proposed new taxon Negevirus. The novel virus was tentatively named Goutanap virus. The isolate derived from the Mexican mosquitoes showed 95% pairwise identity to Piura virus and was suggested to be a strain of Piura virus, named C6.7-MX-2008. Phylogenetic inferences based on a concatenated alignment of the methyltransferase, helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains showed that the new taxon Negevirus formed two monophyletic clades, named Nelorpivirus and Sandewavirus after the viruses grouping in these clades. Branch lengths separating these clades were equivalent to those of the related genera Cilevirus, Higrevirus and Blunervirus, as well as to those within the family Virgaviridae. Genetic distances and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Nelorpivirus and Sandewavirus might form taxonomic groups on genus level that may define alone or together with Cilevirus, Higrevirus and Blunervirus a viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Kallies
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Florian Zirkel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo 176, San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Thomas R Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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30
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Eilat virus host range restriction is present at multiple levels of the virus life cycle. J Virol 2014; 89:1404-18. [PMID: 25392227 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01856-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most alphaviruses are mosquito-borne and exhibit a broad host range, infecting many different vertebrates, including birds, rodents, equids, humans, and nonhuman primates. This ability of most alphaviruses to infect arthropods and vertebrates is essential for their maintenance in nature. Recently, a new alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), was described, and in contrast to all other mosquito-borne viruses, it is unable to replicate in vertebrate cell lines. Investigations into the nature of its host range restriction showed the inability of genomic EILV RNA to replicate in vertebrate cells. Here, we investigated whether the EILV host range restriction is present at the entry level and further explored the viral factors responsible for the lack of genomic RNA replication. Utilizing Sindbis virus (SINV) and EILV chimeras, we show that the EILV vertebrate host range restriction is also manifested at the entry level. Furthermore, the EILV RNA replication restriction is independent of the 3' untranslated genome region (UTR). Complementation experiments with SINV suggested that RNA replication is restricted by the inability of the EILV nonstructural proteins to form functional replicative complexes. These data demonstrate that the EILV host range restriction is multigenic, involving at least one gene from both nonstructural protein (nsP) and structural protein (sP) open reading frames (ORFs). As EILV groups phylogenetically within the mosquito-borne virus clade of pathogenic alphaviruses, our findings have important evolutionary implications for arboviruses. IMPORTANCE Our work explores the nature of host range restriction of the first "mosquito-only alphavirus," EILV. EILV is related to pathogenic mosquito-borne viruses (Eastern equine encephalitis virus [EEEV], Western equine encephalitis virus [WEEV], Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus [VEEV], and Chikungunya virus [CHIKV]) that cause severe disease in humans. Our data demonstrate that EILV is restricted both at entry and genomic RNA replication levels in vertebrate cells. These findings have important implications for arbovirus evolution and will help elucidate the viral factors responsible for the broad host range of pathogenic mosquito-borne alphaviruses, facilitate vaccine development, and inform potential strategies to reduce/prevent alphavirus transmission.
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31
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Tokarz R, Sameroff S, Leon MS, Jain K, Lipkin WI. Genome characterization of Long Island tick rhabdovirus, a new virus identified in Amblyomma americanum ticks. Virol J 2014; 11:26. [PMID: 24517260 PMCID: PMC3928085 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks are implicated as hosts to a wide range of animal and human pathogens. The full range of microbes harbored by ticks has not yet been fully explored. Methods As part of a viral surveillance and discovery project in arthropods, we used unbiased high-throughput sequencing to examine viromes of ticks collected on Long Island, New York in 2013. Results We detected and sequenced the complete genome of a novel rhabdovirus originating from a pool of Amblyomma americanum ticks. This virus, which we provisionally name Long Island tick rhabdovirus, is distantly related to Moussa virus from Africa. Conclusions The Long Island tick rhabdovirus may represent a novel species within family Rhabdoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Tokarz
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, Room 1701, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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32
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Coffey LL, Page BL, Greninger AL, Herring BL, Russell RC, Doggett SL, Haniotis J, Wang C, Deng X, Delwart EL. Enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: Identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in Australian mosquitoes. Virology 2013; 448:146-58. [PMID: 24314645 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. A metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in Australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. Sequence comparisons revealed strains of Liao Ning virus (Reovirus, Seadornavirus), previously detected only in China, livestock-infecting Stretch Lagoon virus (Reovirus, Orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdoviruses, named Beaumont and North Creek viruses, and two novel orthobunyaviruses, named Murrumbidgee and Salt Ash viruses. The novel virus proteomes diverged by ≥ 50% relative to their closest previously genetically characterized viral relatives. Deep sequencing also generated genomes of Warrego and Wallal viruses, orbiviruses linked to kangaroo blindness, whose genomes had not been fully characterized. This study highlights viral metagenomics in concert with traditional arbovirus surveillance to characterize known and new arboviruses in field-collected mosquitoes. Follow-up epidemiological studies are required to determine whether the novel viruses infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lark L Coffey
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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Abstract
Bunyaviruses are the largest known family of RNA viruses, infecting vertebrates, insects, and plants. Here we isolated three novel bunyaviruses from mosquitoes sampled in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Uganda. The viruses define a highly diversified monophyletic sister clade to all members of the genus Orthobunyavirus and are virtually equidistant to orthobunyaviruses and tospoviruses. Maximal amino acid identities between homologous putative proteins of the novel group and orthobunyaviruses ranged between 12 and 25%. The type isolates, tentatively named Herbert virus (HEBV), Taï virus (TAIV), and Kibale virus (KIBV), comprised genomes with L, M, and S segments of about 7.4 kb, 2.7 kb, and 1.1 kb, respectively. HEBV, TAIV, and KIBV encode the shortest bunyavirus M segments known and did not seem to encode NSs and NSm proteins but contained an elongated L segment with an ∼500-nucleotide (nt) insertion that shows no identity to other bunyaviruses. The viruses replicated to high titers in insect cells but did not replicate in vertebrate cells. The enveloped virions were 90 to 110 nm in diameter and budded at cellular membranes with morphological features typical of the Golgi complex. Viral RNA recovered from infected cells showed 5'-terminal nontemplated sequences of 9 to 22 nt, suggestive of cap snatching during mRNA synthesis, as described for other bunyaviruses. Northern blotting identified RNA species of full and reduced lengths, suggested upon analogy with other bunyaviruses to constitute antigenomic-sense cRNA and transcript mRNAs, respectively. Functional studies will be necessary to determine if this group of viruses constitutes a novel genus in the bunyavirus family.
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Ghedin E, Rogers MB, Widen SG, Guzman H, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wood TG, Fitch A, Popov V, Holmes EC, Walker PJ, Vasilakis N, Tesh RB. Kolente virus, a rhabdovirus species isolated from ticks and bats in the Republic of Guinea. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2609-2615. [PMID: 24062532 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.055939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kolente virus (KOLEV) is a rhabdovirus originally isolated from ticks and a bat in Guinea, West Africa, in 1985. Although tests at the time of isolation suggested that KOLEV is a novel rhabdovirus, it has remained largely uncharacterized. We assembled the complete genome sequence of the prototype strain DakAr K7292, which was found to encode the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with alternative ORFs (>180 nt) in the P and L genes. Serologically, KOLEV exhibited a weak antigenic relationship with Barur and Fukuoka viruses in the Kern Canyon group. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that KOLEV represents a distinct and divergent lineage that shows no clear relationship to any rhabdovirus except Oita virus, although with limited phylogenetic resolution. In summary, KOLEV represents a novel species in the family Rhabdoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Matthew B Rogers
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Amelia P A Travassos da Rosa
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Adam Fitch
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vsevolod Popov
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Sydney Emerging Infections & Biosecurity Institute, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter J Walker
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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35
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Junglen S, Drosten C. Virus discovery and recent insights into virus diversity in arthropods. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:507-13. [PMID: 23850098 PMCID: PMC7108301 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overview on arthropod-associated virus discovery. Description of newly characterized virus species. Projections for further research.
Recent studies on virus discovery have focused mainly on mammalian and avian viruses. Arbovirology with its long tradition of ecologically oriented investigation is now catching up, with important novel insights into the diversity of arthropod-associated viruses. Recent discoveries include taxonomically outlying viruses within the families Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, and Bunyaviridae, and even novel virus families within the order Nidovirales. However, the current focusing of studies on blood-feeding arthropods has restricted the range of arthropod hosts analyzed for viruses so far. Future investigations should include species from other arthropod taxa than Ixodita, Culicidae and Phlebotominae in order to shed light on the true diversity of arthropod viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
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Zirkel F, Roth H, Kurth A, Drosten C, Ziebuhr J, Junglen S. Identification and characterization of genetically divergent members of the newly established family Mesoniviridae. J Virol 2013; 87:6346-58. [PMID: 23536661 PMCID: PMC3648093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00416-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently established family Mesoniviridae (order Nidovirales) contains a single species represented by two closely related viruses, Cavally virus (CavV) and Nam Dinh virus (NDiV), which were isolated from mosquitoes collected in Côte d'Ivoire and Vietnam, respectively. They represent the first nidoviruses to be discovered in insects. Here, we report the molecular characterization of four novel mesoniviruses, Hana virus, Méno virus, Nsé virus, and Moumo virus, all of which were identified in a geographical region in Côte d'Ivoire with high CavV prevalence. The viruses were found with prevalences between 0.5 and 2.8%, and genome sequence analyses and phylogenetic studies suggest that they represent at least three novel species. Electron microscopy revealed prominent club-shaped surface projections protruding from spherical, enveloped virions of about 120 nm. Northern blot data show that the four mesoniviruses analyzed in this study produce two major 3'-coterminal subgenomic mRNAs containing two types of 5' leader sequences resulting from the use of different pairs of leader and body transcription-regulating sequences that are conserved among mesoniviruses. Protein sequencing, mass spectroscopy, and Western blot data show that mesonivirus particles contain eight major structural protein species, including the putative nucleocapsid protein (25 kDa), differentially glycosylated forms of the putative membrane protein (20, 19, 18, and 17 kDa), and the putative spike (S) protein (77 kDa), which is proteolytically cleaved at a conserved site to produce S protein subunits of 23 and 57 kDa. The data provide fundamental new insight into common and distinguishing biological properties of members of this newly identified virus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zirkel
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Roth
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Center for Biological Safety, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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Neglected tropical diseases of Namibia: unsolved mysteries. Acta Trop 2013; 125:1-17. [PMID: 23006744 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are diseases most commonly found in settings of poverty and are responsible for the morbidity and/or mortality of millions each year. As an upper-middle income country, Namibia is not normally considered to have many NTDs but published reports indicate the possible presence of over 30. Because much of the data is buried in historical studies published before Independence in 1990, there is a risk of losing valuable information on which to build current and future integrated public health strategies. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to bring together these significant fragments to identify existing knowledge gaps which need to be addressed to build effective control, prevention, and even elimination strategies. The review focuses on intestinal helminthes, schistosomes/snail 'vectors', viruses (Rift Valley Fever, Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, rabies), protozoa (Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Amoeba, Giardia), bacteria (Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Leptospira, Coxiella, Brucella, and Borrelia), fungi (Pneumocystis) and myiasis. Each NTD speaks to the possible need for surveillance and the creation of integrated disease risk maps, linking prevalence of related NTDs with environmental and ecological factors to assist control and prevention efforts. The predominance of zoonotic disease suggests a need to integrate veterinary and public health components as the national public health surveillance system is established.
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Negevirus: a proposed new taxon of insect-specific viruses with wide geographic distribution. J Virol 2012; 87:2475-88. [PMID: 23255793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00776-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Six novel insect-specific viruses, isolated from mosquitoes and phlebotomine sand flies collected in Brazil, Peru, the United States, Ivory Coast, Israel, and Indonesia, are described. Their genomes consist of single-stranded, positive-sense RNAs with poly(A) tails. By electron microscopy, the virions appear as spherical particles with diameters of ∼45 to 55 nm. Based on their genome organization and phylogenetic relationship, the six viruses, designated Negev, Ngewotan, Piura, Loreto, Dezidougou, and Santana, appear to form a new taxon, tentatively designated Negevirus. Their closest but still distant relatives are citrus leposis virus C (CiLV-C) and viruses in the genus Cilevirus, which are mite-transmitted plant viruses. The negeviruses replicate rapidly and to high titer (up to 10(10) PFU/ml) in mosquito cells, producing extensive cytopathic effect and plaques, but they do not appear to replicate in mammalian cells or mice. A discussion follows on their possible biological significance and effect on mosquito vector competence for arboviruses.
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Grard G, Fair JN, Lee D, Slikas E, Steffen I, Muyembe JJ, Sittler T, Veeraraghavan N, Ruby JG, Wang C, Makuwa M, Mulembakani P, Tesh RB, Mazet J, Rimoin AW, Taylor T, Schneider BS, Simmons G, Delwart E, Wolfe ND, Chiu CY, Leroy EM. A novel rhabdovirus associated with acute hemorrhagic fever in central Africa. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002924. [PMID: 23028323 PMCID: PMC3460624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep sequencing was used to discover a novel rhabdovirus (Bas-Congo virus, or BASV) associated with a 2009 outbreak of 3 human cases of acute hemorrhagic fever in Mangala village, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Africa. The cases, presenting over a 3-week period, were characterized by abrupt disease onset, high fever, mucosal hemorrhage, and, in two patients, death within 3 days. BASV was detected in an acute serum sample from the lone survivor at a concentration of 1.09×106 RNA copies/mL, and 98.2% of the genome was subsequently de novo assembled from ∼140 million sequence reads. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that BASV is highly divergent and shares less than 34% amino acid identity with any other rhabdovirus. High convalescent neutralizing antibody titers of >1∶1000 were detected in the survivor and an asymptomatic nurse directly caring for him, both of whom were health care workers, suggesting the potential for human-to-human transmission of BASV. The natural animal reservoir host or arthropod vector and precise mode of transmission for the virus remain unclear. BASV is an emerging human pathogen associated with acute hemorrhagic fever in Africa. We used deep sequencing, a method for generating millions of DNA sequence reads from clinical samples, to discover a novel rhabdovirus (Bas-Congo virus, or BASV) associated with a 2009 outbreak of 3 human cases of acute hemorrhagic fever in Mangala village, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Africa. The cases, presenting over a 3-week period, were characterized by abrupt disease onset, high fever, bloody vomiting and diarrhea, and, in two patients, death within 3 days. BASV was present in the blood of the lone survivor at a concentration of over a million copies per milliliter. The genome of BASV, assembled from over 140 million sequence reads, reveals that it is very different from any other rhabdovirus. The lone survivor and a nurse caring for him (with no symptoms), both health care workers, were found to have high levels of antibodies to BASV, indicating that they both had been infected by the virus. Although the source of the virus remains unclear, our study findings suggest that BASV may be spread by human-to-human contact and is an emerging pathogen associated with acute hemorrhagic fever in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Grard
- Viral Emergent Diseases unit, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC, UMR (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - UM1 - UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Joseph N. Fair
- Global Viral Forecasting, Incorporated, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Deanna Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Slikas
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Imke Steffen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Taylor Sittler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Narayanan Veeraraghavan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Graham Ruby
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Makuwa
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Prime Mulembakani
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jonna Mazet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Anne W. Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Travis Taylor
- Global Viral Forecasting, Incorporated, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley S. Schneider
- Global Viral Forecasting, Incorporated, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Wolfe
- Global Viral Forecasting, Incorporated, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CYC); (EML)
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Viral Emergent Diseases unit, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- MIVEGEC, UMR (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - UM1 - UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (CYC); (EML)
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Galinier R, van Beurden S, Amilhat E, Castric J, Schoehn G, Verneau O, Fazio G, Allienne JF, Engelsma M, Sasal P, Faliex E. Complete genomic sequence and taxonomic position of eel virus European X (EVEX), a rhabdovirus of European eel. Virus Res 2012; 166:1-12. [PMID: 22401847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eel virus European X (EVEX) was first isolated from diseased European eel Anguilla anguilla in Japan at the end of seventies. The virus was tentatively classified into the Rhabdoviridae family on the basis of morphology and serological cross reactivity. This family of viruses is organized into six genera and currently comprises approximately 200 members, many of which are still unassigned because of the lack of molecular data. This work presents the morphological, biochemical and genetic characterizations of EVEX, and proposes a taxonomic classification for this virus. We provide its complete genome sequence, plus a comprehensive sequence comparison between isolates from different geographical origins. The genome encodes the five classical structural proteins plus an overlapping open reading frame in the phosphoprotein gene, coding for a putative C protein. Phylogenic relationship with other rhabdoviruses indicates that EVEX is most closely related to the Vesiculovirus genus and shares the highest identity with trout rhabdovirus 903/87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Galinier
- CNRS, Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, UMR 5244, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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Quan PL, Williams DT, Johansen CA, Jain K, Petrosov A, Diviney SM, Tashmukhamedova A, Hutchison SK, Tesh RB, Mackenzie JS, Briese T, Lipkin WI. Genetic characterization of K13965, a strain of Oak Vale virus from Western Australia. Virus Res 2011; 160:206-13. [PMID: 21740935 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
K13965, an uncharacterized virus, was isolated in 1993 from Anopheles annulipes mosquitoes collected in the Kimberley region of northern Western Australia. Here, we report its genomic sequence, identify it as a rhabdovirus, and characterize its phylogenetic relationships. The genome comprises a P' (C) and SH protein similar to the recently characterized Tupaia and Durham viruses, and shows overlap between G and L genes. Comparison of K13965 genome sequence to other rhabdoviruses identified K13965 as a strain of the unclassified Australian Oak Vale rhabdovirus, whose complete genome sequence we also determined. Phylogenetic analysis of N and L sequences indicated genetic relationship to a recently proposed Sandjima virus clade, although the Oak Vale virus sequences form a branch separate from the African members of that group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phenix-Lan Quan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Gouleako virus isolated from West African mosquitoes constitutes a proposed novel genus in the family Bunyaviridae. J Virol 2011; 85:9227-34. [PMID: 21715500 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00230-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Bunyaviridae is the most diversified family of RNA viruses. We describe a novel prototypic bunyavirus, tentatively named Gouléako virus, isolated from various mosquito species trapped in Côte d'Ivoire. The S segment comprised 1,087 nucleotides (nt), the M segment 3,188 nt, and the L segment 6,358 nt, constituting the shortest bunyavirus genome known so far. The virus had shorter genome termini than phleboviruses and showed no evidence of encoded NSs and NSm proteins. An uncharacterized 105-amino-acid (aa) putative open reading frame (ORF) was detected in the S segment. Genetic equidistance to other bunyaviruses (74 to 88% aa identity) and absence of serological cross-reactivity with phleboviruses suggested a proposed novel Bunyaviridae genus.
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Abstract
Tropical rainforests show the highest level of terrestrial biodiversity and may be an important contributor to microbial diversity. Exploitation of these ecosystems may foster the emergence of novel pathogens. We report the discovery of the first insect-associated nidovirus, tentatively named Cavally virus (CAVV). CAVV was found with a prevalence of 9.3% during a survey of mosquito-associated viruses along an anthropogenic disturbance gradient in Côte d’Ivoire. Analysis of habitat-specific virus diversity and ancestral state reconstruction demonstrated an origin of CAVV in a pristine rainforest with subsequent spread into agriculture and human settlements. Virus extension from the forest was associated with a decrease in virus diversity (P < 0.01) and an increase in virus prevalence (P < 0.00001). CAVV is an enveloped virus with large surface projections. The RNA genome comprises 20,108 nucleotides with seven major open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1a and -1b encode two large proteins that share essential features with phylogenetically higher representatives of the order Nidovirales, including the families Coronavirinae and Torovirinae, but also with families in a basal phylogenetic relationship, including the families Roniviridae and Arteriviridae. Genetic markers uniquely conserved in nidoviruses, such as an endoribonuclease- and helicase-associated zinc-binding domain, are conserved in CAVV. ORF2a and -2b are predicted to code for structural proteins S and N, respectively, while ORF3a and -3b encode proteins with membrane-spanning regions. CAVV produces three subgenomic mRNAs with 5′ leader sequences (of different lengths) derived from the 5′ end of the genome. This novel cluster of mosquito-associated nidoviruses is likely to represent a novel family within the order Nidovirales. Knowledge of microbial diversity in tropical rainforests is sparse, and factors driving the emergence of novel pathogens are poorly understood. We discovered and mapped the spread and genetic evolution of a novel mosquito nidovirus from a pristine rainforest to human settlements. Notably, virus diversity decreased and prevalence increased during the process of spreading into disturbed habitats. The novel virus, tentatively termed Cavally virus, contains genetic features common to members of the order Nidovirales (families Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, and Roniviridae), including conservation of the replicase machinery and expression of subgenomic RNA messages, has a basal phylogenetic relationship to the family Coronaviridae, and clearly differs from the established nidovirus families. Inclusion of this putative novel family in the nidovirus phylogeny suggests that nidoviruses may have evolved from arthropods.
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Bekal S, Domier LL, Niblack TL, Lambert KN. Discovery and initial analysis of novel viral genomes in the soybean cyst nematode. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1870-1879. [PMID: 21490246 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.030585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are the most abundant multicellular animals on earth, yet little is known about their natural viral pathogens. To date, only two nematode virus genomes have been reported. Consequently, nematode viruses have been overlooked as important biotic factors in the study of nematode ecology. Here, we show that one plant parasitic nematode species, Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), harbours four different RNA viruses. The nematode virus genomes were discovered in the SCN transcriptome after high-throughput sequencing and assembly. All four viruses have negative-sense RNA genomes, and are distantly related to nyaviruses and bornaviruses, rhabdoviruses, bunyaviruses and tenuiviruses. Some members of these families replicate in and are vectored by insects, and can cause significant diseases in animals and plants. The novel viral sequences were detected in both eggs and the second juvenile stage of SCN, suggesting that these viruses are transmitted vertically. While there was no evidence of integration of viral sequences into the nematode genome, we indeed detected transcripts from these viruses by using quantitative PCR. These data are the first finding of virus genomes in parasitic nematodes. This discovery highlights the need for further exploration for nematode viruses in all tropic groups of these diverse and abundant animals, to determine how the presence of these viruses affects the fitness of the nematode, strategies of viral transmission and mechanisms of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Bekal
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61810, USA
| | - Leslie L Domier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61810, USA
| | - Terry L Niblack
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61810, USA
| | - Kris N Lambert
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61810, USA
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Application of broad-spectrum resequencing microarray for genotyping rhabdoviruses. J Virol 2010; 84:9557-74. [PMID: 20610710 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00771-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and accurate identification of pathogens is critical in the control of infectious disease. To this end, we analyzed the capacity for viral detection and identification of a newly described high-density resequencing microarray (RMA), termed PathogenID, which was designed for multiple pathogen detection using database similarity searching. We focused on one of the largest and most diverse viral families described to date, the family Rhabdoviridae. We demonstrate that this approach has the potential to identify both known and related viruses for which precise sequence information is unavailable. In particular, we demonstrate that a strategy based on consensus sequence determination for analysis of RMA output data enabled successful detection of viruses exhibiting up to 26% nucleotide divergence with the closest sequence tiled on the array. Using clinical specimens obtained from rabid patients and animals, this method also shows a high species level concordance with standard reference assays, indicating that it is amenable for the development of diagnostic assays. Finally, 12 animal rhabdoviruses which were currently unclassified, unassigned, or assigned as tentative species within the family Rhabdoviridae were successfully detected. These new data allowed an unprecedented phylogenetic analysis of 106 rhabdoviruses and further suggest that the principles and methodology developed here may be used for the broad-spectrum surveillance and the broader-scale investigation of biodiversity in the viral world.
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Bat guano virome: predominance of dietary viruses from insects and plants plus novel mammalian viruses. J Virol 2010; 84:6955-65. [PMID: 20463061 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00501-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are hosts to a variety of viruses capable of zoonotic transmissions. Because of increased contact between bats, humans, and other animal species, the possibility exists for further cross-species transmissions and ensuing disease outbreaks. We describe here full and partial viral genomes identified using metagenomics in the guano of bats from California and Texas. A total of 34% and 58% of 390,000 sequence reads from bat guano in California and Texas, respectively, were related to eukaryotic viruses, and the largest proportion of those infect insects, reflecting the diet of these insectivorous bats, including members of the viral families Dicistroviridae, Iflaviridae, Tetraviridae, and Nodaviridae and the subfamily Densovirinae. The second largest proportion of virus-related sequences infects plants and fungi, likely reflecting the diet of ingested insects, including members of the viral families Luteoviridae, Secoviridae, Tymoviridae, and Partitiviridae and the genus Sobemovirus. Bat guano viruses related to those infecting mammals comprised the third largest group, including members of the viral families Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, Picornaviridae, Adenoviridae, Poxviridae, Astroviridae, and Coronaviridae. No close relative of known human viral pathogens was identified in these bat populations. Phylogenetic analysis was used to clarify the relationship to known viral taxa of novel sequences detected in bat guano samples, showing that some guano viral sequences fall outside existing taxonomic groups. This initial characterization of the bat guano virome, the first metagenomic analysis of viruses in wild mammals using second-generation sequencing, therefore showed the presence of previously unidentified viral species, genera, and possibly families. Viral metagenomics is a useful tool for genetically characterizing viruses present in animals with the known capability of direct or indirect viral zoonosis to humans.
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Junglen S, Kurth A, Kuehl H, Quan PL, Ellerbrok H, Pauli G, Nitsche A, Nunn C, Rich SM, Lipkin WI, Briese T, Leendertz FH. Examining landscape factors influencing relative distribution of mosquito genera and frequency of virus infection. ECOHEALTH 2009; 6:239-249. [PMID: 19915916 PMCID: PMC2841756 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-009-0260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne infections cause some of the most debilitating human diseases, including yellow fever and malaria, yet we lack an understanding of how disease risk scales with human-driven habitat changes. We present an approach to study variation in mosquito distribution and concomitant viral infections on the landscape level. In a pilot study we analyzed mosquito distribution along a 10-km transect of a West African rainforest area, which included primary forest, secondary forest, plantations, and human settlements. Variation was observed in the abundance of Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Uranotaenia mosquitoes between the different habitat types. Screening of trapped mosquitoes from the different habitats led to the isolation of five uncharacterized viruses of the families Bunyaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Rhabdoviridae, as well as an unclassified virus. Polymerase chain reaction screening for these five viruses in individual mosquitoes indicated a trend toward infection with specific viruses in specific mosquito genera that differed by habitat. Based on these initial analyses, we believe that further work is indicated to investigate the impact of anthropogenic landscape changes on mosquito distribution and accompanying arbovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Junglen
- Research Group Emerging Zoonoses, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
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