1
|
Fortova A, Barkhash AV, Pychova M, Krbkova L, Palus M, Salat J, Ruzek D. Genetic polymorphisms in innate immunity genes influence predisposition to tick-borne encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:699-705. [PMID: 37898570 PMCID: PMC10794283 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a neuroviral disease that ranges in severity from a mild febrile illness to a severe and life-threatening meningoencephalitis or encephalomyelitis. There is increasing evidence that susceptibility to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)-induced disease and its severity are largely influenced by host genetic factors, in addition to other virus- and host-related factors. In this study, we investigated the contribution of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in innate immunity genes to predisposition to TBE in humans. More specifically, we investigated a possible association between SNPs rs304478 and rs303212 in the gene Interferon Induced Protein With Tetratricopeptide Repeats 1 (IFIT1), rs7070001 and rs4934470 in the gene Interferon Induced Protein With Tetratricopeptide Repeats 2 (IFIT2), and RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) encoding gene DDX58 rs311795343, rs10813831, rs17217280 and rs3739674 SNPs with predisposition to TBE in population of the Czech Republic, where TBEV is highly endemic. Genotypic and allelic frequencies for these SNPs were analyzed in 247 nonimmunized TBE patients and compared with 204 control subjects. The analysis showed an association of IFIT1 rs304478 SNP and DDX58 rs3739674 and rs17217280 SNPs with predisposition to TBE in the Czech population indicating novel risk factors for clinical TBE but not for disease severity. These results also highlight the role of innate immunity genes in TBE pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fortova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, CZ-62100, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czechia
| | - Andrey V Barkhash
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentyeva Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Martina Pychova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Krbkova
- Department of Children's Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Masaryk University, CZ-61300, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Palus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, CZ-62100, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, CZ-62100, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, CZ-62100, Brno, Czechia.
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czechia.
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia.
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ottens F, Efstathiou S, Hoppe T. Cutting through the stress: RNA decay pathways at the endoplasmic reticulum. Trends Cell Biol 2023:S0962-8924(23)00236-2. [PMID: 38008608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is central to the processing of luminal, transmembrane, and secretory proteins, and maintaining a functional ER is essential for organismal physiology and health. Increased protein-folding load on the ER causes ER stress, which activates quality control mechanisms to restore ER function and protein homeostasis. Beyond protein quality control, mRNA decay pathways have emerged as potent ER fidelity regulators, but their mechanistic roles in ER quality control and their interrelationships remain incompletely understood. Herein, we review ER-associated RNA decay pathways - including regulated inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-dependent mRNA decay (RIDD), nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), and Argonaute-dependent RNA silencing - in ER homeostasis, and highlight the intricate coordination of ER-targeted RNA and protein decay mechanisms and their association with antiviral defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ottens
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sotirios Efstathiou
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chiffi G, Grandgirard D, Leib SL, Chrdle A, Růžek D. Tick-borne encephalitis: A comprehensive review of the epidemiology, virology, and clinical picture. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2470. [PMID: 37392370 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a flavivirus commonly found in at least 27 European and Asian countries. It is an emerging public health problem, with steadily increasing case numbers over recent decades. Tick-borne encephalitis virus affects between 10,000 and 15,000 patients annually. Infection occurs through the bite of an infected tick and, much less commonly, through infected milk consumption or aerosols. The TBEV genome comprises a positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecule of ∼11 kilobases. The open reading frame is > 10,000 bases long, flanked by untranslated regions (UTR), and encodes a polyprotein that is co- and post-transcriptionally processed into three structural and seven non-structural proteins. Tick-borne encephalitis virus infection results in encephalitis, often with a characteristic biphasic disease course. After a short incubation time, the viraemic phase is characterised by non-specific influenza-like symptoms. After an asymptomatic period of 2-7 days, more than half of patients show progression to a neurological phase, usually characterised by central and, rarely, peripheral nervous system symptoms. Mortality is low-around 1% of confirmed cases, depending on the viral subtype. After acute tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a minority of patients experience long-term neurological deficits. Additionally, 40%-50% of patients develop a post-encephalitic syndrome, which significantly impairs daily activities and quality of life. Although TBEV has been described for several decades, no specific treatment exists. Much remains unknown regarding the objective assessment of long-lasting sequelae. Additional research is needed to better understand, prevent, and treat TBE. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, virology, and clinical picture of TBE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Chiffi
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aleš Chrdle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ceske Budejovice, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Emerging Viral Diseases, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barnard TR, Landry BN, Wang AB, Sagan SM. Zika virus NS3 and NS5 proteins determine strain-dependent differences in dsRNA accumulation in a host cell type-dependent manner. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37289497 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For positive-sense RNA viruses, initiation of viral RNA replication represents a major target of antiviral responses to infection. Despite this, the interplay between viral replication and the innate antiviral response at early steps in the Zika virus (ZIKV) life cycle is not well understood. We have previously identified ZIKV isolates with differing levels of dsRNA accumulation, ZIKVPR (high dsRNA per infected cell) and ZIKVCDN (low dsRNA per infected cell), and we hypothesized that we could use reverse genetics to investigate how host and viral factors contribute to the establishment of viral RNA replication. We found that both the ZIKV NS3 and NS5 proteins as well as host factors were necessary to determine the dsRNA accumulation phenotype. Additionally, we show that dsRNA correlates with viral negative-strand RNA measured by strand-specific RT-qPCR, suggesting that dsRNA is an accurate readout of viral RNA replication. Interestingly, although we did not observe NS3- and NS5-dependent differences in cells with defects in interferon (IFN) production, differences in RNA accumulation precede induction of the IFN response, suggesting that RNA sensing pathways or intrinsic restriction factors may differentially restrict ZIKV in an NS3- and NS5-dependent manner. This work expands our understanding of the interplay of early steps of viral RNA replication and the induction of the innate antiviral response to ZIKV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha R Barnard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Breanna N Landry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex B Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rescue and in vitro characterization of a divergent TBEV-Eu strain from the Netherlands. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2872. [PMID: 36807371 PMCID: PMC9938877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) may cause tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a potential life-threatening infection of the central nervous system in humans. Phylogenetically, TBEVs can be subdivided into three main subtypes, which differ in endemic region and pathogenic potential. In 2016, TBEV was first detected in the Netherlands. One of two detected strains, referred to as Salland, belonged to the TBEV-Eu subtype, yet diverged ≥ 2% on amino acid level from other members of this subtype. Here, we report the successful rescue of this strain using infectious subgenomic amplicons and its subsequent in vitro characterization by comparison to two well-characterized TBEV-Eu strains; Neudoerfl and Hypr. In the human alveolar epithelial cell line A549, growth kinetics of Salland were comparable to the high pathogenicity TBEV-Eu strain Hypr, and both strains grew considerably faster than the mildly pathogenic strain Neudoerfl. In the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH, Salland replicated faster and to higher infectious titers than both reference strains. All three TBEV strains infected primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells to a similar extent and interacted with the type I interferon system in a similar manner. The current study serves as the first in vitro characterization of the novel, divergent TBEV-Eu strain Salland.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tay DJW, Lew ZZR, Chu JJH, Tan KS. Uncovering Novel Viral Innate Immune Evasion Strategies: What Has SARS-CoV-2 Taught Us? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844447. [PMID: 35401477 PMCID: PMC8984613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has tested the capabilities of public health and scientific community. Since the dawn of the twenty-first century, viruses have caused several outbreaks, with coronaviruses being responsible for 2: SARS-CoV in 2007 and MERS-CoV in 2013. As the border between wildlife and the urban population continue to shrink, it is highly likely that zoonotic viruses may emerge more frequently. Furthermore, it has been shown repeatedly that these viruses are able to efficiently evade the innate immune system through various strategies. The strong and abundant antiviral innate immunity evasion strategies shown by SARS-CoV-2 has laid out shortcomings in our approach to quickly identify and modulate these mechanisms. It is thus imperative that there be a systematic framework for the study of the immune evasion strategies of these viruses, to guide development of therapeutics and curtail transmission. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of general viral evasion strategies against the innate immune system. Then, we utilize SARS-CoV-2 as a case study to highlight the methods used to identify the mechanisms of innate immune evasion, and pinpoint the shortcomings in the current paradigm with its focus on overexpression and protein-protein interactions. Finally, we provide a recommendation for future work to unravel viral innate immune evasion strategies and suitable methods to aid in the study of virus-host interactions. The insights provided from this review may then be applied to other viruses with outbreak potential to remain ahead in the arms race against viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Jie Wen Tay
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhe Zhang Ryan Lew
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Kai Sen Tan,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
In Vitro Characterization of the Innate Immune Pathways Engaged by Live and Inactivated Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060664. [PMID: 34204532 PMCID: PMC8234070 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection can lead to inflammation of the central nervous system. The disease can be effectively prevented by whole inactivated virus vaccines. Here, we investigated the innate immune profile induced in vitro by the antigen component of the vaccines, inactivated TBEV (I-TBEV), to gain insights into the mechanism of action of the TBE vaccine as compared to the live virus. To this end, we exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to inactivated and live TBEV and assessed cellular responses by RNA sequencing. Both inactivated and live TBEV significantly induced an interferon-dominated gene signature and an increased RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) expression. Using pathway-specific inhibitors, we assessed the involvement of pattern recognition receptors in the sensing of inactivated or live TBEV. Only RLR pathway inhibition significantly suppressed the downstream cascade induced by I-TBEV, while responses to the replicating virus were impacted by the inhibition of RIG-I-like, as well as Toll-like, receptors. Our results show that inactivated and live TBEV predominantly engaged an interferon response in our in vitro PBMC platform, and indicate RLRs as the main pattern recognition receptors involved in I-TBEV sensing.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bhatia B, Haddock E, Shaia C, Rosenke R, Meade-White K, Griffin AJ, Marzi A, Feldmann H. Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever virus causes lethal disease in IFNAR -/- mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1077-1087. [PMID: 34013842 PMCID: PMC8183530 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1932609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV), a tick-borne flavivirus closely related to Kyasanur Forest disease virus, is the causative agent of a severe, sometimes fatal haemorrhagic/encephalitic disease in humans. To date, there are no specific treatments or vaccines available to combat AHFV infections. A challenge for the development of countermeasures is the absence of a reliable AHFV animal disease model for efficacy testing. Here, we used mice lacking the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFNAR-/-). AHFV strains Zaki-2 and 2003 both caused uniform lethality in these mice after intraperitoneal injection, but strain 2003 seemed more virulent with a median lethal dose of 0.4 median tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50). Disease manifestation in this animal model was similar to case reports of severe human AHFV infections with early generalized signs leading to haemorrhagic and neurologic complications. AHFV infection resulted in early high viremia followed by high viral loads (<108 TCID50/g tissue) in all analyzed organs. Despite systemic viral replication, virus-induced pathology was mainly found in the spleen, lymph nodes, liver and heart. This uniformly lethal AHFV disease model will be instrumental for pathogenesis studies and countermeasure development against this neglected zoonotic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Bhatia
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Rebecca Rosenke
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Amanda J Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ci Y, Shi L. Compartmentalized replication organelle of flavivirus at the ER and the factors involved. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4939-4954. [PMID: 33846827 PMCID: PMC8041242 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that pose a considerable threat to human health. Flaviviruses replicate in compartmentalized replication organelles derived from the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The characteristic architecture of flavivirus replication organelles includes invaginated vesicle packets and convoluted membrane structures. Multiple factors, including both viral proteins and host factors, contribute to the biogenesis of the flavivirus replication organelle. Several viral nonstructural (NS) proteins with membrane activity induce ER rearrangement to build replication compartments, and other NS proteins constitute the replication complexes (RC) in the compartments. Host protein and lipid factors facilitate the formation of replication organelles. The lipid membrane, proteins and viral RNA together form the functional compartmentalized replication organelle, in which the flaviviruses efficiently synthesize viral RNA. Here, we reviewed recent advances in understanding the structure and biogenesis of flavivirus replication organelles, and we further discuss the function of virus NS proteins and related host factors as well as their roles in building the replication organelle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Q, You J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Pei R, Chen X, Yang M, Chen J. Tick-borne encephalitis virus NS4A ubiquitination antagonizes type I interferon-stimulated STAT1/2 signalling pathway. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:714-726. [PMID: 32196427 PMCID: PMC7170394 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1745094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) accounts for approximately 10,000 annual cases of severe encephalitis in Europe and Asia and causes encephalitis in humans. In this study, we demonstrate TBEV appears to activate the interferon (IFN)-β dependent on RIG-I/MDA5. Both the IFN-β accumulation and the IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) transcription greatly delay. Further studies reveal that TBEV NS4A could block the phosphorylation and dimerization of STAT1/STAT2 to affect type I and II IFN-mediated STAT signalling. Additional data indicate that the residue at K132 of TBEV NS4A could be modified by ubiquitination and this modification is necessary for the interaction of NS4A with STAT1. Dynamic ubiquitination of the NS4 protein during TBEV infection might account for delayed activation of the ISGs. These results define the TBEV NS4A as an antagonist of the IFN response, by demonstrating a correlation between the association and STAT interference. Our findings provide a foundation for further understanding how TBEV evade innate immunity and a potential viral target for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia You
- College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Felicetti T, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V, Cannalire R. Broad-Spectrum Flavivirus Inhibitors: a Medicinal Chemistry Point of View. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2391-2419. [PMID: 32961008 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections by flaviviruses, such as Dengue, West Nile, Yellow Fever and Zika viruses, represent a growing risk for global health. There are vaccines only for few flaviviruses while no effective treatments are available. Flaviviruses share epidemiological, structural, and ecologic features and often different viruses can co-infect the same host. Therefore, the identification of broad-spectrum inhibitors is highly desirable either for known flaviviruses or for viruses that likely will emerge in the future. Strategies targeting both virus and host factors have been pursued to identify broad-spectrum antiflaviviral agents. In this review, we describe the most promising and best characterized targets and their relative broad-spectrum inhibitors, identified by drug repurposing/libraries screenings and by focused medicinal chemistry campaigns. Finally, we discuss about future strategies to identify new broad-spectrum antiflavivirus agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pozzi B, Bragado L, Mammi P, Torti MF, Gaioli N, Gebhard L, García Solá M, Vaz-Drago R, Iglesias N, García C, Gamarnik A, Srebrow A. Dengue virus targets RBM10 deregulating host cell splicing and innate immune response. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:6824-6838. [PMID: 32432721 PMCID: PMC7337517 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-seq experiments previously performed by our laboratories showed enrichment in intronic sequences and alterations in alternative splicing in dengue-infected human cells. The transcript of the SAT1 gene, of well-known antiviral action, displayed higher inclusion of exon 4 in infected cells, leading to an mRNA isoform that is degraded by non-sense mediated decay. SAT1 is a spermidine/spermine acetyl-transferase enzyme that decreases the reservoir of cellular polyamines, limiting viral replication. Delving into the molecular mechanism underlying SAT1 pre-mRNA splicing changes upon viral infection, we observed lower protein levels of RBM10, a splicing factor responsible for SAT1 exon 4 skipping. We found that the dengue polymerase NS5 interacts with RBM10 and its sole expression triggers RBM10 proteasome-mediated degradation. RBM10 over-expression in infected cells prevents SAT1 splicing changes and limits viral replication, while its knock-down enhances the splicing switch and also benefits viral replication, revealing an anti-viral role for RBM10. Consistently, RBM10 depletion attenuates expression of interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In particular, we found that RBM10 interacts with viral RNA and RIG-I, and even promotes the ubiquitination of the latter, a crucial step for its activation. We propose RBM10 fulfills diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-viral tasks, besides its well-documented role in splicing regulation of apoptotic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Pozzi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laureano Bragado
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Mammi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Torti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Gaioli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leopoldo G Gebhard
- CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Laboratorio de Virus Emergentes, Departamento de CyT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín E García Solá
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rita Vaz-Drago
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Néstor G Iglesias
- CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Laboratorio de Virus Emergentes, Departamento de CyT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C García
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Anabella Srebrow
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
In Vivo Characterization of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Bank Voles ( Myodes glareolus). Viruses 2019; 11:v11111069. [PMID: 31731773 PMCID: PMC6893798 DOI: 10.3390/v11111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis is the most important tick-transmitted zoonotic virus infection in Eurasia, causing severe neurological symptoms in humans. The causative agent, the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), circulates between ticks and a variety of mammalian hosts. To study the interaction between TBEV and one of its suspected reservoir hosts, bank voles of the Western evolutionary lineage were inoculated subcutaneously with either one of eight TBEV strains or the related attenuated Langat virus, and were euthanized after 28 days. In addition, a subset of four strains was characterized in bank voles of the Carpathian linage. Six bank voles were inoculated per strain, and were housed together in groups of three with one uninfected in-contact animal each. Generally, most bank voles did not show any clinical signs over the course of infection. However, one infected bank vole died and three had to be euthanized prematurely, all of which had been inoculated with the identical TBEV strain (Battaune 17-H9, isolated in 2017 in Germany from a bank vole). All inoculated animals seroconverted, while none of the in-contact animals did. Viral RNA was detected via real-time RT-PCR in the whole blood samples of 31 out of 74 inoculated and surviving bank voles. The corresponding serum sample remained PCR-negative in nearly all cases (29/31). In addition, brain and/or spine samples tested positive in 11 cases, mostly correlating with a positive whole blood sample. Our findings suggest a good adaption of TBEV to bank voles, combining in most cases a low virulence phenotype with detectable virus replication and hinting at a reservoir host function of bank voles for TBEV.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nelson BR, Roby JA, Dobyns WB, Rajagopal L, Gale M, Adams Waldorf KM. Immune Evasion Strategies Used by Zika Virus to Infect the Fetal Eye and Brain. Viral Immunol 2019; 33:22-37. [PMID: 31687902 PMCID: PMC6978768 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that caused a public health emergency in the Americas when an outbreak in Brazil became linked to congenital microcephaly. Understanding how ZIKV could evade the innate immune defenses of the mother, placenta, and fetus has become central to determining how the virus can traffic into the fetal brain. ZIKV, like other flaviviruses, evades host innate immune responses by leveraging viral proteins and other processes that occur during viral replication to allow spread to the placenta. Within the placenta, there are diverse cell types with coreceptors for ZIKV entry, creating an opportunity for the virus to establish a reservoir for replication and infect the fetus. The fetal brain is vulnerable to ZIKV, particularly during the first trimester, when it is beginning a dynamic process, to form highly complex and specialized regions orchestrated by neuroprogenitor cells. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework to understand the different routes for viral trafficking into the fetal brain and the eye, which are most likely to occur early and later in pregnancy. Based on the injury profile in human and nonhuman primates, ZIKV entry into the fetal brain likely occurs across both the blood/cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the choroid plexus and the blood/brain barrier. ZIKV can also enter the eye by trafficking across the blood/retinal barrier. Ultimately, the efficient escape of innate immune defenses by ZIKV is a key factor leading to viral infection. However, the host immune response against ZIKV can lead to injury and perturbations in developmental programs that drive cellular division, migration, and brain growth. The combined effect of innate immune evasion to facilitate viral propagation and the maternal/placental/fetal immune response to control the infection will determine the extent to which ZIKV can injure the fetal brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branden R. Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Justin A. Roby
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William B. Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kristina M. Adams Waldorf
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carletti T, Zakaria MK, Faoro V, Reale L, Kazungu Y, Licastro D, Marcello A. Viral priming of cell intrinsic innate antiviral signaling by the unfolded protein response. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3889. [PMID: 31467282 PMCID: PMC6715738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate response to a pathogen is critical in determining the outcome of the infection. However, the interplay of different cellular responses that are activated following viral infection and their contribution to innate antiviral signalling has not been clearly established. This work shows that flaviviruses, including Dengue, Zika, West Nile and Tick-borne encephalitis viruses, activate the unfolded protein response before transcription of interferon regulatory factor 3 induced genes. Infection in conditions of unfolded protein response priming leads to early activation of innate antiviral responses and cell intrinsic inhibition of viral replication, which is interferon regulatory factor 3 dependent. These results demonstrate that the unfolded protein response is not only a physiological reaction of the cell to viral infection, but also synergizes with pattern recognition sensing to mount a potent antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Carletti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Mohammad Khalid Zakaria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Faoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Reale
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Yvette Kazungu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: Review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:23-51. [PMID: 30710567 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an illness caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection which is often limited to a febrile illness, but may lead to very aggressive downstream neurological manifestations. The disease is prevalent in forested areas of Europe and northeastern Asia, and is typically caused by infection involving one of three TBEV subtypes, namely the European (TBEV-Eu), the Siberian (TBEV-Sib), or the Far Eastern (TBEV-FE) subtypes. In addition to the three main TBEV subtypes, two other subtypes; i.e., the Baikalian (TBEV-Bkl) and the Himalayan subtype (TBEV-Him), have been described recently. In Europe, TBEV-Eu infection usually results in only mild TBE associated with a mortality rate of <2%. TBEV-Sib infection also results in a generally mild TBE associated with a non-paralytic febrile form of encephalitis, although there is a tendency towards persistent TBE caused by chronic viral infection. TBE-FE infection is considered to induce the most severe forms of TBE. Importantly though, viral subtype is not the sole determinant of TBE severity; both mild and severe cases of TBE are in fact associated with infection by any of the subtypes. In keeping with this observation, the overall TBE mortality rate in Russia is ∼2%, in spite of the fact that TBEV-Sib and TBEV-FE subtypes appear to be inducers of more severe TBE than TBEV-Eu. On the other hand, TBEV-Sib and TBEV-FE subtype infections in Russia are associated with essentially unique forms of TBE rarely seen elsewhere if at all, such as the hemorrhagic and chronic (progressive) forms of the disease. For post-exposure prophylaxis and TBE treatment in Russia and Kazakhstan, a specific anti-TBEV immunoglobulin is currently used with well-documented efficacy, but the use of specific TBEV immunoglobulins has been discontinued in Europe due to concerns regarding antibody-enhanced disease in naïve individuals. Therefore, new treatments are essential. This review summarizes available data on the pathogenesis and clinical features of TBE, plus different vaccine preparations available in Europe and Russia. In addition, new treatment possibilities, including small molecule drugs and experimental immunotherapies are reviewed. The authors caution that their descriptions of approved or experimental therapies should not be considered to be recommendations for patient care.
Collapse
|
17
|
Walker CL, Little MTE, Roby JA, Armistead B, Gale M, Rajagopal L, Nelson BR, Ehinger N, Mason B, Nayeri U, Curry CL, Adams Waldorf KM. Zika virus and the nonmicrocephalic fetus: why we should still worry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 220:45-56. [PMID: 30171843 PMCID: PMC6501788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus and was first linked to congenital microcephaly caused by a large outbreak in northeastern Brazil. Although the Zika virus epidemic is now in decline, pregnancies in large parts of the Americas remain at risk because of ongoing transmission and the potential for new outbreaks. This review presents why Zika virus is still a complex and worrisome public health problem with an expanding spectrum of birth defects and how Zika virus and related viruses evade the immune response to injure the fetus. Recent reports indicate that the spectrum of fetal brain and other anomalies associated with Zika virus exposure is broader and more complex than microcephaly alone and includes subtle fetal brain and ocular injuries; thus, the ability to prenatally diagnose fetal injury associated with Zika virus infection remains limited. New studies indicate that Zika virus imparts disproportionate effects on fetal growth with an unusual femur-sparing profile, potentially providing a new approach to identify viral injury to the fetus. Studies to determine the limitations of prenatal and postnatal testing for detection of Zika virus-associated birth defects and long-term neurocognitive deficits are needed to better guide women with a possible infectious exposure. It is also imperative that we investigate why the Zika virus is so adept at infecting the placenta and the fetal brain to better predict other viruses with similar capabilities that may give rise to new epidemics. The efficiency with which the Zika virus evades the early immune response to enable infection of the mother, placenta, and fetus is likely critical for understanding why the infection may either be fulminant or limited. Furthermore, studies suggest that several emerging and related viruses may also cause birth defects, including West Nile virus, which is endemic in many parts of the United States. With mosquito-borne diseases increasing worldwide, there remains an urgent need to better understand the pathogenesis of the Zika virus and related viruses to protect pregnancies and child health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christie L Walker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Marie-Térèse E Little
- Fourth Dimension Biomedical and Research Consulting, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Justin A Roby
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Blair Armistead
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Departments of Immunology, Microbiology, and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Branden R Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Noah Ehinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Brittney Mason
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Unzila Nayeri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Christine L Curry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zakaria MK, Carletti T, Marcello A. Cellular Targets for the Treatment of Flavivirus Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:398. [PMID: 30483483 PMCID: PMC6240593 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical antiviral therapy targets viral functions, mostly viral enzymes or receptors. Successful examples include precursor herpesvirus drugs, antiretroviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase and protease, influenza virus directed compounds as well as more recent direct antiviral agents (DAA) applied in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, from early times, the possibility of targeting the host cell to contain the infection has frequently re-emerged as an alternative and complementary antiviral strategy. Advantages of this approach include an increased threshold to the emergence of resistance and the possibility to target multiple viruses. Major pitfalls are related to important cellular side effects and cytotoxicity. In this mini-review, the concept of host directed antiviral therapy will be discussed with a focus on the most recent advances in the field of Flaviviruses, a family of important human pathogens for which we do not have antivirals available in the clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khalid Zakaria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tea Carletti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lindqvist R, Upadhyay A, Överby AK. Tick-Borne Flaviviruses and the Type I Interferon Response. Viruses 2018; 10:E340. [PMID: 29933625 PMCID: PMC6071234 DOI: 10.3390/v10070340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are globally distributed pathogens causing millions of human infections every year. Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses and are mainly transmitted by either ticks or mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the innate immune response have been well-studied and reviewed extensively, thus this review will discuss tick-borne flaviviruses and their interactions with the host innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Arunkumar Upadhyay
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barrows NJ, Campos RK, Liao KC, Prasanth KR, Soto-Acosta R, Yeh SC, Schott-Lerner G, Pompon J, Sessions OM, Bradrick SS, Garcia-Blanco MA. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Flaviviruses. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4448-4482. [PMID: 29652486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses, such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, are critically important human pathogens that sicken a staggeringly high number of humans every year. Most of these pathogens are transmitted by mosquitos, and not surprisingly, as the earth warms and human populations grow and move, their geographic reach is increasing. Flaviviruses are simple RNA-protein machines that carry out protein synthesis, genome replication, and virion packaging in close association with cellular lipid membranes. In this review, we examine the molecular biology of flaviviruses touching on the structure and function of viral components and how these interact with host factors. The latter are functionally divided into pro-viral and antiviral factors, both of which, not surprisingly, include many RNA binding proteins. In the interface between the virus and the hosts we highlight the role of a noncoding RNA produced by flaviviruses to impair antiviral host immune responses. Throughout the review, we highlight areas of intense investigation, or a need for it, and potential targets and tools to consider in the important battle against pathogenic flaviviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Barrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Rafael K Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Kuo-Chieh Liao
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - K Reddisiva Prasanth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Ruben Soto-Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Shih-Chia Yeh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Geraldine Schott-Lerner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Julien Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore.,MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier , Montpellier 34090 , France
| | - October M Sessions
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States
| | - Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas 77555 , United States.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Flaviviral RNA Structures and Their Role in Replication and Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:45-62. [PMID: 29845524 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
More than simple vectors of genetic information, flaviviral RNAs have emerged as critical regulators of the virus life cycle. Viral RNAs regulate interactions with viral and cellular proteins in both, mosquito and mammalian hosts to ultimately influence processes as diverse as RNA replication, translation, packaging or pathogenicity. In this chapter, we will review the current knowledge of the role of sequence and structures in the flaviviral RNA in viral propagation and interaction with the host cell. We will also cover the increasing body of evidence linking viral non-coding RNAs with pathogenicity, host immunity and epidemic potential.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lieskovská J, Páleníková J, Langhansová H, Chmelař J, Kopecký J. Saliva of Ixodes ricinus enhances TBE virus replication in dendritic cells by modulation of pro-survival Akt pathway. Virology 2018; 514:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
23
|
Miorin L, Maestre AM, Fernandez-Sesma A, García-Sastre A. Antagonism of type I interferon by flaviviruses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:587-596. [PMID: 28576494 PMCID: PMC5626595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prompt and tightly controlled induction of type I interferon is a central event of the immune defense against viral infection. Flaviviruses comprise a large family of arthropod-borne positive-stranded RNA viruses, many of which represent a serious threat to global human health due to their high rates of morbidity and mortality. All flaviviruses studied so far have been shown to counteract the host's immune response to establish a productive infection and facilitate viral spread. Here, we review the current knowledge on the main strategies that human pathogenic flaviviruses utilize to escape both type I IFN induction and effector pathways. A better understanding of the specific mechanisms by which flaviviruses activate and evade innate immune responses is critical for the development of better therapeutics and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Ana M Maestre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Targets Nucleosome Assembly Protein NAP1L1 To Control the Innate Cellular Response. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00880-17. [PMID: 28659470 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00880-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA hepatotropic virus. Despite cellular defenses, HCV is able to replicate in hepatocytes and to establish a chronic infection that could lead to severe complications and hepatocellular carcinoma. An important player in subverting the host response to HCV infection is the viral nonstructural protein NS5A, which, in addition to its role in replication and assembly, targets several pathways involved in the cellular response to viral infection. Several unbiased screens identified nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 (NAP1L1) as an interaction partner of HCV NS5A. Here we confirmed this interaction and mapped it to the C terminus of NS5A of both genotype 1 and 2. NS5A sequesters NAP1L1 in the cytoplasm, blocking its nuclear translocation. However, only NS5A from genotype 2 HCV, and not that from genotype 1, targets NAP1L1 for proteosome-mediated degradation. NAP1L1 is a nuclear chaperone involved in chromatin remodeling, and we demonstrated the NAP1L1-dependent regulation of specific pathways involved in cellular responses to viral infection and cell survival. Among those, we showed that lack of NAP1L1 leads to a decrease of RELA protein levels and a strong defect of IRF3 TBK1/IKKε-mediated phosphorylation, leading to inefficient RIG-I and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) responses. Hence, HCV is able to modulate the host cell environment by targeting NAP1L1 through NS5A.IMPORTANCE Viruses have evolved to replicate and to overcome antiviral countermeasures of the infected cell. Hepatitis C virus is capable of establishing a lifelong chronic infection in the liver, which could develop into cirrhosis and cancer. Chronic viruses are particularly able to interfere with the cellular antiviral pathways by several different mechanisms. In this study, we identified a novel cellular target of the viral nonstructural protein NS5A and demonstrated its role in antiviral signaling. This factor, called nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 (NAP1L1), is a nuclear chaperone involved in the remodeling of chromatin during transcription. When it is depleted, specific signaling pathways leading to antiviral effectors are affected. Therefore, we provide evidence for both a novel strategy of virus evasion from cellular immunity and a novel role for a cellular protein, which has not been described to date.
Collapse
|
25
|
Double-Stranded RNA Interacts With Toll-Like Receptor 3 in Driving the Acute Inflammatory Response Following Lung Contusion. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:e1054-e1066. [PMID: 27509390 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung contusion is a major risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We set to determine the role of toll-like receptor 3 and the binding of double-stranded RNA in the pathogenesis of sterile injury following lung contusion. DESIGN Toll-like receptor 3 expression was analyzed in postmortem lung samples from patients with lung contusion. Unilateral lung contusion was induced in toll-like receptor 3 (-/-), TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (-/-), and wild-type mice. Subsequently, lung injury and inflammation were evaluated. Apoptotic indices, phagocytic activity, and phenotypic characterization of the macrophages were determined. Double-stranded RNA in bronchoalveolar lavage and serum samples following lung contusion was measured. A toll-like receptor 3/double-stranded RNA ligand inhibitor was injected into wild-type mice prior to lung contusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Toll-like receptor 3 expression was higher in patients and wild-type mice with lung contusion. The degree of lung injury, inflammation, and macrophage apoptosis was reduced in toll-like receptor 3 (-/-), TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (-/-), and wild-type mice with toll-like receptor 3 antibody neutralization. Alveolar macrophages from toll-like receptor 3 (-/-) mice had a lower early apoptotic index, a predominant M2 phenotype and increased surface translocation of toll-like receptor 3 from the endosome to the surface. When compared with viral activation pathways, lung injury in lung contusion demonstrated increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation with inflammasome activation without a corresponding increase in nuclear factor-κB or type-1 interferon production. Additionally, pretreatment with toll-like receptor 3/double-stranded RNA ligand inhibitor led to a reduction in injury, inflammation, and macrophage apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the interaction of double-stranded RNA from injured cells with toll-like receptor 3 drives the acute inflammatory response following lung contusion.
Collapse
|
26
|
Carletti T, Zakaria MK, Marcello A. The host cell response to tick-borne encephalitis virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:533-540. [PMID: 28167278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus is the most prevalent autochthonous arbovirus in Europe and an important travel-associated virus. Complications of the infection could lead to lethal encephalitis in susceptible individuals. However, despite its clinical relevance and expanding geographical distribution, most of our knowledge on its pathogenesis is inferred from studies on other flaviviruses. Molecular details of the host cell response to infection are scarce leading to a poor understanding of the antiviral pathways and viral countermeasures that are critical to determine the outcome of the infection. In this work the relevant literature is reviewed and the key elements of tick-borne encephalitis virus infection of human cells are identified, which requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tea Carletti
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Mohammad Khalid Zakaria
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Garcia-Blanco MA, Vasudevan SG, Bradrick SS, Nicchitta C. Flavivirus RNA transactions from viral entry to genome replication. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:244-249. [PMID: 27666184 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon release of the ∼11 kb single-stranded positive polarity dengue virus genomic RNA (gRNA) into the cytoplasm of an infected cell, it serves as the template for translation of the viral polyprotein, which is cleaved into three structural and seven non-structural proteins. The structural organization of the viral replication complex and RNA is not known but it is increasingly becoming evident that the viral gRNA and replication intermediates adopt unique structural features and localize to discrete regions in the infected cell. Both structure and location play multiple roles ranging from evasion of innate immune response to recruitment of viral and host proteins for translation and replication of the message. This review visits the various transactions that the viral gRNA undergoes between entry and RNA synthesis with the view that some of these events may be targeted by antiviral compounds. This article forms part of a symposium on flavivirus drug discovery in Antiviral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Garcia-Blanco
- Programme of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Subhash G Vasudevan
- Programme of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang X, Zheng Z, Liu X, Shu B, Mao P, Bai B, Hu Q, Luo M, Ma X, Cui Z, Wang H. Tick-borne encephalitis virus induces chemokine RANTES expression via activation of IRF-3 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:209. [PMID: 27576490 PMCID: PMC5004318 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most important flaviviruses that targets the central nervous system (CNS) and causes encephalitides in humans. Although neuroinflammatory mechanisms may contribute to brain tissue destruction, the induction pathways and potential roles of specific chemokines in TBEV-mediated neurological disease are poorly understood. Methods BALB/c mice were intracerebrally injected with TBEV, followed by evaluation of chemokine and cytokine profiles using protein array analysis. The virus-infected mice were treated with the CC chemokine antagonist Met-RANTES or anti-RANTES mAb to determine the role of RANTES in affecting TBEV-induced neurological disease. The underlying signaling mechanisms were delineated using RANTES promoter luciferase reporter assay, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and pharmacological inhibitors in human brain-derived cell culture models. Results In a mouse model, pathological features including marked inflammatory cell infiltrates were observed in brain sections, which correlated with a robust up-regulation of RANTES within the brain but not in peripheral tissues and sera. Antagonizing RANTES within CNS extended the survival of mice and reduced accumulation of infiltrating cells in the brain after TBEV infection. Through in vitro studies, we show that virus infection up-regulated RANTES production at both mRNA and protein levels in human brain-derived cell lines and primary progenitor-derived astrocytes. Furthermore, IRF-3 pathway appeared to be essential for TBEV-induced RANTES production. Site mutation of an IRF-3-binding motif abrogated the RANTES promoter activity in virus-infected brain cells. Moreover, IRF-3 was activated upon TBEV infection as evidenced by phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF-3, while blockade of IRF-3 activation drastically reduced virus-induced RANTES expression. Conclusions Our findings together provide insights into the molecular mechanism underlying RANTES production induced by TBEV, highlighting its potential importance in the process of neuroinflammatory responses to TBEV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0665-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bo Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Bingke Bai
- Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Minhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zongqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan No.44, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Frumence E, Roche M, Krejbich-Trotot P, El-Kalamouni C, Nativel B, Rondeau P, Missé D, Gadea G, Viranaicken W, Desprès P. The South Pacific epidemic strain of Zika virus replicates efficiently in human epithelial A549 cells leading to IFN-β production and apoptosis induction. Virology 2016; 493:217-26. [PMID: 27060565 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus since the first epidemics in South Pacific in 2007. The recent finding that ZIKV is now circulating in Western Hemisphere and can be associated to severe human diseases, warrants the need for its study. Here we evaluate the susceptibility of human lung epithelial A549 cells to South Pacific epidemic strain of ZIKV isolated in 2013. We showed that ZIKV growth in A549 cells is greatly efficient. ZIKV infection resulted in the secretion of IFN-β followed by the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, and transcriptional activity of IFIT genes. At the maximum of virus progeny production, ZIKV triggers mitochondrial apoptosis through activation of caspases-3 and -9. Whereas at early infection times, the rapid release of IFN-β which exerts an antiviral effect against ZIKV might delay apoptosis in infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Frumence
- Université de la Réunion, UM 134 Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249. Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Marjolaine Roche
- Université de la Réunion, UM 134 Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249. Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Pascale Krejbich-Trotot
- Université de la Réunion, UM 134 Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249. Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Chaker El-Kalamouni
- Université de la Réunion, UM 134 Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249. Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Brice Nativel
- Université de la Réunion, UMR Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DeTROI), INSERM U1188, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Philippe Rondeau
- Université de la Réunion, UMR Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DeTROI), INSERM U1188, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC, UMR 224 IRD/CNRS/UM, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Université de la Réunion, UM 134 Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249. Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Wildriss Viranaicken
- Université de la Réunion, UM 134 Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249. Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France.
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Université de la Réunion, UM 134 Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR9192, IRD UMR249. Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, France.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miorin L, Maiuri P, Marcello A. Visual detection of Flavivirus RNA in living cells. Methods 2016; 98:82-90. [PMID: 26542763 PMCID: PMC7129942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses include a wide range of important human pathogens delivered by insects or ticks. These viruses have a positive-stranded RNA genome that is replicated in the cytoplasm of the infected cell. The viral RNA genome is the template for transcription by the virally encoded RNA polymerase and for translation of the viral proteins. Furthermore, the double-stranded RNA intermediates of viral replication are believed to trigger the innate immune response through interaction with cytoplasmic cellular sensors. Therefore, understanding the subcellular distribution and dynamics of Flavivirus RNAs is of paramount importance to understand the interaction of the virus with its cellular host, which could be of insect, tick or mammalian, including human, origin. Recent advances on the visualization of Flavivirus RNA in living cells together with the development of methods to measure the dynamic properties of viral RNA are reviewed and discussed in this essay. In particular the application of bleaching techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) are analysed in the context of tick-borne encephalitis virus replication. Conclusions driven by this approached are discussed in the wider context Flavivirus infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/metabolism
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
- Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching
- Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Staining and Labeling/methods
- Ticks/virology
- Transcription, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Maiuri
- IFOM - Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bílý T, Palus M, Eyer L, Elsterová J, Vancová M, Růžek D. Electron Tomography Analysis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Infection in Human Neurons. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10745. [PMID: 26073783 PMCID: PMC4466586 DOI: 10.1038/srep10745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes serious, potentially fatal neurological infections that affect humans in endemic regions of Europe and Asia. Neurons are the primary target for TBEV infection in the central nervous system. However, knowledge about this viral infection and virus-induced neuronal injury is fragmental. Here, we directly examined the pathology that occurs after TBEV infection in human primary neurons. We exploited the advantages of advanced high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution techniques to achieve optimal preservation of infected cell architecture. Electron tomographic (ET) reconstructions elucidated high-resolution 3D images of the proliferating endoplasmic reticulum, and individual tubule-like structures of different diameters in the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae of single cells. ET revealed direct connections between the tubule-like structures and viral particles in the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, ET showed connections between cellular microtubules and vacuoles that harbored the TBEV virions in neuronal extensions. This study was the first to characterize the 3D topographical organization of membranous whorls and autophagic vacuoles in TBEV-infected human neurons. The functional importance of autophagy during TBEV replication was studied in human neuroblastoma cells; stimulation of autophagy resulted in significantly increased dose-dependent TBEV production, whereas the inhibition of autophagy showed a profound, dose-dependent decrease of the yield of infectious virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Bílý
- 1] Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic [2] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Palus
- 1] Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic [2] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic [3] Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Eyer
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Elsterová
- 1] Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic [2] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic [3] Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vancová
- 1] Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic [2] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Růžek
- 1] Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic [2] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic [3] Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, CZ-62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Krylova NV, Smolina TP, Leonova GN. Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction Between Human Immune Cells and Far Eastern Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Strains. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:272-81. [PMID: 25695407 PMCID: PMC4486442 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although studies have established that immune mechanisms are important in controlling tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection, the interactions of different TBEV strains with cells of innate and adaptive immunity are not well understood. In this study, the ability of two Far Eastern subtype TBEV strains (Dal'negorsk and Primorye-183) with various degrees of pathogenicity for humans to modulate the expression of membrane molecules differently on human immune cells were investigated using a whole-blood flow cytometry-based assay. The whole-blood samples (from 10 healthy donors) were infected with TBEV strains and analyzed for the virus binding to the blood cells, as well as expression of adhesion (CD11b and ICAM-1) and activation (CD69, CD25, CD95) molecules on the surfaces of monocytes, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+) at selected times (3, 6, and 24 h post-infection). It was found that the highly pathogenic Dal'negorsk strain penetrated rapidly and was actively replicated in the blood cells, inducing downregulation of CD11b, ICAM-1, and CD69 on monocytes and a significant decrease of NK cells expressing CD69, CD25, CD95, and CD8 T-lymphocytes expressing CD69 compared with the mock-infected cells. The nonpathogenic Primorye-183 strain penetrated slowly and was replicated in the blood cells, but caused a significant increase in the adhesion and activation of molecule expression to trigger innate defense mechanisms and enable the rapid elimination of the virus from the organism. Thus, TBEV-induced activation or suppression of adhesion and activation receptors expression form an essential part of fundamental virus properties, that is, virulence and pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Krylova
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana P Smolina
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Galina N Leonova
- Laboratory of Flaviviral Infections, Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Uchida L, Espada-Murao LA, Takamatsu Y, Okamoto K, Hayasaka D, Yu F, Nabeshima T, Buerano CC, Morita K. The dengue virus conceals double-stranded RNA in the intracellular membrane to escape from an interferon response. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7395. [PMID: 25491663 PMCID: PMC4261170 DOI: 10.1038/srep07395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus (DENV) circulates between humans and mosquitoes and requires no other mammals or birds for its maintenance in nature. The virus is well-adapted to humans, as reflected by high-level viraemia in patients. To investigate its high adaptability, the DENV induction of host type-I interferon (IFN) was assessed in vitro in human-derived HeLa cells and compared with that induced by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a closely related arbovirus that generally exhibits low viraemia in humans. A sustained viral spread with a poor IFN induction was observed in the DENV-infected cells, whereas the JEV infection resulted in a self-limiting and abortive infection with a high IFN induction. There was no difference between DENV and JEV double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as IFN inducers. Instead, the dsRNA was poorly exposed in the cytosol as late as 48 h post-infection (p.i.), despite the high level of DENV replication in the infected cells. In contrast, the JEV-derived dsRNA appeared in the cytosol as early as 24 h p.i. Our results provided evidence for the first time in DENV, that concealing dsRNA in the intracellular membrane diminishes the effect of the host defence mechanism, a strategy that differs from an active suppression of IFN activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Uchida
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lyre Anni Espada-Murao
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Takamatsu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenta Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayasaka
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Fuxun Yu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nabeshima
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Corazon C. Buerano
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kouichi Morita
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bidet K, Dadlani D, Garcia-Blanco MA. G3BP1, G3BP2 and CAPRIN1 are required for translation of interferon stimulated mRNAs and are targeted by a dengue virus non-coding RNA. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004242. [PMID: 24992036 PMCID: PMC4081823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral RNA-host protein interactions are critical for replication of flaviviruses, a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses comprising major vector-borne human pathogens including dengue viruses (DENV). We examined three conserved host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) G3BP1, G3BP2 and CAPRIN1 in dengue virus (DENV-2) infection and found them to be novel regulators of the interferon (IFN) response against DENV-2. The three RBPs were required for the accumulation of the protein products of several interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), and for efficient translation of PKR and IFITM2 mRNAs. This identifies G3BP1, G3BP2 and CAPRIN1 as novel regulators of the antiviral state. Their antiviral activity was antagonized by the abundant DENV-2 non-coding subgenomic flaviviral RNA (sfRNA), which bound to G3BP1, G3BP2 and CAPRIN1, inhibited their activity and lead to profound inhibition of ISG mRNA translation. This work describes a new and unexpected level of regulation for interferon stimulated gene expression and presents the first mechanism of action for an sfRNA as a molecular sponge of anti-viral effectors in human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katell Bidet
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dhivya Dadlani
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Center for RNA Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The stress granule component TIA-1 binds tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA and is recruited to perinuclear sites of viral replication to inhibit viral translation. J Virol 2014; 88:6611-22. [PMID: 24696465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03736-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Flaviviruses are a major cause of disease in humans and animals worldwide. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most important arthropod-borne flavivirus endemic in Europe and is the etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis, a potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system. However, the contributions of host proteins during TBEV infection are poorly understood. In this work, we investigate the cellular protein TIA-1 and its cognate factor TIAR, which are stress-induced RNA-binding proteins involved in the repression of initiation of translation of cellular mRNAs and in the formation of stress granules. We show that TIA-1 and TIAR interact with viral RNA in TBEV-infected cells. During TBEV infection, cytoplasmic TIA-1 and TIAR are recruited at sites of viral replication with concomitant depletion from stress granules. This effect is specific, since G3BP1, another component of these cytoplasmic structures, remains localized to stress granules. Moreover, heat shock induction of stress granules containing TIA-1, but not G3BP1, is inhibited in TBEV-infected cells. Infection of cells depleted of TIA-1 or TIAR by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or TIA-1(-/-) mouse fibroblasts, leads to a significant increase in TBEV extracellular infectivity. Interestingly, TIAR(-/-) fibroblasts show the opposite effect on TBEV infection, and this phenotype appears to be related to an excess of TIA-1 in these cells. Taking advantage of a TBE-luciferase replicon system, we also observed increased luciferase activity in TIA-1(-/-) mouse fibroblasts at early time points, consistent with TIA-1-mediated inhibition at the level of the first round of viral translation. These results indicate that, in response to TBEV infection, TIA-1 is recruited to sites of virus replication to bind TBEV RNA and modulate viral translation independently of stress granule (SG) formation. IMPORTANCE This study (i) extends previous work that showed TIA-1/TIAR recruitment at sites of flavivirus replication, (ii) demonstrates that TIAR behaves like TIA-1 as an inhibitor of viral replication using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach in human cells that contradicts the previous hypothesis based on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) knockouts only, (iii) demonstrates that tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is capable of inducing bona fide G3BP1/eIF3/eIF4B-positive stress granules, (iv) demonstrates a differential phenotype of stress response proteins following viral infection, and (v) implicates TIA-1 in viral translation and as a modulator of TBEV replication.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
The innate immune system faces the difficult task of keeping a fine balance between sensitive detection of microbial presence and avoidance of autoimmunity. To this aim, key mechanisms of innate responses rely on isolation of pathogens in specialized subcellular compartments, or sensing of specific microbial patterns absent from the host. Efficient detection of foreign RNA in the cytosol requires an additional layer of complexity from the immune system. In this particular case, innate sensors should be able to distinguish self and non-self molecules that share several similar properties. In this review, we discuss this interplay between cytosolic pattern recognition receptors and the microbial RNA they detect. We describe how microbial RNAs gain access to the cytosol, which receptors they activate and counter-strategies developed by microorganisms to avoid this response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Vabret
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - J Magarian Blander
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA ; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Three-dimensional architecture of tick-borne encephalitis virus replication sites and trafficking of the replicated RNA. J Virol 2013; 87:6469-81. [PMID: 23552408 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03456-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus replication is accompanied by the rearrangement of cellular membranes that may facilitate viral genome replication and protect viral components from host cell responses. The topological organization of viral replication sites and the fate of replicated viral RNA are not fully understood. We exploited electron microscopy to map the organization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) replication compartments in infected cells and in cells transfected with a replicon. Under both conditions, 80-nm vesicles were seen within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that in infected cells also contained virions. By electron tomography, the vesicles appeared as invaginations of the ER membrane, displaying a pore that could enable release of newly synthesized viral RNA into the cytoplasm. To track the fate of TBEV RNA, we took advantage of our recently developed method of viral RNA fluorescent tagging for live-cell imaging combined with bleaching techniques. TBEV RNA was found outside virus-induced vesicles either associated to ER membranes or free to move within a defined area of juxtaposed ER cisternae. From our results, we propose a biologically relevant model of the possible topological organization of flavivirus replication compartments composed of replication vesicles and a confined extravesicular space where replicated viral RNA is retained. Hence, TBEV modifies the ER membrane architecture to provide a protected environment for viral replication and for the maintenance of newly replicated RNA available for subsequent steps of the virus life cycle.
Collapse
|
38
|
Taylor KE, Mossman KL. Recent advances in understanding viral evasion of type I interferon. Immunology 2013; 138:190-7. [PMID: 23173987 PMCID: PMC3573272 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) system mediates a wide variety of antiviral effects and represents an important first barrier to virus infection. Consequently, viruses have developed an impressive diversity of tactics to circumvent IFN responses. Evasion strategies can involve preventing initial virus detection, via the disruption of the Toll‐like receptors or the retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG‐I) ‐like receptors, or by avoiding the initial production of the ligands recognized by these receptors. An alternative approach is to preclude IFN production by disarming or degrading the transcription factors involved in the expression of IFN, such as interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)/IRF7, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), or ATF‐2/c‐jun, or by inducing a general block on host cell transcription. Viruses also oppose IFN signalling, both by disturbing the type I IFN receptor and by impeding JAK/STAT signal transduction upon IFN receptor engagement. In addition, the global expression of IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) can be obstructed via interference with epigenetic signalling, and specific ISGs can also be selectively targeted for inhibition. Finally, some viruses disrupt IFN responses by co‐opting negative regulatory systems, whereas others use antiviral mechanisms to their own advantage. Here, we review recent developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryne E Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|