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Hagoss YT, Shen D, Wang W, Zhang Z, Li F, Sun E, Zhu Y, Ge J, Guo Y, Bu Z, Zhao D. African swine fever virus pCP312R interacts with host RPS27A to shut off host protein translation and promotes viral replication. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134213. [PMID: 39069039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) severely threatens the global economy and food security. ASFV encodes >150 genes, but the functions of most of them have yet to be characterized in detail. Here we explored the function of the ASFV CP312R gene and found that CP312R plays an essential role in ASFV replication. Knockout of the CP312R gene terminated viral replication and CP312R knockdown substantially suppressed ASFV infection in vitro. Furthermore, we resolved the crystal structure of pCP312R to 2.3 Å resolution and found that pCP312R has the potential to bind nucleic acids. LC-MS analysis and co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that pCP312R interacts with RPS27A, a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Confocal microscopy showed the interaction between pCP312R and RPS27A leaded to a modification in the subcellular localization of this host protein, which suppresses host protein translation. Renilla-Glo luciferase assay and Ribopuromycylation analysis evidenced that knockout of RPS27A completely aborted the shutoff activity of pCP312R, and trans-complementation of RPS27A recovered pCP312R shutoff activity in RPS27A-knockout cells. Our findings shed light on the function of ASFV CP312R gene in virus infection, which triggers inhibition of host protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibrah Tekle Hagoss
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Raya University, Maichew, P.O. Box 92, Ethiopia
| | - Dongdong Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wenming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Encheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Yuanmao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Jácome R. Structural and Evolutionary Analysis of Proteins Endowed with a Nucleotidyltransferase, or Non-canonical Palm, Catalytic Domain. J Mol Evol 2024:10.1007/s00239-024-10207-7. [PMID: 39297932 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-024-10207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Many polymerases and other proteins are endowed with a catalytic domain belonging to the nucleotidyltransferase fold, which has also been deemed the non-canonical palm domain, in which three conserved acidic residues coordinate two divalent metal ions. Tertiary structure-based evolutionary analyses provide valuable information when the phylogenetic signal contained in the primary structure is blurry or has been lost, as is the case with these proteins. Pairwise structural comparisons of proteins with a nucleotidyltransferase fold were performed in the PDBefold web server: the RMSD, the number of superimposed residues, and the Qscore were obtained. The structural alignment score (RMSD × 100/number of superimposed residues) and the 1-Qscore were calculated, and distance matrices were constructed, from which a dendogram and a phylogenetic network were drawn for each score. The dendograms and the phylogenetic networks display well-defined clades, reflecting high levels of structural conservation within each clade, not mirrored by primary sequence. The conserved structural core between all these proteins consists of the catalytic nucleotidyltransferase fold, which is surrounded by different functional domains. Hence, many of the clades include proteins that bind different substrates or partake in non-related functions. Enzymes endowed with a nucleotidyltransferase fold are present in all domains of life, and participate in essential cellular and viral functions, which suggests that this domain is very ancient. Despite the loss of evolutionary traces in their primary structure, tertiary structure-based analyses allow us to delve into the evolution and functional diversification of the NT fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Jácome
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México.
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Wang A, Chen Z, Zhou J, Chen Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Liang C, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Xin C, Wei J, Zhang B, Tang X, Lu M, Qi Y, Zhang G. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against p37 protein of African swine fever virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130689. [PMID: 38458287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious pathogen posing a serious threat to the global swine industry. Despite this, there is currently no effective vaccine against this virus. Within ASFV's core shell structure, p37, a product of polyprotein pp220, shares sequence similarity with SUMO-1 proteases. Localization studies show p37 in various nuclear regions during early infection, shifting to the cytoplasm later on. Research indicates active export of p37 from the nucleus, mediated by CRM1-dependent and -independent pathways. Hydrophobic amino acids in p37 are crucial for these pathways, highlighting their importance throughout the ASFV replication cycle. Additionally, p37 serves as the first nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein encoded by ASFV, participating in the intranuclear material transport process during ASFV infection of host cells. In this study, we successfully screened five murine monoclonal antibodies targeting p37. Through the truncated expression method, we identified four dominant antigenic epitopes of p37 for the first time. Furthermore, utilizing alanine scanning technology, we determined the key amino acid residues for each epitope. This research not only provides essential information for a deeper understanding of the protein's function but also establishes a significant theoretical foundation for the design and development of ASFV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhuting Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cheng Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bingxue Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xueyuan Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengjun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Henan, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Pilotto S, Sýkora M, Cackett G, Dulson C, Werner F. Structure of the recombinant RNA polymerase from African Swine Fever Virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1606. [PMID: 38383525 PMCID: PMC10881513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus is a Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Virus that causes an incurable haemorrhagic fever in pigs with a high impact on global food security. ASFV replicates in the cytoplasm of the infected cell and encodes its own transcription machinery that is independent of cellular factors, however, not much is known about how this system works at a molecular level. Here, we present methods to produce recombinant ASFV RNA polymerase, functional assays to screen for inhibitors, and high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of the ASFV RNAP in different conformational states. The ASFV RNAP bears a striking resemblance to RNAPII with bona fide homologues of nine of its twelve subunits. Key differences include the fusion of the ASFV assembly platform subunits RPB3 and RPB11, and an unusual C-terminal domain of the stalk subunit vRPB7 that is related to the eukaryotic mRNA cap 2´-O-methyltransferase 1. Despite the high degree of structural conservation with cellular RNA polymerases, the ASFV RNAP is resistant to the inhibitors rifampicin and alpha-amanitin. The cryo-EM structures and fully recombinant RNAP system together provide an important tool for the design, development, and screening of antiviral drugs in a low biosafety containment environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Pilotto
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Sýkora
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Gwenny Cackett
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Dulson
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Li S, Ge H, Li Y, Zhang K, Yu S, Cao H, Wang Y, Deng H, Li J, Dai J, Li LF, Luo Y, Sun Y, Geng Z, Dong Y, Zhang H, Qiu HJ. The E301R protein of African swine fever virus functions as a sliding clamp involved in viral genome replication. mBio 2023; 14:e0164523. [PMID: 37772878 PMCID: PMC10653895 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01645-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Sliding clamp is a highly conserved protein in the evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The sliding clamp is required for genomic replication as a critical co-factor of DNA polymerases. However, the sliding clamp analogs in viruses remain largely unknown. We found that the ASFV E301R protein (pE301R) exhibited a sliding clamp-like structure and similar functions during ASFV replication. Interestingly, pE301R is assembled into a unique ring-shaped homotetramer distinct from sliding clamps or proliferating cell nuclear antigens (PCNAs) from other species. Notably, the E301R gene is required for viral life cycle, but the pE301R function can be partially restored by the porcine PCNA. This study not only highlights the functional role of the ASFV pE301R as a viral sliding clamp analog, but also facilitates the dissection of the complex replication mechanism of ASFV, which provides novel clues for developing antivirals against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hailiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Multidiscipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shaoxiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jingwen Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Multidiscipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Dong
- Multidiscipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Multidiscipline Research Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High-Containment Facilities for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Sun H, Wu M, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu Z, Guan G, Luo J, Yin H, Niu Q. OAS1 suppresses African swine fever virus replication by recruiting TRIM21 to degrade viral major capsid protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0121723. [PMID: 37815352 PMCID: PMC10617512 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01217-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) completes the replication process by resisting host antiviral response via inhibiting interferon (IFN) secretion and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) function. 2', 5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase gene 1 (OAS1) has been reported to inhibit the replication of various RNA and some DNA viruses. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in the ASFV-induced IFN-related pathway still need to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that OAS1, as a critical host factor, inhibits ASFV replication in an RNaseL-dependent manner. Furthermore, overexpression of OAS1 can promote the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway promoting innate immune responses. In addition, OAS1 plays a new function, which could interact with ASFV P72 protein to suppress ASFV infection. Mechanistically, OAS1 enhances the proteasomal degradation of P72 by promoting TRIM21-mediated ubiquitination. Meanwhile, P72 inhibits the production of avSG and affects the interaction between OAS1 and DDX6. Our findings demonstrated OAS1 as an important target against ASFV replication and revealed the mechanisms and intrinsic regulatory relationships during ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Sun
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengli Wu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiwang Wang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jifei Yang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingli Niu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Zhang J, Jiao J, Hou M, Qian N, Zhao D, Zheng X, Tan X. ASFV transcription reporter screening system identifies ailanthone as a broad antiviral compound. Virol Sin 2023; 38:459-469. [PMID: 36948461 PMCID: PMC10311270 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly viral disease in swine that jeopardizes the worldwide pig industry. Unfortunately, there are no authoritative vaccine and antiviral drug available for ASF control. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of ASF. Among the ASFV proteins, p72 is the most abundant component in the virions and thus a potential target for anti-ASFV drug design. Here, we constructed a luciferase reporter system driven by the promoter of p72, which is transcribed by the co-transfected ASFV RNA polymerase complex. Using this system, we screened over 3200 natural product compounds and obtained three potent candidates against ASFV. We further evaluated the anti-ASFV effects and proved that among the three candidates, ailanthone (AIL) inhibits the replication of ASFV at the nanomolar concentration (IC50 = 15 nmol/L). Our in vitro experiments indicated that the antiviral effect of AIL is associated with its inhibition of the HSP90-p23 cochaperone. Finally, we showed the antiviral activity of AIL on Zika virus and hepatitis B virus (HBV), which supports that AIL is a potential broad-spectrum antiviral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150009, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150009, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Hou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nianchao Qian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150009, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Xu Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601 China.
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Liu Y, Shen Z, Xie Z, Song Y, Li Y, Liang R, Gong L, Di D, Liu J, Liu J, Chen Z, Yu W, Lv L, Zhong Q, Liao X, Tian C, Wang R, Song Q, Wang H, Peng G, Chen H. African swine fever virus I73R is a critical virulence-related gene: A potential target for attenuation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210808120. [PMID: 37023125 PMCID: PMC10104517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210808120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus that causes a fatal disease in pigs, posing a threat to the global pig industry. Whereas some ASFV proteins have been found to play important roles in ASFV-host interaction, the functional roles of many proteins are still largely unknown. In this study, we identified I73R, an early viral gene in the replication cycle of ASFV, as a key virulence factor. Our findings demonstrate that pI73R suppresses the host innate immune response by broadly inhibiting the synthesis of host proteins, including antiviral proteins. Crystallization and structural characterization results suggest that pI73R is a nucleic-acid-binding protein containing a Zα domain. It localizes in the nucleus and inhibits host protein synthesis by suppressing the nuclear export of cellular messenger RNA (mRNAs). While pI73R promotes viral replication, the deletion of the gene showed that it is a nonessential gene for virus replication. In vivo safety and immunogenicity evaluation results demonstrate that the deletion mutant ASFV-GZΔI73R is completely nonpathogenic and provides effective protection to pigs against wild-type ASFV. These results reveal I73R as a virulence-related gene critical for ASFV pathogenesis and suggest that it is a potential target for virus attenuation. Accordingly, the deletion mutant ASFV-GZΔI73R can be a potent live-attenuated vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Zhou Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei430070, China
| | - Zhenhua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Yingying Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Yao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei430070, China
| | - Lang Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510642, China
| | - Dongdong Di
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hohhot, Inner, Mongolia010030, China
| | - Jianqi Liu
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hohhot, Inner, Mongolia010030, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Zongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Wanqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Chuanwen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hohhot, Inner, Mongolia010030, China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong510642, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei430070, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. China, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai200241, China
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9
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Pu F, Wang R, Yang X, Hu X, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Liu Z, Liu J. Nucleotide and codon usage biases involved in the evolution of African swine fever virus: A comparative genomics analysis. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:499-518. [PMID: 36782108 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Since African swine fever virus (ASFV) replication is closely related to its host's machinery, codon usage of viral genome can be subject to selection pressures. A better understanding of codon usage can give new insights into viral evolution. We implemented information entropy and revealed that the nucleotide usage pattern of ASFV is significantly associated with viral isolation factors (region and time), especially the usages of thymine and cytosine. Despite the domination of adenine and thymine in the viral genome, we found that mutation pressure alters the overall codon usage pattern of ASFV, followed by selective forces from natural selection. Moreover, the nucleotide skew index at the gene level indicates that nucleotide usages influencing synonymous codon bias of ASFV are significantly correlated with viral protein hydropathy. Finally, evolutionary plasticity is proved to contribute to the weakness in synonymous codons with A- or T-end serving as optimal codons of ASFV, suggesting that fine-tuning translation selection plays a role in synonymous codon usages of ASFV for adapting host. Taken together, ASFV is subject to evolutionary dynamics on nucleotide selections and synonymous codon usage, and our detailed analysis offers deeper insights into the genetic characteristics of this newly emerging virus around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Pu
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xuanye Yang
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinyan Hu
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jinqian Wang
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongqing Zhao
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Derong Zhang
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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10
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African swine fever virus transmembrane protein pEP84R guides core assembly. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011136. [PMID: 36716344 PMCID: PMC9910796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a devastating hemorrhagic disease with worldwide circulation and no widely available therapeutic prevention. The infectious particle has a multilayered architecture that is articulated upon an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived inner envelope. This membrane acts as docking platform for the assembly of the outer icosahedral capsid and the underlying core shell, a bridging layer required for the formation of the central genome-containing nucleoid. While the details of outer capsid assembly are relatively well understood, those of core formation remain unclear. Here we report the functional characterization of pEP84R, a transmembrane polypeptide embedded in the inner envelope that surrounds the viral core. Using an ASFV recombinant inducibly expressing the EP84R gene, we show that absence of pEP84R results in the formation of non-infectious core-less icosahedral particles displaying a significant DNA-packaging defect. Concomitantly, aberrant core shell-like structures formed by co-assembly of viral polyproteins pp220 and pp62 are mistargeted to non-ER membranes, as also occurs when these are co-expressed in the absence of other viral proteins. Interestingly, co-expression of both polyproteins with pEP84R led to the formation of ER-targeted core shell-like assemblies and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that pEP84R binds to the N-terminal region of pp220. Altogether, these results indicate that pEP84R plays a crucial role in core assembly by targeting the core shell polyproteins to the inner viral envelope, which enables subsequent genome packaging and nucleoid formation. These findings unveil a key regulatory mechanism for ASFV morphogenesis and identify a relevant novel target for the development of therapeutic tools against this re-emerging threat.
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11
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Riera E, García-Belmonte R, Madrid R, Pérez-Núñez D, Revilla Y. African swine fever virus ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme pI215L inhibits IFN-I signaling pathway through STAT2 degradation. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1081035. [PMID: 36713190 PMCID: PMC9880986 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of one of the most lethal diseases affecting domestic pig and wild boar, which is endangering the swine industry due to its rapid expansion. ASFV has developed different mechanisms to evade the host immune response, including inhibition of type I IFN (IFN-I) production and signaling, since IFN-I is a key element in the cellular antiviral response. Here, we report a novel mechanism of evasion of the IFN-I signaling pathway carried out by the ASFV ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme pI215L. Our data showed that pI215L inhibited IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) activity and the consecutive mRNA induction of the IFN-stimulated genes ISG15 and IFIT1 through the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of STAT2. Additionally, by immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation and nucleus-cytoplasm fractionation approaches, we have confirmed the interaction and colocalization of STAT2 and pI215L, in ectopic experiments and during ASFV infection. Moreover, expression of the catalytic mutant (I215L-C85A) did not inhibit the induction of ISG15 and IFIT1, nor the activity of ISRE. Furthermore, we confirmed that STAT2 degradation by pI215L is dependent on its catalytic activity, since expression of the pI215L-C85A mutant did not affect STAT2 levels, compared to the wild-type protein. Yet, our data reveal that the interaction of pI215L with STAT2 does not require the integrity of its catalytic domain since the pI215L-C85A mutant co-immunoprecipitates with STAT2. All these findings reveal, for the first time, the involvement of E2-ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme activity of pI215L in the immune response modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Madrid
- Bioassays SL, UAM, Madrid, Spain,Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Biology, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Yolanda Revilla, ✉
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12
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Goulding LV, Kiss E, Vrancken R, Goris N, Luo M, Groaz E, Herdewijn P, Dixon L. O-2-Alkylated Cytosine Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonamidate Prodrugs Display Pan-Genotype Antiviral Activity against African Swine Fever Virus. mSphere 2022; 7:e0037822. [PMID: 36317894 PMCID: PMC9769911 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00378-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease with case fatality rates approaching 100% in domestic pigs. ASFV is responsible for substantial economic losses, but despite ongoing efforts, no vaccine or antiviral agent is currently available. Attempts to control the spread of ASFV are dependent on early detection, adherence to biosecurity measures, and culling of infected herds. However, an effective antiviral agent may be used in lieu of or in conjunction with a vaccine to effectively curb ASFV outbreaks. The dose-dependent antiviral activities of two amidate prodrugs (compounds 1a and 1b) of O-2-alkylated 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl cytosine [(R)-O-2-alkylated FPMPC] against ASFV isolates of four different genotypes were determined. Both compounds were found to inhibit ASFV progeny virus output by >90% at noncytotoxic concentrations (<25 μM) in primary porcine macrophages. Analysis of viral transcription and viral protein synthesis indicated that these acyclic nucleotide analogues inhibited late gene expression. Interestingly, time-of-addition studies suggest different viral targets of the compounds, which may be attributed to their differing amino acid prodrug moieties. In view of their promising antiviral activity, these nucleotide analogues merit further evaluation as potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic agents against ASFV infection and their antiviral efficacy in vivo should be considered. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease. Since its transcontinental spread to Georgia in 2007, ASFV has continued to spread across the globe into countries previously without infection. It is responsible for substantial losses in the domestic pig population and presents a significant threat to the global swine industry. Despite ongoing efforts, there are no vaccines currently available; in their absence, antiviral agents may be a viable alternative. The significance of our research is in identifying the pan-genotype antiviral activity of prodrugs of O-2-alkylated 3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl cytosine, which will drive further research on the development of these compounds as antivirals against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Min Luo
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, United Kingdom
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13
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Goulding LV, Kiss E, Goatley L, Vrancken R, Goris NEJ, Dixon L. In vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of nucleoside analogue cHPMPC against African swine fever virus replication. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105433. [PMID: 36252822 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a haemorrhagic disease affecting wild boar and domestic pigs which can result in morbidity and fatality rates of up to 100%. ASFV is a large double-stranded DNA virus which replicates predominantly in the cell cytoplasm and codes for its replication and transcription machinery. No vaccine is widely available and control depends on early detection, culling of infected herds and adherence to biosecurity measures. In this study the small molecule nucleoside analogue, cyclic cidofovir (cHPMPC), was evaluated for its ability to inhibit replication of four different ASFV genotypes in primary porcine macrophages. Time of addition studies demonstrated that cHPMPC effectively inhibits ASFV replication and late gene expression when added pre-infection or early post-infection but not when added at late times, suggesting the drug target may be the virus DNA polymerase, or the RNA polymerase involved in late transcription. Oral administration of cHPMPC delayed onset of clinical signs and significantly reduced viral titres in blood and tissues of treated pigs. These results indicate that cHPMPC is a promising compound for further development to control ASFV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Linda Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK.
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14
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African Swine Fever Vaccinology: The Biological Challenges from Immunological Perspectives. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092021. [PMID: 36146827 PMCID: PMC9505361 DOI: 10.3390/v14092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV), causes African swine fever (ASF), an acute hemorrhagic disease with mortality rates up to 100% in domestic pigs. ASF is currently epidemic or endemic in many countries and threatening the global swine industry. Extensive ASF vaccine research has been conducted since the 1920s. Like inactivated viruses of other NCLDVs, such as vaccinia virus, inactivated ASFV vaccine candidates did not induce protective immunity. However, inactivated lumpy skin disease virus (poxvirus) vaccines are protective in cattle. Unlike some experimental poxvirus subunit vaccines that induced protection, ASF subunit vaccine candidates implemented with various platforms containing several ASFV structural genes or proteins failed to protect pigs effectively. Only some live attenuated viruses (LAVs) are able to protect pigs with high degrees of efficacy. There are currently several LAV ASF vaccine candidates. Only one commercial LAV vaccine is approved for use in Vietnam. LAVs, as ASF vaccines, have not yet been widely tested. Reports thus far show that the onset and duration of protection induced by the LAVs are late and short, respectively, compared to LAV vaccines for other diseases. In this review, the biological challenges in the development of ASF vaccines, especially subunit platforms, are discussed from immunological perspectives based on several unusual ASFV characteristics shared with HIV and poxviruses. These characteristics, including multiple distinct infectious virions, extremely high glycosylation and low antigen surface density of envelope proteins, immune evasion, and possible apoptotic mimicry, could pose enormous challenges to the development of ASF vaccines, especially subunit platforms designed to induce humoral immunity.
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15
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Zhao Y, Niu Q, Yang S, Yang J, Zhang Z, Geng S, Fan J, Liu Z, Guan G, Liu Z, Zhou J, Hu H, Luo J, Yin H. Inhibition of BET Family Proteins Suppresses African Swine Fever Virus Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0241921. [PMID: 35758684 PMCID: PMC9430462 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02419-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), an acute, severe, highly contagious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection in domestic pigs and boars, has a mortality rate of up to 100%. Because effective vaccines and treatments for ASF are lacking, effective control of the spread of ASF remains a great challenge for the pig industry. Host epigenetic regulation is essential for the viral gene transcription. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family proteins, including BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT, are epigenetic "readers" critical for gene transcription regulation. Among these proteins, BRD4 recognizes acetylated histones via its two bromodomains (BD1 and BD2) and recruits transcription factors, thereby playing a pivotal role in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling during viral infection. However, how BET/BRD4 regulates ASFV replication and gene transcription is unknown. Here, we randomly selected 12 representative BET family inhibitors and compared their effects on ASFV infection in pig primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). These were found to inhibit viral infection by interfering viral replication. The four most effective inhibitors (ARV-825, ZL0580, I-BET-762, and PLX51107) were selected for further antiviral activity analysis. These BET/BRD4 inhibitors dose dependently decreased the ASFV titer, viral RNA transcription, and protein production in PAMs. Collectively, we report novel function of BET/BRD4 inhibitors in inducing suppression of ASFV infection, providing insights into the role of BET/BRD4 in the epigenetic regulation of ASFV and potential new strategies for ASF prevention and control. IMPORTANCE Due to the continuing spread of the ASFV in the world and the lack of commercial vaccines, the development of improved control strategies, including antiviral drugs, is urgently needed. BRD4 is an important epigenetic factor and has been commonly used for drug development for tumor treatment. Furthermore, the latest research showed that BET/BRD4 inhibition could suppress replication of virus. In this study, we first showed the inhibitory effect of agents targeting BET/BRD4 on ASFV infection with no significant host cytotoxicity. Then, we found four BET/BRD4 inhibitors that can inhibit ASFV replication, RNA transcription, and protein synthesis. Our findings support the hypothesis that BET/BRD4 can be considered as attractive host targets in antiviral drug discovery against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zhao
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingli Niu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Saixia Yang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuxian Geng
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Fan
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Haitao Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianxun Luo
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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16
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African Swine Fever Virus Manipulates the Cell Cycle of G0-Infected Cells to Access Cellular Nucleotides. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081593. [PMID: 35893659 PMCID: PMC9331790 DOI: 10.3390/v14081593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus manipulates the cell cycle of infected G0 cells by inducing its progression via unblocking cells from the G0 to S phase and then arresting them in the G2 phase. DNA synthesis in infected alveolar macrophages starts at 10–12 h post infection. DNA synthesis in the nuclei of G0 cells is preceded by the activation of the viral genes K196R, A240L, E165R, F334L, F778R, and R298L involved in the synthesis of nucleotides and the regulation of the cell cycle. The activation of these genes in actively replicating cells begins later and is less pronounced. The subsequent cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase is also due to the cessation of the synthesis of cellular factors that control the progression of the cell cycle–cyclins. This data describes the manipulation of the cell cycle by the virus to gain access to the nucleotides synthesized by the cell. The genes affecting the cell cycle simply remain disabled until the beginning of cellular DNA synthesis (8–9 hpi). The genes responsible for the synthesis of nucleotides are turned on later in the presence of nucleotides and their transcriptional activity is lower than that during virus replication in an environment without nucleotides.
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17
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Duan X, Ru Y, Yang W, Ren J, Hao R, Qin X, Li D, Zheng H. Research progress on the proteins involved in African swine fever virus infection and replication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947180. [PMID: 35935977 PMCID: PMC9353306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic and highly contagious infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which infects domestic pigs or wild boars. It is characterized by short course of disease, high fever and hemorrhagic lesions, with mortality of up to 100% from acute infection. Up to now, the lack of commercial vaccines and effective drugs has seriously threatened the healthy economic development of the global pig industry. ASFV is a double-stranded DNA virus and genome varies between about 170-194 kb, which encodes 150-200 viral proteins, including 68 structural proteins and more than 100 non-structural proteins. In recent years, although the research on structure and function of ASFV-encoded proteins has been deepened, the structure and infection process of ASFV are still not clear. This review summarizes the main process of ASFV infection, replication and functions of related viral proteins to provide scientific basis and theoretical basis for ASFV research and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rongzeng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haixue Zheng,
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Structural Insight into Molecular Inhibitory Mechanism of InsP 6 on African Swine Fever Virus mRNA-Decapping Enzyme g5Rp. J Virol 2022; 96:e0190521. [PMID: 35481780 PMCID: PMC9131872 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01905-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Removal of 5′ cap on cellular mRNAs by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) decapping enzyme g5R protein (g5Rp) is beneficial to viral gene expression during the early stages of infection. As the only nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X (Nudix) decapping enzyme encoded in the ASFV genome, g5Rp works in both the degradation of cellular mRNA and the hydrolyzation of the diphosphoinositol polyphosphates. Here, we report the structures of dimeric g5Rp and its complex with inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6). The two g5Rp protomers interact head to head to form a dimer, and the dimeric interface is formed by extensive polar and nonpolar interactions. Each protomer is composed of a unique N-terminal helical domain and a C-terminal classic Nudix domain. As g5Rp is an mRNA-decapping enzyme, we identified key residues, including K8, K94, K95, K98, K175, R221, and K243 located on the substrate RNA binding interfaces of g5Rp which are important to RNA binding and decapping enzyme activity. Furthermore, the g5Rp-mediated mRNA decapping was inhibited by InsP6. The g5Rp-InsP6 complex structure showed that the InsP6 molecules occupy the same regions that primarily mediate g5Rp-RNA interaction, elucidating the roles of InsP6 in the regulation of the viral decapping activity of g5Rp in mRNA degradation. Collectively, these results provide the structural basis of interaction between RNA and g5Rp and highlight the inhibitory mechanism of InsP6 on mRNA decapping by g5Rp. IMPORTANCE ASF is a highly contagious hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs which causes high mortality. Currently, there are still no effective vaccines or specific drugs available against this particular virus. The protein g5Rp is the only viral mRNA-decapping enzyme, playing an essential role in the machinery assembly of mRNA regulation and translation initiation. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of g5Rp dimer and complex with InsP6. Structure-based mutagenesis studies revealed critical residues involved in a candidate RNA binding region, which also play pivotal roles in complex with InsP6. Notably, InsP6 can inhibit g5Rp activity by competitively blocking the binding of substrate mRNA to the enzyme. Our structure-function studies provide the basis for potential anti-ASFV inhibitor designs targeting the critical enzyme.
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Sun L, Miao Y, Wang Z, Chen H, Dong P, Zhang H, Wu L, Jiang M, Chen L, Yang W, Lin P, Jing D, Luo Z, Zhang Y, Jung Y, Wu X, Qian Y, Wu Y. Structural insight into African Swine Fever Virus I73R protein reveals it as a Z‐DNA binding protein. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1923-e1935. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Sun
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Yurun Miao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center Qingdao China
| | - Huan Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Panpan Dong
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Linjiao Wu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Meiqin Jiang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Lifei Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Wendi Yang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Pingdong Lin
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Dingding Jing
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Zhipu Luo
- Institute of Molecular Enzymology School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | | | - Yong‐Sam Jung
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center Qingdao China
| | - Yingjuan Qian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Agri‐animal Husbandry Vocational College Veterinary Bio‐pharmaceutical Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High‐Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals Taizhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation College of Life Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
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20
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Oh T, Do DT, Lai DC, Nguyen LT, Lee JY, Van Le P, Chae C. Chronological expression and distribution of African swine fever virus p30 and p72 proteins in experimentally infected pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4151. [PMID: 35264737 PMCID: PMC8907298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), the causative agent of contagious hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boars, has temporally regulated gene expression kinetics. The p30 and p72 major structural proteins are involved in viral entry each with different expression kinetics, but neither of their chronological expressions and distribution have been identified in virus-infected animals. Here, we found that both transcription and translation levels of p30 were significantly higher than those of p72 in target organs during the earlier infection-phase. Lymphocyte apoptosis/necrosis and angiectasia were observed as signs of early infection with acute African swine fever. These results show that the chronologically differential expression of ASFV structural proteins tends to be prominent in infected animals, and the p30 protein could play a role in the indication of acute lesions during early infection compared to the late-expressed p72 protein. In conclusion, we propose to consider the chronological expression dynamics of ASFV structural proteins in infected animals to understand virus pathogenesis and antigen targeting for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy Tien Do
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Danh Cong Lai
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Lan Thi Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Joo Young Lee
- ChoongAng Vaccine Laboratories, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of Korea
| | - Phan Van Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Yang K, Xue Y, Niu H, Shi C, Cheng M, Wang J, Zou B, Wang J, Niu T, Bao M, Yang W, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Yang G, Zeng Y, Cao X, Wang C. African swine fever virus MGF360-11L negatively regulates cGAS-STING-mediated inhibition of type I interferon production. Vet Res 2022; 53:7. [PMID: 35073979 PMCID: PMC8785597 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway is an important part of the innate immune response and plays a vital role in controlling and eliminating pathogens. African swine fever virus (ASFV) encodes various proteins to evade the host's natural immunity. However, the molecular mechanism by which the ASFV-encoded proteins inhibit interferon production remains poorly understood. In the present study, ASFV MGF360-11L inhibited cGAS, STING, TBK1, IKKε, IRF7 and IRF3-5D mediated activation of the IFN-β and ISRE promoters, accompanied by decreases in IFN-β, ISG15 and ISG56 mRNA expression. ASFV MGF360-11L interacted with TBK1 and IRF7, degrading TBK1 and IRF7 through the cysteine, ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy pathways. Moreover, ASFV MGF360-11L also inhibited the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 stimulated by cGAS-STING overexpression. Truncation mutation analysis revealed that aa 167-353 of ASFV MGF360-11L could inhibit cGAS-STING-mediated activation of the IFN-β and ISRE promoters. Finally, the results indicated that ASFV MGF360-11L plays a significant role in inhibiting IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-β production in PAM cells (PAMs) infected with ASFV. In short, these results demonstrated that ASFV MGF360-11L was involved in regulating IFN-I expression by negatively regulating the cGAS signaling pathway. In summary, this study preliminarily clarified the molecular mechanism by which the ASFV MGF360-11L protein antagonizes IFN-I-mediated antiviral activity, which will help to provide new strategies for the treatment and prevention of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Boshi Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianming Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Meiying Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wentao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guilian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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22
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African Swine Fever Virus and host response - transcriptome profiling of the Georgia 2007/1 strain and porcine macrophages. J Virol 2022; 96:e0193921. [PMID: 35019713 PMCID: PMC8906413 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01939-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) has a major global economic impact. With a case fatality in domestic pigs approaching 100%, it currently presents the largest threat to animal farming. Although genomic differences between attenuated and highly virulent ASFV strains have been identified, the molecular determinants for virulence at the level of gene expression have remained opaque. Here, we characterize the transcriptome of ASFV genotype II Georgia 2007/1 (GRG) during infection of the physiologically relevant host cells, porcine macrophages. In this study, we applied cap analysis gene expression sequencing (CAGE-seq) to map th0e 5′ ends of viral mRNAs at 5 and 16 h postinfection. A bioinformatics analysis of the sequence context surrounding the transcription start sites (TSSs) enabled us to characterize the global early and late promoter landscape of GRG. We compared transcriptome maps of the GRG isolate and the lab-attenuated BA71V strain that highlighted GRG virulence-specific transcripts belonging to multigene families, including two predicted MGF 100 genes, I7L and I8L. In parallel, we monitored transcriptome changes in the infected host macrophage cells. Of the 9,384 macrophage genes studied, transcripts for 652 host genes were differentially regulated between 5 and 16 h postinfection compared with only 25 between uninfected cells and 5 h postinfection. NF-κB activated genes and lysosome components such as S100 were upregulated, and chemokines such as CCL24, CXCL2, CXCL5, and CXCL8 were downregulated. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs, with case fatality rates approaching 100% and no approved vaccines or antivirals. The highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007/1 strain (GRG) was the first isolated when ASFV spread from Africa to the Caucasus region in 2007, then spreading through Eastern Europe and, more recently, across Asia. We used an RNA-based next-generation sequencing technique called CAGE-seq to map the starts of viral genes across the GRG DNA genome. This has allowed us to investigate which viral genes are expressed during early or late stages of infection and how this is controlled, comparing their expression to the nonvirulent ASFV-BA71V strain to identify key genes that play a role in virulence. In parallel, we investigated how host cells respond to infection, which revealed how the ASFV suppresses components of the host immune response to ultimately win the arms race against its porcine host.
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23
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Muturi E, Meng F, Liu H, Jiang M, Wei H, Yang H. Comprehensive Analysis of G-Quadruplexes in African Swine Fever Virus Genome Reveals Potential Antiviral Targets by G-Quadruplex Stabilizers. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:798431. [PMID: 34975822 PMCID: PMC8718096 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.798431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), a lethal hemorrhagic fever of the swine, poses a major threat to the world's swine population and has so far resulted in devastating socio-economic consequences. The situation is further compounded by the lack of an approved vaccine or antiviral drug. Herein, we investigated a novel anti-ASFV approach by targeting G-Quadruplexes (G4s) in the viral genome. Bioinformatics analysis of putative G-quadruplex-forming sequences (PQSs) in the genome of ASFV BA71V strain revealed 317 PQSs on the forward strand and 322 PQSs on the reverse strand of the viral genome, translating to a density of 3.82 PQSs/kb covering 9.52% of the entire genome, which means that 85% of genes in the ASFV genome have at least 1 PQS on either strand. Biochemical characterization showed that 8 out of 13 conserved PQSs could form stable G4s in the presence of K+, and 4 of them could be stabilized by G4 ligands, N-Methyl Mesoporphyrin (NMM), and pyridostatin (PDS) in vitro. An enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-based reporter system revealed that the expression of two G4-containing genes, i.e., P1192R and D117L, could be significantly suppressed by NMM and PDS in 293T cells. In addition, a virus infection model showed that NMM could inhibit the replication of ASFV in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages (PAM) cells with an EC50 value of 1.16 μM. Altogether, the present study showed that functional PQSs existent in the promoters, CDS, 3' and 5' UTRs of the ASFV genome could be stabilized by G4 ligands, such as NMM and PDS, and could serve as potential targets for antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elishiba Muturi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Aicher SM. Bioorthogonal Labelling of African Swine Fever Virus-Infected Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2503:195-204. [PMID: 35575897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2333-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal labelling of living cells enables the incorporation of small, chemically inert units (alkynes or azides) into nascent chains of biomolecules allowing the tracking of DNA synthesis, transcription, and translation in a temporal-spatial manner without compromising their integrity. This chemical labelling method can be used to replace traditional radiolabelled nucleosides, ribonucleosides, or amino acids with the added benefit of enabling visualization using confocal or super-resolution microscopy. Here, we outline our recently published methods for labelling nascent DNA and polypeptides in cells infected with African swine fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie-Marie Aicher
- Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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25
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African swine fever virus MGF505-11R inhibits type I interferon production by negatively regulating the cGAS-STING-mediated signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109265. [PMID: 34710767 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic, and highly contact infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) infecting domestic pigs or wild boars, the mortality rate up to 100 %. Evasion of host innate immunity plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of ASFV. Studies have showed that the MGF505 genes involve in regulating the IFN-I response, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. In our present study, ASFV MGF505-11R inhibited IFN-β and ISRE activation induced by cGAS, IRF7, IRF3-5D, STING, IKKε and TBK1 accompanied by decreases of IFN-β, ISG15 and ISG56 mRNA transcription. ASFV MGF505-11R interacted with STING, degrading STING expression by the lysosomal, ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy pathways. Moreover, ASFV MGF505-11R could inhibit the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 stimulated by cGAS/STING overexpression. Finally, the truncation mutation analysis indicated that the 1-191 aa and 182-360 aa of ASFV MGF505-11R could inhibit cGAS-STING-mediated activation of IFN-β promoters. In short, these results demonstrated that ASFV MGF505-11R involved in regulating the IFN-I response by negatively regulating the cGAS signaling pathway. In summary, this study preliminarily clarified the molecular mechanism of ASFV MGF505-11R gene antagonizing IFN-I-mediated antiviral, which will helpfully provide new strategies for treatment and prevention of ASF.
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Deletion of the H240R Gene of African Swine Fever Virus Decreases Infectious Progeny Virus Production due to Aberrant Virion Morphogenesis and Enhances the Inflammatory Cytokines Expression in Porcine Macrophages. J Virol 2021; 96:e0166721. [PMID: 34787458 PMCID: PMC8826909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01667-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus that causes African swine fever, a lethal hemorrhagic disease that currently threatens the pig industry. Recent studies have identified the viral structural proteins of infectious ASFV particles. However, the functional roles of several ASFV structural proteins remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized the function of the ASFV structural protein H240R (pH240R) in virus morphogenesis. pH240R was identified as a capsid protein by using immunoelectron microscopy and interacted with the major capsid protein p72 by pulldown assays. Using a recombinant ASFV, ASFV-ΔH240R, with the H240R gene deleted from the wild-type ASFV (ASFV-WT) genome, we revealed that the infectious progeny virus titers were reduced by approximately 2.0 logs compared with those of ASFV-WT. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the growth defect was due to the generation of noninfectious particles with a higher particle-to-infectious titer ratio in ASFV-ΔH240R-infected primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) than in those infected with ASFV-WT. Importantly, we found that pH240R did not affect virus-cell binding, endocytosis, or egress but did affect ASFV assembly; noninfectious virions containing large aberrant tubular and bilobulate structures comprised nearly 98% of all virions observed in ASFV-ΔH240R-infected PAMs by electron microscopy. Notably, we demonstrated that ASFV-ΔH240R infection induced high-level expression of inflammatory cytokines in PAMs. Collectively, we show for the first time that pH240R is essential for ASFV icosahedral capsid formation and infectious particle production. Also, these results highlight the importance of pH240R in ASFV morphogenesis and provide a novel target for the development of ASF vaccines and antivirals. IMPORTANCE African swine fever is a lethal hemorrhagic disease of global concern that is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Despite extensive research, there exist relevant gaps in knowledge of the fundamental biology of the viral life cycle. In this study, we identified pH240R as a capsid protein that interacts with the major capsid protein p72. Furthermore, we showed that pH240R was required for the efficient production of infectious progeny virions as indicated by the H240R-deleted ASFV mutant (ASFV-ΔH240R). More specifically, pH240R directs the morphogenesis of ASFV toward the icosahedral capsid in the process of assembly. In addition, ASFV-ΔH240R infection induced high-level expression of inflammatory cytokines in primary porcine alveolar macrophages. Our results elucidate the role of pH240R in the process of ASFV assembly, which may instruct future research on effective vaccines or antiviral strategies.
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Riera E, Pérez-Núñez D, García-Belmonte R, Miorin L, García-Sastre A, Revilla Y. African Swine Fever Virus Induces STAT1 and STAT2 Degradation to Counteract IFN-I Signaling. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722952. [PMID: 34512601 PMCID: PMC8427279 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a serious disease in domestic pigs and wild boars and is currently expanding worldwide. No safe and efficacious vaccines against ASFV are available, which threats the swine industry worldwide. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex dsDNA virus that displays multiple mechanisms to counteract the host innate immune response, whose efficacy might determine the different degrees of virulence displayed by attenuated and virulent ASFV strains. Here we report that infection with both virulent Arm/07/CBM/c2 and attenuated NH/P68 strains prevents interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in interferon (IFN)-treated cells by counteracting the JAK/STAT pathway. This inhibition results in an impaired nuclear translocation of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex, as well as in the proteasome-dependent STAT2 degradation and caspase 3-dependent STAT1 cleavage. The existence of two independent mechanisms of control of the JAK/STAT pathway, suggests the importance of preventing this pathway for successful viral replication. As ASFV virulence is likely associated with the efficacy of the IFN signaling inhibitory mechanisms, a better understanding of these IFN antagonistic properties may lead to new strategies to control this devastating pig disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emergent Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Global Health and Emergent Pathogens Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, The Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
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Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of highly virulent African swine fever virus infection reveals complex and unique virus host interaction. Vet Microbiol 2021; 261:109211. [PMID: 34481273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), one of the most devastating emerging swine pathogens in China, causes nearly 100 % mortality in naive herds. Here, whole-transcriptome RNA-seq analysis was conducted in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with Pig/Heilongjiang/2018 (Pig/HLJ/18) ASFV at different time points. Our data suggested that ASFV genes expression demonstrated a time-depended pattern and ASFV early genes were involved in antagonizing host innate immunity. Moreover, viral small RNA (vsRNA) was generated as well. Meanwhile, transcriptome analysis of host genes suggested a strong inhibition host immunity-related genes by ASFV infection in PAMs, while enhanced chemokine-mediated signaling pathways and neutrophil chemotaxis were observed in ASFV infected PAMs. Furthermore, ASFV infection also down-regulated host microRNAs (miRNAs) that putatively targeted viral genes, while also triggering dysregulation of host metabolism that promoted virus replication at transcription level. Most importantly, infection of PAMs with ASFV induced a different transcriptome pattern from that of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV), which is known to trigger a host cytokine storm. In conclusion, our transcriptome data implied that ASFV infection in PAMs appeared to be associated with strong inhibition of host immune responses, dysregulation of host chemokine axis and metabolic pathways.
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de Souza FG, Abrahão JS, Rodrigues RAL. Comparative Analysis of Transcriptional Regulation Patterns: Understanding the Gene Expression Profile in Nucleocytoviricota. Pathogens 2021; 10:935. [PMID: 34451399 PMCID: PMC8400408 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) possess unique characteristics that have drawn the attention of the scientific community, and they are now classified in the phylum Nucleocytoviricota. They are characterized by sharing many genes and have their own transcriptional apparatus, which provides certain independence from their host's machinery. Thus, the presence of a robust transcriptional apparatus has raised much discussion about the evolutionary aspects of these viruses and their genomes. Understanding the transcriptional process in NCLDV would provide information regarding their evolutionary history and a better comprehension of the biology of these viruses and their interaction with hosts. In this work, we reviewed NCLDV transcription and performed a comparative functional analysis of the groups of genes expressed at different times of infection of representatives of six different viral families of giant viruses. With this analysis, it was possible to observe a temporal profile of their gene expression and set of genes activated in specific phases throughout the multiplication cycle as a common characteristic of this group. Due to the lack of information regarding the transcriptional regulation process of this group of pathogens, we sought to provide information that contributes to and opens up the field for transcriptional studies of other viruses belonging to Nucleocytoviricota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil;
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Koltsova G, Koltsov A, Krutko S, Kholod N, Tulman ER, Kolbasov D. Growth Kinetics and Protective Efficacy of Attenuated ASFV Strain Congo with Deletion of the EP402 Gene. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071259. [PMID: 34203302 PMCID: PMC8309992 DOI: 10.3390/v13071259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an emerging disease threat to the swine industry worldwide. There is no vaccine against ASF, and progress is hindered by a lack of knowledge concerning the extent of ASFV strain diversity and the viral antigens conferring type-specific protective immunity in pigs. We have previously demonstrated that homologous ASFV serotype-specific proteins CD2v (EP402R) and/or C-type lectin are required for protection against challenge with the virulent ASFV strain Congo (Genotype I, Serogroup 2), and we have identified T-cell epitopes on CD2v which may be associated with serotype-specific protection. Here, using a cell-culture adapted derivative of the ASFV strain Congo (Congo-a) with specific deletion of the EP402R gene (ΔCongoCD2v) in swine vaccination/challenge experiments, we demonstrated that deletion of the EP402R gene results in the failure of ΔCongoCD2v to induce protection against challenge with the virulent strain Congo (Congo-v). While ΔCongoCD2v growth kinetics in COS-1 cells and primary swine macrophage culture were almost identical to parental Congo-a, replication of ΔCongoCD2v in vivo was significantly reduced compared with parental Congo-a. Our data support the idea that the CD2v protein is important for the ability of homologous live-attenuated vaccines to induce protective immunity against the ASFV strain Congo challenge in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Koltsova
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey Koltsov
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Sergey Krutko
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Natalia Kholod
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
| | - Edan R. Tulman
- Center of Excellence for Vaccine Research, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Denis Kolbasov
- Federal Research Centre for Virology and Microbiology, Academician Bakoulov Street 1, 601125 Volginsky, Russia; (A.K.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.K.)
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Transcriptome view of a killer: African swine fever virus. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1569-1581. [PMID: 32725217 PMCID: PMC7458399 DOI: 10.1042/bst20191108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) represents a severe threat to global agriculture with the world's domestic pig population reduced by a quarter following recent outbreaks in Europe and Asia. Like other nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, ASFV encodes a transcription apparatus including a eukaryote-like RNA polymerase along with a combination of virus-specific, and host-related transcription factors homologous to the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and TFIIB. Despite its high impact, the molecular basis and temporal regulation of ASFV transcription is not well understood. Our lab recently applied deep sequencing approaches to characterise the viral transcriptome and gene expression during early and late ASFV infection. We have characterised the viral promoter elements and termination signatures, by mapping the RNA-5' and RNA-3' termini at single nucleotide resolution. In this review, we discuss the emerging field of ASFV transcripts, transcription, and transcriptomics.
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GS-441524 inhibits African swine fever virus infection in vitro. Antiviral Res 2021; 191:105081. [PMID: 33945807 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal swine pathogen that causes serious socio-economic consequences in endemic countries for which no safe and effective vaccine is currently available. GS-441524, a 1-cyano-substituted adenine C-nucleoside ribose analogue, inhibits viral RNA transcription by competing with natural nucleosides (ATP, TTP, CTP, and GTP) and effectively inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. However, whether GS-441524 can inhibit the replication of DNA viruses is unknown. In this study, we confirmed that GS-441524 inhibits ASFV infection in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in a dose-dependent manner; GS-441524 significantly inhibited ASFV replication at different time points after ASFV infection, particularly at the early stages of viral replication. Notably, GS-441524 did not increase the levels of antiviral cytokines or ATP in PAMs. However, an increase in the concentration of natural ATP in PAMs promoted the replication of ASFV and attenuated the inhibitory effect of GS-441524 in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that GS-441524 is an effective antiviral against ASFV.
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Torma G, Tombácz D, Csabai Z, Moldován N, Mészáros I, Zádori Z, Boldogkői Z. Combined Short and Long-Read Sequencing Reveals a Complex Transcriptomic Architecture of African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040579. [PMID: 33808073 PMCID: PMC8103240 DOI: 10.3390/v13040579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large DNA virus belonging to the Asfarviridae family. Despite its agricultural importance, little is known about the fundamental molecular mechanisms of this pathogen. Short-read sequencing (SRS) can produce a huge amount of high-precision sequencing reads for transcriptomic profiling, but it is inefficient for comprehensively annotating transcriptomes. Long-read sequencing (LRS) can overcome some of SRS's limitations, but it also has drawbacks, such as low-coverage and high error rate. The limitations of the two approaches can be surmounted by the combined use of these techniques. In this study, we used Illumina SRS and Oxford Nanopore Technologies LRS platforms with multiple library preparation methods (amplified and direct cDNA sequencings and native RNA sequencing) for constructing the ASFV transcriptomic atlas. This work identified many novel transcripts and transcript isoforms and annotated the precise termini of previously described RNAs. This study identified a novel species of ASFV transcripts, the replication origin-associated RNAs. Additionally, we discovered several nested genes embedded into larger canonical genes. In contrast to the current view that the ASFV transcripts are monocistronic, we detected a significant extent of polycistronism. A multifaceted meshwork of transcriptional overlaps was also discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Torma
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.T.); (D.T.); (Z.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.T.); (D.T.); (Z.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Zsolt Csabai
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.T.); (D.T.); (Z.C.); (N.M.)
| | - Norbert Moldován
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.T.); (D.T.); (Z.C.); (N.M.)
| | - István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (I.M.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Somogyi B. u. 4., 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (G.T.); (D.T.); (Z.C.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Bao YJ, Qiu J, Luo Y, Rodríguez F, Qiu HJ. The genetic variation landscape of African swine fever virus reveals frequent positive selection and adaptive flexibility. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2703-2721. [PMID: 33751854 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a lethal disease agent that causes high mortality in swine population and devastating loss in swine industries. The development of efficacious vaccines has been hindered by the gap in knowledge concerning genetic variation of ASFV and the genetic factors involved in host adaptation and virus-host interactions. In this study, we performed a meta-genetic study of ASFV aiming to profile the variation landscape and identify genetic factors with signatures of positive selection and relevance to host adaptation. Our data reveal a high level of genetic variability of ASFV shaped by both diversifying selection and selective sweep. The selection signatures are widely distributed across the genome with the diversifying selection falling within 29 genes and selection sweep within 25 genes, highlighting strong signals of adaptive evolution of ASFV. Further examination of the sequence properties reveals the link of the selection signatures with virus-host interactions and adaptive flexibility. Specifically, we discovered a site at 157th of the key antigen protein EP402R under diversifying selection, which is located in the cytotoxic T-cell epitope related to the low level of cross-reaction in T-cell response. Importantly, two multigene families MGF360 and MGF505, the host range factors of ASFV, exhibit divergent selection among the paralogous members, conferring sequence pools for genetic diversification and adaptive capability. By integrating the genes with selection signatures into a unified framework of interactions between ASFV and hosts, we showed that the genes are involved in multiple processes of host immune interaction and virus life cycles, and may play crucial roles in circumventing host defence systems and enhancing adaptive fitness. Our findings will allow enhanced understanding of genetic basis of rapid spreading and adaptation of ASFV among the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Juan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Junhui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yuzi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fernando Rodríguez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
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Liu LK, Liu MJ, Li DL, Liu HP. Recent insights into anti-WSSV immunity in crayfish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103947. [PMID: 33253753 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is currently the most severely viral pathogen for farmed crustaceans such as shrimp and crayfish, which has been causing huge economic losses for crustaceans farming worldwide every year. Unfortunately, study on the molecular mechanisms of WSSV has been restricted by the lack of crustacean cell lines for WSSV propagation as well as the incompletely annotated genomes for host species, resulting in limited elucidation for WSSV pathogenesis at present. In addition to the findings of anti-WSSV response in shrimp, some of novel cellular events involved in WSSV infection have been recently revealed in crayfish, including endocytosis and intracellular transport of WSSV, innate immune pathways in response to WSSV infection, and regulation of viral gene expression by host genes. Despite these advances, many fundamental gaps in WSSV pathogenesis are still remaining, for example, how WSSV genome enters into nucleus and how the progeny virions are fully assembled in the host cell nucleus. In this review, recent findings in WSSV infection mechanism and the antiviral immunity against WSSV in crayfish are summarized and discussed, which may provide us a better understanding of the WSSV pathogenesis as well as new ideas for the target design of antiviral drugs against WSSV in crustaceans farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ke Liu
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Man-Jun Liu
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Dong-Li Li
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Peng Liu
- State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University; Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), China.
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Aicher SM, Monaghan P, Netherton CL, Hawes PC. Unpicking the Secrets of African Swine Fever Viral Replication Sites. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010077. [PMID: 33429879 PMCID: PMC7827680 DOI: 10.3390/v13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious pathogen which causes a lethal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The large, double-stranded DNA virus replicates in perinuclear cytoplasmic replication sites known as viral factories. These factories are complex, multi-dimensional structures. Here we investigated the protein and membrane compartments of the factory using super-resolution and electron tomography. Click IT chemistry in combination with stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy revealed a reticular network of newly synthesized viral proteins, including the structural proteins p54 and p34, previously seen as a pleomorphic ribbon by confocal microscopy. Electron microscopy and tomography confirmed that this network is an accumulation of membrane assembly intermediates which take several forms. At early time points in the factory formation, these intermediates present as small, individual membrane fragments which appear to grow and link together, in a continuous progression towards new, icosahedral virions. It remains unknown how these membranes form and how they traffic to the factory during virus morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie-Marie Aicher
- African Swine Fever Vaccinology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.-M.A.); (C.L.N.)
| | - Paul Monaghan
- Bioimaging, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Christopher L. Netherton
- African Swine Fever Vaccinology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.-M.A.); (C.L.N.)
| | - Philippa C. Hawes
- Bioimaging, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Zhuo Y, Guo Z, Ba T, Zhang C, He L, Zeng C, Dai H. African Swine Fever Virus MGF360-12L Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Blocking the Interaction of Importin α and NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Virol Sin 2020; 36:176-186. [PMID: 33141406 PMCID: PMC7606853 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious transboundary disease of domestic pigs and wild boar and spreading throughout Eurasia. There is no vaccine and treatment available. Complex immune escape strategies of African swine fever virus (ASFV) are crucial factors affecting immune prevention and vaccine development. MGF360 genes have been implicated in the modulation of the IFN-I response. The molecular mechanisms contributing to innate immunity are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that ASFV MGF360-12L (MGF360 families 12L protein) significantly inhibited the mRNA transcription and promoter activity of IFN-β and NF-κB, accompanied by decreases of IRF3, STING, TBK1, ISG54, ISG56 and AP-1 mRNA transcription. Also, MGF360-12L might suppress the nuclear localization of p50 and p65 mediated by classical nuclear localization signal (NLS). Additionally, MGF360-12L could interact with KPNA2, KPNA3, and KPNA4, which interrupted the interaction between p65 and KPNA2, KPNA3, KPNA4. We further found that MGF360-12L could interfere with the NF-κB nuclear translocation by competitively inhibiting the interaction between NF-κB and nuclear transport proteins. These findings suggested that MGF360-12L could inhibit the IFN-I production by blocking the interaction of importin α and NF-κB signaling pathway, which might reveal a novel strategy for ASFV to escape the host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisha Zhuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zeheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tongtong Ba
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lihua He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Cuiping Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Pérez-Núñez D, Castillo-Rosa E, Vigara-Astillero G, García-Belmonte R, Gallardo C, Revilla Y. Identification and Isolation of Two Different Subpopulations Within African Swine Fever Virus Arm/07 Stock. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040625. [PMID: 33113838 PMCID: PMC7712101 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
No efficient vaccines exist against African swine fever virus (ASFV), which causes a serious disease in wild boars and domestic pigs that produces great industrial and ecological concerns worldwide. An extensive genetic characterization of the original ASFV stocks used to produce live attenuated vaccine (LAV) prototypes is needed for vaccine biosecurity and control. Here, we sequenced for the first time the Arm/07 stock which was obtained from an infected pig during the Armenia outbreak in 2007, using an improved viral dsDNA purification method together with high coverage analysis. There was unexpected viral heterogeneity within the stock, with two genetically distinct ASFV subpopulations. The first, represented by the Arm/07/CBM/c2 clone, displayed high sequence identity to the updated genotype II Georgia 2007/1, whereas the second (exemplified by clone Arm/07/CBM/c4) displayed a hemadsorbing phenotype and grouped within genotype I based on a central region conserved among all members of this group. Intriguingly, Arm/07/CBM/c4 contained a unique EP402R sequence, produced by a single mutation in the N-terminal region. Importantly, Arm/07/CBM/c4 showed in vitro features of attenuated strains regarding innate immune response pathway. Both Arm/07/CBM/c2 and c4 represent well-characterized viral clones, useful for different molecular and virus-host interaction studies, including virulence studies and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.P.-N.); (G.V.-A.); (R.G.-B.)
| | - Eva Castillo-Rosa
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Genomics and NGS Core Facility, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.P.-N.); (G.V.-A.); (R.G.-B.)
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.P.-N.); (G.V.-A.); (R.G.-B.)
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), INIA-CISA, Valdeolmos, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/ Nicolás Cabrera, 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.P.-N.); (G.V.-A.); (R.G.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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Dunn LEM, Ivens A, Netherton CL, Chapman DAG, Beard PM. Identification of a Functional Small Noncoding RNA of African Swine Fever Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:e01515-20. [PMID: 32796064 PMCID: PMC7565616 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01515-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs, against which no vaccine is available. ASFV has a large, double-stranded DNA genome that encodes over 150 proteins. Replication takes place predominantly in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves complex interactions with host cellular components, including small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs). A number of DNA viruses are known to manipulate sncRNA either by encoding their own or disrupting host sncRNA. To investigate the interplay between ASFV and sncRNAs, a study of host and viral small RNAs extracted from ASFV-infected primary porcine macrophages (PAMs) was undertaken. We discovered that ASFV infection had only a modest effect on host miRNAs, with only 6 miRNAs differentially expressed during infection. The data also revealed 3 potential novel small RNAs encoded by ASFV, ASFVsRNA1-3. Further investigation of ASFVsRNA2 detected it in lymphoid tissue from pigs with ASF. Overexpression of ASFVsRNA2 led to an up to 1-log reduction in ASFV growth, indicating that ASFV utilizes a virus-encoded small RNA to disrupt its own replication.IMPORTANCE African swine fever (ASF) poses a major threat to pig populations and food security worldwide. The disease is endemic to Africa and Eastern Europe and is rapidly emerging into Asia, where it has led to the deaths of millions of pigs in the last 12 months. The development of safe and effective vaccines to protect pigs against ASF has been hindered by lack of understanding of the complex interactions between ASFV and the host cell. We focused our work on characterizing the interactions between ASFV and sncRNAs. Although comparatively modest changes to host sncRNA abundances were observed upon ASFV infection, we discovered and characterized a novel functional ASFV-encoded sncRNA. The results from this study add important insights into ASFV host-pathogen interactions. This knowledge may be exploited to develop more effective ASFV vaccines that take advantage of the sncRNA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E M Dunn
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Role of the DNA-Binding Protein pA104R in ASFV Genome Packaging and as a Novel Target for Vaccine and Drug Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040585. [PMID: 33023005 PMCID: PMC7712801 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent incursions of African swine fever (ASF), a severe, highly contagious, transboundary viral disease that affects members of the Suidae family, in Europe and China have had a catastrophic impact on trade and pig production, with serious implications for global food security. Despite efforts made over past decades, there is no vaccine or treatment available for preventing and controlling the ASF virus (ASFV) infection, and there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies. Genome condensation and packaging are essential processes in the life cycle of viruses. The involvement of viral DNA-binding proteins in the regulation of virulence genes, transcription, DNA replication, and repair make them significant targets. pA104R is a highly conserved HU/IHF-like DNA-packaging protein identified in the ASFV nucleoid that appears to be profoundly involved in the spatial organization and packaging of the ASFV genome. Here, we briefly review the components of the ASFV packaging machinery, the structure, function, and phylogeny of pA104R, and its potential as a target for vaccine and drug development.
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41
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Blome S, Franzke K, Beer M. African swine fever – A review of current knowledge. Virus Res 2020; 287:198099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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African Swine Fever Virus Protein pE199L Mediates Virus Entry by Enabling Membrane Fusion and Core Penetration. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00789-20. [PMID: 32788374 PMCID: PMC7439464 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00789-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a highly lethal swine disease that is currently present in many countries of Eastern Europe, the Russian Federation, and Southeast Asia, severely affecting the pig industry. Despite extensive research, effective vaccines or antiviral strategies are still lacking and relevant gaps in knowledge of the fundamental biology of the viral infection cycle exist. In this study, we identified pE199L, a protein of the inner viral membrane that is required for virus entry. More specifically, pE199L is necessary for the fusion event that leads to the penetration of the genome-containing core in the host cell. Our results significantly increase our knowledge of the process of internalization of African swine fever virus, which may instruct future research on antiviral strategies. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) causing a lethal hemorrhagic disease that currently threatens the global pig industry. Despite its relevance in the infectious cycle, very little is known about the internalization of ASFV in the host cell. Here, we report the characterization of ASFV protein pE199L, a cysteine-rich structural polypeptide with similarity to proteins A16, G9, and J5 of the entry fusion complex (EFC) of poxviruses. Using biochemical and immunomicroscopic approaches, we found that, like the corresponding poxviral proteins, pE199L localizes to the inner viral envelope and behaves as an integral transmembrane polypeptide with cytosolic intramolecular disulfide bonds. Using an ASFV recombinant that inducibly expresses the E199L gene, we found that protein pE199L is not required for virus assembly and egress or for virus-cell binding and endocytosis but is required for membrane fusion and core penetration. Interestingly, similar results have been previously reported for ASFV protein pE248R, an inner membrane virion component related to the poxviral L1 and F9 EFC proteins. Taken together, these findings indicate that ASFV entry relies on a form of fusion machinery comprising proteins pE248R and pE199L that displays some similarities to the unconventional fusion apparatus of poxviruses. Also, these results provide novel targets for the development of strategies that block the first stages of ASFV replication.
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Olasz F, Tombácz D, Torma G, Csabai Z, Moldován N, Dörmő Á, Prazsák I, Mészáros I, Magyar T, Tamás V, Zádori Z, Boldogkői Z. Short and Long-Read Sequencing Survey of the Dynamic Transcriptomes of African Swine Fever Virus and the Host Cells. Front Genet 2020; 11:758. [PMID: 32849785 PMCID: PMC7399366 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Torma
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Csabai
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Norbert Moldován
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Dörmő
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Prazsák
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Magyar
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vivien Tamás
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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The African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Topoisomerase II as a Target for Viral Prevention and Control. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020312. [PMID: 32560397 PMCID: PMC7350233 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is, once more, spreading throughout the world. After its recent reintroduction in Georgia, it quickly reached many neighboring countries in Eastern Europe. It was also detected in Asia, infecting China, the world's biggest pig producer, and spreading to many of the surrounding countries. Without any vaccine or effective treatment currently available, new strategies for the control of the disease are mandatory. Its etiological agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), has been shown to code for a type II DNA topoisomerase. These are enzymes capable of modulating the topology of DNA molecules, known to be essential in unicellular and multicellular organisms, and constitute targets in antibacterial and anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we summarize most of what is known about this viral enzyme, pP1192R, and discuss about its possible role(s) during infection. Given the essential role of type II topoisomerases in cells, the data so far suggest that pP1192R is likely to be equally essential for the virus and thus a promising target for the elaboration of a replication-defective virus, which could provide the basis for an effective vaccine. Furthermore, the use of inhibitors could be considered to control the spread of the infection during outbreaks and therefore limit the spreading of the disease.
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Fischer M, Mohnke M, Probst C, Pikalo J, Conraths FJ, Beer M, Blome S. Stability of African swine fever virus on heat-treated field crops. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2318-2323. [PMID: 32460443 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease of pigs and represents a massive threat to animal health and the pig industry worldwide. The ASF virus (ASFV) is efficiently transmitted via blood and meat from infected animals and can be highly stable in the environment. There is therefore great concern about the potential role of contaminated raw materials used for feed or bedding in the spread of ASFV. Especially crops and derived products originating from areas with ASF in wild boar and thus with high environmental ASFV contamination may be a risk for virus introduction into domestic pig herds. However, little is known about the stability of ASFV on contaminated crops and possible inactivation methods. In this study, we tested the effect of drying and heat treatment on the inactivation of ASFV on six different types of field crops, namely wheat, barley, rye, triticale, corn, and peas, contaminated with infectious blood. Samples were analysed for the presence of viral DNA and infectious virus after 2 hr drying at room temperature or after drying and 1 hr exposure to moderate heat at a specific temperature between 40°C and 75°C. ASFV genome was detected in all samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including samples that had been dried for 2 hr and incubated for 1 hr at 75°C. On the other hand, no infectious virus could be detected after 2 hr drying using virus isolation in porcine macrophages in combination with the detection of ASFV by the haemadsorption test (HAT). We therefore conclude that the risk of ASFV transmission via contaminated crops is most likely low, if they are incubated for at least 2 hr minimum at room temperature. Nonetheless, to minimize the risk of transmission as much as possible crops from ASF-affected zones should not be used for pig feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jutta Pikalo
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
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Cackett G, Matelska D, Sýkora M, Portugal R, Malecki M, Bähler J, Dixon L, Werner F. The African Swine Fever Virus Transcriptome. J Virol 2020; 94:e00119-20. [PMID: 32075923 PMCID: PMC7163114 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00119-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs, presenting the biggest global threat to animal farming in recorded history. Despite the importance of ASFV, little is known about the mechanisms and regulation of ASFV transcription. Using RNA sequencing methods, we have determined total RNA abundance, transcription start sites, and transcription termination sites at single-nucleotide resolution. This allowed us to characterize DNA consensus motifs of early and late ASFV core promoters, as well as a polythymidylate sequence determinant for transcription termination. Our results demonstrate that ASFV utilizes alternative transcription start sites between early and late stages of infection and that ASFV RNA polymerase (RNAP) undergoes promoter-proximal transcript slippage at 5' ends of transcription units, adding quasitemplated AU- and AUAU-5' extensions to mRNAs. Here, we present the first much-needed genome-wide transcriptome study that provides unique insight into ASFV transcription and serves as a resource to aid future functional analyses of ASFV genes which are essential to combat this devastating disease.IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes incurable and often lethal hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs. In 2020, ASF presents an acute and global animal health emergency that has the potential to devastate entire national economies as effective vaccines or antiviral drugs are not currently available (according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). With major outbreaks ongoing in Eastern Europe and Asia, urgent action is needed to advance our knowledge about the fundamental biology of ASFV, including the mechanisms and temporal control of gene expression. A thorough understanding of RNAP and transcription factor function, and of the sequence context of their promoter motifs, as well as accurate knowledge of which genes are expressed when and the amino acid sequence of the encoded proteins, is direly needed for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny Cackett
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dorota Matelska
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Sýkora
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Michal Malecki
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Dixon
- Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhu Z, Fan Y, Liu Y, Jiang T, Cao Y, Peng Y. Prediction of antiviral drugs against African swine fever viruses based on protein-protein interaction analysis. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8855. [PMID: 32274268 PMCID: PMC7127483 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has severely influenced the swine industry of the world. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective antiviral drug or vaccine against the virus. Identification of new anti-ASFV drugs is urgently needed. Here, an up-to-date set of protein-protein interactions between ASFV and swine were curated by integration of protein-protein interactions from multiple sources. Thirty-eight swine proteins were observed to interact with ASFVs and were defined as ASFV-interacting swine proteins. The ASFV-interacting swine proteins were found to play a central role in the swine protein-protein interaction network, with significant larger degree, betweenness and smaller shortest path length than other swine proteins. Some of ASFV-interacting swine proteins also interacted with several other viruses and could be taken as potential targets of drugs for broad-spectrum effect, such as HSP90AB1. Finally, the antiviral drugs which targeted ASFV-interacting swine proteins and ASFV proteins were predicted. Several drugs with either broad-spectrum effect or high specificity on ASFV-interacting swine proteins were identified, such as Polaprezinc and Geldanamycin. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics simulation showed that Geldanamycin could bind with swine HSP90AB1 stably. This work could not only deepen our understanding towards the ASFV-swine interactions, but also help for the development of effective antiviral drugs against the ASFVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Zhu
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunshi Fan
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yousong Peng
- College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Bioinformatics Center, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Karger A, Pérez-Núñez D, Urquiza J, Hinojar P, Alonso C, Freitas FB, Revilla Y, Le Potier MF, Montoya M. An Update on African Swine Fever Virology. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090864. [PMID: 31533244 PMCID: PMC6784044 DOI: 10.3390/v11090864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases constitute a continuing threat to animal health, food safety, national economy, and the environment. Among those, African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most devastating viruses affecting pigs and wild suids due to the lack of vaccine or effective treatment. ASF is endemic in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, but since its introduction to the Caucasus region in 2007, a highly virulent strain of ASF virus (ASFV) has continued to circulate and spread into Eastern Europe and Russia, and most recently into Western Europe, China, and various countries of Southeast Asia. Given the importance of this disease, this review will highlight recent discoveries in basic virology with special focus on proteomic analysis, replication cycle, and some recent data on genes involved in cycle progression and viral–host interactions, such as I215L (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), EP402R (CD2v), A104R (histone-like protein), QP509L, and Q706L (RNA helicases) or P1192R (Topoisomerase II). Taking into consideration the large DNA genome of ASFV and its complex interactions with the host, more studies and new approaches are to be taken to understand the basic virus–host interaction for ASFV. Proteomic studies are just paving the way for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.P.-N.); (Y.R.)
| | - Jesús Urquiza
- INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.U.); (P.H.); (C.A.)
| | - Patricia Hinojar
- INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.U.); (P.H.); (C.A.)
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.U.); (P.H.); (C.A.)
| | - Ferdinando B. Freitas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.P.-N.); (Y.R.)
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané/Niort, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Anses, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Maria Montoya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Arabyan E, Kotsynyan A, Hakobyan A, Zakaryan H. Antiviral agents against African swine fever virus. Virus Res 2019; 270:197669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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50
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Identification and characterization of the 285L and K145R proteins of African swine fever virus. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1303-1314. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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